TAPE CORRECTIONS

Problem 1: A line was determined to be 2395.25 m.

when measured with a 30 m. steel tape supported
throughout its length under a pull of 4 kg at a mean
temperature of 35°C. Tape used is of standard length at
20°C under a pull of 5 kg. Cross- sectional area of tape
is 0.03 sq.cm., Coefficient of thermal expansion is
0.0000116/C, Modulus of elasticity of tape is 2x 106
kg/cm2.

1. Determine the error of the tape due to change in

temperature.
2. Determine the error due to tension.
3. Determine the corrected length of the line.

Problem 3: A line is recorded as 472.90 m. long. It is

measured with a 0.65 kg tape which is 30.005 m. long at
20°C under a 50 N pull supported at both ends. During
measurement, the temperature is 5'C and the tape is
suspended under a 75 N pull. The line is measured on
3% grade E = 200 GPa, cross-sectional area of tape is 3
mm2 and the coefficient of linear expansion is 0.0000116
m/°C.

1. Compute the actual length of tape during

measurement.
2. Compute the total error to be corrected for the
inclined distance.
3. What is the true horizontal distance?

Problem 2: A 50 m. tape was standardized and was

found to be 0.0042 m. too long than the standard length
at an observed temperature of 58°C and a pull of 15
kilos. The same tape was used to measure a certain
distance and was recorded to be 673.92 m. long at an
observed temp. of 68°C and a pull of 15 kilos. Coefficient
of linear expansion is 0.0000116 m/C.

1. Determine the standard temperature.

2. Determine the total correction.
3. Determine the true length of the line.
 Problem 5: A baseline was measured using a 100m
tape which is standardized at 15°C with a standard pull
of 10 kg. The recorded distance was found to be 430.60
meters. At the time of measurement, the temperature
was 20°C and the pull exerted was 16 kg. The weight of
one cubic cm of steel is 7.86 gr. Weight of tape is 2.67
kg E= 2 x 106 kg/cm3, K= 7 x 10-7 m/°C.

1. Determine the cross-sectional area of the tape.

2. Compute the total correction.
3. Compute the true length of the base line.

Problem 4: A 30 m. steel tape is 2 mm too long at 20°C

with a pull of 55 N. measured with this tape. A rectangle
is measured with this tape. The sides are recorded as
144.95 m. and 113.00 m. The average temperature
during the measurement is 30°C with a pull of 55 N. Use
the coefficient of expansion of steel tape as 0.0000116
C.

1. Compute the actual length of tape during

measurement.
2. What is the true area?
3. What is the error in area in sq.m.

Problem 6: A 30 m. steel tape weighing 1.45 kg is of

standard length under a pull of 5 kg supported for full
length. The tape was used in measuring a line 938.55 m.
long on a smooth level ground under a steady pull of 10
kg. Assuming E = 2x 106 kg/cm2 and the unit weight of
steel to be 7.9 x 10-3 kg/cm3.

1. Determine the cross-sectional area of the tape in

cm2.
2. Determine the correction for increase in tension.
3. Determine the correct length of the line
measured.
 long, the length to be laid on the ground should
be 220.406 m. What is the value of "x"?
3. The distance from D to E, as measured, is 165.2
m. If the 50 m. tape used is 0.01 m. too short,
what is the correct distance in m.?

Problem 7: A line 100 m. long was paced by a surveyor

four times with the following data. 142. 145. 145.5 and
146. Then another line was placed four times again with
the following 893.893.5, 891 and 895.5.

1. Determine the pace factor results.

2. Determine the number of paces for the new line.
3. Determine the distance of the new line. Problem 9:

1. Determine the length of the line in meters if

there were 3 tallies, 8 pins and the last pin was 9
m. from the end of the line. The tape used was
50 m. long.
2. A line was measured with a 50 m. tape and
found to be 100 m. long. It was discovered that
the first pin was stuck 30 cm to the left of the line
and the second pin 30 cm. to the right. Find the
error in the measurement in cm?
3. A line was measured with a 50 m: tape and
recorded 100 m. long While measuring the first
pin was stuck 20 cm to the right of the line and
the second pin 40 cm. to the left. Find the
correct length of the line.

Problem 8:

1. These sides of a square lot having an area of

2.25 hectares were measured using a 100 m.
tape that was 0.04 m. too short. Compute the
error in the area in sq.m.
2. The correct distance between two points is
220.45 m. Using a 100 m. tape that is "x" m. too
Problem 10:

1. A line was measured to have 5 tallies, 6 marking

pins and 63.5 links. How long is the line in ft.?
2. A line was measured with a 50 m. tape. There
were 2 tallies, 8 pins, and the distance from the
last pin to the end of the line was 2.25 m. Find
the length of the line in meters?
3. A distance was measured and was recorded to
have a value equivalent to 6 perch, 6 rods and
45 vara. Compute the total distance in meters.

Problem 12: From the measured values of distance AB,

the following were recorded.

Trials Distance
Problem 11: The following data shows the difference in
1 120.68
elevation between A and B.
2 120.84
Trial Diff. in Elevation No. of
Measurements 3 120.76

1 520.14 m 1 4 120.64

2 520.20 m 3
1. Find the probable error.
3 520.18 m 6
2. Find the standard deviation.
4 520.24 m 8 3. Find the standard error.

1. Compute the probable weight of trial 3.

2. Determine the most probable diff. in elevation.
3. Compute the elevation of B if the elevation of A
is 1000 with B higher than A.
 Problem 14: The following interior angles of a triangle
traverse are measured with safe precision.

Angle Value (Degrees) No. of

Measurements

A 41° 5

B 77° 6

C 63° 2

1. Determine the most probable value of angle A.

2. Determine the most probable value of Angle B.
3. Determine the most probable value of angle C.

Problem 13: Three independent lines of levels are run

from BM1 to BM2. Route A is 6 km long, Route B is 4 km
long and Route C is 8 km. By route A, BM2 is 82.27 m
above BM1, by Route B BM2 is 82.40 m above BM1, and
by route C, BM2 is 82.10 m above BM1. The elevation of
BM1 is 86.42.

1. Using the weighted mean values, what is the

weight of road B?
2. What is the probable value of the weighted
mean?
3. What is the elevation of BM2? Problem 15: From the measured values of distance AB,
the following trials were recorded.

TRIALS DISTANCE

1 120.68

2 120.84

3 120.76

4 120.64

1. Find the probable error

2. Find the standard deviation
3. Find the standard error.
 Problem 17:

1. A line measures 6846.34 m. at elevation 993.9

m. The average radius of curvature in the area is
6400 km. Compute the sea level distance.
Problem 16:Lines of levels between B and C are run 2. The ground distance as corrected for temp., sag
over four different routes. B is at elevation 825 m and is and pull correction is 10000 m. If the sea level
higher than C. reduction factor is 0.9998756 and the grid scale
factor is 0.9999000, compute the grid distance
of the same line.
Route Distance (km) Diff. in Elevation
(m) 3. The grid area of a parcel of land is If the sea
level 25425 sq.m. reduction factor is 0.9996756
1 2 0.86 and the grid scale factor is 0.9999, determine
the actual ground area.
2 6 0.69

3 4 0.75

4 8 1.02

1. Determine the weight of route number 2.

2. Determine the most probable difference in
elevation.
3. Determine the most probable elevation of C in
meters.
 Problem 19: From the given data of a differential
leveling as shown in the tabulation.

STA. B.S. F.S. ELEV

1 5.87 392.25

2 7.03 5.29

3 3.48 6.25

4 7.25 7.08

5 10.19 5.57

6 9.29 4.45

7 4.94
Problem 18:

1. The difference of elevation between two points

was determined by trigonometric leveling. The 1. Find the dif. in elevation of station 7 and statio 5
slope distance was measured electronically and 2. Find the diff in elevation of station 7 and station4
was found to be 1486.72 m. and the zenith 3. Find the elevation of station 3.
distance was 83'14'20". Calculate the difference
in elevation between the two points.
2. The geodetic length of a line on the earth's
surface is found to be 5280 m. and its grid
distance is equal to 5279.67 m. Compute the
scale factor used.
3. The corrected field distance on the surface of
the earth was found to be 3296.43 m. If the
elevation factor is 0.9999642 and a scale factor
of 0.9999424, compute the grid distance.

Problem 20: The figure shows a schematic arrangement

of a profile level route from BM1 and BM2. The values
indicated represent backsight, foresight, and
intermediate foresight reading taken on stations along
the route. Elevation of BM1 = 328.70 m.

1. Find the difference in elevation between stations

5 and 9.
2. Find the elevation of TP2.
 3. Find the elevation of BM2.
TP2 2.16 1.28

8 0.9

9 1.2

10 1.7

11 2.8

TP3 0.82 2.37

TP4 1.35 3.50

12 3.0

BM2 1.24
1. What is the difference in elevation between
station 5 and 2.
2. Compute the elevation of TP2.
3. Compute the elevation of BM2.

Problem 21:From the given profile leveling notes:

STA. BS FS IFS ELEV

BM1 0.95 225.50

1 3

2 2.3

TP1 3.13 0.64

3 2.7

4 2.8

5 3.1

6 0.5
Problem 22: Arrange the following description in the
7 0.8
form of profile level notes complete to elevation A level is
set up and a reading of 2.995 m. is taken on a bench
mark the elevation of which is 12.135 m. At the
beginning of the line to be profiled, the rod reading is
2.625 m. 30 m. from the beginning, it is 1.617 m. at 60
m., it is 0.702 m. at 66 m. and 81 m.. the rod readings
are 1.281 m. and 0.762 m.. respectively. On a rock that
is not on line, the rod reading is 0.555 m. The level is
then removed ahead, set up and a rod reading of 1.952
m. is observed, the rod still being held on the rock. The
readings along the profile are then resumed: 90 m. from
the beginning of the line, the rod reading is 1.159 m.,
120 m. from the beginning of the line rod, reading is
1.434 m, finally 150 m. from the beginning of the line the
rod reading is 2.196 m.
1. Compute the elevation at the point 60 m. from
the beginning of the line.
2. Compute the elevation of the turning point.
3. Compute the difference in elevation at a point
150 m. and 81 m. from the beginning of the line.

Problem 24: In the two peg-test method of a dumpy

level the following observations were taken.

Instrument Instrument

set up near A set up near B

Rod reading

on A 1.505 m 0.938m

Rod reading

on B 2.054 m 1.449 m

1. What is the difference in elevation between A

and B?
2. If the line of sight is not in adjustment, determine
Problem 23: A line of levels 10 km. long was run over
the correct rod reading on A with the instrument
soft ground. Starting from BM1 with an elevation of 22.5
still set up at B.
meters. The elevation of BM2 was computed to be 17.25
3. Determine the error in the line of sight.
m. It was found out however that the level setties 5 mm
between the instant of every backsight reading, the rod
setties 2 mm if the backsight and foresight distance have
an average 100 m. Find the correct elevation of BM2.
1. Find the error due to settlement of level.
2. Determine the error due to settlement of the rod.
3. Compute the corrected elevation of BM2.
Problem 25: In a two peg test using model Wilc NA2 Problem 26:In the two peg-tests of a dumpy level using
dumpy level, the following observations were taken. an alternate method, the foil observations were taken.

Instrument Instrument Instrument Instrument

at C at D set up near M set up near P

Rod reading Rod reading

on A 1.103 0.566 at point A 0.296 m 1.563m

Rod reading Rod reading 0.910 m 2.140m

at point B
on B 0.991 0.269

Point M is equidistant from both A and B, while P is 2.50

Point C is equidistant from A and B ang D is 12 m. from m. away from A along the extension of line AB and 79.27
A and 72 m. from B. m. from B.
1. What is the true difference in elevation between 1. Determine the true difference in
A and B? elevation between A and B.
2. With the level in the same position at D, to what 2. Determine the error in the rod reading at B with
rod reading on B should the line of sight be the instrument still at P.
adjusted. 3. Determine the correct reading on rod 6 for a
3. What is the corresponding rod reading on A for a horizontal line of sight with the instrument still at
horizontal line of sight with the instrument still at P.
D?

Problem 27: A trigonometric leveling conducted by

Jereza Surveying Company, the two points A and B of a
certain rough terrain are each distance 2000 m. from a
third point C. from which the measured vertical angles to
A is + 3°30' and to B is + 1°30'. Elevation at C is known
to be 342.60 m. above sea level. Point C is in between A
and B.
1. Compute the difference in elevation. between A
and B considering the effect of the earth's
curvature and refraction
2. Compute the difference in elevation between B
and C.
3. Compute the elevation of A.

Problem 29: A is a point having an elevation of 130.48

m. above datum, and B and C are points of unknown
elevation. B is in between A and C. By means of an
instrument set 1.22 m above B, vertical angles are
observed to A being 14°45' and that to C being +8°32'.
The horizontal distance AB is 547.20 and the horizontal
distance BC is 923.25 m. Making due allowance for
earth's curvature and atmospheric refraction.

1. Compute the difference in elevation between A

and B
2. Determine the difference in elevation between B
and C.
3. Determine the elevation of C.

Problem 28: Considering the effects of curvature and

refraction, the difference in elevation of points B and C is
found to be 111.356 m. From point A in between B and C
is the angle of elevation of B and C are 18°30'
respectively.
1. If C is 2000 m. from A, how far is B from A?
2. If the elevation of A is equal to 200 m., find the
elevation of B.
3. Find also the elevation of C.

Problem 30:
A man's eyes 1.75 m. above sea level can barely.see the
top of a lighthouse which is at a certain distance away
from a man.
 intervisible.
1. What is the elevation of the top of the lighthouse
above sea level if the lighthouse is 20 km. away
from the man.
2. How far is the lighthouse from the man in meters
if the top of the lighthouse is 14.86
m. above sea level.
3. What is the height of the tower at a. distance 20
km. away from the man that will just be visible
without the line of sight approaching nearer than
1.75 m. to the water.

Problem 32:
Given:

Station Elevation (m) Distance (km)

Problem 31: Two hills A and C have elevations of 600 Alpha 680 m Alpha to Bravo=12km
m. and 800 m. respectively. In between A and C is
another hill B which has an elevation of 705 m and is Bravo 645 m Bravo to Charlie 15
located at 12 km. from A and 10 km. from C. km
1. Determine the clearance or obstruction of the
Charlie 620 m
line of sight at hill B if the observer is at A so
that C will be visible from A.
2. If C is not visible from A, what height of tower 1. Compute the elevation of the line of sight at
must be constructed at C so that it could be station Bravo with the instrument placed at
visible from A with the line of sight having a station Alpha such that station Charlie would be
clearance of 2 m. above hill B. visible from station Alpha considering the effect
3. What height of equal towers at A and C must be of curvature and refraction correction.
constructed in order that A, B and C will be
 2. Assuming that station Brave will obstruct the line 10 m, what would be the corrected elevation of
of sight from station Alpha while observing BM2?
station Charlie and a 4 m tower is constructed 3. If the average backsight reading is 3.4 m. and
on top of station Bravo. Compute the height of every time it is taken, the rod is inclined to the
equal towers at station Alpha and station Charlie side from the vertical by 4°, what should be the
in order that both three stations as observed corrected elevation of BM2?
from station Alpha will still be intervisible.
3. Without constructing any tower at station Bravo,
what height of tower must be constructed at
station Charlie so that both station Bravo and
Charlie would be visible from station Alpha.

Problem 33: A line of levels is run from BM1 to BM2

which is 12 km long. Elevation of BM1 was found to be
100 m. and that of BM2 is 125.382 m. Backsight and
foresight distances were 150 m. and 100 m. respectively.
Problem 34: A line of levels 9.36 km is run to check the
1. Determine the corrected elevation of BM2 elevation of BM2 which has been found to be 31.388
considering the effect of curvature and refraction meters, with BM1 of elevation at sea level (reference
correction. datum). backsight and foresight distances are
2. If during the levelling process the line of sight is consistently 110 m. and 70 m. respectively.
inclined downward by 0.004 m. in a distance of
 1. Determine the corrected elevation of BM2 1. Determine the angle that the bubble on the tube
considering the effect of curvature and refraction was deviated due to an increase in the rod
correction. reading by moving the telescope upward in
2. If the level used is out of adjustment so that seconds of arc.
when the bubble was centered the line of sight 2. Determine the angular value of one space of the
was Inclined 0.003 m. upward in a distance of tube, in seconds of arc.
20 m. Determine the corrected elevation of BM2 3. Determine the radius of curvature of the level
3. If at every turning points the rod settles about tube if one space on the tube is 0.60 mm long.
0.004 m., determine the corrected elevation of
BM2

Problem 36:

1. The observed compass bearing of a line in 1981

was S. 37 ° 30’ E. and the magnetic declination
of the place then was known to be 3°10’W. It has
also discovered that during the observation local
attraction of the place at that moment of 5 ° E
existed. Find the true azimuth of the line.
2. The bearing of a line from A to B was measured
as S. 16°30' W. It was found that there was local
attraction at both A and B and therefore a
forward and a backward bearing were taken
between A and a point C at which there was no
local attraction. If the bearing of AC was S
30°10^ prime E. and that of CA was N. 28°20’
W, what is the corrected bearing of AB?
3. In a particular year, the magnetic declination
was 1°10' E and the magnetic bearing of line DE
was N. 16°30' W. If the secular variation per year
Problem 35: Using an engineer's level, the reading on a is 3°E., determine the magnetic bearing of line
rod 80 m. away was observed to be 2.81 m. The bubble DE 5 years later?
was leveled through 5 spaces on the level tube and the
rod reading increased to 2.874 m.
 Problem 38: The side AB of an equilateral field ABC
with an area of 692.80 sq.m. has a magnetic bearing of
N 48°45' E in 1930 when the magnetic declination was
0°52' E. Assume B and C are on the north east side.

1. Find the true bearing of AB.

2. Find the length of AD with point D on the line BC
and make the area of the triangle ABD one third
of the whole area.
3. Compute the bearing of line AD.

Problem 37: A field is in the form of a regular pentagon.

The direction of the bounding sides were surveyed with
an assumed meridian 5° to the right of the true north and
south meridian, As surveyed with an assumed meridian,
the bearing of one side AB is N. 33°20' W.

1. Compute the true bearing of line BC.

2. Compute the true azimuth of line CD.
3. Compute the true bearing of line AE.
ERRORS IN TRANSIT WORK

Problem 39: Maladjustment of the transit is such that

the line of sight with the telescope in normal position, is
deflected "e" seconds to the left of its correct position or
not perpendicular to the horizontal axis This causes an
error of 8.79 in the measured horizontal angle when the
vertical angle to the first point is 45' and that of the
second point is 60°.

1. What is the value of "e" in seconds

2. If this transit is used to layout a straight line by
prolonging a line AB by setting up the trans: at
succeeding points A, B and C and plunging the
telescope. If the procedure were such that each
backsight were taken with the telescope at
normal position, what would be the angular error
in the segment CD.
3. What is the offset distance from the true
prolongation of line AB from point D if AB = BC = Problem 41: The horizontal angle between two points
CD = 50 m. measured clockwise is 179°20'20". The angle of
elevation of the first point is 42°30' while that of the
second is 63°58'. The instrument was then tested for
errors of collimation and for the probable inclination of
the transverse axis. In the former case the Displacement
of the second point established on the forward side of
the transit is 3 cm. to the right of the first point. These
points are 100 m. from the transit station. In the latter
case a striding level was used to check the inclination of
the transverse axis and was found lower than the left
end of the transverse axis in terms of 2 divisions. The
angular value of one division is 10 seconds.

1. Compute the error of collimation.

2. Compute the error in the transverse axis.
3. Compute the horizontal angle between the two
points.

Problem 40: What error would be introduced if the

measured horizontal angle if through non-adjustment,
the horizontal axis were inclined 05' with the horizontal.

1. With one sight at the same elevation as the

transit and the other sight at an elevation 45°.
2. Both sights are 45°.
3. One sight is + 45° and the other is - 45°.
Problem 42:

1. The horizontal axis of a transit was inclined at 4’

with the horizontal due to non-adjustment. The
first sight had a vertical angle of 50°, the next
had -30°. Determine the error in the measured
horizontal angle.
2. A transit is set up at B and a backsight at A. By
double reversal two points C and D at a distance
equal to 0.145 m. were established. If BC = 250
m. and BD = 250 m. (app.), how much is the
angular error of the line of sight from true
position.
3. In testing for the magnifying power of a level
telescope, a transit is set up and the angle
between two very far points which are very near
each other has been found to be 5°15’.

Problem 44: From two inaccessible but intervisible

points A and B, the angles to two triangulation stations C
and D were observed as follows: Line AB = 500 m long.

Angle CAB = 79°30°

Angle DAB = 28°30°

Angle CBC = 31°30°

Angle DBA = 84°30°

1. Find the distance BC.

2. Find the distance BD.
3. Find the distance CD.
TRIANGULATION

Problem 43: In the quadrilateral ABCD, the following

angles are measured.

Angle BCD = 33°

Angle ADC = 34°30°

Angle ACB = 49°3°'

Angle ADB = 37°30°

1. Find the angle CAD.

2. Find the angle BAD.
3. Find the angle ABC.
Problem 45: Triangulation stations A, B, C, and D have
the following observation angles.

Problem 46: A and B are two points located on each

Angle Values
bank of a river and near the abutments of a proposed
ACB 50° bridge. To determine its distance, a baseline CD 180 m
long was established on one bank of the river and the
BAD 20° transit was set up at stations C and D and the azimuth
were taken as follows:
BCD 30°
LINE AZIMUTH
ABC 50°
C-D 210°00’
CAD 60°
1. Find the angle CBD. C-A 260°00’
2. Find the angle BDA.
3. Find the angle BDC. C-B 290°00’

D-A 301°00’

D-B 315°00’
1. Find the distance AD
2. Find the distance BD.
3. Find the distance AB.
AREAS OF CLOSED TRAVERSE Problem 48: Given below is the technical description of
lot 2081, Cebu Cadastre.
Problem 47: From the field notes of a closed traverse
shown below, adjust the traverse. LINES BEARINGS DISTANCES

LINES BEARING DISTANCES 1-2 S 32°17’ W 22.04 m

AB Due North 400.00 m 2-3 S 36°25’ W 10.00 m

BC N 45° E 800.00 m 3-4 N 15°47’ W 5.00 m

CD S 60° E 700.00 m 4-5 N 73°07’ E 19.95 m

1. Find the area of the lot by DMD method.
DE S 20° W 600.00 m
2. Find the DPD of line 3 - 4.
3. Find the area of the lot by DPD method.
EA S 86°59’ W 966.34 m

1. Compute the correction of latitude on the line

CD using the transit rule.
2. Compute the linear error of closure.
3. Compute the relative error or precision.
Problem 49: From the following traverse,

Line Bearing Azimuth Distance

1-2 N 48 °30’ W 131°30’ 81.00 m

2-3 N 77°00’ E 257°00’ 66.00 m

3-4 S 55°00’W 55°00’ 94.00 m

4-1 — — — Problem 50: Given the corrected latitudes and

departure of a closed traverse.
1. Compute the bearing of line 4 -1.
2. Compute the distance of side 4 - 1.
LINES LATITUDE DEPARTURE
3. Compute the area enclosed by the traverse.
1-2 + 80.16 -40.12

2-3 -4.013 -36.82

 3-4 +70.18 +50.42
Problem 51: From the given closed traverse:
4-5 -30.14 +30.36
LINES BEARING DISTANCE
5-6 +30.14 -52.34
AB N 20° E 17.42
6-1 +60.20 +48.50
BC N 68° E 18.46
1. Compute the DMD of LINE 3-4
2. Compute the DPD of line 4-5 CD S 22° E 22.40
3. Compute the area of the closed traverse in
DE S 40° W 12.60
acres.
EF S 62° W 10.20

FA — —

1. Compute the line bearing of FA .

2. Compute the distance of lime FA.
3. Compute the area of the closed traverse in
acres.
Problem 52: The given compound data of a five sided Problem 53: An engineer sets up a transit at a point
lot. inside a triangular lot and observes the bearings are
distances of the corners A, B and C cf the lot as follows:
LINES LAT. DEP. DMD 2A CORNERS BEARING DISTANCES

AB +57.81 +16.03 — — A N 35° W 17 m

BC x +72.04 — -100 B N 70° E 22 m

2.71
C Due South 32 m
CC +13.36 +189.50 -810
8.71
1. Compute the area of the triangular lot.
DE — — — 2. Compute the perimeter of the lot.
3. If the bearing from C to the point inside the
EA - 48.14 — —
triangular lot is due north, compute the bearing
1. Compute the bearing of the line CD. of CB.Compute the area of the triangular lot.
2. Compute the DMD of line DE
3. Compute the area of the 5 sided lot in sq.meters
MISSING DATA

Problem 54: From the given closed traversed shown.

LINES BEARING DISTANCES

A-B S 35°30’ W 44.37 m

B-C N 57°15’ W 137.84 m

C-D N 1°45’ E 12.83 m

D-E ? 64.86 m

E-A ? 106.72 m Problem 55: From the given technical description

1. Compute the bearing of line DE. shown.
2. Compute the bearing of line EA. LINES BEARING DISTANCES
3. Compute the area of the lot.
AB N 32°27’ E 110.8 m

BC ? 83.6 m

CD S 8°51’ W 126.9 m

DE S 73°31’ W ?

EA N 18°44’ W 90.2 m
1. Compute the bearing of line BC.
2. Compute the distance of line DE.
3. Compute the area of the lot.
 1. Compute the missing side BC.
2. Compute the missing side CA
3. Compute the area of the lot m acres.

Problem 57: A closed traverse has the following data:

Problem 56: Given the technical description of a
triangular lot ABC.
LINES BEARING DISTANCES

LINES BEARING DISTANCES AB S 15°36’ W 24.22 m

AB N 30° E 73.2 m BC S 69°11’ E 15.92 m

BC S 45° E ? CD N 57°58’ E —

CA Due West ? DA S 83°43’ W —

 1. Find the distance DA in meters. 1. Compute the total length of the traverse.
2. Find the distance CD in meters. 2. Compute the azimuth of line CA.
3. Find the area in sq.m. 3. Compute the area of the lot in acres.

Problem 58: Given the following traverse notes for a

closed traverse.
Problem 59: From the given data on a four sided lot.
LINES AZIMUTH DISTANCE
compute the following
AB 225°00’ 180 m
LINES AZIMUTH DISTANCE
BC 346°00’ 1400 m
A-B N 28° E —
CA — —
 B-C Due East 250.62 m BC S 81° W —

C-D S 32° E — CD S 22° E 250 m

D-A Due West 380.48 m DA N 40°E —

1. Missing distance AB. 1. Compute the missing side BC.

2. Missing distance CD 2. Compute the missing side DA.
3. Area of lot in acres. 3. Compute the area of the lot.

Problem 60: Given below is the technical description of Problem 60 A: From the given technical description of a
a residential lot of Sta. Lucia Realty with some missing lot.
data:
LINES BEARING DISTANCE
AB N 48°20’ E 529.60 m
LINES BEARING DISTANCES BC N 87°00’ E 592.00 m
CD S 7°59’ E 563.60 m
AB N 22° W 150 m DE S 80°00’ W 753.40 m
EA N 48°12’ W 428.20 m
1. Find the corrected bearing of line BC using
transit rule.
2. Find the corrected bearing of line DE using
transit rule.
3. Find the corrected distance of line BA using the
transit rule.
Problem 60B: Using the given data in the traverse
shown:
Problem 60C: In the traverse table below shows the
POINTS NORTINGS EASTINGS Latitudes and Departures of the closed traverse.
A 75 m 250 m
B 425 m 150 m LINES LAT. DEP.
C 675 m 450 m AB - 36.13 - 25.77
D 675 m 675 m BC + 74.56 - 115.93
E 425 m 700 m CD - 12.82 + 0.39
F 175 m 500 m DE + 19.90 + 61.74
EA - 68.40 + 69.57

1. Compute the bearing of line BC. 1. Compute the corrected bearing of line BC using
2. Compute the distance of line FA. transit rule.
3. Compute the area enclosed by the straight line 2. Compute the corrected distance of line EA using
bounded by the points. ABCDEFA transit rule.
3. Compute the area of the traverse by balancing
the traverse by transit rule.
Problem 60D: Given the following descriptions of a four
sided lot.

LINES BEARING DISTANCE

AB N 30°30’ E 56.5 m
BC N 75°30’ W 46.5 m
CD S 45°30’ W 87.5 m
DA — —

1. What is the length of line DA?

2. What is the bearing of line DA?
3. Compute the area of the enclosed traverse.
Problem 60E: A closed traversed shows tabulated Problem 60F: From the tabulated data of a closed
values of latitudes and departures. traverse with missing side CA.

LINES LATITUDE DEPARTURE

LINES BEARING DISTANCES
1-2 + 84.60 —
2-3 + 95.32 - 56.11
AB N 60°30’ W 68.75
3-4 + 62.66 - 57.52
4-5 - 48.18 - 31.40
BC N 80°30’ E 125.90
5-6 - 43.04 + 59.70
6-1 — + 47.63
CA — —
1. Compute the DMD of line 3-4.
2. Compute the length of line 6 to 1.
3. Compute the bearing of line 6 to 1. 1. Compute the bearing of line CA.
2. Compute the distance of line CA.
3. Compute the area enclosed by the traverse.
 Problem 61: From the given technical description of a
lot.
Problem 60G: From the given data of a closed traverse.

LINES DISTANCE BEARING LINES BEARING DISTANCES

AB 368.76 m N 15°18’ E
BC 645.38 m S 85°46’ E AB N 48°20’ W 529.60 m
CD 467.86 m S 18°30’ W
DA 593.00 m N 77°35’ W BC — 592.00 m

CD S 7°59’ W 563.60 m
Using compass rule of balancing a traverse.
DE — 753.40 m
1. Determine the corrected bearing of BC.
2. Determine the corrected bearing of CD. EA N 48°12’ W 428.20 m
3. Determine the adjusted distance of BC.

1. Compute the bearing of line DE

2. Compute the bearing of line BC
3. Compute the area of the lot
Problem 62:

LINES AZIMUTH DISTANCES

AB 15 -36 —

BC 290 - 49 —

CD 237 - 58 77.45

DA 80 - 43 75.00

1. Compute the distance BC.

2. Compute the distance AB.
3. Compute the area by DMD method.
Problem 63: In the survey of a closed lot with five sides, Problem 64: Given the technical description of a
the following data are given where in all the bearings triangular lot
and distances of all sides except the lengths of lines 4- 5
and 5-1 were omitted. LINES BEARING DISTANCES

LINES BEARING DISTANCES AB N 40° W ?

1-2 S 73°21’ E 247.20 BC N 60° E 810 m

2-3 S 40°10’ E 154.30 CA Due South ?

3-4 S 26°42’ E 611.90

An area of 190000 m² is to be segregated along the side
4-5 N 14°20’ W — BC starting from B.

5-1 N 12°20’ E — 1. Compute the location of the other end of the

dividing line D along the side CA measured from
C.
1. Compute the distance of line 4 - 1. 2. Compute the bearing of the dividing line from B.
2. Compute the distance of line 4-5 3. Compute the length of the dividing line.
3. Compute the distance of line 5-1
Problem 65: A lot is bounded by 3 straight sides
namely, AB, N. 45 E. 160 m. long, BC and overline CA =
190m . long in clockwise direction. From point E, 100 m.
from A and on side AB, a dividing line runs to D which is
on side CA. The area of ADE is to be 2/5 of the total
area of the lot. The total area of the lot is 11, 643.88m ^
2

1. Determine the distance from D to A

2. Compute the bearing of line AD.
3. Compute the distance E

Problem 67: A triangular lot has the following Azimuths

and distances.

LINES AZIMUTH DISTANCES

1-2 180°00’ —

2-3 300°00’ —

3-1 40°00’ 960.22 m

1. The lot is to be divided such that the area of the

Problem 66: The centerline of a proposed road having a southern portion would be 210,000 m². Compute
bearing of N 45 E. passes through the diagonal of a the position of the other end of the dividing line if
square lot AHIG raving sices of 60 m x 60 m If the area the line starts at corner 3 of the lot. Express the
occupied by the proposed road is equal to 1200 sq m distance from corner 1.
2. What is the length of the dividing line?
1. Compute the area of section AFE. where EF is
3. Compute the azimuth of the dividing line.
parallel to the diagonal of the square lot.
2. Compute the width of the road.
3. Compute the total perimeter of the proposed
road inside the lot.
Problem 68: Subdivide the lot having the given technical
description into two equal areas by a line parallel to the
side AB.
Problem 69: From the given technical description of lot
LINES BEARING DISTANCE 5025. Cebu Cadastre if the area of the northern side is
only ⅔ of the whole area of lot.
AB N 10° E 100 m

BC N 80° E — LINES BEARING DISTANCES

CD S 10° W 200 m 1-2 N 30° E 1000 m

DA N 52° W — 2-3 S 50° E —

3-4 N 80° W —
1. Compute the area of the whole lot in acres
2. Compute the length of the dividing line.
3. Compute the missing side BC. 1. Compute the location of the dividing line from
corner 2 if the dividing line starts from corner 1.
2. Compute the length of the dividing line.
3. Compute the beating of the dividing line from
comer 1.
AREAS OF IRREGULAR BOUNDARIES Problem 71: Shown in the accompanying sketch are the
measured offsets from a traverse line AB to an irregular
Problem 70: A series of perpendicular offsets were boundary and the spacing between the offsets.
taken from a transit line to a curved boundary line. Determine the area bounded by the traverse line, the
These offsets were taken 9 meters apart and were taken irregular boundary and the end offsets using:
in the following order 2 m., 32 m, 4 m., 3.5m. 5 m 4.5 m.
6 m., 7 m Determine the area included between the
transit line and the curved using

1. Simpson's One Third Rule

2. Trapezoidal Rule.
3. Compute the difference between Simpson's One
Third Rule and Trapezoidal Rule.

1. Trapezoidal Rule.
2. Simpson's e-Third Rule.
3. Compute the difference between Trapezoidal
Rule and Simpson's One-Third Rule.
Problem 72: Find the area of the figure shown using: Problem 73: A survey party proceeded to do their stadia
survey work as follows: the transit was set up at a point
A and with the line of sight horizontal, took rod readings
with the rod at points B and C, which were then
measured to have taped from A to 200 m., and 60 m..
respectively.

Rod B Rod C
1. Trapezoidal Rule.
2. Simpson's One Third Rule. Stadia Interval 2.001 m 0.600 m
3. Compute the difference of areas between the
two methods.
The distance from the center of the instrument to the
principal focus was recorded as 0.30 m. Then they went
on to survey other points, with some of the data
recorded as follows: with the transit at point D, two
points E and F were sighted.

Rod e Rod f

Stadia Interval 2.120 m 3.560 m

Vertical Angle + 4°22’ - 3°17’

1. Compute the stadia interval factor.

2. Compute the horizontal distances DE and DF.
 3. Compute the differences in elevation between 2. Using the same instrument, it was used to determine
points D and E and points D and F. the difference in elevation between B and D having a
stadia intercept reading of 2.42 m. at D at a vertica angle
of 6 30° Compute the difference in elevation of B and D.

3. Compute also the horizontal distance between B and

D.

Problem 75: A Civil Engineer proceeded to do the

stadia survey work to determine the topography of a
certain area. The transit was set up at a point A, with the
line of sight horizontal, took rod readings from the rods
placed at B and C which is 200 m. and 60 m. from A
respectively.

Stadia Intercept
Rod at B 2.001 m
Rod at C 0.600 m

1. Compute the stadia interval factor.

2. Using the same instrument this was used for
determining the elevation of point D with a stadia
intercept of 2.12 m. and a vertical angle of
Problem 74: +4°22'. If the elevation of the point where the
instrument was set up is 100 m., compute the
1. A transit with a stadia constant equal to 0.30 is used elevation of point D. Stadia constant is 0.30 m.
to determine the horizontal distance between points B 3. Compute the horizontal distance from the point
and C, with a stadia intercept reading of 1.85 m. the where the instrument was set up to point D.
distance BC is equal to 182.87 m. Compute the stadia
interval factor of the instrument.
 1. Compute the total discharge in liters per second.
2. Compute the total cross sectional area in sq.m.
3. Compute the mean velocity in m/sec

HYDROGRAPHIC SURVEYING

Problem 76: From the current meter notes taken on the

Pasig River, the main outlet of the Laguna Lake. All
measurements are in meters.

Dist. Depth Dept Time Rev. Vel.

h

Obs. (Sec.
)

33 0
(WE)

45 2.5 0.5 49.0 70 0.32

2.0 50.0 50 0.22 THREE POINT PROBLEMS

60 3.3 0.65 49.8 90 0.40 Problem 77: A. C and D are three triangulation shore
signals whose positions were determined by the angles
2.65 55.0 60 0.24 W = 150 deg and the sides AC = 850m . and CD = 760m
A sounding at B was taken from a boat and tre angles
75 2.0 1.20 53.0 60 0.21 E=41^ * 30 deg and the angles E = 4^ + 3C and tau = 35
deg * 3 * C deg were measured simultaneously by two
85 sextants from the boat to the three shore signals from
(WE)
the shore.
 1. Find the distance AB Angle ACD = 150'
2. Find the distance BD Angle ABC 42'30'
3. Find the distance CB. Angle CBD 35'30" Angle CAB 67'50'
Distance AC = 850 m.
Distance CD = 760 m.

1. Compute the angle CDB..

2. Compute the distance AB.
3. Compute the distance BD.

Problem 79: Three shore stations C, D and E are

triangulation observation points with 30 = 615 m. and DE
= 625 m. Angle EDC's 125. A hydrographer at point D
wanted to know his position with respect to the
triangulation points, he measured angle CBD = 43° and
DBE = 42°30'.

1. Compute the angle DCB

2. Compute the angle CDB.
3. Compute the distance BC

Problem 78: Three shore stations A. C and D are

triangulation points whose position as observed from B
where soundings are observed and the angles were
measured using two sextants from the boat at B to the
three shore signals. The following data were recorded
during the sounding observation.
 Problem 81: A simple curve of the proposed extension
of Mantabahadra Highway have a direction of tangent
AB which is due north and tangent BC bearing N. 50 E.
Point A is at the P.C. whose stationing is 20+ 130.46.
Problem 80: A simple curve has a central angle of 36' The degree of curve is 4'.
and a degree of curve of 6".

1. Find the nearest c stance from the midpoint of

1. Compute the long chord of the curve
the curve to the point of intersection of the
2. Compute the stationing of point C on the curve
tangents.
along a line joining the center of the curve which
2. Compute the distance from the mid point of the
makes an angle of 54 with the tangent line
curve to the midpoint of the long chord joining
passing thru the P.C.
the point of curvature and point of tangency.
3. What is the length of the line from D to the
3. If the stationing of the point of curvature is at
intersection of the tangent AB.
10+ 020, compute the stationing of a point on
the curve which intersects with the line making a
deflection angle of 8 with the tangent through
the P.C.
Problem 82: The tangents of a simple curve have
bearings of N. 20 E. and N. 80 E. respectively. The
radius of the curve is 200 m.

1. Compute the external distance of the curve.

2. Compute the middle ordinate of the curve.
3. Compute the stationing of point A on the curve
having a deflection angle of 6 from the P.C.
which is at 1 + 200.00

Problem 84: The perpendicular offset distance from

point A on a simple curve to Q on the tangent line is 64
m. If the distance from the P.C. to Q on the tangent is
260 m.

1. Compute the radius of the Curve

2. Compute the length of curve from P.C. to A.
3. if the angle of intersection of the curve is
compute the length of long chord from PC. To
PT.

Problem 83: The tangent distance of a 3' simple curve is

only 1/2 of its radius.

1. Compute the angle of intersection of the curve.

2. Compute the length of curve.
3. Compute the area of the fillet of a curve.
Problem 85: The offset distance of the simple curve
from the P.T. to the tangent

1. Compute the degree of curve..

2. Compute the external distance.

Compute the length of long chord.line passing through

the P.C. is equal to 120.20 m. The stationing of P.C. is at
2 + 540.26. The simple curve has an angle of
intersection of 50".

Problem 87: A simple curve has a central angle of 36

deg and a degree of curve of 6 ^ *

1. Find the nearest distance from the mid-point of

the curve to the point of intersection of the
tangents.
2. Compute the distance from the mid- point of the
curve to the mid-point of the long chord joining
the point of tangency and point of curvature.
3. If the stationing of the point of curvature is at
10+ 020, compute the at a point on the curve
Problem 86: A simple curve connects two tangents AB which intersects with the line making a deflection
and BC with bearings N 85 ^ * 30^ prime E and S 68^ angle of 8 ^ * with the tangent through the P.C.
prime 30^ prime E respectively. If the stationing of the
vertex is 4+ 360.2 and the stationing of PC is 4 + 288.4.

1. Determine the radius.

2. Determine the external distance.
3. Determine the middle ordinate.
4. Determine the chord distance.
5. Determine the length of curve.
 Problem 89: The length of curve of a simple curve
Having a degree of curve 4' is equal to 210 m.

1. Compute the middle ordinate of the curve.

2. Compute the external distance of the curve.
3. Compute the area of the fillet of the curve.

Problem 88: The tangent thru the P.C has a direction

due north and the tangent through the P.T. has a bearing
of N. 50 E. It has a radius of 200 m. Using arc basis.
Stationing of P.C. is 12+060.

1. Compute the tangent distance of the curve.

2. Compute the long chord of the curve.
3. If a line making an angle of 62 with the tangent
thru the PC intersects the curve at point B. what
is the stationing of B if this line passes through
the center of the curve.

Problem 90: The deflection angles of two intermediate

points R and S on the curve measured from the tangent
passing through the P.C. are 6 ^ prime 15^ prime and 12
^ prime 15^ prime respectively. The chord distance
between R and S's 20 m. (Standard in metric system)
while the long chord is 100 m. meters long.

1. Compute the radius of the curve.

2. Compute the angle of intersection of the simple
curve.
3. Compute the tangent distance.
 Problem 92: Two tangents making an angle of 62" from
each other is connected by a simple curve. A point "x"
on the curve is located by a distance along the tangent
from the P.C. equal to 240 m. and an offset from the
tangent equal to 60 m. The P.C. is at station 10+080.

1. Compute the radius of the curve.

2. Compute the tangent distance of the curve.
3. Compute the stationing of point "x"on the curve.

Problem 91: A simple curve has a central angle of 40

deg The stationing at the point of curvature is equal to
10 + 6I The offset distance from the P.T. to the tangent
line passing thru the P.C. is 80 m. long.

1. Compute the tangent distance of the curve.

2. Compute the degree of curve.
3. The deflection angle from the tangent at the P.C.
to point B on the curve is equal to 8 ^ . , what
would be the stationing of point B

Problem 93: A simple curve having a radius of 229 18

m. has a back tangent of N. 28 E. and a forward tangent
of N. 66 E A property line running parallel to the back
tangent crosses the centerline of the curve at a distance
of 10 m. from it. If the P.C. of the curve is at 120.60. 10+

1. What is the deflection angle at the point of

intersection of the property line and the curve
measured from the tangent at sta. 10+ 120.60.
2. What is the stationing at the point of intersection
of the property line and the curve?
3. Compute the chord distance from P.C. to the
point of intersection of the property line and the
curve?
 Problem 95: A 7 circular turnout is to connect a railway
track, leading due east, to the mouth of the tunnel which
is 70 m. from station 7 + 812 as shown on the figure.
Use chord basis.

1. Determine the stationing of the point of

deviation.
2. Determine the stationing of the mouth of the
tunnel.
3. What is the direction of the railway in the tunnel
if it is used for hauling.

Problem 94: Three tangent lines AB, BC and CD of a

traverse have azimuths of 228°15', 253'30' and 315°18'
respectively. The stationing of B is (10+ 585) and that of
C is (10+ 885). A proposed highway curve is to connect
these three tangents.

1. Compute the radius of the simplecurve that

connects these tangents.
2. Compute the stationing of the P.C.
3. Compute the length of curve from P.C. to P.T.
Problem 96: The long chord from the P.C. to the F.T. of
a compound curve is 300 meters long and the angles it
makes with the longer and shorter tangents are 12 and
15' respectively. If the common tangent is parallel to the
long chord.

1. Find the radius of the first curve.

2. Find the radius of the 2nd curve.
3. If stationing of P.C. is 10+ 204.30, find the
stationing of P.T.

Problem 97: Two tangents intersect at station 26 + 050. Problem 98: Given a compound curve I_{1} = 24 deg
A compound curve laid on their tangents has the foll. I_{2} = 36, D_{1} = 6 deg D_{2} = 4 deg
data:

1-=31, 12=36, D₁ =3', D₂ =5°

1. Compute the length of the common tangent of
1. Compute the stationing of the P.C. the curve.
2. Compute the stationing of the P.T. 2. Compute the stationing of P.C.C. if P.C. is at 10
3. If the P.T. is moved 15 m. out from the center, + 4 * 20
compute the stationing of the new P.T. with the 3. Compute the stationing of P.T.
P.C.C. remaining unchanged.
 Problem 100: The long chord of a compound curve is
120 m long which makes and angle of 14 from the
tangent of the first curve passing through the P.C. and
20' from the tangent of the second curve passing
through the P.T. If the common tangent is parallel to the
long chord.

1. Compute the length of chord from P.C. to P.C.C.

2. Compute the length of chord from PCC to P.T.
3. Compute the difference in radius of the first and
second curve.

Problem 99: The length of the common tangent of a

compound curve is equal to 68.62 m. The common
tangent makes an angle of 12 and 18 respectively to the
tangents of the compound curve. If the length of the
tangent of the first curve (on the side of P.C.) is equal to Problem 101: A compound curve passes thru a
41.02 m. common tangent AB having a length of 300 m. The
radius of the first curve is equal to 290 m. and a central
1. Compute the radius of the second curve.
angle of 42. If the radius of the second curve is 740 m.
2. Compute the radius of the first curve.
3. Compute the stationing of the P.T. if PC is at 20 1. Compute the length of the tangent ofthe second
+042.20. curve.
2. Compute the central angle of second curve.
3. Compute the stationing of the PT if PC is at (20+
542.20).
 Problem 103: In a rail road layout, the centerline of two
parallel tracks are connected with a reversed curve of
unequal radii. The central angle of the first curve is 16'
and the distance between parallel tracks is 27.60 m.
stationing of the P.C. is 15+ 420 and the radius of the
second curve is 290 m.

1. Compute the length of the long chord from the

P.C. to P.T
2. Compute the radius of the first curve.
3. Compute the stationing of the P.T.

Problem 102: Two parallel tangents 10 m. apart are

connected by a reversed curve. The chord length from
the P.C. to the P.T. equals 120 m.

1. Compute the length of tangent with common

direction.
2. Determine the equal radius of the reversed
curve.
3. Compute the stationing of the P.R.C. if the
stationing of A at the beginning of the tangent
with common direction is 3+ 420.

Problem 104: Given broken lines AB = 57.6 m., BC =

91.5 m. and CD = 91.5. arranged as shown. A reverse
curve is to connect these three lines thus forming the
center line of a new road.

1. Find the length of the common radius of the

reverse curve.
2. If the P.C. is at Sta. 10+000, what is the
stationing of P.T.
3. What is the total area included in the right of
way in this section of the road (A to D) if the
road width is 15 m.
 Problem No. 106: Two parallel tangents 20m apart are
to be connected by a reversed curve. The radius of the
first curve of the P.C. has a radius of 800m and the total
length of the chord from the P.C. to the P.T. is 300m.
Stationing of the P.C. is 10 + 620.

1. Find the central angle of each curve.

2. Find the radius of the curve passing thru the P.T
3. What is the stationing of the P.T.

Problem 105: Two parallel railway 200 m. apart were to

be connected by equal turnouts. If the intermediate
tangent is 400 m. and the radius of curve is 1100 m.

1. Determine the central angle of the reverse

curve.
2. If the P.C. is at sta. 20+ 460, find the sta. of the
middle of the intermediate tangent
3. Find the sta. of P.T.
Problem 107: Two parallel tangents are connected by a
reversed curve having equal radii of 360m.

1. If the central angle of the curve is 8°, compute

the distance between parallel tangents.
2. Compute the length of the chord from the P.C. to
the P.T.
3. If P.C. is at sta. 3 + 960.40, what is the stationing
of the P.T.
Problem 109: A parabolic curve has a descending
grade of -0.8% which meet is an ascending grade of
0.4% at sta. 10 + 020. The maximum allowable change
of grade per 20m station is 0.15. Elevation at station 10
+ 020 is 240.60m.

1. What is the length of the curve?

2. Compute the elevation of the lowest point of the
curve.
3. Compute the elevation at Station 10 + 000

Problem 108: Two perpendicular distance between two

parallel tangents of a reversed curved is 7.5m and the
chord distance from P.C. to the P.T. is equal to 65m.

1. Compute the central angle of the reversed

curve.
2. Compute the common radius of the reversed
curve.
3. If the station of the P.C. is at 4 + 560.40, find the
stationing of P.T.
 Problem 111: A vertical summit parabolic curve has its
P.I. at station 14 + 750 with elevation of 76.30 m. The
grade of the back tangent is 3.4% and forward tangent of
-4.8%. If the length of the curve is 300 m.

1. Compute the location of the vertical curve

turning point from the P.I.
2. Compute the elevation of the vertical curve
turning point in meters.
3. Compute the stationing of the vertical curve
turning point.

Problem 110: A symmetrical vertical summit curve has

tangents of + 4% and - 2%. The allowable rate of
change of grade is 0.3% per meter station. Stationing
and elevation of P.T. is at 10 + 020 and 142.63 m.
respectively.

1. Compute the length of the curve.

2. Compute the distance of the highest point of
curve from the P.C.
3. Compute the elevation of the highest point of
curve.

Problem 112: A vertical summit parabolic curve has a

vertical offset of 0.375 m. from the curve to the grade
tangent at sta. 10+ 050. The curve has a slope of 4%
and -2% grades intersecting at the P.I. The offset
distance of the curve at P.I. is equal to 1.5 m. If the
stationing of the P.C. is at 10 + 000.

1. Compute the required length of the curve.

2. Compute the horizontal distance of the vertical
curve turning point from the point of intersection
of the grades.
3. Compute the elevation of the vertical curve
turning point if the elevation of P.T. is 86.42 m.
 Problem 114: A symmetrical vertical summit curve has
tangents of + 4% and - 2%. The allowable rate of
change of grade is 0.3% per meter station. Stationing
Problem 113: On a railroad a 0.8% grade meters a + and elevation of P.T. is at 10 + 020 and 142.63 m.
0.4% grade station 2 + 700 whose 300 m. The maximum respectively.
elevation of allowable change in grade per station having
a length of 20 m. is 0.15. 1. Compute the length of the curve.
2. Compute the distance of the highest point of
1. Compute the length of the curve. curve from the P.C.
2. Compute the stationing where a culvert be 3. Compute the elevation of the highest point of
located. curve.
3. At what elevation must the invert of the culvert
be set if the pipe has a diameter of 0.9 m. and
the backfill is 0.3 m. depth. Neglect thickness of
pipe.

Problem 115: A vertical symmetrical sag curve has a

descending grade of 4.2% and an ascending grade of
+3% intersecting at station 10 + 020, whose elevation is
100 m. The two grade lines are connected by a 260 m.
vertical parabolic sag curve.

1. At what distance from the P.C. is the lowest point

of the curve located?
2. What is the vertical offset of the parabolic curve
to the point of intersection of the tangent
grades.?
3. If a 1 m. diam. culvert is placed at the lowest
point of the curve with the top of the culvert
buried 0.60 m. below the subgrade, what will be
the elevation of the invert of the culvert?

Problem 117: A - 3% grade meets a +5% grade near an

underpass. In order to maintain the minimum clearance
allowed under the bridge and at the same time introduce
a vertical transition curve in the grade line. it is
necessary to use a curve that lies 200 m. on one side of
the vertex of the straight grade and 100 m. on the other.
The station at the beginning of the curve (200 m. side) is
10 + 000 and its elevation is 228 m.
Problem 116: A symmetrical parabolic curve passes 1. Determine the elevation at station 10 + 040.
through point A whose elevation is 23.23 m. at a 2. If the uphill edge of the underside of the bridge
distance of 54 m. from the PC The elevation of the P.C. is at station 10 + 220 and at elevation 229.206
at station 4 - 100 is 22.56 m. The grade of the back m. what is the vertical clearance under the
tangent is +2% and the length of the curve is 120 m. bridge at this point?
3. Determine the stationing of the lowest point of
the curve.
1. Compute the grade of the forward tangent.
2. Compute the stationing of the highest point of
the curve.
3. Compute the elevation of the highest point of the
curve.
 Problem 119: The cross-section notes of the ground
Problem 118: Two tangents having azimuths of 240° surface at a given station of a road survey shows that
and 282 are connected by an 80 m. spiral curve with a 6' the ground is sloping at an 8% grade upward to the right.
circular curve. The width of the roadway is 10 m. If the The difference in elevation between the ground surface
design velocity is 60 kph. and the finished subgrade at the center line of the
proposed road is 2.5 m. Width of the subgrade is 7 m
1. Determine the super elevation at quarter points.
with a side slope of 2:1.
2. Determine the deflection angle at the end point
(S.C.). 1. Determine the area of the cross section.
3. Determine the external distance. 2. Compute the distance of the left slope stake
from the center of the road.
3. Compute the distance of the right. slope stake
from the center of the road.
 Problem 121:

STA A
Problem 120: Given the cross-section notes of an
6.60 0 4.8
earthwork between station 10 + 100 to 10 + 200. +2.4 +2.0 +1.2
Assume both stations to have the same side slope and
width of the base. STA B
6.3 0 7.2
STA. 10 + 100
+2.2 ? +2.80

Left Center Right 1. Compute the width of the base.

6.45 0 4.8 2. Compute the value of cut at station B if it has an
+2.3 +2.0 +1.2 area of 16.82 m2.
3. Compute the volume between A and B with
STA. 10 + 100
Prismoidal Correction.
6.0 0 6.9
+2.6 𝑥 +2.6

1. Compute the side slope of both sections.

2. Compute the value of X at station 10 + 200 if it
has a cross sectional area of 14.64 m².
3. Compute the volume between stations 10 + 100
and 10 +100 using end area method with
prismoidal correction.
Problem 122:

In a certain portion of a road to be constructed, the

following data were taken.

1 + 040
𝑥 0 𝑥
− 1.84 − 1.22 − 0.42
Problem 123: Given the following section of an
1 + 100 earthworks for a proposed road construction on a hilly
portion of the route. The width of the road base for cut is
𝑥 0 𝑥
6 m. for allowance of drainage canals and 5 m. for fill.
1.098 + 3.05 + 0.50
Sides slopes for cut is 1:1 and for fill is 1.5:1.
Base for cut = 9 m Sideslopes = 1.1 3.7 𝑥
−0.8
0 +0.50
Bat for fill = 8 m Sideslopes = 1.5.1
1. Compute the value of x.
1. Compute the area of station 1 + 040.
2. Compute the area in fill.
2. Find the area of station 1 + 100.
3. Compute the area in cut.
3. Determine the diff. in volume of cut and fill using
the end area method.
Problem 124: In determining the position of the balance 3. By the end area method , find the amount of cut
line in the profile diagram, a horizontal grade line is and fill.
drawn such that the length of the cut is 850m. and that if 4. Between these two stations , is it borrow or
fill is 1200 m. The profile area between the ground line waste?
and the grade line between the cut is 7800 sq. m while
that of fill is 8500 sq. m. If the road bed is 10 m wide for Roadway for fill is 9.00 m and for cut it is 10.00
cut and 8 m wide for fill and if the side slope for cut is m.
1.5 :1 while that for fill is 2:1 . Assume a level section
with an average value of cut and fill for each stretch.

1. Determine the volume of the cut.

2. Determine the volume of fill.
3. If the shrinkage factor is 1.2, determine the
volume borrow or waste.

Problem 125: From station 0 + 040, , with center height

of 1.40 m fill, the ground line makes a uniform slope of
5% to station 0 + 100, whose center height is 2.80 m cut.
Assume both sections to be level sections with the side
slope of 2:1 for fill and 1:5 for cut.

1. Find the grade of the finished road surface .

2. Find the area at each station.
Problem 126: The centerline of a proposed road cross 1. Compute the volume using Prismoidal formula.
section crosses a small valley between station 10 + 022 2. Compute the volume using End area with
( elevation 123.00 m) and elevation 10 + 060 ( elevation Prismoidal Correction.
122.50 m). The stationing at the bottom of the valley is 3. Compute the volume using End area with
10 + 037 ( elev. 111.2 m) . The grade line of the curvature correction if the road is on a 6' curve
proposed road passes the ground point at the edge of which turns to the right with the given cross
the valley (sta. 10 + 022) and (10 + 060) and the section sections.
at any of these stations are three level sections . Width
of road base =10 m with side slope of 2.1 . Assume that
the side of the valley slopes directly to the lowest point
from the edge .

1. Find cross sectional area of fill at station 0 + 37.

2. Compute the volume of fill from (10 + 022) to (
10 + 037).
3. Compute the volume of fill from station from (10
+ 037) to (10 + 060).

Problem 127: Given the following cross section notes of

an earthwork on a rolling terrain.

STA. 5 +000

10/31 * 5/0 * 3/13.5

STA. 5+ 020

14/41 7/0 4.5/17.25

The width of the road is 12 m. and the side slope is 2.5:

Problem 128: A highway fill stretches between stations
5 + 040 and 5+ 140 with a uniform ground slope. It has a
side slope of 2: 1 and width of roadway is 12 m.

Problem 129: The earthworks data of a proposed

highway is shown on the tabulated data. Length of
economica' haul = 450 m Stationing of limits of
economical haul=2498.03 and 2 + 948.03 Stacioning of
limits of free haul = 2+ 713 12 and 2 + 763.12 Free haul
distance is 50 m.
1. Compute the volume between the two stations
using Prismoidal formula. STATION AREA
2. Compute the Prismoidal correction between the
two stations in cu.m. CUT FILL
3. Compute the curvature correction between the
2 + 440 50 m2
two stations if the road is on a 5 degree curve
which turns to the right of the cross sections in 2 + 740 0 Balancing Point
cu.m
3 + 040 — 70 m2

Assume the ground surface to be uniformly sloping.

1. Compute the overhaul volume.

2. Compute the volume of waste.
3. Compute the volume of borrow.
Problem 130: The following data are the result of the
10 + 115.65 54.57 Limit of
earthwork computation of areas , free haul distance and
limits of economical haul by analytical solution instead of economic haul
graphical solution (mass diagram) . The cross sectional
area at 1 + 460 is 40 sq. m . in fill and at station 2 + 060
the cross sectional area is 60 sq.m . in cut. The 10 + 297.92 5.90 Limit of free
balancing point is at 1 + 760 where area is equal to zero haul
. Assume the ground surface to be sloping upward
uniformly from station 1 + 460 to 1 + 760 and with 10 + 320 0 Balancing
slightly steeper slope to 2 + 060 . Assume free haul point
distance is 50 m and the limit of economical haul is 450
m.
10 + 347.92 4.66 Limit of free
Stationing of the limit of free haul distance haul
= (1 + 732.47) and ( 1+ 782.47)
Stationing the limit of economical haul 10 + 578.41 43.15 Limit of
= ( 1 + 512.26) and ( 1 + 962.26)

1. Determine the overhaul volume. economic haul

2. Determine the volume of waste.
3. Determine the volume of borrow. 10 + 620 50.00 End point

1. Compute the overhaul volume.

2. Compute the volume of borrow.
3. Compute the volume of waste.

Problem 131: Here under shows a table of quantities of

earthworks of a proposed Highway to connect Bogo City
and Danao City. The length of the free haul distance is
specified to be 50 m. long and the limit of economical
Problem 132: The following data represents a single
haul is 462.76 long. Assume the ground surface to be
summit mass diagram of a proposed expansion of the
sloping un formly.
Tolosa Expressway.
Station End Areas Remarks STATIONS VOLUME
CUT (m3) FILL (m3)
CUT FILL 10 + 000 + 200
10 + 040 + 100
10 + 020 80.00 Initial point 10 + 080 + 150
10 + 120 + 140
 10 + 160 + 110 Problem 133: A single summit mass diagram from
10 + 200 + 190 station 0 + 100 to 0 + 800 of a proposed extension of
10 + 240 + 50 Santander Highway has the following technical data .
10 + 280 - 40
10 + 320 - 120 Mass ordinate of the initial limit of economical distance =
10 + 360 - 90 +60 m³.
10 + 400 - 80 Free haul distance = 50 m
10 + 440 - 200 Limit of economical haul = 450 m
10 + 480 - 220 Cost of borrow = P500 per cu. m
10 + 520 - 110 Mass ordinate of station 0+ 100 = -80 m³
10 + 560 - 320 Mass ordinate of station 0 + 800 = -130 m³
10 + 600 - 280
1. compute the overhaul volume in cu.m
2. compute the length of overhaul in meters if the
Free haul distance = 50 m. total cost of hauling is P 105,750
Limit of Economical Haul = 400 m. 3. Compute the total cost of borrow.
Mass ordinate ot initial limit of free haul distance -- m³
+910
Mass coordinate of initial limit of economical
haul-----+350 m³

1. Compute the volume of waste in cu.m.

2. Compute the volume of overhaul in cu.m.
3. Compute the volume of borrow in cu.m.

Problem 134: The cost of borrow per cu. m is P500 and

the cost of haul per station is P25 . Cost of excavation is
approximately P650 per cu. m . The free haul distance if
50m long and length of overhaul is equal to 201. 40 m .
If the mass ordinate of initial point of the free haul
distance is +800m³ and the mass ordinate of the summit
mass diagram from 10 + 000 to 10 + 600 are -60m³ and
-140m³ respectively.

1. Compute the length of economical haul.

2. Compute the mass ordinate of initial point of the
limit economical haul if the total cost is P171190.
3. Compute the total cost of waste .
 Problem 138: Based on the record of road accidents,
find the number of fatal in 1996, if the severity ratio for a
period of 5 years was 0.24863.
Problem 135: Data on a traffic accident recorded on a
Year Property damage Injury fatal
certain intersection for the past 4 years has an accident
1992 205 56 2
rate of P9200 per million entenng vehicles (ARMV). If
1993 178 48 3
the total number of accidents is 802, find the average
1994 152 41 3
daily traffic entering the intersection during the 4 year
1995 190 60 5
period.
1996 236 88 X
total= 961 293 13+x

Problem 136: Based on the following record of road

accidents, find the severity ratio for a period of 5 years.
Problem 139: Determine the appropriate spacing of
Year Property damage Injury fatal
vehicles center to center in a certain lane if the average
1992 205 56 2
speed of the cars using that particular lane is 40 kph and
1993 178 48 3
the volume of traffic is 800 vehicles per hour.
1994 152 41 3
1995 190 60 5
1996 236 88 8
total= 961 293 21

Problem 140: The speed of a car moving on a single

Problem 137: Compute the rate of flow in vehicles per lane is 60 kph. If the length of the car is 4.2 in. and the
hour if the space mean speed is 30 mph and the density value of the reaction time is 0.7 sec..
is 14 vehicles per km. 1.Compute the average center to center of cars in
meters..
2. Compute the capacity of the single lane in vehicles Problem 142: From the data of a highway traffic
per hour. observation team. shows the distances each vehicle
have traveled every 3 seconds on a portion of the
3. Compute the average density of traffic in vehicles per highway.
km..
Vehicle Distance
1 88m
2 86m
3 83m
4 82m

1. Compute the space mean speed of the traffic.

2. Compute the flow of traffic.
3. Compute the density of traffic.

Problem 141: In an observation post shows that 5

vehicles passes through the post at intervals of 8 sec. 9
sec, 10 sec, 11 sec and 13 sec. respectively. The speeds
of the vehicles were 80 kph, 76 kph, 70 kph, 60 kph and
50 kph respectively.

1. Compute the time mean speed.

2 Compute space mean speed if the distance travel by

the vehicles is 250 m.
Problem 143: The table shows a 15 minute volume
3.If the density of traffic is 20 vehicles per km, compute count during the peak hour on an approach of an
the rate of flow of traffic in vehicles/hour. intersection.

Time Volume of traffic

6:00-6:15 pm 375
6:15-6:30 pm 380
6:30-6:45 pm 412
6:45-7:00 pm 390

1. Determine the peak hour volume

2. Determine the peak hour factor.
3. Determine the design hourly volume
 Problem 146: The brakes were fully applied when the
car speed was 40 kph The skid mark on a levei
pavement was 8.5 m. long. Determine the efficiency of
the cars brakes if the average skid resistance is 0.85.

Problem 144: The peak hour factor for a traffic during

rush hour is equal to 0.60 with a highest 5 min. volume
of 250 vehicles. The space mean speed of the traffic is
90 kph.

1.Compute the flow of traffic in vehicles/hour.

Problem 147: A vehicle moving a 40 kph was stopped
2 Compute the density of traffic in vehicles/km.
by applying brakes and the length of the skid mark was
3 Compute the max. spacing of the cars in meters. 12.2 m. If the average Sid resistance of the level
pavement is known to be 0.70, determine the brake
efficiency of the test vehicle.

Problem 148: The driver applied the brakes on a car

that is running at a speed of 38 mph. In how many
Problem 145: A bus is running at a speed of 50 mph seconds will the car stop if the average skid resistance is
downhill on a grade of - 2%. The coeff. of friction 0.70.
between the road surface and the tire is 0.34. After
suddenly applying full brakes, how far will the bus travel
until it stops?
Problem 149: A driver traveling at 50 mph sees a wall at Problem 152: 2.5 seconds after the brakes were
a certain distance ahead. The driver applies the brakes applied. a car stopped. Find the average coefficient of
immediately (perception time is 3 seconds) and begins resistance if the initial speed was 35 mph.
slowing the vehicle at 6m /sec^ 2 (decelerating). If the
distance from the stopping point to the wail is 12 m., how
far was the car from the wall upon perception?

Problem 153: A car weighing 60 kN moves a certain

speed around a circular curve causing a centrifugal force
which tends to pull the car away from the center of the
curve at a magnitude equal to 15 kN.

Problem 150: A vehicle was stopped in 1.4 sec. by fully 1. Compute the equivalent centrifugal ratio.
jamming the brakes and the skd mark measured 7 m. 2. What is the max. speed that this car could
Determine the average skid resistance on the level maneuver on the curve so that it will not overturn
pavement surface. if the curve has a radius of 280.m
3. What would be the design super elevation per
meter to prevent sliding or overturning if the
friction factor is 0.12.

Problem 151: A vehicle moving at 30 mph was stopped

after the application of the brakes. If the skid resistance
is 0.68, compute the stopping time (braking time).

Problem 154: A car having a weight of 40 kN is moving

at a certain speed around a given curve. Neglecting
friction between the tire and pavement and assuming a
centrifugal ratio of 0.30.
 1. Compute the force that will tend to pull the car
away from the center of the curve in kN,
2. If the degree of curve is 4', compute the max.
speed in kph that a car could move around the
curve.
3. Compute the value of the super elevation to be
actually provided for this speed if the skid
resistance is 0.12.

Problem 156: A car having a weight of 40 kN is moving

at a certain speed around a given curve.. Neglecting
friction between the tire and. the pavement and
assuming centrifugal ratio of 0.30

1. Compute the force that will tend to pull the car

away from the center of the curve.
2. If the degree of curve is 4 ^ * compute the max.
speed in kph that a car could move around the
curve.
3. Compute the value of the super elevation to be
actually provided for this speed if the skid
resistance is equal to 0.12.

Problem 155: The design speed of curve portion of the

Manila-Cavite circumferential road is only 80 kph. The
radius of the curve portion is 350 m.

1. Allowing a skid resistance or friction factor of

0.12, what must be the super elevation rate in
m/m to avoid overturning?
2. Compute the impact factor to be considered in
the design.
3. Compute the angle of embankment to prevent
overturning.
Problem 157: The central curve of the spiral easement
curve has a 5 curve with an angle of intersection of the
tangents equal to 40". If the length of the spiral curve is
80 m. ....long.

1. Compute the offset distance at the S.C. of the

spiral easement curve.
2. Compute the length of throw.
3. Compute the external distance of the central
curve.
 Problem 160: A highway curve having a radius of 400 ft.
is banked so that there will be no lateral pressure on the
car's wheel at a speed of 48 kph. What is the angle of
elevation of the embankment ?

Problem 158: The length of a spiral is 80 m. with a

radius of the central curve equal to 200 m

1. Compute the spiral angle at the end point (S.C.)

2. Compute the offset distance at the end point
(S.C.)
3. Compute the length of throw.

Problem 161: A car runs on a 15' Danked track on a

curve having a radius of 120 m. The coefficient of friction
between the tires and the track is 0.3. Determine the
max. speed in kph at which the car can run without
skidding.

Problem 159: In a spiral easement curve the length of

throw of a spiral curve is 1.333.m. It has a radius of its
central curve of 200 m.

1. Compute the length of spiral.

2. Compute the max velocity in kph that a car could
pass thru the spiral easement curve.3l
3. Compute the spiral angle at the S.C. Problem 162: A power of 3500 kW is to pull a train
weighing 10000 kN up on a 3% grade. The train
resistance is 4 N/KN. Determine the max. speed of the
train in m/s.
 Problem 166: A vertical parabolic sag curve connecting
a 1.7% grade with a +2.3% grade. Compute the max.
speed in mph that a car could travel on this curve if the
sight distance is 150 m.

Problem 163: Compute the length of a vertical summit

curve having tangent grades of +3% and -3% if the
passing sight distance is 160 m.

Problem 167: Vertical parabolic sag curve has tangent

grades of - 2% and +3%. If the sight distance is 179.4 m.
at what max. Spoed can a car pass thru the curve in
mph.

Problem 164: Find the passing sight distance of a 220

m. long vertical summit curve having tangent grades of
+2% and -3%.

Problem 168: Determine the pavement thickness in cm

using an expansion pressure of 0.15 kg/cm2 and a
pavement density of 0.0025 kg/cm³. Use the expansion
pre

Problem 165: Determine the sight distance of a vertical

parabolic sag curve 225 m. long and connecting a 2%
grade with a 3% grade.
Problem 169: A 53.5 KN wheel load has a max. tire that of steel is 800 kg/cm2. Unit weight of steel is 7500
pressure of 0.62 MPa. This pressure is to be uniformly kg/cum steel bars having a diameter of 1.6 cm Total
distributed over the area of tire contact on the roadway. reinforcement is 4 kg-m2 and is equally distributed in
Assuming the subgrade pressure is not to exceed 0.14 boir directions For plain cement concrete (without
MPa determine the required thickness of flexible dowels).
pavement structure, according to the principle of the
cone pressure distribution. b= 3 m b= 300 m

Problem 172: Determine the thickness of the different

types of pavement using the following data:

Problem 170: Compute the modulus of subgrade 1. Rigid pavement with a wheel load capacity of 54
reaction if a force of 5000 lb. is applied under a circular kN if the allowable tensile stress of concrete is
plate having a radius of 9 in. produces a deflection of 1.6 MPa Neglect the effect of dowels.
0.12 inch under the plate. 2. Flexible pavement with a wheel load of 54 kN
with an allowable bearing pressure on the base
of the pavement equal to 0.15 MPa using the
principle of cone distribution where the load
assumed to be transmitted across a wide area of
subgrade at an angle of 45 and that the
equivalent radius of the contact area of the tires
is equal to 165 mm.
3. Pavement subjected to an expansion. pressure
of 0.50 kg/cm2 with an average pavement
density of 0.05 kg/cm³. Express in mm.

Problem 171: Determine the spacing between

contraction joints for a 3.0 m slab having a thickness of
20 cm. Coefficient of friction between concrete and
subgrade is 1.5 and unit wt. of concrete 2400 kg/cu.m.
Allowable tensile stress of concrete is 0.8 kg/cm² and
Problem 173:
Problem 174: Compute the modulus of elasticity of the
1. Upon completion of grading operations a sub-grade if the modulus of elasticity of the pavement is
subgrade was tested for bearing capacity by 120 MPa with a stiffness factor of 0.50.
loading on large bearing plates. Compute the
modulus of subgrade reaction if a force of 5000
ib is applied under a circular plate having a
radius of 9 inches produces a deflection of 0.12
inch under the plate.
2. The soil sample was obtained from the project
site after completion of grading operations and
the CBR test was conducted at field density. The
sample with the same surcharged imposed upon
it is then subjected to a penetration test by a
piston plunger 5 cm. in diameter at a certain Problem 175: A sheet asphalt mixture is to be made in
speed. The CBR value of a standard crushed the batching plant of the Olongapo City Engr. office
rock for 2.5 mm penetration is 78 68 kg/cm² using the following percentages by weight of total mix.
Compute the CBR of the soil sample when
subjected to a foad of 58 kg it produces a Materials Percent
penetration of 25 mm. Sand (sp.gr. = 2.68) 80%
3. From the result of the Proctor Compaction test Filler(sp.gr. = 2.70) 12%
after the completion of grading operations it Asphalt Cement (sp.gr. = 1.01) 8%
indicates that the materials compacted on the
roadway will have a void ratio of 0.52. The 1. A compacted test specimen weighing 1140
undisturbed sample of the material taken from grams in air was found to weigh 645 grams
the borrow pit has a void ratio 0.72. What when suspended in water.
shrinkage factor should be used in computing 2. Compute the absolute specific gravity of the
borrow and embankment quantities. bituminous mixture.
3. Compute the bulk specific gravity of the
compacted specimen. Compute the porosity of
the compacted specimen.
Problem 176:

At station A 12+ 200

Section -level and trapezoidal
base width -12 m.
side slope -1.5:1
depth of cut -2.25 m
At station B 12+ 220.
section -level and trapezoidal
base width - 12 m.
side slope - 2:1
depth of cut -1.8 m.

Determine the volume of cut in cum from station A to

station B.
Problem 178:

At station A 12+ 200.

section -level and trapezoidal
base width -12 m
side slope -1.5:1
At station B 12+220.
section -level and trapezoidal
base width -12 m.
side slope - 2:1
depth of cut - 1.8m.

The volume of cut from station A to station B is 650 cum.

What is the top width of the section at Station A?

Problem 177:

At station A 12+ 200

section -level and trapezoidal
base width -12 m.
side slope -1.5:1
depth of cut -2.25 m.
At station B 12+ 220.
section -level and trapezoidal Problem 179: Given a side slope of 2:1, a road width of
base width - 12 m 10 m. and a cross-sectional area of 31 7 sq.m., find the
side slope -2:1 value of x in the following cross- section notes.
depth of cut -1.8 m.

The volume of cut from station A to station 5.s 650 cm.

Find the depth of the section at station A.
Problem 180: Determine the side slope and the road 9240 sq.m. for fill. Find the difference between the
width from the following cross-section notes of an volume of the cut and the volume of the fill in cu.m.
earthwork.

Problem 181:Determine the side slope from the

following cross-section notes of an earthwork.

Problem 183: The longitudinal ground profile diagram

and the grade line shows a length of cut and 880,m and
a length of fill of 1400 m The profile areas are 6:32 sq.m
for cut and 9240 sq.m. for fil The widths of the road bed
are 10 m. for cut and 6m for fil. The side slopes are 1:1
for cut and 2:1 for fill. Find the difference between the
volume of fill and the volume of cut in cu.m.

Problem 182: The longitudinal ground profile diagram

and the grade line shows that the length of the cut is 950
m. and that of the fill is 1320 m. The road bed is 10 m.
wide for cut and 8 m. wide for fill. The side slope is 1:1
for cut and 2:1 for fill. The profile areas between the
ground line and the grade line are 8100 sq.m. for cut and
Problem 184: The areas in cut of two irregular sections
40 m. apart are 32 sq.m. and 68 sq.m., respectively. The
base width is 10 m, and the side slope is Find the
corrected volume of cut in cu.m. using the prismoidal
correction formula.

Problem 186: A square piece of land. 60 m. x 60 m, is

to be leveled down to 5 m. above elevation zero. To
determine the volume of earth to be removed by the
Borrow Pit Method, the land is divided into 9 squares
whose comers are arranged as follows with the
corresponding elevations, in m., above elevation zero.
Find the volume of cut, in cu.m., by unit-area basis.

A 2.98 B 27.3 C 25.2 D 28.3

E 26.5 F 24.3 G 26.9 H 23.3
I 24.2 J 21.3. K 22.5 L 20.5
M 21.2 N 18.5 O 17.8 P 16.5

Problem 185: Two irregular sections 50 m. apart have

areas in cut of 32 sq m and 66 sq.m. respectively Se
slope is 1:1 and base width=8 m. Using the prismoidal
correction formula find the volume of cut in cu.m.

Problem 187: A square piece of land. 90 m x 90 m, is to

be leveled down to 5 m above elevation zero. To
determine the volume of earth to be removed by the
Borrow Pit Method, the land is divide into 9 squares
whose comers are arrange as follows with the
corresponding elevations, in m. above elevation zero.
Find the volume of cut, in cu.m., by unit area basis.

A = 2.98 B = 27.3 C = 25.2 D = 28.3

E = 26.5 F = 24.3 G = 26.9 H = 23.3
I = 24.2 J = 21.3. K = 22.5 L = 20.5
M = 21.2 N = 18.5 O = 17.8 P = 16.5
 3. How far in meters from STA 95+ 220 toward
STA 95+ 300 will the excavation extend?

Problem 188: The center height of the road at STQA

7+110 is 2 m. fill, while at STA 7+ 160 it is 1.2 m. cut
From STA 7+ 110 to the other station, the ground makes
a uniform slope of 4,8%

1. What is the grade of the finished road?

2. How far in meters from STA 7110 toward STAT
160 will the filling extend?
3. How far in meters from STA 7+ 160 toward STA
7 110 wil excavation extend?

Problem 190: Center height of the road at STA 5 + 320

is 4.25 cut At STA 5+ 420 it is 1.80 m. fill. The ground
slopes uniformly at 5% from STA 5+320

1. Find the grade of the finished road.

2. How far in meters from STA 5+ 420 toward STA
5 320 will the filling extend?
3. How far, in meters from STA 5 + 320 toward STA
5 420 will the excavation extend?

Problem 189: At STA 95+ 220, the center height of the

road is 4.5 m. cut, while at station 95+ 300 it is 2.6 m. fill.
The ground between STA 95+ 220 to the other station.
has a uniform slope of -6%.

1. What is the grade of the road?

2. How far in meters from STA 95+ 300 toward
STA 95 220 will the filling extend?
 Free haul distance = 50 m.
Mass ordinate at initial point of mass diagram
(sta)=-100 m³
Mass ordinate where length of economical
haul intersects the mass diagram = 60 m.
Mass ordinate where the free haul intersects
the mass diagram 800 m²
Mass ordinate at the final station
(0+600)=-200 m³

Problem 191: From STA 10 060, with center height of

1.4 m fill, the ground makes a uniform slope of 5% to
STA 10+ 120 whose center height is 2.8 m. cut.

1. Find the grade of the finished road

2. If the roadway for fill is 9 m wide and the side
slope is 2:1, find the cross-sectional area of fill at
STA 10+ 060 assuming that it is a leve. section.
3. If the roadway for cut is 10 m. and the side slope
is 1.5:1, find the cross-sectional area for out at
STA 10+ 120 assuming that it is a level section.

Problem 193: A single-summit mass diagram has the

following data:

STA MASS ORDINATE (m²)

0+000 + 80
0+800 - 130

Initial limit of freehaul distance = +600

Initial limit of economic hau! = +200
Freehaul distance = 60 m.
Limit economical haul = 400

Problem 192: Using the following data of a mass

diagram, find the volume of waste.

Length of economical haul = 450 m.

Problem 194: The length of economical haul
intersecting horizontally the summit mass diagram is 450
m. The free haul distance is 50 m. The vertical distance Problem 196: The mass diagram for an earthwork starts
between the free hau! distance and the limit of from STA (12 + 010) where the mass ordinate is 50 cum
economical haul is 3 cm. The scale of the diagram is 1 and ends at STA (12 + 340) where the mass ordinate is
cm. = 100 m³. Determine the volume of overhaul in m³. 210 cu.m. The length of the economical haul, plotted
horizontally. intersects the summit mass diagram at a
point where the mass ordinate is 140 cum. What is the
volume of the borrow in cum

Problem 195: The mass diagram for an earthwork starts

from STA (8+000) where the mass ordinate is +60 cu.m.
and ends at STA (8+ 320) where the mass ordinate is
180 cu.m. The length of economical haul, plotted
horizontally. intersects the summit mass diagram at a
point where the mass ordinate is + 120 cu.m. What is the
volume of the borrow, in cu.m.?

Problem 197: Using the following notes on cuts and fills,

and a shortage factor of 1.25.

STATION VOLUME (m3) FILL (m3)

20 + 000 60
20 + 020 70
20 + 040 30
20 + 060 110
20 + 080 80
20 + 100 50
20 + 120 40
20 + 140 60
20 + 160 20
20 + 180 30

1. Find the mass ordinate at STA 20 +040.

2. Find the mass ordinate at STA 20 + 120.
3. Find the mass ordinate at STA 20+ 180.

Problem 199: : The following are the data on a

single-summit mass diagram

STA MASS ORDINATE (m³)

0+000 +45
0+500 -175

Length of economic hand 142 m.

Initial point of the limit of economic haul is 300 m

1. What is the volume of waste, in cum.?

2. What is the volume of the borrow

Problem 198: The following are the data on a

single-summit mass diagram

STA MASS ORDINATE (m³)

0+000 +50
0+400 -240

Length of economic hand 270 m.

Initial point of the limit of economic haul is +115.

1. What is the volume of waste, in cum.?

2. What is the volume of the borrow?
Problem 200: : The following are the data on a
single-summit mass diagram

STA MASS ORDINATE (m³)

0+000 -80
0+800 -130

Initial limit of freenau distance= +600

Initial finit of economic haul = +200
Freehaul distance= 60m
Limit economical haul =400

Determine the overhaul volume,cu.m.

Problem 202: Determine the sight distance of a vertical

parabolic sag curve 225 m long and connect a-2% grade
with a +3% grade.

a) 221.6 m. b) 142.8 m

c) 186.9 m. d) 136.9 m

Problem 201: The following are the data on a

single-summit mass diagram

STA MASS ORDINATE (m³)

0+000 -80
0+800 -130

Initial limit of freenau distance= +700

Initial finit of economic haul = +230
Freehaul distance= 50m Problem 203: A vertical parabolic sag curve connects
Limit economical haul =400 a-2% grade with a +3% grade. If the sight distance is
178 m. Determine the length of the curve.
Determine the overhaul volume,cu.m.
a) 2316 m b) 252.8 m

c) 212.7 m d) 261.3 m
Problem 204: A vertical parabolic sag curve. 135 m
long, has tangent grades of -1.7% and +2.3%. Find the
sight distance, in m.
Problem 206: A vertical parabolic sag curve has tangent
a) 154.6. b)159.5 grades of -2% and +3%. If the sight distance is 179.4 m
c) 135.3 d) 149.9 at what maximum speed can a car pass thru the curve,
in mph?

a) 774 b) 83.5

c) 80.9 d) 92.6

Problem 207: 50 mph is the design speed on a vertica!

summit curve connecting a +2% grade with a -2% grade
on a highway. Using a perception-reaction time of 2.5s
Problem 205: A vertical parabolic sag curve has tangent
and a coeff. of friction of 0.30. determine the minimum
grades of 1.7% and +2.3%. Determine the maximum
length of the vertical curve.
speed, in mph, that a car could travel on this curve if the
sight distance is150 m. a)198.2m b) 1756 m
a) 8:5 b) 78.1 c) 168.5 m d) 185.4 m
c) 69.2 d) 72.5
 Problem 210: Compute the length of a vertical summit
curve having tangent grades of +3% and -3%, if the
passing sight distance is 160 m.

a) 152.1 m b) 167.9 m

c) 175.8 m d) 782.9 m

Problem 208: A vertical summit curve connects a +2%

grade with a -2% grade. If the stopping sight distance is
130 m, find the length of the curve.

a) 169.2 m b) 158.4 m

c) 138.5 m d) 146.2 m

Problem 211: Find the passing sight distance of a 220

m long vertical summit curve having tangent grades of
+2% and -3%.

a) 200 m b) 250 m

c) 240 m d) 300 m

Problem 209: A vertical summit curve connects a 2.2%

grade with a 1.8% grade. If the stopping sight distance is
100 m, find the length of the curve.

a) 79.3m b) 85.6m

c) 93.3 m d) 99.5 m