FUNCTIONS

Functions are the predefined formulas that

perform calculations a specific value, called
argument. Each function takes specific
types of arguments such as numbers,
references, text, or logical values. You can
enter argument enclosing them in
parenthesis i.e. ( ), after the function name.
Functions always begin with equal (=) sign.
Singh, V. P. (2010). MS OFFICE 2010 ILLUSTRATE. lucknow: computech
publibacation.

Excel includes many functions that can be

divided into the following categories:-
1) Mathematical Function.
2) Logical Function.
3) Statistical Function.
4) Date & Time Function.
5) Text Function.
6) Financial Function.
7) Database Function.
8) Information Function.
9) Lookup & Reference Function.
Mathematical Function:-
Excel includes many math & trigonometry
function. Mathematical functions are used
to perform wide variety of simple or
complex calculation. Trigonometry
functions are used when we want to know
the sine or cosine values etc. it has 50
functions.
Singh, V. P. (2010). MS OFFICE 2010 ILLUSTRATE. lucknow: computech publibacation.

ABS ( ):-
It returns the absolute value of a number.
The absolute value of a number is the
number without it signs.
Syntax:-
=abs (number)
Example:-
 =abs (-5) equal 5.
=abs (+5) equal 5.
DEGREES ( ):-
It converts radian into degrees.
Syntax:-
=degrees (angle)
Example:-
=degrees (pi ( )) equal 180.
=degrees (3.1413) equal 180.
=degrees (pi( )/2) equal 90.
=degrees (pi( )/6) equal 30.
=degrees (2*pi( )) equal 360.
EVEN( ):-
It returns number rounded up to the
nearest even integer. It rounds a positive
number up and negative number down to
the nearest even integer.
Syntax:-
=even (number)
Example:-
=even(3) equal 4.
=even(5) equal 6.
=even(-7) equal -8.
=even(-11) equal -12.
=even(8) equal 8.
=even(-8) equal -8.
FACT( ):-
It returns the factorial of a number. The
factorial of a number is equal to 1*2*3*----
--25.
Syntax:-
=fact(number)
Example:-
=fact(5) equal 120.
[ explain5 = 1*2*3*4*5 = 120 ]
=fact(4) equal 24.
=fact(abs(-5))equal 120.
INT( ):
It rounds a number down to the nearest
integer.
Syntax:-
=int(number)
Example:-
=int(8.9) equal 8.
=int(6.8) equal 6.
=int(-7.5) equal -8.

LOG( ):-
It returns the logarithm of a number to the
base you specify.
Syntax:-
=log(number, base)
Example:-
=log(9,3) equal 2.
=log(125,5) equal 3.
=log(16,2)equal 4.
LOG10( ):-
It returns the base 10 logarithm of a
number.
Syntax:-
=log10(number).
Example:-
=log10(5) equal 0.69.
=log10(100) equal 2.
=log10(1000) equal 3.
MOD( ):-
It returns the remainder after number is
divided by divisor. The result has same sign
as divisor.
Syntax:-
=mod(number, divisor)
Example:-
=mod(10, 3) equal 1.
=mod(104, 25) equal 4.
=mod(78,15) equal 3.
ODD( ):-
It returns number rounded up to the
nearest integer. It rounds a positive
number up and negative number down.
Syntax:-
=odd(number)
Example:-
=odd(6) equal 7.
=odd(16) equal 17.
=odd(-7) equal -7.
=odd(3) equal 3.
=odd(-6) equal -7.
PI( ):-
It returns the value of pi,
3.14159265358979, accurate to 15 digits.
Example:-
=pi( ) equal 3.14159265358979.

Power( ):-
It returns the result of a number raised to a
power.
Syntax:-
=power(number, power)
Example:-
=power(5,3) equal 125.
=power(4,3) equal 64.
=power(9,2) equal 81.
=power(2,5) equal 32.
Product( ):-
It multiplies all the number given as
argument and returns the product. 1 to 30
numbers that you want to multiply.
Syntax:-

=product(number1,number2,number3,……
)
=product(cell address)
Example:-
 =product(2,5,6,8) equal 480.
=product(3,5,6,2) equal 180.
=product(1,2,4,6,8) equal 384.
Radians( ):-
It converts degrees to radians.
Syntax:-
=radians(angle)
Example:-
=radians(180) equal 3.141592.
=radians(90) equal 10570796.
=radians(30) equal 0.523599.
Roman( ):-
It converts an Arabic numeral to roman, as
text.
Syntax:-
=roman(number)
Example:-
=roman(3) equal III.
=roman(5) equal V.
 =roman(10) equal X.
=roman(50) equal L.
=roman(90) equal XC.
=roman(100) equal C.
=roman(500) equal D.
=roman(1000) equal M.
Round( ):-
It rounds a number to a specified number
of digits.
Syntax:-
=round(number, Num_digits)
Num_digits it specifies the number of
digits to which you want to round number.
Example:-
=round(12.56328, 2) equal 12.56
=round(6.7593, 2) equal 6.76
=round(8.43257, 3) equal 8.433
=round(17.623, -1) equal 20
=round(236.141, -2) equal 200
Sin( ):-
It returns the sin of the given angle.
Syntax:-
=sin(angle)
Example:-
=sin(pi( )) equal 0
=sin( pi( )/2 ) equal 1
=sin(30*pi( )/180) equal 0.5
=sin(45*pi( )/180) equal 0.707106
=sin(60*pi( )/180) equal 0.8660254
=sin(90*pi( )/180) equal 1
=sin(5*pi( )/180) equal 0.087155743
Cos( ):-
It returns the cosine of the given angle.
Syntax:-
=cos(angle)
Example:-
=cos(pi( )) equal -1
=cos( pi( )/2 ) equal 0
 =cos(30*pi( )/180) equal
0.866025404
=cos(45*pi( )/180) equal 0.707106
=cos(60*pi( )/180) equal 0.5
=cos(90*pi( )/180) equal 0
=cos(5*pi( )/180) equal
0.996194698
=cos(0*pi( )/180) equal 1
Tan( ):-
It returns the tangent of the given angle.
Syntax:-
=tan(angle)
Example:-
=tan(pi( )) equal 0
=tan(pi( )/2) equal 1.63246E+16
=tan(30*pi( )/180) equal
0.577350269
=tan(45*pi( )/180) equal 1
 =tan(60*pi( )/180) equal
1.732050808
=tan(90*pi( )/180) equal 1.63246E+16
=tan(5*pi( )/180) equal
0.087488604
=tan(0*pi( )/180) equal 1
Sqrt( ):-
It returns a positive square root of a
number. If number is negative, sqrt returns
the #Num! error value.
Syntax:-
=sqrt(number)
Example:-
=sqrt(16) equal 4
=sqrt(81) equal 9
=sqrt(256) equal 16
=sqrt(5) equal 2.236067977
Subtotal( ):-
It returns a subtotal in a list on database. It
is generally easier to create a list with
subtotals.
Syntax:-
=subtotal(function_num,ref1,ref2,….)
Function_num Function number is the
number 1 to 11 or 101 to 111 that specifies
which function is used in calculating
subtotal within a list.
Function_num Function_name
1 Average
2 Count
3 Counta
4 Max
5 Min
6 Product
7 STDEV
8 STDVP
9 Sum
10 Var
11 Varp
Note: Reference1, ref2,… are 1 to 29 range
of references for which you want the
subtotal.
Example:

Figure 1

=subtotal(9,A1:C4) equal 62
=subtotal(6,A1:A4) equal 360
=subtotal(4,A1:C4) equal 10
Sumproduct( ):-
It multiplies corresponding components in
the given arrays and returns the sum of
those product.
Syntax:-
=sumproduct(array1,array2,array3,…….)

=sumproduct(range_of_cell,range_of_cell,
….)
Note:- array1,array2,….are 2 to 30 arrays
whose components you want to multiply
and then add.
Example:-

Figure 2
 =sumproduct(A1:A4,B1:B4) equal 46
[explain=5*2 + 4*3 + 3*4 + 6*2
=10 +12+12+12
=46 ]

Sum( ):
It adds all the number in a range of cells.
Syntax:-
=sum(num1,num2,num3,…….)
 =sum(cell address)
Note:- num1,num2,…..are 1 to 30
argument for which you want the total
value or sum.
Example:-
=sum(2,3,5,10,5,5) equal 30
=sum(A1:B4) equal 29
Sumif( ):-
It adds the cells specified by a given
condition of criteria.
Syntax:-
=sumif(range,criteria)
Criteria Criteria is the condition in the
form of number, expression or text that
defines which cells will be added.
 Figure 3

Example:-

=sumif(A1:C5, ”<20”) equal 40

=sumif(A1:C5, ”<50”) equal 135
 =sumif(A1:C5, “>50”) equal 123
=sumif(A1:B4, “<5”) equal 18

Sumsq( ):
It returns the sum of the squares of the
arguments.
Syntax:-
=sumsq(num1,num2,…….)
=sumsq(range_of_cell)
Example:-
 =sumsq(A1:A4) equal 86
=sumsq(2,4,3) equal 29
Trunc( ):-
It truncates a number to an integer by
removing the fractional part of the
number.
Syntax:-
=trunc(number,num_digits)
Example:-
=trunc(27.567432,2) equal 27.56
=trunc(12.23654,3) equal
12.236

Statistical function
Statistical function are used to perform
statistical analysis on range of data. It
includes simple as well as complex
 statistical function. It has more then 80
functions.
a) Average( ):-
It returns the average of (arithmetical
mean) the arguments.
Syntax:-
=average(number1,number2,………)
=average(cell address)
Example:-
=average(10,5,6,3,2) equal 5.2
=average(5,7,8,10) equal 7.5
b) Count( ):-
It counts the number of cell that contain
numbers and also numbers within the list
of arguments.
Syntax:-
=count(value1,value2,…………)
=count(range of cell)
Example:-
 =count(A1:D6) equal 13
=count(B1:D6) equal 10
=count(2,3,port,6,ram,9) equal 4
c) Countblank( ):
It counts empty cells in a specified range of
cells.
Syntax:-
=countblank(range)
 Example:-

=countblank(A1:D6) equal 5
=countblank(B1:D6) equal 4
d) Counta( ):-
It counts the number of cells that are not
empty and the value within the list of
arguments.
Syntax:-

=counta(value1,value2,
………..)
 Example:-

=counta(A1:D6) equal 19
=counta(B1:D6) equal 14
e) Countif( ):
It counts the number of cells within a range
according to our criteria or condition.
Syntax:-
=countif(range,criteria)
Example:-
 =countif(A1:E6, ”ram”) equal 4
=countif(A1:E6, ”apple”) equal 3
=countif(A1:E6, ”>25”) equal 5
=countif(A1:E6, “<20”) equal 11
=countif(A1:E6, “sonu”)equal 2
f) Max( ):
It returns the largest value in a set of
values. It ignores logical value or text.
Syntax:-
=max(number1,number2,………..)
Example:-
=max(A1:E6) equal 40
 =max(2,5,8,12,25,19,22) equal 25
g) Min( ):-
It returns the smallest value in a set of
values. It also ignores logical value or text.
Syntax:
=min(number1,number2,………..)
Example:-
=min(A1:E6) equal 6
=min(2,5,8,12,25,19,22) equal 2.
Text Functions
With text function we can use text string in
formulas. We can also change the case of
string; find out the length of string, to join
string etc. It has more than 24 formulas.
a) Char( ):-
It returns the characters specify by a
number.
Syntax:-
=char(number)
 Example:-
=char(65) equal A
=char(66) equal B
=char(67) equal C
=char(90) equal Z
=char(97) equal a
=char(98) equal b
=char(99) equal c
=char(42) equal *
=char(43) equal +
b) Code( ):-
It returns a numeric code for the first
character in a text string.
Syntax:-
=code(text)
Example:-
=code(“A”) equal 65
=code(“B”) equal 66
=code(“Z”) equal 90
 =code(“a”) equal 97
=code(“b”) equal 98
=code(“*”) equal 42
=code(“+”) equal 43
c) Concatenate( ):
It joins several text string is one text string.
Syntax:-
=concatenate(text1,text2,………)
Example:-
=concatenate(“Rajiv”,”Singh”) equal
Rajiv Singh
=concatenate(“Ro”,”-“,”one”) equal
Ro-one
d) Exact( ):-
It checks whether two text strings are
exactly the same and return True or False,
exact is case-sensitive.
Syntax:-
=exact(text1,text2)
 Example:-
=exact(“Apple”, “apple”) equal False
=exact(“apple”, “apple”) equal True
e) Find( ):
It returns the starting position of one text
string with in another text string. Find is
also case-sensitive.
Syntax:-
=find(find_text,within_text)
Find_textit is the text you want to find.
Within_textit is the text containing the
text you want to find.
Example:-
 =find(“a”, A2) equal 6
=find(“G”, A3) equal 7
=find(“P”, B3) equal 1
=find(“J”,”Ajay”) equal 2
f) Left( ):
It returns the specify number of characters
from the start of the text string.
Syntax:
=left(text, num_chars)
Num_charsa number character specifies
the number of character you want left to
extract.
Example:-
=left(“Rajiv”, 3) equal Raj
=left(“Om prakash”, 2) equal Om
g) Len( ):
It returns the number of characters in a
text string.
Syntax:-
 =len(text)
Example:-
=len(“Rajiv”) equal 5
=len(“Rani”) equal 4
=len(“Runjhun”) equal 7
=len(“Jhunjhun”) equal 8
h) Lower( ):
It contains all letters in a text string to
lower text.
Syntax:-
=lower(text)
Example:
=lower(“RGCSM”) equal rgcsm
=lower(“AB”) equal ab
i) Proper( ):
It converts a text string into proper text;
the first letter in each word in upper case,
and all other letters to lowercase.
Syntax:-
 =proper(text)
Example:-
=proper(“my name is singh”) equal My
Name Is Singh
j) Replace( ):
It replaces a part of a text string with a
different text string.
Syntax:-
=replace(old_text,start_num,
num_chars, new_text)
Old_text It is text in which you want to
replace some characters.
Start_num it is the position of the
character in old text that you want to
replace with new text.
Num_chars It is the number of
characters in old text that you want to
replace with new text.
 New_text It is the text that will replace
character in old text.
Example:-
=replace(“abcdefghijk”,4,5,”*”,) equal
abc*ijk
=replace(“Rama”,2,1, “ o”) equal
Roma
k) Rept( ):
It repeats text a given number of times.
Syntax:-
=rept(text, num_times)
Num_timesIt is a positive number
specifying the number of times to repeat
text.
Example:-
=rept(“abit”, 3) equal abitabitabit
=rept(“raj “, 4) equal raj raj raj raj
l) Right( ):
 It returns the specified number of a
characters from the end of a text string.
Syntax:-
=right(text, num_chars)
Example:-
=right(“rajiv”, 3) equal jiv
=right(“manmohan”, 5) equal mohan
m) Substitute( ):
It replaces existing text with new text with
a text string.
Syntax:-
=substitute(text,old_text, new_text)
Text Text is text or reference to a cell
containing text for which you want to
substitute characters.
Old_text It is the text you want to
replace.
New_text It is the text you want to
replace old_text with.
 Example:-
=substitute(“sales price”, “sales”,
“cost”) equal cost price
=substitute(“shweta
singh”,”singh”,”tiwari”) equal shweta tiwari
n) Trim( ):
It removes all spaces from a text string
except single spaces between word.
Syntax:-
=trim(text)
Example:-
=trim(“ram kisan”) equal ram kisan
=trim(“Raj singh”) equal Raj singh
o) Upper( ):
It converts a text string to all upper letters.
Syntax:-
=upper(text)
Example:-
=upper(“rgcsm”) equal RGCSM
=upper(“Rajiv”) equal RAJIV