Pressure

PHYSICAL PROPERTIES Capillarity (Rise or Depression) Fundamentals of Pressure Hydrostatic Force on

OF FLUIDS Plane surfaces
 Small Circular tube F
 Weight (w) = m g P= A  Hydrostatic Force (F)
4 σcosθ F= y h A
 Density (p) = m / v
h = YD  Pressure in diff. layers of fluids
P2=P1 + ∑ yH  Eccentricity (e)
where: yIgsinθ
 Unit Weight (p) = w /v θ – interface < D - diameter  Atmospheric Pressure e= F
(p) = p g σ - surface tension Patm =101.325

 Specific gravity  Pair of parallel glass  Gage Pressure ( Pg)

(SG) = P / Pw Pg = P|¿|− P ¿atm

(SG) = Y/ Yw 2 σcosθ
Note:
h = YD
where:
Pw =1000kg/m 3 = 1g/cm 3 σ - Surface tension θ – interface <
Yw =9.81 KN/m3 = 62.4lb/ ft 3 D – dist. b/w two parallel plates
Y= unit weight of fluid Hydraulics and Geotechnical Engineering
Hydraulics and Geotechnical Engineering Hydraulics and Geotechnical Engineering
Hydraulics and Geotechnical Engineering

Ig for several figure Hoop Tension Analysis and Design of Gravity  Base reactions
Dams R x = Fw
3
bh Ry = w1 + w2 + w3 + w4 - U
Ig= 12
Where:
w- weight u- uplift presure
b h3 Fw- Hydrostatic force
Ig= 36
 Factor safety (sliding)

4 μ Ry
πD FS S=
Ig= 64
Rx

 Factor safety (overturning)

Ig= 0.11 R 4
Rm
Ig= 0.1098 R4 FS o =
Om
Hydraulics and Geotechnical Engineering Hydraulics and Geotechnical Engineering Hydraulics and Geotechnical Engineering
Hydraulics and Geotechnical Engineering
  Soil Stresses @ the Base of the B Buoyancy Moving Vessel
Case 2 (e > )
Dam 6
 Case 1: Horizontal motion
B Bf = V D Y f
Case 1 (e ≤ )
6

2 Ry  Shortcut formula for h

q max = tanθ=a/ g
3x
 Case 2: Inclined motion
q min=0 1 1
h =w ( − )
Ry 6e y saltwater y freshwater
q max = ( 1 + )
B B A
Therefore
Ry 6e 2 Ry
q min= ( 1 - ) max= 3 x tanθ=ax / ¿ )
B B
Hydraulics and Geotechnical Engineering Hydraulics and Geotechnical Engineering

 Case 3: Horizontal motion  Volume of Paraboloid  Pressure Head ( PH )  Bernoullis Energy Equation
(from law of conservation) the
12 PH= P / Y total energy head in a
V = πr h
2 streamline is always constant.
 Velocity Head ( VH )
30 E A =E B
rad / sec = rpm
π V
2 Z A + PH A +VH A=Z B + PH B +VH B
h ’ = h ¿) VH=
2g

Rotating vessel  Modified BEE ( for headloss,

 Total Energy Head (E )
pump and turbine )
 Shortcut Formula
2 2 ( if h air > htank /2¿ E = Z + PH + VH
w r
h= Z A + PH A + H P =Z B+ PH B + H T + H L
2g 2
h
h par = tank
w = rad / sec 2 hwater
Hydraulics and Geotechnical Engineering
Hydraulics and Geotechnical Engineering
 H P = head of pump (output)  Continuity Equation ORIFFICE Orifice Coefficients
H T = head of the turbine
(Input)  Coefficient of Velocity (C V ¿
H L = head loss
Va
CV =
 Efficiency of Pump and
VT
Q1 = Q2 But: Q = AV
Turbine  Theoretical Velocity (V T ¿
 Coefficient of Contraction (C c ¿
Therefore: A1 V 1 = A2 V 2
Pout V T = √ 2 gh
eff = x 100 % A vc
P¿ Cc =
 Theoretical Discharge (QT ¿ Ao
 Darcy Weisbach Equation
 Coefficient of Discharge (C ¿
 Power of Pump / Turbine
Q T = AO √ 2 gh
0.0826 f LQ 2
P=yHQ HL = Qa
D5
C =Q
T
Hydraulics and Geotechnical Engineering
Hydraulics and Geotechnical Engineering Hydraulics and Geotechnical Engineering

 Relationship of Three Coefficient Orifice of Falling Head WEIRS

C =C V C C – Device used to measure
the discharge in the channel
C =C C C V
 Actual Discharge
 General Formulas for Weir
Q T = C AO √ 2 gh 1. Rectangular Weir
h1 h1
A d AS dh 2 AS
 Head Loss in Orifice ( H L ¿ t=∫ S h ; t=∫ t = A 2 g (√ h1 - √ h2 ) 2
h C A O √ 2 gh
Qa C √2g L h
3 /2
h O√ Q=
3
2 2

VT
H L= (1−C v )  Mean Discharge Method
2g  If A Sis constant ( to solve for it )
2. Triangular Weir
1. Integration ( least Q1 +Q2 V
Qm = ; Qm =
( ) ()
Va 1 8 θ 5 /2
H L= −1 Recommended) 2 t Q= C √ 2 g tan h
2 g Cv 2. Formula 15 2

Hydraulics and Geotechnical Engineering

Hydraulics and Geotechnical Engineering
 3. Trapezoidal Weir (Single Contraction) L’ = L – 0.1h General Formula – pag given ang NOTE: These are the values used
coefficient of discharge “c” inboard exam. Some books have different
Q = Qrectangle + Qtriangle (Double Contraction) L’ = L – 0.2h
2 interpretation of the value of Reynold’s
Q = C √2g L h +
3 /2
Special Formula – pag walang number for laminar and turbulent flows.
3 2. V-NOTCH WEIR (Triangular, θ = 900) given na “c”
8
15
C √ 2 g tan ()
θ 5 /2
2
h
Q = 1.4h5/2 FLOW IN CLOSED
CONDUITS (PIPES)
 If the given is the absolute viscosity
(μ):
Dvρ
 SPECIAL FORMULAS FOR WEIR 3. CIPOLLETI WEIR (Trapezoidal, SS = 1H:4V) Re = μ
Reynold’s Number (Re) – is the
3/2 ratio of inertial force over viscous MNEMONICS:
1. RECTANGULAR WEIR (Francis Formula) Q = 1.859Lh
force.
a. No Contraction Di Vi Rho ( Dvρ )
Note: Maging ( μ)
Determination of the flow in pipe:
Q = 1.84Lh3/2 si Reynold (= Re)
Re ≤ 2000 – Laminar Flow
b. With Contraction Q – in m3/sec L and h – in m
Re > 2000 – Turbulent Flow
g = 9.81 m/sec
Q = 1.84L’h3/2
Hydraulics and Geotechnical Engineering Hydraulics and Geotechnical Engineering Hydraulics and Geotechnical Engineering

 If the given is the kinematic FRICTION FACTOR AND HEAD LOSS MAJOR HEAD LOSSES Derivation of Darcy Weisbach
viscosity (μ): OF PIPE equation:
Dv  Friction Factor For Laminar Flow: fL v
2
Re = ν 64 HEAD LOSS from: hL =
D 2g
MNEMONICS: f= Re But Q = Av, so v = Q/A
Di Vo ( Dv ) π 2
vo (ν) (NOTE: A = D
 Head Loss of Pipe , hL (Darcy 4
si Reynold (= Re) And g = 9.81 m/sec2
Where: Weisbach Equation)
D – pipe diameter (in m or ft.)

( )
2
fL v
2 Q
v – velocity of pipe (in m/sec or ft/sec) hL = or
ρ – density (in kg/m3 or slugs/ft3) D 2g MAJOR HEAD LOSS FORMULAS π 2
∴ hL = D
μ – Absolute Viscosity (in Pa s or psf s)  DARCY WEISBACH EQUATION fL 4 fL Q
2

(Given f) =
ν – Kinematic Viscosity (in m2/sec or fL D 2 ( 9.81 ) D(2 x 9.81)¿ ¿
hL = x velocity head
ft2/sec) D
NOTE: ν = μ/ρ so the two formulas are 0.0826 fL Q2
hL = fL Q2
the same. D
5
hL =
12.1026 D5
Hydraulics and Geotechnical Engineering
Hydraulics and Geotechnical Engineering Hydraulics and Geotechnical Engineering
  MANNINGS’ EQUATION (Given n) NOTE: INTRODUCTION  If the reservoir is lower than the
hL – in meters only  The Highest Reservoir (Reservoir piezometer at junction, then it will
2
10.29n L Q
2
L – in meters only A) always gives water through pipe receive water.
hL = 16 /3 Q – in m3/sec only 1
D
D – in meters only  The Lowest Reservoir (Reservoir C)
f, n and C – unitless coefficients CASE 1: Q2 RECEIVES WATER
 HAZEN-WILLIAMS’ EQUATION always receives water through
(Given C) pipe 3
THREE RESERVOIR  The Middle Reservoir (Reservoir B)
PROBLEMS
may give or receive water through
10.67 L Q1.85 10.64 LQ1.85
hL = 1.85
C D
4.87 or 1.85
C D
4.87
 Consider the three reservoir pipe 2 depending on the
shown: elevation of piezometer at the
junction.

NOTE: For hazen-williams, the first NOTE:

formula (10.67) is more common  If the reservoir is higher than the
than the second one. piezometer at junction, then it will
give water
Hydraulics and Geotechnical Engineering Hydraulics and Geotechnical Engineering Hydraulics and Geotechnical Engineering Hydraulics and Geotechnical Engineering

From the figure, reservoir A is From the figure, reservoirs A and B RELATIONSHIP OF DISCHARGE
above the piezometer but reservoirs B and are above the piezometer but reservoir C is Since all discharge that will exit PARALLEL CONNECTION
C are below the piezometer. The reservoir below the piezometer. The reservoirs A from pipe 1 will enter at pipe 2 and all
A gives water then it will be received by and B gives water then it will be received discharge that will exit in pipe 2 will enter ISOMERTIC VIEW
reservoirs B and C: by reservoir C: in pipe 3, then all pipes in series
Q1= Q2 + Q3 or Q1- Q2 - Q3 = 0 Q1+ Q2 = Q3 or Q1+ Q2 - Q3 = 0 connection have equal discharges.
Values of h1: between 0 to a Values of h1: between a to b
Q = Q 1 = Q2 = Q3
CASE 1: Q2 GIVES WATER PIPE CONNECTIONS
RELATIONSHIP OF HEAD LOSS
 SERIES CONNECTION
Each pipe in the connection has its
own head loss, and based from the figure,
the total head loss of the series
connection is equal to the sum of
individual head losses.
hL = h1 + h2 + h3 TOP VIEW

Hydraulics and Geotechnical Engineering Hydraulics and Geotechnical Engineering Hydraulics and Geotechnical Engineering
Hydraulics and Geotechnical Engineering
 RELATIONSHIP OF DISCHARGE RELATIONSHIP OF HEAD LOSS  Discharge of a Channel:
When the flow enters at junction Since all three pipes share a from Q = Av
A, from inlet, it will be divided by three common starting point (point A) and OPEN CHANNELS
other pipes. Thus, the total discharge in ending point (point B), then the head loss Substitute the Manning’s Formula
the parallel connection is equal to the sum of the pipes in parallel connections are  MANNING’SWhere:
FORMULA to the velocity:
v – mean velocity of
of individual discharges of pipes. equal. (See isometric view of connection) channel
1
Q = Q1 + Q 2 + Q 3 hL = h1 = h2= h3 n – roughness coefficient
2/ 3 1 /2
Q= AR s
R – hydraulic radius n
SUMMARY OF FORMULAS 1 2 /3 1/ 2
v= R s  ENERGY HEAD OF A CHANNEL (E)
n
SERIES CONNECTION Assuming the channel bed (lowest
Q = Q1 = Q2 = Q3 hL = h1 + h2 + h3 A Area of Flow point of the channel) as the
R= = reference datum:
P W Wetted Perimeter
PARALLEL CONNECTION
 s Hydraulics
– slope ofand
energy grade line
Q = Q1 + Q2 + Q3 hL = h1 = h2 = h3 Geotechnical Engineering
JUNCTION A hL
Hydraulics and Geotechnical Engineering head loss
s= =
Hydraulics and Geotechnical Engineering L length of channel
Hydraulics and Geotechnical Engineering

Determining the total energy head  BOUNDARY SHEAR STRESS (τo) Most Efficient Section – the most Most Efficient Rectangular Section
at the surface of the channel by efficient of all sections is a semi- – The base is twice than of its
depth (B = 2d).
Bernoulli’s Energy Equation: τ = γRs circle
o 1 2
E = z + PH + VH Where: A= πr P =
2 W
γ = unit weight of flowing material
The elevation head of the surface is
πr
R = hydraulic radius
equal to the depth (its distance from But r = d, so:
s = slope of energy grade line
the reference datum) so z = d 1 2
NOTE: A= πd
If γ in expressed in kN/m3, then τo is in kPa 2
The water surface is exposed to the If γ in expressed in N/m3, then τo is in Pa P = πd
atmosphere, so PH = 0 W
NOTE: For semicircle, theRfollowing
= symbols 2
are defined: A = Bd = (2d)(d) A = 2d
2  Most efficient section 1 2
The velocity head VH = v /2g D – actual (geometric) πd
diameter P = B + 2d = 2d + 2d P =4d
A 2 d w w
A channel is said to be at its most efficient d – depth of flow = = 2
d
v 2
Formula for section if it maximizes the discharge for a given Pw πd   2 A 2d
Thus: E = d + r – actual (geometric) radius R= = R=
2g
Energy Head of area of channel. Pw 4 d   2
Channel R – hydraulic radius Hydraulics and Geotechnical Engineering
Hydraulics and Geotechnical Engineering Hydraulics and Geotechnical Engineering Hydraulics and Geotechnical Engineering
 Most Efficient Triangular Section  A semi-hexagon consists of 3
Most Efficient Trapezoidal Section – if the Most Efficient Circular Section
– the vertex angle is exactly 900. sides have restricted slope, then it is at equilateral triangles with side s. So:
most efficient if the surface width is twice a. For max. discharge:
than the width of Channel bed. (B = 2 Bcb)

d = 0.938D

A = 3A
eq.tri.
1 1 2 Most Efficient of All Trapezoidal Sections b. For max. velocity:
A = Bd = (2d)(d)
2 2
A=d – A semi-hexagon But A =s
2
√3 A=
eq.tri. 4
P = 2s
3 s √3
2
w
But s = √ d 2 +d 2=d √ 2 P =2d√ 2 4
w
P =3s d = 0.81D
A d2 w
R= = R=
P w 2 d √2  
2
√
3 s 3and Geotechnical Engineering
Hydraulics
Hydraulics and Geotechnical Engineering Hydraulics and Geotechnical Engineering R= A 4 R Hydraulics and Geotechnical Engineering
=
Pw 3s  
s √3
=
CLASSIFICATION OF 4 WATER HAMMER PRESSURE Celerity at Instantaneous Closure
Critical Flow FLOWS 0
Water
NOTE: d = s Hammer
sin 60 Pressure
– Stage of flow of an open channel – The resulting shock caused by A. Rigid Pipes
where the energy head is at
minimum at a given discharge.
General Equation of Critical Flow:
sudden decrease in the velocity of fluid.
-If the change if gradual or
instantaneous, then the water hammer
c=
√ Eb
ρ

pressure is higher. B. Non - Rigid Pipes

√
-If the change in discharge is slow, Eb
then the water hammer pressure is lower. c= Eb D
Q A
2 3
Celerity (c) ρ(1+ )
= Technique: E pt
g B For Rectangular Sections: – Speed of sound in a fluid Where:
Froude Number (FR or FN) – the - Speed of water hammer E – Bulk Modulus of Elasticity of Fluid
b
ratio of inertia force over 3 pressure in traveling through the medium.
Emin = 2 dc 2L E – Modulus of Elasticity of Pipe
p
gravitational force c= tc ρ – density of fluid

√ BQ
2 L – length of pipe tc – time of closure D – diameter of pipe
FR = 3 t – thickness of pipe
gA Hydraulics and Geotechnical Engineering Hydraulics and Geotechnical Engineering

Hydraulics and Geotechnical Engineering Hydraulics and Geotechnical Engineering

 PATTERN PATTERN PATTERN
Water Hammer Pressure (ΔP):

ΔP = ρcΔv
Where:
ρ – density of fluid Proportion/ variation Proportion/ variation Proportion/ variation
c – celerity Problems Problems Problems
Δv – change in velocity of flow

Δv = |v – v |
2 1

Hydraulics and Geotechnical Engineering

Hydraulics and Geotechnical Engineering Hydraulics and Geotechnical Engineering Hydraulics and Geotechnical Engineering

PATTERN PATTERN PATTERN PATTERN

Proportion/ variation Proportion/ variation Proportion/ variation Proportion/ variation

Problems Problems Problems Problems

Hydraulics and Geotechnical Engineering Hydraulics and Geotechnical Engineering Hydraulics and Geotechnical Engineering Hydraulics and Geotechnical Engineering
PATTERN PATTERN PATTERN PATTERN

Proportion/ variation Proportion/ variation Proportion/ variation Proportion/ variation

Problems Problems Problems Problems

Hydraulics and Geotechnical Engineering Hydraulics and Geotechnical Engineering Hydraulics and Geotechnical Engineering Hydraulics and Geotechnical Engineering

PATTERN PATTERN PATTERN PATTERN

Proportion/ variation Proportion/ variation Proportion/ variation Proportion/ variation

Problems Problems Problems Problems

Hydraulics and Geotechnical Engineering Hydraulics and Geotechnical Engineering Hydraulics and Geotechnical Engineering Hydraulics and Geotechnical Engineering
PATTERN PATTERN PATTERN PATTERN

Proportion/ variation Proportion/ variation Proportion/ variation Proportion/ variation

Problems Problems Problems Problems

Hydraulics and Geotechnical Engineering Hydraulics and Geotechnical Engineering Hydraulics and Geotechnical Engineering Hydraulics and Geotechnical Engineering

PATTERN PATTERN PATTERN PATTERN

Proportion/ variation Proportion/ variation Proportion/ variation Proportion/ variation

Problems Problems Problems Problems

Hydraulics and Geotechnical Engineering Hydraulics and Geotechnical Engineering Hydraulics and Geotechnical Engineering Hydraulics and Geotechnical Engineering