Mark Scheme (Results)

January 2021

Pearson Edexcel International Advanced Level

In Biology (WBI11)
Paper 01
Molecules, Diet, Transport and Health
Edexcel and BTEC Qualifications

Edexcel and BTEC qualifications are awarded by Pearson, the UK’s largest awarding
body. We provide a wide range of qualifications including academic, vocational,
occupational and specific programmes for employers. For further information visit
our qualifications websites at www.edexcel.com or www.btec.co.uk. Alternatively, you
can get in touch with us using the details on our contact us page at
www.edexcel.com/contactus.

Pearson: helping people progress, everywhere

Pearson aspires to be the world’s leading learning company. Our aim is to help everyone
progress in their lives through education. We believe in every kind of learning, for all kinds of
people, wherever they are in the world. We’ve been involved in education for over 150 years,
and by working across 70 countries, in 100 languages, we have built an international
reputation for our commitment to high standards and raising achievement through
innovation in education. Find out more about how we can help you and your students at:
www.pearson.com/uk

January 2021
Publications Code WBI11_01_2101_MS
All the material in this publication is copyright
© Pearson Education Ltd 2021
General Marking Guidance

• All candidates must receive the same treatment. Examiners

must mark the first candidate in exactly the same way as
they mark the last.
• Mark schemes should be applied positively. Candidates must
be rewarded for what they have shown they can do rather
than penalised for omissions.
• Examiners should mark according to the mark scheme not
according to their perception of where the grade boundaries
may lie.
• There is no ceiling on achievement. All marks on the mark
scheme should be used appropriately.
• All the marks on the mark scheme are designed to be
awarded. Examiners should always award full marks if
deserved, i.e. if the answer matches the mark
scheme. Examiners should also be prepared to award zero
marks if the candidate’s response is not worthy of credit
according to the mark scheme.
• Where some judgement is required, mark schemes will
provide the principles by which marks will be awarded and
exemplification may be limited.
• When examiners are in doubt regarding the application of
the mark scheme to a candidate’s response, the team leader
must be consulted.
• Crossed out work should be marked UNLESS the candidate
has replaced it with an alternative response.
Question Answer Mark
number
1(a)(i) B

A is incorrect because the phosphate should be joined to C4

C is incorrect because the base should be attached to C1 (1)
D is incorrect because the phosphate should be joined to C4 and the base should be attached to C1
Question Answer Mark
number
1(a)(ii)
B

A is incorrect because a phosphate is attached to the sugar not the base

C is incorrect because a phosphodiester joins a sugar with a phosphate, not two phosphates (1)
DC is incorrect because the phosphate is joined to the sugar not the base

Question Answer Mark

number
1(a)(iii) C

A is incorrect because complementary bases are joined by hydrogen bonds

B is incorrect because one large base and one small base are joined together by hydrogen bonds (1)
D is incorrect because one large base and one small base are joined together
Question Answer Mark
number
1(b)(i)
Correct statement about

Statement only the only the

both neither
complementary mRNA
strands strand
DNA strand strand
The number of guanines will be the same as in
X
the template strand
The number of thymines will be the same as the
X
number of adenines in the template strand
There will be no adenine present X

(3)

Question Answer Additional guidance Mark

number
1(b)(ii)
transcription (1) IGNORE {post-transcription
modification /protein synthesis}
DO NOT ACCEPT {translation / reverse (1)
transcription}
Question Answer Additional guidance Mark
number
2(a) An answer that includes the following points:

• number of minutes in one day calculated (1) 1 × 60 × 24 = 1440

• volume in 24 hours given in standard form (1) 7.2 × 103 (litres)

OR

• volume in one hour calculated (1) 5 x 60 = 300

• volume in 24 hours given in standard form (1) 7.2 × 103 (litres)

Correct answer with no working (2)

Correct answer not in standard form
= 1 mark (2)
Question Answer Additional guidance Mark
number
2(b) An answer that includes one similarity and one difference:

Similarities:

• both have walls containing {muscle cells / elastic fibres / an

endothelial cell lining / an (outer) collagen layer} (1)

• both have a valve (at the point they leave the heart) (1)

Differences:

• aorta has a {lumen with a wider diameter / thicker wall / more

elastic tissue / more muscle tissue / more collagen} (1)

• aorta has branches to more organs (1) (2)

Question Answer Additional guidance Mark
number
2(c) An answer that includes three of the following points:

• addition to diagram {additional one or two layers of wall / valves}.

If valves, must be correct orientation (1)

Any two from:

• {endothelial cell / tunica intima} lining labelled (1)

• valve labelled (1)

• {(smooth) muscle / elastic fibres / tunica media} labelled (1)

• lumen labelled (1)

(3)
Question Answer Mark
number
3(a)(i)
A α glucose molecules join together by a condensation reaction

B is incorrect because bonds form by condensation reactions

C is incorrect because α glucose molecules join together
D is incorrect because α glucose molecules join together by condensation reactions (1)

Question Answer Additional guidance Mark

number
3(a)(ii)
glycosidic (bond / link) Accept covalent (bond) (1)
Ignore any numbers eg 1,4 glycosidic
Question Answer Additional guidance Mark
number
3(a)(iii) An explanation that includes the following points:

• {polymer of glucose / polysaccharide} therefore has a high

energy content (1)

• {large molecule / polymer / polysaccharide} therefore {insoluble / Accept {large molecule / polymer} so
has no osmotic effect} (1) does not diffuse

• branched structure therefore {broken down / energy released / Accept branched so can be broken
hydrolysis is} faster (1) down from several points at the same
time
Ignore easier to break down
• compact therefore has a high energy density (1)
Accept compact so {high energy
stored in a small space / many glucose
molecules stored in a small space} (3)
Question Answer Additional guidance Mark
number
3(b)(i) Answer that includes the following points:

• estimate of number of babies with GSD (1) Accept any value between 150 and 200

• estimate of mean number of babies with Von Gierke disease (1) Accept any value between 38 and 50
Accept non-whole numbers eg 38.5

Correct answer with no working (2) (2)

Question Answer Additional guidance Mark

number
3(b)(ii) An answer that includes the following points:

• because allele for Von Gierke disease may be recessive (1) Accept disease caused by two
recessive alleles
Do not accept {gene / disease} is
recessive

• therefore (both) parents may be heterozygous (1) Accept parents may be carriers (of the
allele)
• because individuals with Von Gierke disease are less likely to
have babies (1) (2)
Ignore mutation
Question Answer Additional guidance Mark
number
4(a)(i)
• bind to an {oxygen (molecule) / O2} (1) Do not accept O

Ignore binding to carbon dioxide (1)

Question Answer Additional guidance Mark

number
4(a)(ii) An explanation that includes the following points:

• must have R groups that are {polar / hydrophilic} (1) Accept they are {polar / hydrophilic}

• so that the {haemoglobin / protein} {can dissolve in (red blood Ignore dissolve in blood / plasma
cell) cytoplasm / is soluble in water} (1) (2)
Question Answer Additional guidance Mark
number
4(b)(i) An explanation that includes two of the following points:

• oxygen dissociation curve for {maternal / adult} Hb is shifted to Accept shifted down for shifted to the
the right of curve for fetal Hb (1) right
Accept converse

• because oxygen needs to diffuse from {maternal / adult} blood

into fetal blood (1)

• therefore fetal haemoglobin needs to have a higher affinity for Accept converse
oxygen (1)
Accept because oxygen needs to
dissociate from maternal haemoglobin
and bind to fetal haemoglobin
(2)

Question Answer Additional guidance Mark

number
4(b)(ii) An answer that includes the following points:

• total number of amino acids in haemoglobin calculated (1) 574 / 287

• percentage of amino acids that are different calculated (1) 14 / 13.6 / 13.59
(2)
Correct answer with no working (2)
Question Answer Additional guidance Mark
number
5(a) An explanation that includes the following points:

• because it shows that it is {made of two layers of phospholipid / a Accept it shows two layers of
bilayer} (1) phosphate heads separated by a
band of lipids
• the size of a phospholipid is in the range 2.05 nm to 2.65 nm (1)

• therefore the width of the membrane (5 nm) is within a bilayer (3)

range (of 4.1 nm to 5.3 nm) (1)

Question Answer Additional guidance Mark

number
5(b) An explanation that includes three of the following points: Accept hydrophobic for non-polar in
all points

• cholesterol is a non-polar molecule (1) Accept {hydrocarbon tail / hydrocarbon

rings} are non-polar
• fatty acid tails are non-polar (1)

• cholesterol will be located within the {fatty acid tails / non-polar

part} of membrane (1)
(3)
• OH group will be located near the phosphate heads (1)
Question Answer Additional guidance Mark
number
5(c)(i) A description that includes the following points:

• {small / weak / delta / partial} positive charge on hydrogen (1) Accept both points from a diagram

• {small / weak / delta / partial} negative charge on oxygen (1) H δ+

δ-
O

H δ+ (2)

Question Answer Additional guidance Mark

number
5(c)(ii) An explanation that includes the following points:

• water is small enough to move by {osmosis / diffusion} (between Accept description of water moving
the phospholipids) (1) through {protein channels /
aquaporins}

• steroid (is non-polar so) can diffuse through the {membrane / Accept steroid is not repelled by fatty
phospholipids} (1) acid tails

• glucose (is polar so) passes through {protein channels / carrier Accept movement by active
proteins / by facilitated diffusion} (1) transport

• ions (are polar so) pass through {protein channels / carrier Accept ions are repelled by fatty acid
proteins / by facilitated diffusion / active transport} (1) tails so cannot get through (4)
membrane
Question Answer Additional guidance Mark
number
6(a)(i) An explanation that includes the following points:

• because both lines rise and fall (in parallel) (1)

• but the line for deaths from lung cancer is a period of time after
the line for cigarettes smoked (1) Accept {delay / timelag} for deaths
(2)

Question Answer Additional guidance Mark

number
6(a)(ii) An explanation that includes the following points:

• alveoli will have a smaller surface area (to volume ratio) (1) Accept gas exchange area will be
smaller
• therefore the (rate of) diffusion of oxygen into the bloodstream
will be slower (1) Accept gas exchange for diffusion
Ignore less gas exchange / diffusion (2)
Question Answer
number
*6(b)
Indicative content:
Egg points (E) 1. {number / density of pores}
2. {width / size} of pores
3. area of pores
4. thickness of shell and membranes
5. rate of respiration of developing embryo
6. rate of blood flow of embryo
7. temperature
8. shell is impermeable / pores are permeable
9. shell supports membrane so there is a large SA for gas exchange
Theory points (T) 10. Ficks Law of diffusion can be used to calculate diffusion rate
11. State Fick’s Law (3)
12. because rate of diffusion depends on surface area / mp11
13. because rate of diffusion depends on diffusion distance / mp11
14. because rate of diffusion depends on concentration gradient / mp11
15. speed of molecules depends on temperature
16. because rate of diffusion depends on what substances oxygen is passing through eg
water / air
17. diffusion coefficient through air
18. diffusion coefficient through membranes
Explanation points (X) 19. increasing SA (or any named factor increasing this) causes increase in rate of diffusion
Accept converse for all 20. increasing distance (or any named factor increasing this) causes decrease in rate of
diffusion
21. increasing conc gradient (or any named factor increasing this) causes increase in rate
of
diffusion
22. increasing temperature increases rate of diffusion
 Level 1 Up to 4 points from anywhere; 2 points for one mark and 4 points for 2 marks
Level 2 5 points or more, from two best categories; 5 points for 3 marks, 6 points for 4 marks.
Must achieve 6 marks to progress to level 3
Level 3 As level 2 plus up to 2 points from third category; 7 points for 5 marks and 8 points for 6 marks

Question Answer Additional guidance Mark

number
7(a)
One from

• high BMI / smoking / alcohol intake / high salt

intake / high cholesterol intake Accept:
obesity / overweight / high waist to hip ratio
high level of {fat / sugar} in diet
type 2 diabetes
high stress levels
And one from air pollution

• age / sex / gender (1)

Question Answer Additional guidance Mark
number
7(b) A description that includes two of the following points: Accept converse throughout

• increase in intensity of exercise decreases the risk

of death from heart disease (1)

• increase in the energy needed for exercise

decreases the risk of death from heart disease (1)

• for the same energy expenditure, {vigorous Accept if you expend 4000kJ per week, intensity of
exercise / moderate exercise} decreases risk of exercise makes no difference to risk of death from
death from CVD more than light exercise (1) CVD (2)

Question Answer Additional guidance Mark

number
7(c)(i) An explanation that includes the following points:

• because antioxidants reduce free radicals (1) Accept neutralise / stabilise / donate
electrons

• free radicals cause {cell damage /tissue damage /

oxidative stress / damage to endothelial lining} (1) Accept antioxidants {prevent cell damage /
tissue damage / reduce oxidative stress /
prevent damage to endothelial lining}
• (antioxidants) reduce {plaque / atheroma} formation (1)
Accept reduces {cholesterol build up / blood (3)
clot formation / atherosclerosis}
Question Answer Additional guidance Mark
number
7(c)(ii) An answer that includes three of the following points:

• use (a large number of) {healthy individuals / individuals with no

known heart condition} (1)

• who have similar (lifestyle and non-lifestyle) risk factors (1) Accept control for named factor

• compare group given antioxidants to a group using other Accept give one group antioxidants
preventative treatments (1) and the other group {a placebo / no
antioxidants}

• monitor the incidence of heart disease over a (long) period of Accept at least 6 months if time is (3)
time (1) given
Question Answer
number
*7(d) Indicative content:
Outline of events (O points) 1. less blood reaches the heart muscle cells,
2. muscle cells are not supplied with enough oxygen
3. muscle cells are not supplied with enough glucose
4. aerobic respiration decreases
Contraction stops (C points)
5. anaerobic respiration produces lactic acid
6. lactic acid lowers pH and denatures enzymes
7. glycogen used as respiratory substrate
8. anaerobic respiration produces much less ATP / energy
9. therefore less / no blood is pumped by the heart
10. reference to effect on other organs
Use of graph / stem info 11. energy released from heart cells decreases with time after blockage
(G points) 12. reference to data from graph (not mp13 or 15)
13. after 8 minutes the energy released is 52 - 54 a.u.
14. after 8 minutes there is not enough energy for contraction
15. after 20 minutes the energy released is 23 - 24 a.u.
16. which is too low to maintain cell viability / for cells to survive
17. cells die as not enough ATP for vital processes eg active transport

Level 1: up to two points from anywhere; one point for 1 mark and two points for 2 marks

Level 2: up to two points from each of two categories; 3 points for 3 marks, 4 points for 4 marks
Must achieve 4 marks to progress to level 3

Level 3: Level 2 plus two points from the third category; five points for 5 marks and six points for 6 marks
Question Answer Mark
number
8(a)(i)

C galactose and glucose

A is incorrect because lactose consists of glucose and galactose monomers

B is incorrect because lactose consists of glucose and galactose monomers
Dis incorrect because lactose consists of glucose and galactose monomers
(1)

Question Answer Additional guidance Mark

number
8(a)(ii) An explanation that includes three of the following points:

• lactase is soluble because of its {globular shape / external polar Accept hydrophilic for polar
R groups} (1)

• (and therefore) lactase collides with lactose (1)

• active site of lactase is complementary to the lactose (1) Accept active site of lactase binds to
lactose / active site allows enzyme-
substrate complex to form

• Formation of enzyme-substrate complex lowers the activation Accept R group interactions break the (3)
energy (1) glycosidic bonds
Question Answer Additional guidance Mark
number
8(b)(i)
• {lactase / enzyme} is reusable / milk is not contaminated with Accept higher enzyme activity (1)
{lactase / enzyme} (1)

Question Answer Additional guidance Mark

number
8(b)(ii) An explanation that includes four of the following points:

• pH {below 5 / above 5} reduces lactase activity (1) Accept pH 5 is the optimum for both
enzymes / pH 4-6 is the optimum for
both enzymes

• because pH affects the shape of the active site (1) Accept active site denatured by pH

• due to ionisation of the R groups (1) Accept bonds between R groups are
broken
• immobilised lactase is active at wider range of pH values (1)

• immobilisation holds the R groups in place so active site does not (4)
change shape (1)
Question Answer Additional guidance Mark
number
8(b)(iii) An answer that includes the following points:

• measure the decrease in concentration of Accept measure rate of loss of lactose

lactose over time Ignore: measure how long it takes for lactose to be fully
• see table for units broken down

OR

• measure the increase in concentration of Accept measure rate of production of {glucose /

{glucose / galactose} over time galactose}
• see table for units
Units can be expressed as:
• mass per volume per time
• mass volume-1 time-1
• amount per volume per time (2)
• amount volume-1 time-1

mass volume time

g / mg / µg cm-3 / mm-3 / dm-3 / s-1 / min-1 /
/ kg litre-1 hour-1

amount volume time

mmol / cm-3 / mm-3 / dm-3 / s-1 / min-1 /
mol / litre-1 hour-1
µmol
Question Answer Additional guidance Mark
number
8(c) An answer that includes two of the following points:

• mutation (that resulted in CLI) occurred in the {gene / DNA} (of

people living in one country) (1)

• people from this country (had children that) stayed in this country Accept limited emigration from this
(1) country / reproduction with others
from same country

• relatively new mutation so has not had the chance to spread (1)
Ignore idea that mutation is caused (2)
by drinking milk / not drinking milk
Pearson Education Limited. Registered company number 872828
with its registered office at 80 Strand, London, WC2R 0RL, United Kingdom
Mark Scheme (Results)

Summer 2021

Pearson Edexcel International Advanced Level

In Biology (WBI11) Paper 01
Molecules, Diet, Transport and Health
Edexcel and BTEC Qualifications

Edexcel and BTEC qualifications are awarded by Pearson, the UK’s largest awarding body.
We provide a wide range of qualifications including academic, vocational, occupational and
specific programmes for employers. For further information visit our qualifications
websites at www.edexcel.com or www.btec.co.uk. Alternatively, you can get in touch with
us using the details on our contact us page at www.edexcel.com/contactus.

Pearson: helping people progress, everywhere

Pearson aspires to be the world’s leading learning company. Our aim is to help everyone progress
in their lives through education. We believe in every kind of learning, for all kinds of people,
wherever they are in the world. We’ve been involved in education for over 150 years, and by
working across 70 countries, in 100 languages, we have built an international reputation for our
commitment to high standards and raising achievement through innovation in education. Find out
more about how we can help you and your students at: www.pearson.com/uk

Summer 2021
Question Paper Log Number 65812
Publications Code WBI11_01_2106_MS
All the material in this publication is copyright
© Pearson Education Ltd 2021
General Marking Guidance

• All candidates must receive the same treatment. Examiners

must mark the first candidate in exactly the same way as
they mark the last.
• Mark schemes should be applied positively. Candidates must
be rewarded for what they have shown they can do rather
than penalised for omissions.
• Examiners should mark according to the mark scheme not
according to their perception of where the grade boundaries
may lie.
• There is no ceiling on achievement. All marks on the mark
scheme should be used appropriately.
• All the marks on the mark scheme are designed to be
awarded. Examiners should always award full marks if
deserved, i.e. if the answer matches the mark
scheme. Examiners should also be prepared to award zero
marks if the candidate’s response is not worthy of credit
according to the mark scheme.
• Where some judgement is required, mark schemes will
provide the principles by which marks will be awarded and
exemplification may be limited.
• When examiners are in doubt regarding the application of
the mark scheme to a candidate’s response, the team leader
must be consulted.
• Crossed out work should be marked UNLESS the candidate
has replaced it with an alternative response
Summary of changes from Provisional Mark Scheme

A few minor changes were made to the Mark Scheme before marking on the
marking service began. These have been highlighted in red in the Mark Scheme. The
changes have been highlighted in the table:

Question Summary of change

Number

2(c)(i) Another way of expressing answer has been added :

190.9 million

7(a) Mark point amended slightly so that the ‘of DNA’ goes
into smooth brackets
Question Answer Additional guidance Mark
number
1(a)

Elements Type of bond

Polymer Monomer in
monomer

ACCEPT chemical symbols C, H, O

carbon,
Carbohydrates monosaccharide glycosidic
hydrogen
and oxygen

carbon,
hydrogen,
Nucleic acids (mono)nucleotide oxygen, phosphodiester
phosphorus
and nitrogen

carbon,
hydrogen, ACCEPT chemical symbols C, H, O, N, S
Proteins amino acid oxygen, peptide
(sulfur) and
nitrogen (4)
Question Answer Additional guidance Mark
number
1(b) A description that includes three of the following points:

TWO FROM

• (one) glycerol and three fatty acids (1)

• joined by {condensation reaction / ester bond} (1)

• by enzymes (1)

AND

• (at least) one fatty acid is {unsaturated / has a CC double bond} (3)
(1)
Question Answer Mark
number
2(a)
C glycogen

The only correct answer is C.

A is incorrect because amylopectin is found in plant cells only

B is incorrect because cellulose is found in plant cells only
(1)
D is incorrect because starch is found in plant cells only

Question Answer Mark

number
2(b)
D lactose and sucrose

The only correct answer is D.

A is incorrect because fructose is a monosaccharide and therefore not digested

B is incorrect because fructose and galactose are both monosaccharides and therefore not digested
(1)
C is incorrect because galactose is a monosaccharide and therefore not digested

Question Answer Additional guidance Mark

number
2(c)(i)

• 190 900 000 / 191 000 000 / 190.9 million / 191 million / 1.909 ×
108 / 1.91 × 108
(1)
Question Answer Additional guidance Mark
number
2(c)(ii) An explanation that includes three of the following points:

• because (prenatal testing) can cause abortion (1)

• because false negative or false positive results can be avoided (if

patient already has diabetes) (1)

• because of issues arising if another genetic condition is found (1)

• because an individual could live a healthy life (as only a genetic

predisposition) (1)

• because of the ethics associated with destroying embryos (IVF) (1) (3)
Question Answer Additional guidance Mark
number
3(a) An explanation that includes the following points:

• to widen (the lumen of) the (coronary) artery / (blood) vessel (1) ACCEPT increase in {diameter / cross-
sectional area}
IGNORE larger / increase in area
• so that more blood can flow to the heart {cells / muscle} (1)

• for respiration (in the heart muscle) / so that heart muscle can
contract (1) (3)

Question Answer Additional guidance Mark

number
3(b)(i) An answer that includes the following points:

• percentage of one group developing thrombosis calculated (1) 1.5% of 800 = 12

OR
1.0% of 400 = 4

• correct difference calculated (1) difference = 8

Correct answer with no working gains (2)

two marks
Question Answer Additional guidance Mark
number
3(b)(ii)
• blocks the (coronary) {artery / vessel} {so the brain does ACCEPT so that the heart muscle does
not get oxygen / causing a stroke} not get oxygen / causing a heart attack (1)

Question Answer Mark

number
3(b)(iii)
D thrombin and thromboplastin

The only correct answer is D.

A is incorrect because prothrombin is inactive

B is incorrect because prothrombin is inactive
(1)
C is incorrect because prothrombin is inactive

Question Answer Mark

number
3(b)(iv)
C fibrinogen and thromboplastin

The only correct answer is C

A is incorrect because fibrin is insoluble

B is incorrect because fibrin is insoluble
(1)
D is incorrect because other factors are also soluble e.g. thromboplastin
Question Answer Additional guidance Mark
number
3(b)(v)
anticoagulants / platelet inhibitors ACCEPT named anticoagulants /
platelet inhibitors
e.g. heparin, aspirin, warfarin
DO NOT ACCEPT antihypertensives / (1)
statins

Question Answer Additional guidance Mark

number
4(a)
7 and 8 and 9 (1)

Question Answer Additional guidance Mark

number
4(b)(i) A description that includes the following points:

• gene is a sequence of bases coding for a {(poly)peptide / ACCEPT protein

sequence of amino acids} + gene for bitter-taste receptor (1)

• allele is a {version of the gene / information coded by the gene}

+ {tasting / not tasting} (receptor) (1)
NB Two correct definitions but no (2)
examples = 1 mark
Question Answer Additional guidance Mark
number
4(b)(ii) A description that includes the following points:

• genotype is the combination of alleles + {TT / tt / Tt} (1) ACCEPT any pair of letters

• phenotype is the {expressed / observable} {characteristic / trait ACCEPT characteristic that can be
/ feature} + {taster / non-taster} measured
{tasting / not tasting} (receptor)

NB Two correct definitions but no (2)

examples = 1 mark

Question Answer Additional guidance Mark

number
4(c) An explanation that includes the following points:

• dominant allele is (having a receptor that) can taste bitter taste

(1)
ACCEPT children who could taste and
• because individuals 1 and 2 were tasters who had children of children who could not taste (2)
both phenotypes (1)

Question Answer Additional guidance Mark

number
4(d) An explanation that includes the following points:

• because individual 6 was a female non-taster (1)

• and her father was a taster (1) (2)

Question Answer Additional guidance Mark
number
5(a) An explanation that includes the following points:

• because the mutated gene results in a faulty (CFTR) protein (1) ACCEPT less effective

• so chloride ions do not move out of the cells (1) ACCEPT reduced movement of
chloride ions / sodium ion channel
not inhibited / sodium ions not
prevented from entering cell

• decreasing the water potential inside the cell (1) ACCEPT decreasing {osmotic
potential / solute potential} /
increasing solute concentration
IGNORE decreasing water
concentration
• therefore water {leaves the mucus / enters the cells} by osmosis
(1) (3)
Question Answer Additional guidance Mark
number
5(b) An explanation that includes five of the following points:

• because the mucus blocks the airways (1)

• therefore {air flow to lungs / gas exchange} is reduced (1)

• because mucus prevents pancreatic enzymes from entering the ACCEPT duodenum / gut / digestive tract
small intestine (1) named enzyme secreted by
pancreas

• therefore large food molecules not broken down (and cannot be ACCEPT named large food molecule
absorbed) (1)

• because the mucus prevents sperm passing through the cervix

(1)

• therefore sperm cannot reach the egg cell (1) ACCEPT reach the {oviducts / fallopian (5)
tubes}
Question Answer Mark
number
5(c)(i)
C 40

The only correct answer is C.

A is incorrect because
B is incorrect because
(1)
D is incorrect because

Question Answer Additional guidance Mark

number
5(c)(ii) An explanation that includes the following points:

• because (the graph shows that) the level of CFTR protein

function varies between 3 and 18% (1)

• because (the graph shows that) individuals diagnosed

with cystic fibrosis have a range in concentration of
chloride ions in sweat (1)

• therefore the CFTR protein must be affected to different

extents (by different mutations) (1) (2)
Question Answer Additional guidance Mark
number
6(a)(i)
• 100 (cm)
(1)

Question Answer Additional guidance Mark

number
6(a)(ii) An answer that includes the following points:

• height2 calculated (1) 2.4025 (m2) / 24025 (cm2)

• equation rearranged and values substituted in (1) mass = 36 × 2.4025 / 86.49

• answer given to {1 decimal place / 3 significant figures} (1) 86.5

NB CE if rounded cm2 value to 865
000

Correct answer of 86.5 with no

working shown should be awarded 3
marks.
An answer of 86.49 or 865 000 with
no working shown should be (3)
awarded 2 marks.
Question Answer Additional guidance Mark
number
6(a)(iii) An answer that includes the following points:

• using WHR the two women appear to have the same risk
of developing CVD (1)

• however using {mass / BMI} female K is at a greater risk

(1) (2)

Question Answer Additional guidance Mark

number
6(a)(iv) An explanation that includes the following points:

• by the tape being pulled tighter around the waist so the waist ACCEPT breathing in whilst taking the
value is smaller (1) measurement of the waist

• by the tape being held loosely around the hips so the hip value is
greater (1)

• so that the waist to hip ratio is smaller (1) ACCEPT make the waist measurement
smaller and the hip measurement
larger

NB If both methods given but no (2)

justification = 1 mark
Question Answer Additional guidance Mark
number
6(b)(i) An answer that includes two of the following points:

• the distribution of fat under the skin is not even (1)

• exercise will replace fat under the skin with muscle (1) ACCEPT exercising some parts of body
will reduce fat / stopping exercise to
some parts of body will increase fat
• the woman has had a child (1)

• liposuction (1)

• lipoedema (affecting the arms) (1) (2)

Question Answer Additional guidance Mark

number
6(b)(ii)
• moderate DO NOT ACCEPT low / low to (1)
moderate
Question Answer Additional guidance Mark
number
7(a)
• change in the base {sequence / order} (of DNA) ACCEPT change in the number of
chromosomes / damage to
chromosome / loss of part of (1)
chromosome

Question Answer Additional guidance Mark

number
7(b)(i)
• a change in one variable is reflected in a change in another variable ACCEPT a description that only
mentions ‘change’ once (1)
DO NOT ACCEPT causes / results in

Question Answer Additional guidance Mark

number
7(b)(ii) A description that includes the following points: ACCEPT converse throughout

• incidence of skin cancer increases with (an increase in) age (1) ACCEPT in either context of males or
females or both
• incidence of skin cancer increases with an increase in the years (1) ACCEPT in either context of males or
females or both
• males have higher incidence of skin cancer than females (1) (3)
Question Answer Additional guidance Mark
number
7(b)(iii) An answer that includes three of the following points:

• as age increase there is more time for mutations to {build up ACCEPT the older you are the more
/ occur} (1) exposure to risk factors / the more cell
divisions the more chance of mutations

• people are spending more time in the sun (1) ACCEPT an example of why this may
happen e.g. going on more holidays in hot
countries
• more UV light reaching the earth's surface (1)
ACCEPT ozone layer depletion

• more men have {jobs / hobbies} outside (1)

ACCEPT men smoke more
• men have a greater genetic disposition to skin cancer (1) (3)
Question Answer
number
*7(c) Indicative content:

Repeatability: Level 1 : comments on the design of the study

• sample size is small 1 mark = 1 comment

• smokers are being studied and their sample size is very small* 2 marks = 3 comments
• no statistical data available
• no indication of the location of the individuals (could be a validity Level 2 : comments on the design of the study
comment as well)
3 marks = 4 comments, at least one of which is
Validity: from each category
4 marks = 5 comments, at least one of which is
• mean age at diagnosis is similar but not identical from each category
• there is a greater range of ages for males than females
• no indication of the actual ages of the people Level 3 : comments on the design of the study
• so there could be more people at the extremes in one group and makes at least one link correctly with
• no information about other lifestyle factors repeatability or validity
• e.g. working in polluted environment, living in the city
• no information about non-lifestyle factors 5 marks = 5 comments at least one of which is
• e.g. ethnicity linked to repeatability or validity
• no indication if individuals lived with other smokers (passive 6 marks = 6 comments at least one of which is
smokers) linked to repeatability or validity and includes a
• no indication of how long people been smoking for* specific comment about {smoking /
• no indication of how many cigarettes were smoked by the smokers emphysema}*
each day*
• no indication if the non-smokers had ever smoked previously* ACCEPT reproducible / reliable
• no indication of severity of emphysema* IGNORE accurate / precise
• no indication if emphysema is self-diagnosed or clinical diagnosis*
(6)
Question Answer Mark
number
8(a)(i) D nm

The only correct answer is D.

A is incorrect because cm would be 1 × 100

B is incorrect because mm would be 1 × 10-1
C is incorrect because µm would be 1 × 10-4 (1)

Question Answer Mark

number
8(a)(ii)
B Q and T

The only correct answer is B.

A is incorrect because R is a fatty acid and only contains C, H and O

C is incorrect because R is a fatty acid and only contains C, H and O, S is cholesterol and only contains C, H and O
D is incorrect because S is cholesterol and only contains C, H and O
(1)
Question Answer Mark
number
8(a)(iii)
D S:T

The only correct answer is D.

A is incorrect because
B is incorrect because
C is incorrect because (1)

Question Answer Additional guidance Mark

number
8(b) An explanation that includes the following points:

• because the sequence of amino acids determine the {tertiary / ACCEPT pieced together
quaternary} structure of the protein (1)

• by determining the {position / type} of bonds that form between ACCEPT a named bond between R
the R groups (1) groups

• {hydrophobic / non-polar} {(R) groups / amino acids on (the

outside of) the part of the protein that is embedded in the fatty
acid tails (1)

• {hydrophilic / polar} {(R) groups / amino acids} (on the outside of)
the part of the protein that is {amongst the phosphate heads /
facing the cytoplasm / facing the aqueous environment} (1) (4)
Question Answer
number
*8(c) Indicative content:
Level 1 :
Molecule E
1 mark = 1 relevant comment
• enters by osmosis 2 marks = 3 relevant comments
• because it is water
• the number of the molecules F, G and H lower the water potential Level 2 :
• so E moves down the water potential gradient
3 marks = 4 relevant comments for at least two
Molecule F molecules
4 marks = 5 relevant comments for at least two
• enters by facilitated diffusion molecules
• down its concentration gradient
• because it is polar and cannot pass through the fatty acid tails Level 3 :
• therefore needs a protein to provide a polar channel for it to diffuse
through 5 marks = 6 relevant comments for at least three
molecules
Molecule G 6 marks = 7 relevant comments from all four molecules

• enters by diffusion
• because it is at a higher concentration outside the cell
• and it is non-polar so can pass through the fatty acid tails

Molecule H

• enters by active transport

• because it is at a higher concentration inside the cell (6)
• and therefore needs ATP and a protein to pump it across the membrane
Pearson Education Limited. Registered company number 872828
with its registered office at 80 Strand, London, WC2R 0RL, United Kingdom
Mark Scheme (Results)

January 2022

Pearson Edexcel International Advanced Level

In Biology (WBI11)
Paper 01 Molecules, Diet, Transport and
Health
Edexcel and BTEC Qualifications

Edexcel and BTEC qualifications are awarded by Pearson, the UK’s largest awarding body. We
provide a wide range of qualifications including academic, vocational, occupational and specific
programmes for employers. For further information visit our qualifications websites at
www.edexcel.com or www.btec.co.uk. Alternatively, you can get in touch with us using the
details on our contact us page at www.edexcel.com/contactus.

Pearson: helping people progress, everywhere

Pearson aspires to be the world’s leading learning company. Our aim is to help everyone progress in
their lives through education. We believe in every kind of learning, for all kinds of people, wherever they
are in the world. We’ve been involved in education for over 150 years, and by working across 70
countries, in 100 languages, we have built an international reputation for our commitment to high
standards and raising achievement through innovation in education. Find out more about how we can
help you and your students at: www.pearson.com/uk

January 2022
Question paper log number P69498A
Publications Code WBI11_01_2201_MS
All the material in this publication is copyright
© Pearson Education Ltd 2022
General Marking Guidance

• All candidates must receive the same treatment. Examiners

must mark the first candidate in exactly the same way as
they mark the last.
• Mark schemes should be applied positively. Candidates must
be rewarded for what they have shown they can do rather
than penalised for omissions.
• Examiners should mark according to the mark scheme not
according to their perception of where the grade boundaries
may lie.
• There is no ceiling on achievement. All marks on the mark
scheme should be used appropriately.
• All the marks on the mark scheme are designed to be
awarded. Examiners should always award full marks if
deserved, i.e. if the answer matches the mark
scheme. Examiners should also be prepared to award zero
marks if the candidate’s response is not worthy of credit
according to the mark scheme.
• Where some judgement is required, mark schemes will
provide the principles by which marks will be awarded and
exemplification may be limited.
• When examiners are in doubt regarding the application of
the mark scheme to a candidate’s response, the team leader
must be consulted.
• Crossed out work should be marked UNLESS the candidate
has replaced it with an alternative response
Question Answer Additional guidance Mark
number
1(a) The correct answer is C

A is incorrect because starch is insoluble in water and consists of amylose

and amylopectin is insoluble in water
B is incorrect because starch is insoluble in water and consists of amylose
and amylopectin is insoluble in water (1)
D is incorrect because starch has 1-4 bonds as well as 1-6

Question Answer Additional guidance Mark

number
1(b)(i) An answer that includes the following points:

• glycosidic (1) IGNORE 1-4 / 1-6

• (α) glucose (1)

• fructose (1) IGNORE α and β

• galactose (1) IGNORE α and β (4)

Question Answer Additional guidance Mark

number
1(b)(ii)
• condensation (reaction) (1) ACCEPT polymerisation
(1)
Question Answer Additional guidance Mark
number
1(b)(iii) The correct answer is C

A is incorrect because the molecular mass is 180 + 180 – 18 = 342

B is incorrect because the molecular mass is 180 + 180 – 18 = 342 (1)
D is incorrect because the molecular mass is 180 + 180 – 18 = 342

Question Answer Additional guidance Mark

number
2(a)(i) The correct answer is B

A is incorrect because the aorta takes blood away from the left hand side of
the heart
C is incorrect because pulmonary vein returns blood to the left hand side of
the heart (1)
D is incorrect because the vena cava returns blood to the right atrium

Question Answer Additional guidance Mark

number
2(a)(ii) The correct answer is A

B is incorrect because stage F which is ventricular systole

C is incorrect because F is ventricular systole (1)
D is incorrect because F is ventricular systole
Question Answer Additional guidance Mark
number
2(b)(i)
• values read from the graph and subtracted to give the 0.8 / any pair of values that give 0.8
time for one heart beat (1) when subtracted

• 75.0 (1) DO NOT ACCEPT 75

ECF from mp 1 if values correspond
to readings from graph

Bald answer of 75.0 = 2 marks (2)

Bald answer of 75 = 1 mark
Question Answer Additional guidance Mark
number
2(b)(ii) An answer that includes three of the following points: NB ‘It’ refers to the line for the right
ventricle
NB accept converse where
appropriate

• graph will be {the same / similar in} {shape / position} (1) ACCEPT line

• because the left hand side and right hand side beat ACCEPT description e.g. both
simultaneously (1) ventricles contract at the same time

• peaks will be lower (1) IGNORE graph lower down

• because pressure in right hand side is lower ACCEPT because right ventricle has
{as blood is only pumped to lungs / to prevent damage to {less muscle / thinner walls} as blood
alveoli} (1) is only pumped to lungs
less force to lungs

NB If candidate says that there is

something drawn on the graph you (3)
must send it to review
Question Answer Additional guidance Mark
number
3(a) A description that includes the following points: NB ignore statements clearly relating
to RNA

• contain {deoxyribose / pentose / 5 carbon sugar}, ACCEPT pair contains purine and
phosphate and bases (1) pyrimidine / (mono)nucleotide contains
either purine or pyrimidine
phosphate group / PO43-
DO NOT ACCEPT P / Pi / wrong
formulae

• (mononucleotides / bases) held together by hydrogen IGNORE stated number of H bonds

bonds (1)

• between {complementary bases / named example} (1) ACCEPT A / T / C / G

IGNORE descriptions of
mononucleotides joined by
phosphodiester bonds in a strand

NB points can be awarded from clearly (3)

labelled diagrams
Question Answer Additional guidance Mark
number
3(b)
• number of seconds for molecules to replicate calculated (150 million ÷ 50) 3 000 000
(1)

• 833 (1)

OR

• number of molecules replicated in 1 hour (1) (50 × 60 × 60 =) 180 000

• 833 (1)
Bald answer of 833 = 2 marks
Bald answer of 833.3 = 1 mark unless (2)
given as a recurring number
Question Answer Additional guidance Mark
number
3(c)(i) An explanation that includes the following points:

• bind to each strand of the DNA (to initiate replication) (1) ACCEPT works at both ends of the
bubble
IGNORE ref to 3’ / 5’

• credit function of DNA polymerase (1) e.g. lines up nucleotides (along each
strand)
forms phosphodiester bonds
(between adjacent nucleotides)
repairs mistakes in replication
IGNORE forms hydrogen bonds
between nucleotides (2)
• so that the DNA can be synthesised in both directions (1)

Question Answer Additional guidance Mark

number
3(c)(ii) An answer that includes the following points:

• to speed up the process (of DNA synthesis) (1)

• so that S phase {is shorter / lasts 8 hours and not 833 ACCEPT wrong figures implied from a
hours} (1) wrong calculation
(3)
• so that cell division is fast enough (1)
Question Answer Additional guidance Mark
number
4(a)
• the {length of DNA / sequence of (DNA) bases} that code ACCEPT nucleotides for bases
for {amino acids / (poly)peptide / protein} (1) primary structure of protein (1)

Question Answer Additional guidance Mark

number
4(b) An explanation that includes the following points:

• because the mutation is in the gene coding for the CFTR ACCEPT mutation in CFTR gene
(protein) (1)

• therefore the CFTR (protein) does not function correctly ACCEPT change in structure
(1)

• credit details of dysfunction (resulting in very thick sticky e.g. reduced transport of chloride ions
mucus) (1) out of the cell
sodium ions move into the cell
water leaves the mucus and enters
the cell

• therefore the mucus will be (very) {thick / sticky} (1) (3)

Question Answer Additional guidance Mark
number
4(c) An answer that includes three of the following points:

• couples (both) carrying one copy of the mutation can be ACCEPT couples who are (both)
identified (1) heterozygous / have a CF allele

• they can then make (an informed) {decision / choice} DO NOT ACCEPT choose which embryos
(about having a child) (1) to implant

• credit an example of their options (1) e.g not having a child / adoption / IVF
DO NOT ACCEPT have an abortion

• resulting in fewer babies being born who are ACCEPT two copies of the mutation (3)
homozygous (1) fewer heterozygous babies born

Question Answer Additional guidance Mark

number
5(a)(i) A description that includes three of the following points:

• fibrous protein (1)

• (protein) composed of {three polypeptide chains /

three-stranded / triple} helix (1)

• held by hydrogen bonds (between the chains) (1)

• credit details of the chains (1) e.g every third amino acid is a glycine,
repeating sequences of amino acids, high (3)
content of {glycine / proline / hydroxyproline}
Question Answer Additional guidance Mark
number
5(a)(ii) An explanation that includes the following points:

• gives (the wall) (tensile) strength (1) IGNORE refs to elastic properties and recoil

• so that the aorta {does not get damaged by / can IGNORE prevents aorta from collapsing
withstand} pressure (of the blood leaving the heart)
(1)
(2)
Question Answer Additional guidance Mark
number
*5(b) Indicative content: Level 1
Graph 1 1 mark = description made from one
• older male monkeys have more stiffness than younger males (D) graph (D)
• older female monkeys have more stiffness than younger females (D)
• older males have more stiffness than older females (D) 2 marks = descriptions made from two
• probably significant as error bars do not overlap (C) graphs (D)
• not much difference in stiffness between younger males and females (D)
• as error bars overlap (C) Level 2
• age increases aortic stiffness in both males and females (C) 3 marks = plus one conclusion made (C)
• age has a greater effect on aortic stiffness in males than females (C)
Graph 2 4 marks = plus two conclusions made (C)
• density of collagen decreases slightly with age (D)
• males of all ages have (slightly) more collagen that females (C) Level 3
• probably not significant as error bars overlap (C) 5 marks = two conclusions and
• neither age nor sex affects density of collagen (C) comments on the other two graphs
• changes in stiffness do not appear to be related to the density of collagen
(C) 6 marks = three conclusions that
Graph 3 includes the asterisked conclusion (C*)
• higher type 1 in younger monkeys than older ones (D) and comments on the other two graphs
• more type 1 in females than males at each age (D)
• no error bars shown to judge significance (C) Description = comparison of one
Graph 4 variable
• more type 8 in older male monkeys (D) Conclusion = summary statement that
• may not be a difference in type 8 between older and younger females (D) includes both age and sex
• no error bars to judge significance (C) interpretation of error
bar and significance of data – not
• the type of collagen appears to determine stiffness (C) reliability
• stiffness associated with decrease in type 1 and increase in type 8 (C*) links between 2 graphs (6)
Question number Answer Mark

6(a)(i)
The only correct answer is D

A is incorrect because diffusion does not use proteins

B is incorrect because diffusion does not use proteins (1)
C is incorrect because diffusion does not use proteins

Question Answer Mark

number
6(a)(ii)
The only correct answer is B

A is incorrect because diffusion does not use energy

C is incorrect because facilitated diffusion does not use energy (1)
D is incorrect because facilitated diffusion does not use energy

Question Answer Mark

number
6(a)(iii)
The only correct answer is B

A is incorrect because solutes can move against their concentration gradient in active transport
C is incorrect because solutes can move against their concentration gradient in active transport (1)
D is incorrect because solutes can move against their concentration gradient in active transport
Question Answer Additional guidance Mark
number
6(b) An explanation that includes the following points:

• (free water molecules) because some water molecules are ACCEPT a description
{restricted / prevented} from movement (1)

• (partially permeable membrane} because membrane allows

some (types of) molecules to pass through it (1)

• (down a water potential gradient) because water molecules ACCEPT from a low concentration of solute to
move {from a dilute solution to a more concentrated one / a high concentration of solute
from a high osmotic potential to a lower one / from a high from hypotonic to hypertonic solution (3)
solute potential to a lower one} (1) IGNORE from a high water concentration to a
lower one
Question Answer Additional guidance Mark
number
*6(c) Indicative content: Level 1

• water content decreases when crabs first moved (D) 1 mark = simple description of
• because water passes out of cells by {osmosis / description of osmosis} (E) one graph
• water content then increases gradually (D) 2 marks = simple description of both
• because of the increase in amino acid concentration (E) graphs
• amino acid increases (D)
• sharply at first and then rate decreases (D) Level 2
• because {insoluble / muscle} proteins broken down into amino acids (E)
• by hydrolysis (E) 3 marks = and a simple explanation of
• because crab eats more {protein / amino acids} (E) one graph
• which is digested into amino acids (E) 4 marks = and a simple explanation of
• which are taken up into the cells by {active transport / facilitated diffusion} both graphs
(from the blood) (E)
• water content increases because the amino acid content increase (E) Level 3
• which makes the cytoplasm more concentrated than the sea water (E)
• therefore crabs do not die from dehydration (E) 5 marks = a simple explanation of one
graph and a more detailed explanation
for the other graph
6 marks = a more detailed explanation
for both graphs

(6)
Question Answer Mark
number
7(a)(i)
The only correct answer is A

B is incorrect because a person can modify their alcohol intake

C is incorrect because a person can modify their blood pressure (1)
D is incorrect because a person can change their level of activity

Question Answer Additional guidance Mark

number
7(a)(ii) An explanation that includes the following points:

• because many factors cause CVD (1)

• different drugs treat different conditions (1) ACCEPT two named drugs and what
they treat (2)
IGNORE wrong drugs
Question Answer Additional guidance Mark
number
7(b)(i) An explanation that includes the following points:

• because antioxidants reduce free radicals (1) ACCEPT neutralise / donate

electrons to / break down / stabilise

• therefore {cell damage / damage to lining of blood IGNORE incorrect consequences

vessels / oxidative stress} will be reduced (1)

• therefore reducing {plaque / atheroma} formation (due

to decreased free radicals ) (1) (3)

Question Answer Additional guidance Mark

number
7(b)(ii) An explanation that includes the following points: IGNORE non-dietary factors

• {study / data} will not be valid (1) IGNORE reliability / accuracy

• diet has an impact on CVD (1) ACCEPT {increase risk / decrease

risk} in correct context

• credit an example explained (1) e.g. high salt causes high blood
pressure
high fibre reduces cholesterol
absorption
(3)
Question Answer Additional guidance Mark
number
7(b)(iii) An explanation that includes the following points: IGNORE non-dietary examples

• because diet affects a number of risk factors (1)

• credit example of change in diet and the risk factor it e.g. salt intake can be reduced to
reduces (1) lower blood pressure
{saturated / animal} fats can be
• credit a second example of change in diet and the risk reduced to reduce {cholesterol
factor it reduces (1) levels / atheroma formation}
unsaturated fats can be
increased to reduce {cholesterol
levels / atheroma formation} (2)

Question Answer Additional guidance Mark

number
8(a)(i)
• GUG ACCEPT guanine uracil guanine / CAC
/ cytosine adenine cytosine (1)
IGNORE val / valine
Question Answer Additional guidance Mark
number
8(a)(ii)
• substitution DO NOT ACCEPT frameshift / deletion
/ addition / insertion (1)
IGNORE {gene / point} mutation

Question Answer Additional guidance Mark

number
8(a)(iii) An answer that includes the following points:

• the R groups (of these two amino acids) have ACCEPT amino acids have different properties
different {properties / bonding} (1)

• glu may have repelled polar groups on other

haemoglobin molecules (1)

• {val / hydrophobic R group / hydrophobic part} ACCEPT bonds / Van der Waals
might form other (hydrophobic) interactions (with DO NOT ACCEPT incorrect named bonds
other haemoglobin molecules) (1)

• (part of haemoglobin containing) val (R group) turns ACCEPT repels water

away from {water / cytoplasm} (1) DO NOT ACCEPT blood / plasma (3)
Question Answer Additional guidance Mark
number
8(b)
• number of non-affected babies calculated (140 million - 305 800 = ) 139 694 200
(1)
0.002189

• 0.002 : 1 / 2 × 10-3 : 1 (1) ACCEPT 0.0022 / 0.00219 / 0.002189

ACCEPT 1 : 457 / 456.8

NB 1 mark for 1 : 458 / 1 : 457.8

0.002184 : 1 (0.002 / 0.0022 / 0.0218)

Bald answer = 2 marks (2)

Question Answer Additional guidance Mark

number
8(c)(i)
• values read correctly from the graph (1) ACCEPT 4.4 / 4.9 and 5.7 / 5.8 / 7.7 / 7.8

• 3.3 / 3.4 (1) ACCEPT ecf for correct subtraction using {4.4 / 7.7 /
7.8} and one incorrect value
(2)
Bald answer = 2 marks
Question Answer Additional guidance Mark
number
8(c)(ii) An answer that includes the following points: NB accept converse throughout but
all conclusions must be comparative

• person without the disease has higher saturation than person ACCEPT refs to affinity (for oxygen)
with the disease (at all partial pressures of oxygen) (1) IGNORE graph shifted

• there is {greater variability / wider range} (in the saturation) of a

person with the disease than a person without the disease (at a (2)
particular partial pressure of oxygen) (1)

Question Answer Additional guidance Mark

number
8(c)(iii)
• 120 (days) (1)
(1)
Question Answer Additional guidance Mark
number
8(c)(iv) An explanation that includes three of the following points: NB accept converse where
appropriate
• (change in structure of haemoglobin) haemoglobin {binds /
carries} less oxygen (1)

• (shape of red blood cell) smaller surface area so less oxygen

diffuses in / red blood cells get lodged in blood vessels
preventing flow of blood to cells (1)

• therefore less oxygen to {cells / tissues} so {less available for ACCEPT named cell / tissue
(aerobic) respiration / switch to anaerobic respiration} (1)

• credit an example of why less oxygen to cells could be fatal (1) e.g. heart attack, stroke, sepsis, (3)
infection
Pearson Education Limited. Registered company number 872828
with its registered office at 80 Strand, London, WC2R 0RL, United Kingdom
Mark Scheme (Results)

June 2022

Pearson Edexcel International Advanced Level

In Biology (WBI11) Paper 01
Molecules, Diet, Transport and Health
Edexcel and BTEC Qualifications

Edexcel and BTEC qualifications are awarded by Pearson, the UK’s largest awarding body. We
provide a wide range of qualifications including academic, vocational, occupational and specific
programmes for employers. For further information visit our qualifications websites at
www.edexcel.com or www.btec.co.uk. Alternatively, you can get in touch with us using the
details on our contact us page at www.edexcel.com/contactus.

Pearson: helping people progress, everywhere

Pearson aspires to be the world’s leading learning company. Our aim is to help everyone progress in
their lives through education. We believe in every kind of learning, for all kinds of people, wherever they
are in the world. We’ve been involved in education for over 150 years, and by working across 70
countries, in 100 languages, we have built an international reputation for our commitment to high
standards and raising achievement through innovation in education. Find out more about how we can
help you and your students at: www.pearson.com/uk

June 2022
Question paper log number P70960A
Publications Code WBI11_01_2206_MS
All the material in this publication is copyright
© Pearson Education Ltd 2022
General Marking Guidance

• All candidates must receive the same treatment. Examiners

must mark the first candidate in exactly the same way as
they mark the last.
• Mark schemes should be applied positively. Candidates must
be rewarded for what they have shown they can do rather
than penalised for omissions.
• Examiners should mark according to the mark scheme not
according to their perception of where the grade boundaries
may lie.
• There is no ceiling on achievement. All marks on the mark
scheme should be used appropriately.
• All the marks on the mark scheme are designed to be
awarded. Examiners should always award full marks if
deserved, i.e. if the answer matches the mark
scheme. Examiners should also be prepared to award zero
marks if the candidate’s response is not worthy of credit
according to the mark scheme.
• Where some judgement is required, mark schemes will
provide the principles by which marks will be awarded and
exemplification may be limited.
• When examiners are in doubt regarding the application of
the mark scheme to a candidate’s response, the team leader
must be consulted.
• Crossed out work should be marked UNLESS the candidate
has replaced it with an alternative response
Question Answer Additional guidance Mark
number
1 An answer that includes the following points (in order):

• dipolar (1) ACCEPT dipole / polar

• positive (1)

• solvent (1) ACCEPT medium

• hydrolysis (1) DO NOT ACCEPT hydration

• lactose (1) DO NOT ACCEPT lactase / other (5)

named molecules

Question Answer Additional guidance Mark

number
2(a) The correct answer is C, fibrin

A is incorrect because cholesterol is not part of the wound

B is incorrect because collagen is inside the artery wall (1)
D is incorrect because fibrinogen is soluble
Question Answer Additional guidance Mark
number
2(b) The correct answer is A, 1

B is incorrect because prothrombin is the only inactive enzyme precursor

in the list
C is incorrect because prothrombin is the only inactive enzyme precursor
in the list
D is incorrect because prothrombin is the only inactive enzyme precursor (1)
in the list

Question Answer Additional guidance Mark

number
2(c) The correct answer is C, 3

B is incorrect because fibrin is the only insoluble molecule in the list

C is incorrect because fibrin is the only insoluble molecule in the list (1)
D is incorrect because fibrin is the only insoluble molecule in the list
Question Answer Additional guidance Mark
number
2(d) An explanation that includes three of the following points:

• to keep thromboplastin separate from prothrombin (1)

• so that prothrombin will not be converted into thrombin (1)

• the blood clotting process will be prevented (1) ACCEPT other descriptions of what will
not happen e.g. fibrin will not be
formed
• to have thromboplastin {available / released quickly} (when ACCEPT will be at a high concentration
needed) (1) (when needed)

NB award mps if candidate clearly

states what would happen if the
thromboplastin was NOT inside (3)
platelets
Question Answer Additional guidance Mark
number
3(a) The correct answer is C, protein

A is incorrect because enzymes are proteins

B is incorrect because enzymes are proteins
D is incorrect because enzymes are proteins (1)

Question Answer Additional guidance Mark

number
3(b) An explanation that includes the following points:

• because they are found in living organisms (1) ACCEPT in our bodies / named
organism / are proteins / in cells / in
cytoplasm
• because they speed up the rate of reaction (without being
used up) (1) ACCEPT lower {activation energy / (2)
description of activation energy}

Question Answer Additional guidance Mark

number
3(c)(i)
• 8.5 (a.u. per °C) IGNORE decrease of / /- (1)

Question Answer Additional guidance Mark

number
3(c)(ii)
• because the {enzyme is denatured / active site to change shape / DO NOT ACCEPT starts to
bonds to break} (1)
(1)
Question Answer Additional guidance Mark
number
4(a)
• surface area of one vein calculated (1) 37.68
DO NOT ACCEPT 37

• total surface area = 1.4 × 103 / 1.5 × 103 (1)

ecf for wrong value in mp 1 but
multiplied by 40 and incorrect
standard form

Bald answer in table or in space

(provided same as in table if given) =
2 marks
Bald answer of {36 / 37.68 / 37.7 / or
in correct standard form} in box = 1
mark
NB if they have shown the correct
answer but not in standard form,
award mp 1 as they must have
• length of vena cava = 40.7 / 40.8 / 42.7 (1)
calculated this value correctly (check
the box below) (3)

Value used for π

mp
3 3.14 calculator
1. S.A. of one vein 36 37.68 37.699111843077518861551720599354
1,440 1,507.2 1,507.9644737231007544620688239742
2. Total S.A
1.4 × 103 1.5 × 103 1.5 × 103
42.666666666666666666666666666667 40.764331210191082802547770700637 40.743665431525205956834243423363
3. Length
42.7 40.8 40.7
Question Answer Additional guidance Mark
number
4(b) An explanation that includes the three of the following points: NB may need to piece together
NB statements about the arteries
do not need qualifying as the
question is about arteries. If
comparative statements about
the aorta are made then they
must be qualified

• blood in aorta is under higher pressure as it has just been pumped ACCEPT velocity slower in
out of the {heart / (left) ventricle} (1) arteries as they do not receive
blood directly from the heart

• aorta branches into many arteries /(blood flowing through) more ACCEPT (total) cross-sectional
vessels (1) area of arteries are greater than
the aorta

• the {friction / resistance} between blood and vessel (slows the ACCEPT diameter of artery lumen
velocity down) (1) is smaller / artery lumen is
narrower
diameter of aorta
lumen is greater so velocity will
be faster
• blood cannot be pushed through because of {loss of elasticity in ACCEPT in the form of a
arteries / less elastic recoil} (1) comparison with the aorta being
able to force blood because of (3)
more elastic fibres
ion Answer Additional guidance Mark
number
4(c) An explanation that includes the following points:

• more plasma is able to leave (the capillaries) (1)

• results in faster diffusion (1) ACCEPT named molecule e.g.

oxygen, glucose
ACCEPT faster gas exchange / rate of
diffusion is fast enough / diffusion is
rapid

• more capillaries are in contact with the cells (in the tissue) (1) ACCEPT capillaries are close to more
cells / diffusion distance is short (2)

Question Answer Additional guidance Mark

number
4(d)(i) The correct answer is A,

B is incorrect because arteries have a high proportion of elastic fibres

C is incorrect because arteries have an endothelial lining
D is incorrect because artery walls contain collagen (1)
Question Answer Additional guidance Mark
number
4(d)(ii)
• a diagram showing a bar for the endothelial cell layer ACCEPT any length
only (1) (1)

Question Answer Additional guidance Mark

number
5(a)(i) A description that includes two of the following points:

• long (chains of amino acids / polypeptides / proteins) (1) IGNORE large

• repeating sequences of amino acids (1) ACCEPT a description

IGNORE named amino acids

• high proportion of {small / non-polar / hydrophobic} {R groups ACCEPT hydrophobic groups on the
/ amino acids} (1) outside

• (parallel) chains held with {cross links / hydrogen bonds} IGNORE stated number of chains /
refs to triple helix
DO NOT ACCEPT other named bonds (2)
Question Answer Additional guidance Mark
number
5(a)(ii) A diagram that includes the following points:

• a central carbon atom (1)

• an amino group and a carboxyl group (1)

• a hydrogen and the cysteine R group (attached by the

C) (1) (3)

Question Answer Additional guidance Mark

number
5(b)(i) A description that includes the following points:

• ß {pleated / sheet} / α helix (1) DO NOT ACCEPT {double helix / triple

helix} even if ß sheet named
IGNORE B / A

• (held together by) hydrogen bonds (between amino acids) (1) DO NOT ACCEPT other bonds (2)
DO NOT ACCEPT between the R groups
Question Answer Additional guidance Mark
number
5(b)(ii) An explanation that includes four of the following points:

• primary structure remains the same length and secondary Piece together
structure is longer with higher temperature (1)

• (primary structure remains the same length) because the ACCEPT strong / hard to break
peptide bonds are not affected (by the heat) (1)

• secondary structure is shorter than primary structure because

of the {folding / winding} (1)

• (secondary structure gets longer) because (the heat) hydrogen

bonds break (1)

• due to increase in vibration of the {R groups / amino acids / ACCEPT increase in kinetic energy
molecule} (1) results in more movement within (4)
the molecule.
Question Answer Additional guidance Mark
number
6(a)(i) An answer that includes three of the following points:

• (in general) people’s perceptions of risks are lower than the ACCEPT converse that actual risks are
actual risks (except being overweight) (1) higher (in general)
(in general) people
underestimate their risks

• people seem to have a realistic perception of the risk of {smoking ACCEPT perception and actual risks are
/ being overweight} (1) very close
IGNORE perceived risk is lower that actual
risk for overweight

• overweight is the most common risk factor / smoking is the least ACCEPT actual risk of high blood pressure
common risk factor (1) and cholesterol are the same
IGNORE the most number of people are
overweight / least number of people (2)
smoke
Question Answer Additional guidance Mark
number
6(a)(ii) An explanation that includes three of the following points: NB mp 2, 4 and 6 can only be awarded
if mp 1, 3 and 5 have been awarded,
respectively
• large group of people (1)

• sample size is large for {repeatability / reproducibility} (1) ACCEPT large sample size / more
people
ACCEPT to allow for a statistical
analysis / description of statistical
analysis e.g. SD calculated
IGNORE accurate / precise / valid /
reliable

• people should not know if they have underlying health risks ACCEPT named example e.g. family
(before being interviewed) (1) history
should not be on medication
for CVD

• no known health risks for validity / otherwise it is not a

perception that is being studied (1)

• people should have some knowledge of CVD (1)

• some knowledge for validity / to reduce the number of

guesses / to make an informed decision (1) (3)
Question Answer Additional guidance Mark
number
6(a)(iii) An explanation that includes three of the following points: ACCEPT converse i.e. what a person
would not do if they underestimated
the risk for mp 1, 2 and 3

• lifestyle can be modified (to reduce the risk / slow ACCEPT if people know they are at
down progression ) (1) risk then they can do something
about it
ACCEPT a described change in a
named example

• they could have a {blood / health} test (to assess the

risk / check on the progression) (1)

• medication can be {prescribed / taken} (to reduce the ACCEPT named example
risk / slow down progression) (1)

• if perception is greater than actual, an unnecessary ACCEPT named example of a change

change may be made (1) may cause stress (3)
Question Answer Additional guidance Mark
number
6(b)(i)
• points added up (1) (-3 + 11 + 9 + 2) 19

• 8 (%) (1)
Bald answer = 2 marks (2)
(11+9+ 2=22) 17(%) = 1 mark

Question Answer Additional guidance Mark

number
6(b)(ii) An explanation that includes two of the following points: ACCEPT the converse throughout for what
would happen if the changes were not made

• stop smoking as this would reduce {damage to the ACCEPT increase antioxidants to reduce free
endothelial lining / lower blood pressure} (1) radicals generated by smoking

• reduce {cholesterol / saturated fats} in the diet so ACCEPT atherosclerosis

less to build up the {plaque / atheroma} (in the
increase in fibre to reduce
arteries) (1)
absorption of cholesterol

• reduce {salt intake / stressful activities} as this (2)

ACCEPT increase exercise / consume less
would lower blood pressure (1) caffeine
Question Answer Mark
number
6(b)(iii)
The only correct answer is D, antihypertensives and statins

A is incorrect because anticoagulants do not reduce blood pressure or blood cholesterol levels
B is incorrect because anticoagulants do not reduce blood pressure or blood cholesterol levels
C is incorrect because platelet inhibitors do not reduce blood pressure or blood cholesterol levels
(1)

Question Answer Additional guidance Mark

number
6(b)(iv) An answer that includes two of the following points:

• other factors are risk factors that have not been included ACCEPT named factor e.g. body mass, activity
(1) levels, diabetic, genetic predisposition, passive
smoking
IGNORE sex / gender

• the {cholesterol levels / blood pressure} may have to be ACCEPT does not include {HDL / LDL:HDL} /
estimated (1) diastolic B P
IGNORE not accurate
• does not include {the number of cigarettes smoked / ex IGNORE under estimates / lying / passive (2)
smoker} (1) smoking
Question Answer Additional guidance Mark
number
7(a)(i) A diagram that includes the following points:

• one glycerol (shaded / labelled), two fatty acids (not shaded

/ labelled), one phosphate and three bonds shown (1)

• all components drawn together correctly (1)

ecf if:
{one / three} fatty acids drawn attached to
glycerol but rest correct
glycerol missing but fatty acids attached to
head with bonds
bonds missing but all four components are
touching correctly
{all shaded / nothing shaded} with no (2)
labels
Question Answer Mark
number
7(a)(ii)

The only correct answer is C,

A is incorrect because it is not an ester bond

B is incorrect because it is not an ester bond (1)
D is incorrect because it is not an ester bond

Question Answer Additional guidance Mark

number
7(b)(i) An explanation that includes two of the following points:

• because {phospholipids / molecules} have more (heat / IGNORE proteins

kinetic) energy (1)

• because {forces / interactions} between {fatty acid ACCEPT bonds

chains / phospholipids} break (1) break bonds between {fatty acids and
cholesterol / phospholipids}
Van der waals forces

• therefore phospholipids can move around (within the

membrane) / phospholipid bilayer} more (1) (2)
Question Answer Mark
number
7(b)(ii)
The only correct answer is C

Has double bonds between Number of hydrogens

two carbons

yes fewer than the saturated fatty acid

A is incorrect because unsaturated fatty acids have double bonds between carbons (1)
B is incorrect because unsaturated fatty acids have double bonds between carbons
D is incorrect because unsaturated fatty acids have fewer hydrogen

Question Answer Additional guidance Mark

number
7(b)(iii) An explanation that includes the following points: NB we are not looking for the idea that
cholesterol is acting as a barrier or taking up
space

• cholesterol interacts with {phospholipids / fatty acids} (1) ACCEPT bonds

• (if less cholesterol) movement of phospholipids no longer ACCEPT so phospholipids can move around
restricted (by interaction with cholesterol) (1) more (2)
Question Answer Additional guidance Mark
number
7(b)(iv)
• will require less (kinetic) energy to move / because ACCEPT bonds
there are fewer interactions (with {other fatty acids / converse for longer chains
phospholipids / cholesterol}) (1) (1)

Question Answer Additional guidance Mark

number
7(c)(i) An answer that includes the following points:

• convert saturated fatty acids into unsaturated fatty ACCEPT become unsaturated / increase in
acids (1) unsaturated / decrease in saturated fats

• convert long side chains into shorter ones (1) ACCEPT become shorter
(2)
Question Answer Additional guidance Mark
number
7(c)(ii) An answer that includes two of the following points:

• to maintain the fluidity of the membrane (1) ACCEPT otherwise the fluidity will decrease

• so that membrane can change shape (1) ACCEPT named example e.g phagocytosis,
endocytosis, exocytosis, red blood cells,
formation of vesicles
• so that fusion of membranes can occur (1) ACCEPT named example e.g. of nuclei
(during fertilisation) fusion of vesicles

• so that substances can continue to move across ACCEPT named substance

membrane (1) (2)

Question Answer Additional guidance Mark

number
8(a)
• number of deaths not due to cancer calculated (1) (541589 – 166800) 374 789

• 0.45 : 1 / 0.45 (1) ACCEPT 1 : 2.25

Bald answer of 0.45 : 1 or 0.45 or 1 : 2.25 = (2)

2 marks
 Answer Additional guidance Mark

8(b)(i) An answer that includes the following points:

• insertion and deletion (1) ACCEPT chromosome or translocation

IGNORE point / gene / frameshift / addition /
subtraction / substitution / named disorders / (1)
missense / nonsense / inversion / duplication
Question Answer Additional guidance Mark
number
8(b)(ii)
• 65 (%) ACCEPT any number to one decimal place in
the range 58.0 to 67.0 (1)

Question Answer Additional guidance Mark

number
8(b)(iii) An explanation that includes four of the following points:

• substitution mutation swaps one base (in the DNA ACCEPT substitution only affects one base
sequence / gene) (1) example using two sets of bases

• this will result in a different base being inserted into

the mRNA (during transcription) (1)

• the genetic code is degenerate (1)

• therefore codes for the same amino acid (1)

• and therefore the protein will have the same {structure

/ function} as the R groups will be the same (1)
(4)
Question Answer Mark
number
8(c)(i)
The only correct answer is B, 0.125

A is incorrect because 1 in 4 chance of having child with PKU and 1 in 2 chance of having a boy
C is incorrect because 1 in 4 chance of having child with PKU and 1 in 2 chance of having a boy (1)
D is incorrect because 1 in 4 chance of having child with PKU and 1 in 2 chance of having a boy
Question Answer Additional guidance Mark
number
*8(c)(ii) Group 1 : Individuals 1 and 2 Level 1

• must be carriers / heterozygous (S) 1 mark = genotypes for one group of individuals
stated
• because they did not have PKU but some of their children did (E)
OR
women are XX and men are XY
Group 2 : Individuals 3 and 4 OR
a description of what pedigree
• must be homozygous (S) diagrams {show / can be used for}
• because they both had PKU (E)
• because both alleles need to be recessive (E) 2 marks = explanation for one group
OR
Group 3 : Individuals 5 and / or 6 genotypes for two groups stated

Level 2
• cannot tell if homozygous dominant or heterozygous / carrier (S)
• because both these genotypes will give an individual without PKU (E) 3 marks = explanations for two groups
• we do not know anything about individual 6’ family (U)
• because no evidence in individuals 7, 8 or 9 of the disease (U) 4 marks = explanations for three or four groups
• so less likely that they are both carriers (U) with no uncertainty

Group 4 : Individuals 7 and / or 8 and / or 9 Level 3

5 marks = three groups explaining the

• cannot tell if they are homozygous dominant or heterozygous (S) uncertainty of either group 3 or 4
• because both these genotypes will give an individual without PKU (E)
• and we cannot determine genotypes of individuals 5 and 6 (U) 6 marks = four groups explaining the uncertainty
• no offspring to give any clues (U) of both groups 3 and 4
• but PKU is in individual 5’s family (U) (6)
NB max 2 marks if they have discussed in
• so any of individuals 7, 8 or 9 could be carriers (U)
relation to sex linkage
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