BASIC THERMODYNAMIC

Q.No MODULE-1 Remark

Q1 1. Define the following terms
a) Open system
b) Closed system
c) Isolated system
d) Zeroth law of thermodynamic
e) Intensive property
f) Extensive property
g) Point
h) Path
i) Surrounding
j) Pure substance
2. With the help of PV diagram, define state, change of state, path, process and cycle.
3. With a neat sketch, briefly explain thermodynamic system, boundary and surrounding
with examples.
4. Give the compression between Macroscopic and Microscopic approach.
5. What do you mean by thermodynamic equilibrium and also explain Mechanical,
Chemical and Thermal equilibrium?
6. Derive a two standard fixed-point method of temperature measurements.
7. The length of the mercury column in a certain mercury-in-glass thermometer is
5cmwhen the thermometer is at ice point and is 25 cm when the thermometer is at steam
point. Consider this length as a thermometer property X and let ‘t’ be the temperature
on a linear Celsius as determined by this thermometer.
Suppose we were to define a Celsius temperature “t1” by a quadratic equation t1 = aX2
+ b, where t1= 0 at ice point and t1= 100 at the steam point. Find the temperature “t1”,
when t = 50 0C( P no: 15 M)
8. Define a new temperature scale “N” in which freezing point and boiling point of water
are 1000 N and 300 0 N respectively. Correlate this temperature scale with centigrade
scale for which freezing point and boiling point are 0 0C and 100 0C respectively. (P
NO: 33, Murli)

9. The readings tA and tB of two Celsius thermometers, A and B agree at the ice point (0
°C) and the steam point (100 0C), but elsewhere are related by the equation, tA= l + m
tB +n t2B, where l, m and n are constants. When both thermometers are immersed in a
well stirred oil bath, A registers 51°C, while B registers 50°C.
a) Determine the reading on B when A reads 25°C
b) Which thermometer A or B is correct? (P No 20, Murli)
10. A thermocouple with test junction at t°C on gas thermometer scale and reference
junction at ice point gives the e.m.f.as e = 0.20 t – 5 × 10–4t2 mV. The millivoltmeter
is calibrated at ice and steam points. What will be the reading on this thermometer
where the gas thermometer reads 70°C ?
11. A temperature scale of certain thermometer is given by the relation t = a ln p + b,
where a and b are constants and p is the thermometric property of the fluid in the
thermometer. If at the ice point and steam point the thermometric properties are found
to be 1.5 and 7.5 respectively what will be the temperature corresponding to the
thermometric property of 3.5 on Celsius scale.
Q2 1. Define heat and work. Write the similarities and dissimilarities between them.
2. Define path function. Prove that heat and work is a path function.
3. With the help of symmetric and PV diagram, briefly explain Quasi- Static process.
4. Define point function. With the help of PV diagram, show that properties are point
function.
5. Briefly explain electric work, Pedal wheel Work and shaft work.
6. A piston and cylinder machine containing a fluid system has a stirring device as shown
in Fig. 2.36. The piston is frictionless, and it is held down against the fluid due to
atmospheric pressure of 101.3 kPa. The stirring device is turned 9500 revolutions with
an average torque against the fluid of 1.25 Nm. Meanwhile the piston of 0.65 m
diameter moves out 0.6 m. Find the network transfer for the system. (from PPT)

7. A diesel engine piston which has an area of 45 cm2 moves 5 cm during part of suction
stroke. 300 cm3 of fresh air is drawn in from the atmosphere. The pressure in the
cylinder during suction stroke is 0.9 × 105 N/m2 and the atmospheric pressure is 1.013
× 105N/m2. The difference between the suction and atmospheric pressure is accounted
for flow resistance in the suction pipe and inlet valve. Find the net work done during
the process.
8. To a closed system 150 kJ of work is supplied. If the initial volume is 0.6 m3 and
pressure of the system changes as p = 8 – 4V, where p is in bar and V is in m3, determine
the final volume and pressure of the system. (from PPT)
9. Gas from a cylinder of compressed helium is used to inflate an inelastic flexible balloon,
originally folded completely flat, to a volume 0.6 m3. If the barometer reads760 mm
Hg, what is the amount of work done upon the atmosphere by the balloon? Sketch the
system before and after the process. (From PPT)
MODULE-2
Q3 1. Define the following terms
a) 1st law of thermodynamics
b) Specific heat at constant pressure
c) Specific heat at constant volume
d) Internal Energy
e) Enthalpy
f) Ratio of Two specific Heat
2. With PV Diagram, show that internal energy is a property of system.
3. With a neat sketch explain famous joules experiment to show that energy transfer to
an adiabatic system is a function of end state only.
4. With P-V diagram, derive a work done for isothermal process.
5. With P-V diagram, derive a work done for isentropic process.
6. With P-V diagram, derive a heat transfer for polytropic process.
7. A piston and cylinder machine contains a fluid system, which passes through a
complete cycle of four processes. During a cycle, the sum of all heat transfer is -
 170kj. The system completes 100 cycle per min. complete the following table
showing the method for each item, and compute the net rate of work output in KW.
Process δQ KJ/min δW KJ/min dU KJ/min
a-b 0 -2170 ?
b-c 21000 0 ?
c-d -2100 ? -36600
d-a ? ? ?
(P No 10, Murli)
8. A gas undergoes a thermodynamic cycle consisting of the following processes:
a) Process 1-2: constant pressure, P=1.4 bar, V1 = 0.028 m3, W1-2 = 10.5 KJ
b) Process 2-3: compression with PV =C, U3 = U2
c) Process 3-1: constant volume, (U1 = U3) = -26.4KJ
There are no significant changes in KE and PE
a) Sketch the cycle on a PV Diagram
b) Calculate the network for the cycle in KJ
c) Calculate the heat transfer for process 1-2 (P no :107, Murli)
9. A system receives 200 kJ of heat at constant volume and reject 220 kJ of heat at
constant pressure during which 40 kJ of work is done on the system. The system is
brought back toits original state by an adiabatic process. Calculate the adiabatic work.
If the initial internal energy is 240 kJ, then calculate the value of internal energy at all
states.
10. A fluid system undergoes a non-flow frictionless process following the pressure-
volume relation as P= 5/V +1.5, where psi in bar and V is in m3. During the process
volume changes from 0.15m3 to 0.05m3 and the system rejects 45 KJ of heat.
Determine
a) Change in internal energy
b) Change in enthalpy.
11. A system contains 0.15 m3 of air at a pressure of 3.8 bar and 150 0C. it is expanded
adiabatically till the pressure falls to 1 bar. The gas is then heated at a constant
pressure till its enthalpy increases by 70 kJ. Determine the total work done.

Q4 1. Derive the steady flow energy equation for a single stream of fluid entering and leaving
the control volume.
2. With a neat sketch, derive a steady flow energy equation for rotary compressor and
centrifugal pump.
3. With a neat sketch, derive a steady flow energy equation for IC engine and Hydraulic
turbine.
4. With a neat sketch, derive a steady flow energy equation for nozzle and boiler.

5. Steam at a rate of 772 kJ/hour enters a turbine with an enthalpy ofh1 = 3100 kJ/Kg and
leaves with an enthalpy h2 = 2300 Kj/Kg. Velocityof steam at entrance is 91.4 m/s and
at exit is 122m/sec. If section 1 isat an elevation 2.13m higher than section 2 and the
heat transferfrom the turbine casing to the surroundings is 628kJ/hr, find the
HPdeveloped by the turbine, Assume steady flow conditions. ( P no 128, Murli)

6. A long well insulated pipe line consists of two pipes. Connected in series the internal
diameter of which are 7.5cm and 2.5 cm respectively. A study flow of gas enters the
7.5 cm pipe at a pressure of 30 bar. A specific volume 0.0189 m3/kg, and enthalpy of
3000 kJ/kg. at a point down stream in the 2.5 cm pipe, the pressure is 28 bar, specific
volume is 0.0838 m3/kg and enthalpy is 2940 kJ/kg. determine the velocity of the steam
at these two points in the pipe line and the mass flow rate.
 7. Air enters an adiabatic nozzle steadily at 300 KPa, 200 0C and 30 m/sec and leaves at
100 KPa and 180 m/sec. The inlet area of the nozzle is 80 cm2. Determine
a) The mass flow rate through the nozzle.
b) The exit temperature of the air
c) The exit area of the nozzle. (P no :137, Murli)
8. Argon gas enters steadily an adiabatic turbine at 900 KPa and 450 0 C with a velocity
of 80 m/s and leaves at 150 KPa with a velocity of 150 m/sec. the inlet area of the
turbine is 50 cm2+. If the power output of the turbine is 250 kW, determine the exit
temperature of the argon. For argon take R = 0.2801 kJ/kg K and Cp = 0.5203 kJ/kg K.
9. A turbo compressor delivers 2.33m3/sec at 0.276 MPa, 43 0C which is heated at this
pressure at 430 0C and finally expanded in a turbine which delivers 860kW. During the
expansion there is a heat transfer of 0.09MJ/s to the surroundings. Calculate the turbine
exhaust temperature if changes in kinetic and potential energy are negligible. Assume
for air R = 0.287 kJ/kg K , Cp = 1.005 kJ/kg K.
MODULE-3
Q5 1. What do you mean by thermal reservoir? And explain source and sink.
2. State the limitation of first law of thermodynamic, illustrate with examples.
3. Represent schematically heat engine, heat pump and refrigerator. Give their
performance
4. What is a perpetual motion machine (PMM II) of 2nd kind, why it is impossible?
5. Define the second law of thermodynamic by
➢ Clausius Statement
➢ Kelvin-Planck Statement

6. Represent schematically clausius statement and Kelvin- plank statement . Give their
performance

7. Prove that violation of kelvin plank statement leads to violation of Clausius statements
of second law of thermodynamic.
8. Prove that violation of Clausiusstatementleads to violation of Kelvin Plank statements
of second law of thermodynamic
9. A heat engine works on Carnot cycle between the temperature limits of 800 K and 300
K. the efficiency ratio is 0.5. the engine develops a power of 5 Kw. If the engine uses a
fuel of calorific value 42000 KJ/kg. Find the fuel consumption in Kg/hr (Murli, P no
:181)
10. A source X can supply energy at a rate of 11000 KJ/Minute at60 0C. which source ‘X’
or ‘Y’ would you choose to supply energy to an ideal reversible engine, that is to
produce a large amount of power, if the temperature of surroundings is 4 0C. (Murli,P
no: 224)
11. A reversible engine works between temperature of 260 0C and 60 0C would the
efficiency by improved by raising the source temperature to 300 0C or lowering the sink
temperature to 30 0 C. calculate the same.

Q6 1. Mention the factors that make a process irreversible? And explain any two in briefly
2. Define reversibility and irreversibility of a process.
3. With a neat sketch briefly explain unrestrained expansion and mixing of two different
substances.
4. What do you mean by irreversibility process and briefly explain the different types of
process.
5. Briefly explain the working of Carnot cycle.
 6. State and prove Carnot theorem
7. Prove that the efficiency of all the reversible engine operating between two temperature
limits are same.
8. A Carnot engine operates between two reservoirs at temperature of T1 and T2 in K. the
work output of the engine is 0.6 times the heat rejected. Given that the difference in
temperature between the source and sink is 200 0C. calculate
a) The source temperature
b) The sink temperature
c) Thermal efficiency of the engine( Pno :182,murli)
9. A heat engine with an efficiency of 40% drives a refrigerator with a COP of 4.
Determine the ratio of total heat rejected to the atmosphere to the heat absorbed by the
refrigerator.(P No 204, murli)

MODULE-4
Q7 1. State and prove Clausius inequality for a cyclic process.
2. State and prove Clausius theorem?
3. Derive change in entropy for Constant volume process.
4. A reversible engine takes 1200 kj/min from a reservoir at 700 K and develops 200 Kj
per minute when executing complete cycles. The engine rejects heat to two reservoirs
at 600 K and 500 K. find the heat rejected to each sink. ((P NO 253 Murli)
5. A heat engine absorbs 200 kj/sec of heat at 227 0C and rejects heat at 27 OC. three
separate cases of heat rejection are reported
a. 180KJ/sec heat rejected
b. 120 KJ/sec Heat rejected
c. 60Kj/s heat rejected. Classify each cycle. (P no : 254 murli)

Q8 1. Prove that two reversible adiabatic paths cannot intersect each other?
2. With PV diagram, derive an expression for principle increase in entropy.
3. Prove that entropy is a point function.
4. A 10kg bar of cast iron initially at 400 0C is quenched in a 20 liters water tank initially
at 25 0C. assume no heat transfer with the surroundings and no boiling away of liquid
water, calculate the net entropy change for the processes. Cp cast iron = 0.5, Cp water = 4.187.
(P nO 256, M)
5. A 30 kg steel ball at 427 0C is dropped in 150 Kg of oil at 27 0C. the specific heat of
steel and oil are 0.5 Kj/Kg K and 2.5 Kj/Kg K respectively. Estimate the entropy change
of steel, the oil and that of the system containing steel and oil.(P No 264, M)

MODULE-5
Q9 1. With a neat sketch briefly explain the formation of steam at constant pressure.
2. Define Pure substance, Dryness fraction, Sensible heat, Critical point and latent heat.
3. Define enthalpy, Specific volume, wet Steam, dry steam and Superheated Steam
4. With a neat sketch, briefly explain P T diagram for a pure substance.
5. With a neat sketch briefly explain PVT diagram.
6. With a neat sketch briefly explain throttling calorimeter.
7. With aneat sketch briefly explain separating and throttling calorimeter.
8. Calculate the enthalpy and internal energy of a steam at a pressure of 12 bar
a) When the steam is having a dryness fraction of 0.8
b) When the steam is saturated
c) When the steam is superheated to a degree of superheat of 20 0C
 P Bar tg0C Vf in Vg in hf in hfg in hg in
m3/kg KJ/kg KJ/kg KJ/kg KJ/kg
12 188 0.001139 0.163 798.4 1984.3 2782.7
(P no 238 P)
9. 0.1 kg saturated steam expands reversible from 10 to 1 bar in a piston cylinder device
according PV1.3 = C. Find the work and heat interaction during the expansion process.
(P no 376, M)
10. If a certain amount of steam is produced at a pressure of 8 bar and dryness fraction 0.8,
calculate:
a. External work done during evaporation, and
b. Internal latent heat of steam
c. Find the specific volume, enthalpy and internal energy of wet steam at 18 bar,
dryness fraction 0.85.
d. Using steam tables, determine the mean specific heat for superheated steam at
1. 0.5 bar, between 300°C and 400°C
2. 0.75 bar, between 100°C and 150°C

Q10 1. Define available and unavailable energy for a system.

2. Explain
Daltons law of partial pressure
Amagat’s law
3. Derive Vander Waal’s equation of states
4. With a neat sketch explain the working of separating and throttling calorimeter
5. Write down the van der Waal’s and beattle bridge man equation
6. Determine the specific volume of CO2 at 200 0C and 60 bar by the use of
a) Perfect gas law
b) Vander Waal’s equation (P no 446, M)
7. Determine the pressure exerted by CO2 in a container of 1.5 m3 capacity when
it contains 5 kg at 27 0C.
a) Using ideal gas
b) Using van der Waal’s equation. (P no 445 M)
8. A mixture of gases has the following volumetric composition CO2=12% ,
O2=4% , N2=82%, CO=2%
Calculate i) mass fraction of the gases
ii) molecular wt of the mixture
9. A tank of 0.1m3 capacity contain 1 kg of O2, 0.9 kg of N2, 1.5kg of CO2 and
0.1 kg of CO at 30oC
Calculate i) the total pressure
ii) mole fraction of each gas
iii) gas constant R & molecular weight M of the mixture
10. Determine the specific volume of CO2 at 200 oC and 60bar by the use of i)
perfect gas law ii) vander law equation.
a=364.3 KPa m6/kgmol2 ,b= 0.0427m3/kgmol
11. It is necessary to store 1 mole of methane at a temperature of 300K and
60MPa. Determine the volume of the cylinder required for storage by i) ideal
gas law ii) vander waal’s equation
a=228.5 KPa m6/kgmol2 ,b= 0.0427m3/kgmol