Landscape Design

A Guide to Good Practice

CONTENTS PAGE

INTRODUCTION 1

SURVEY, ANALYSIS AND MASTER PLAN 2

NATURE CONSERVATION 16

DESIGNING WITH PLANTS 20

EXISTING TREES ON DEVELOPMENT SITES 40

SITE PREPARATION 44

PLANTING AND AFTERCARE 48

HARD LANDSCAPE DETAILS 51

DEVELOPMENT IN THE COUNTRYSIDE 56

For further information contact:

Conservation Unit Text and Illustrations
South Somerset District Council Carol Clarke 1995
(01935) 462462 revised, January 2006
SBN 1 899983 20 1
This guide has been prepared to illustrate the approach to landscape design which the District
Council advocates for new development in South Somerset, and to interpret the requirements
of Planning Policy Guidance Note 1 “General Policies and Principle” and Circular 11/95
“The Use of Conditions in Planning Permissions”.

It responds to the advice in PPG1 which states that the appearance of a proposed
development and its relationship to its surroundings are material considerations in
determining an application. Landscape design, whether hard or soft, should be as much a
subject for consideration as the design of the buildings and the overall aim should be for any
development to result in a “benefit” in environmental and landscape terms. Circular 11/95
includes improved model landscape conditions. It emphasises the importance of the Council
providing advance indication of the essential characteristics of an acceptable landscape
scheme and also stresses the importance of the quality of work and materials in the final
product.

The guide has also been prepared in support of the policies contained in the emerging South
Somerset Local Plan, and having been the subject of consultation with a wide range of
interest groups, carries the status of Supplementary Planning Guidance in the terms of
Planning Policy Guidance Note 12.

The two guides, “Landscape Design – A Guide to Good Practice” and “Design of Residential
Areas”, aim to raise awareness of what contributes to a well-designed development. They
address both process and end-product, but are not pattern books. They deal with principles
and their local application, leaving scope for individuality and creativity which will preserve
and enhance the local distinctiveness of South Somerset.
INTRODUCTION

Landscape – What do we mean?

Surroundings make a significant contribution to our quality of life. The word “landscape”
does not only mean attractive scenery, but represents a rich historical record of natural
features, moulded by human activity over the centuries – it forms the context for our
everyday lives and is reflected in our literature, music and painting.

Our definition of the word “landscape” in the context of this guide is, therefore, a broad one.
It is not a matter of the plants used just to fill spaces left over after building, or the screening
of a development which offends its surroundings. It is the setting for our daily lives and its
design is as important and valuable as the buildings within it.

Landscape Architecture is the combination of the techniques of planning, design,

horticulture, construction and ecology with aesthetic flair and an understanding of the natural
environment. The art of Landscape Architecture will, therefore, involve considering the total
environment of any new development and then shaping this, using such natural elements as
landform, trees, shrubs and water, to form a pleasing harmony and enhance the local
distinctiveness of the area.

Landscape Architecture in relation to development

We all enjoy the countryside and feel refreshed and relaxed when surrounded by the natural
elements of our environment – the hills, rivers, woods and fields, down to the trees, shrubs
and flowers in a small garden. Statistics show that most people would rather live in a new
development, which even though in a town, may feel more rural by the presence of existing
trees, new planting and small areas of houses integrated with open space – echoing the village
green atmosphere. It is well known that an attractively planted garden can help sell a house.
Yet all too often lack of forethought and financial restraints result in barren, neglected
environments with merely a few trees in unintegrated areas of grass, which often then die
through lack of maintenance or vandalism.

Time and money spent on the setting, overall design, detailing and planting of a development,
do, in the long term pay back high dividends. Landscape Architecture can make a design
statement which can turn an ordinary housing estate, a car park, or a supermarket into an
attractive asset for the neighbourhood, rather than an eyesore. This can make a constructive
contribution to the improvement rather than the destruction of our environment. After all,
however much time and trouble is spend on the design of a building itself, it is always the
external spaces and overall setting of a development which provides its initial attraction, and
all too easily a finely detailed building can be let down by its poorly designed surroundings.

This guidance, therefore, advocates a design process which follows a logical progression
from a site survey, through analysis, to the evolution of a landscape master plan and design
details. A plan showing merely plant names with no overall design statement or relationship
with its surroundings will not achieve a satisfactory result.

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SURVEY, ANALYSIS AND MASTER PLAN

SURVEY AND ANALYSIS: The Site In Its Setting

Setting in the Landscape

The following considerations should be taken into account concerning the overall setting of
any new development.

The site should not be considered in isolation, but should be seen in relation to the character
of the surrounding landscape. Refer to South Somerset District Council’s publication The
Landscape of South Somerset.

Before any design work can begin the site must be fully surveyed, analysed and understood.
Each site has its own opportunities and limitations and no design responsive to its setting will
be possible without taking into account all these constraints.

Views of the Site

Many sites are visible from some distance away. The site should be viewed and photographed
from all significant viewpoints. The impact and appearance of the development on the
landscape should be considered first at this distance. From here, broad requirements for a
landscape framework and the overall form and massing of the buildings can be decided upon.

A Landscape Framework

The form of the landscape design and planting plays a major part in the way the development
relates to its setting and how it fits into the existing landscape. The principal theme should be
decided upon at this early stage so that it can influence and inform the design as it evolves.

A Concept for the Built Form

Without a properly formulated concept for the shape of the built form, the way the buildings
will fit into the landforms of the site, and their general shape and massing, the development is
likely to end up visually confused; a sprawl of elements which do not relate to the site, its
setting or existing development and it will become an intrusion into the wider landscape.

Colour

Colour plays a part in the appearance and degree of visual intrusion a new development may
have. Consider colour in the context of the wider landscape. Compare colours of existing
settlements when seen at a distance. Colour is a part of the quality of local distinctiveness.
Regional character is partly the product of the character and colour of local building materials
and must be acknowledged in the design of a new development.

Linking Back

Visual continuity, adding the new to the existing in a sensitive way helps its integration.
Adding to the existing patterns in landscape or built forms rather than ignoring them will aid
the new development to relate comfortably and naturally with its context. These patterns can
help provide overall form for the development which will give it meaning in a local context.

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All individual buildings or groups of buildings form elements in the landscape and contribute
to its character and local distinctiveness through their siting, building style and materials.
When new development is to be associated with an existing group of buildings, such as a
village settlement, an analysis should be made of the existing built form and its setting, to
note whether it is, for example:

• Set on a ridge.
• Clustered around a church tower which provides a landmark and distinctive skyline.
• Nestling in valley where the roofscape might be an important feature.

Within the settlement itself, note:

• The relationship of existing buildings to the overall landscape of the area.

• The overall form, scale and balance of buildings.
• The relationship and balance of the built environment with open space, trees.
• The scale of the buildings and the materials with which they are constructed.

If the new development is to contribute positively to the overall environment both from
within the site and outside in distance panoramas, the design must ensure that these items
have been taken into account.

View through the Site

Sometimes a view through the site is important to an existing settlement. Blocking a view
will have significant impact which can be reduced by retaining a gap in the new development
to preserve the view line. The view could also be used as a focal point in the design.

Skylines

Development on the skyline in rural surroundings should always be avoided because of the
way groups of buildings interrupt the visual continuity of the landscape. Keep buildings
below the skyline; they will fit more comfortably into their setting this way and the
dominance of the landscape can be better maintained.

Boundaries

Consider carefully boundary constraints and adjoining land uses which may not be
compatible with the new housing, and design in suitable measures to respond to
requirements. Sound buffers and visual screening can be incorporated and used as elements in
the landscape framework. Existing boundaries may be worthwhile features themselves,
hedges or belts of trees which, if retained, can be beneficial to the development. Special
steps may be needed early in the design stage of the layout to accommodate such features.

Contours

On sloping sites buildings arranged parallel and at right angles to the contours sit more
comfortably in the landscape than a random arrangement where buildings appearing at many
different angles and levels present a disordered appearance.

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SURVEY AND ANALYSIS: The Development Site Itself

As well as assessing the site in relation to its overall setting, the characteristics of the site
itself must be considered. This will include an assessment of its own character based on its
shape, size, topography and existing natural features. Topics to be considered are listed in
Survey Checklist 1 & 2, Drawing A & B.

THE LANDSCAPE MASTER PLAN

When the site survey and analysis is complete, the actual process of designing the new
development can begin. The landscape of a new development is as important as the buildings
in creating this new place, and from the earliest stage in the process its design should be
given equal weight to that of the buildings. The architect and landscape architect should work
together to create a development in which buildings and landscape complement one another
and their surroundings. The objective must be to create new environments which are of high
quality, well integrated into their surroundings and with positive, rather than detrimental,
impact in the landscape.

Positive opportunities can be taken to:

• Enhance skylines and create focal points.

• Frame new vistas and create new landmarks.
• Create interesting roofscapes.
• Integrate trees, hedges and open space with the surrounding landscape pattern.
• Create new habitats and incorporate existing natural features to be enhanced by new
planting of trees, shrubs and hedges.

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 DRAWINGS REQUIRED

At the appropriate stage in the planning process, the developer will be required to
submit the following drawings:

1. SURVEY DRAWING WITH ANALYSIS

(See Checklists 1 & 2, Drawings A, B and C)

2. LANDSCAPE MASTER PLAN

(i) Preliminary Stage (Checklist 3, Drawing D)

(ii) Detail Stage (Checklist 4, Drawing E)

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SURVEY AND ANALYSIS

CHECKLIST NO.1

Constraints

In order to guide the new developer in this approach, the following should be considered
before submitting a planning application:

1. Reference to District Wide Local Plan.

2. Reference to the District Council’s publication The Landscape of South Somerset.

3. Development Brief – if provided.

4. Site relationship to: (part of or adjoining)

• Conservation Area/Listed buildings

• Historic Parks and Gardens
• Sites of Special Scientific Interest
• Area of Outstanding Natural Beauty
• Environmentally Sensitive Area
• County Wildlife Site
• Regionally Important Geological Site
• Archaeological site/ancient monument
• Special Landscape Area
• Local Nature Reserves
• Local wildlife habitats. Refer to the District Council’s Leaflets Badgers and
Development and Bats and Planning.

5. Tree Preservation Orders.

6. Height Restriction Zones.

7. Area liable to flooding.

8. Easements/restrictive covenants.

9. Wayleaves for services/underground and overhead lines.

10. Common Land.

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SURVEY AND ANALYSIS

CHECKLIST NO.2 – (see drawing A)

All applications (where relevant) shall include, as a separate drawing, an accurate

survey of the site as existing and its immediate surroundings at a scale not less than
1:500.

This survey shall show:

1. Scale, North Point and Location Plan.

2. Landforms, contours, gradient of slopes.

3. Levels relating to Ordnance Datum including inverts of ditches.

4. Existing vegetation and natural features to include:

(i) Accurate position, species, height, canopy spread, stem diameter and condition
of all existing trees.

(Where the site contains mature trees, the tree survey should be carried out by
a qualified arboriculturist).

(ii) Accurate position, height, centre line, spread and species of existing
hedgerows and other significant vegetation (e.g. shrub groups).

5. Indication of nature of soil and sub-soils.

6. Climate and micro-climate (to include sunny areas, frost pockets, exposed areas,
sheltered areas etc.)

7. drainage pattern to include rivers, streams, ditches and location of existing ponds and
wet areas.

8. Ecological survey including wildlife habitats/Archaeological/Historical or other

specialist survey of the site where appropriate (to be accompanied by a report if
necessary).

9. Present land use of site and adjacent areas.

10. Existing footpaths, bridleways and public rights of way both on and adjoining the site.

11. Access possibilities for vehicle and pedestrian showing new links and desire lines.

12. Existing services – water, gas, electricity, telecommunications etc.

13. Boundary treatment – structures such as walls, fences and buildings, their type and
condition.

14. Visual considerations including views in and out of the site.

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LANDSCAPE MASTER PLAN – Preliminary Stage

CHECKLIST NO.3 – (See drawing D)

The preliminary Landscape Master Plan should include a framework of sufficient detail to
cover the following items:

1. Landscape structure – to show main areas for planting:-

• trees, shrubs, ground cover

• native/ornamental
• average densities and indication of size of plant material to be used

2. Existing trees to be removed/retained.

3. Location and orientation of buildings.

4. Roads, footpaths, cyclepaths – including links to adjoining land.

5. Open space.

6. Contours and levels (existing and new).

7. Water features (existing and proposed).

8. Services.

9. Phasing and programming.

10. Management concept.

The details of the landscape scheme at this stage will be made a reserved matter providing the
District Council is satisfied with the overall concept. It should be noted that the information
provided by applicants should be presented in a form to be understood by members of the
public and Council Members to permit the consultative and decision making process to be
effectively undertaken.

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LANDSCAPE MASTER PLAN – Detailed Stage
CHECKLIST NO.4 – (see drawing E)
In the case of full or detailed applications a detailed landscape scheme is to be submitted. The
drawing submitted should be at a scale of not less than 1:500 (1:200 scale preferred for
planting details). This should show in detail:
1. New buildings and services (including zones of restriction by statutory undertakers
affecting planting).

2. Existing buildings adjacent to the site which might be affected by the proposals e.g.
tree planting.

3. Clear indications of all surface treatments both soft and hard – to include steps, ramps,
mowing margins etc.

4. Existing and new levels with cross-sections of any significant changes in level. Areas
of new mounding to be shown with contours.

5. Details of all boundary treatments – walls, fences, gates, rails, barriers.

6. Play areas and equipment (details to be agreed with Parks and Greenspace Unit).

7. All existing trees, hedgerows or areas of vegetation to be removed or retained and

aftercare e.g. surgery.

8. Where trees and hedgerows are to be retained details and siting of fencing for their
protection during building works should be given. This should comply with BS 5837
“Trees in Relation to Construction”.

9. Existing ponds and watercourses and their means of protection.

10. Planting details to include:-

Location, species, numbers and spacing of trees, open ground or container grown,
grass areas – seed/turf/protection.

11. Planting methods to include details of ground preparation.

Topsoil – depth and specification

Weed treatment, fertiliser use, watering, mulching.
Types and use of stakes, ties, guards, tree shelters etc.

12. Maintenance responsibility (public/private)

13. Instructions/programme for 5 years to include:

Management regime for grass, ornamental planting, structural planting (including
timing for removal of stakes, shelters etc) and water areas.

When the proposed development is of significance due to its size or impact on the locality,
the District Council will expect the developer to employ the services of a Landscape
Architect.

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NATURE CONSERVATION – Principles

Nature Conservation aims to preserve wildlife habitats and maintain or increase the diversity
of species which these habitats support.

It is the District Council’s policy that in the design of new development, provision should be
made for the retention, improvement or restoration of natural features. Opportunities for
habitat creation should also be investigated where wildlife habitats do not exist.

At Site Survey Stage it is important to note not only the location of existing natural features
such as ponds, woodlands, hedgerows and herb-rich grasslands, but also to be aware of their
importance in providing different wildlife habitats. Different environments can provide
habitats for insects, invertebrates, birds, bats and mammals and may contain species protected
under the Wildlife and Countryside Act 1981;

For example: bats - refer to the District Council’s leaflet –

Bats and Planning;

Barn owls - contact Barn Owl Trust (01364 653026)

Badgers - refer to the District Council’s leaflet –

Badgers and Development.

Badger setts are protected under the Protection of Badgers Act 1992. Expert advice in the
form of a written report will be required from the developer at Site Survey Stage.

NATURE CONSERVATION – Use of Native Species

In the majority of planting schemes associated with new development, it will be desirable to
use species of trees and shrubs which are native to the area.

The aim of this type of planting is to encourage the successful establishment of British
species in regions and on soils where they are indigenous. This is in order to maintain the
character and composition of local and regional landscapes and their associated wildlife.
These species provide natural habitats for wild creatures, insects and other organisms which
perform a vital role in preserving the natural balance in the biological chain of life. For
example, the native oaks support more insects than any other British tree and only the native
buckthorns support the larvae of the brimstone butterfly.

When creating new woodland areas or substantial structure planting, it is best to plant the
same native species that occur in nearby ancient and semi-natural woodland. It will usually
be most appropriate to encourage common and already widespread species which are
growing well in the area rather than rarer ones.

Ideally, all planting of native species should be restricted to stock of local origin.

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LIST OF NATIVE TREES AND SHRUBS
TREES
Alder – Alnus glutinosa
Ash – Fraxinus excelsior
Aspen – Populus tremula
Beech – Fagus sylvatica
Birch downy – Betula pubsecens
Birch silver – Betula pendula
Bird cherry – Prunus padus
Cherry (Gean) – Prunus avium
Grab apple – Malus sylvestris
Field maple – Acer campestre
Hornbeam – Carpinus betulus
Lime small leaved – Tilia cordata
Lime large leaved – Tilia platyphyllos
Mountain Ash (Rowan) – Sorbus aucuparia
Oak common – Quercus robur
Poplar black – Populus nigra var. betulifolia
Poplar grey – Populus canescens
Scots Pine – Pinus sylvestris
Service tree – Sorbus torminalis
Whitebeam – Sorbus aria
Willow crack – Salix fragilis
Willow goat – Salix caprea
Willow white – Salix alba
Yew – Taxus baccata

SMALL TREES/SHRUBS
Alder buckthorn – Frangula alnus
Blackthorn – Prunus spinosa
Box – Buxus sempervirens
Broom – Cytisus scoparius
Dogwood – Cornus sanguinea
Elder - Sambucus nigra
Field Maple – Acer campestre
Gorse – Ulex europaeus
Guelder rose – Viburnum opulus
Hawthorn – Crataegus monogyna
Hawthorn Midland – Crataegus laevigata
Hazel – Corylus avellana
Holly – Ilex aquifolium
Purging buckthorn – Rhamnus catharticus
Rose dog – Rosa canina
Rose field – Rosa arvensis
Spindle – Euonymus europaeus
Wayfaring tree – Viburnum lantana
Willow goat – Salix caprea
Willow osier – Salix viminalis
Willow grey sallow – Salix cinerea
Willow purple – Salix purpurea

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NATURE CONSERVATION – Water Features

It is important to retain and enhance any existing water features which can provide special
habitats for wildlife, as well as forming attractive elements within the new development.

These features can be in the form of rivers, streams, drainage ditches and ponds. Streams and
ditches also form linear nature reserves, important not only in themselves, but by serving as
vital links between habitats.

Slow moving streams, drainage ditches, ponds

These can become silted up and choked by vigorous shallow water plants such as common
reed. Although it is important to keep some areas of these plants, it is better to introduce a
variety of vegetation. This will be aided by having different depths of water, and areas of silt
can be cleared carefully by hand or small machine, depending on the scale. This work should
be carried out in winter when there is less disturbance to wildlife.

Areas which have little emergent vegetation can be enhanced by the creation of shallow water
or marsh areas. This can be achieved by forming gently shelving banks in order to introduce a
greater variety of plant life.

Access

Maximum value from the water feature will be gained if access to at least art of the bank can
be provided. This could be with an informal path or an area of mown grass. However, it is
preferable to deliberately restrict access to specific areas in order to leave the wildlife habitats
undisturbed.

Ponds

Ponds, as well as being important landscape features, also contain half of Britain’s rarest
wetland plant species and many rare invertebrates. They also provide a habitat for all of
Britain’s amphibians, several varieties of water birds and many mammals.

Wildlife thrives at the edges of lakes and ponds and on badly drained land. All these wetland
habitats are particularly vulnerable to the effects of drainage and alterations to the water
table. It is just as easy to damage ponds by draining their surrounds as by deliberately filling
them in. Water abstraction and agricultural drainage can drastically reduce the level of the
water table which can then damage or destroy these features. Neglect and pollution also
result in the loss of wetlands and ponds.

Since the late nineteenth century, three-quarters of Britain’s ponds, totalling nearly one
million, have been lost, resulting in serious damage to wetland wildlife and eroding the rural
heritage.

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Ponds are legally protected if they are:-

• On a site of Special Scientific Interest of National Nature Reserve.

• Known to support a protected species (such as the great crested newt or starfruit).

• Associated with an ancient monument.

It is important that their significance, both for nature conservation and amenity value in
general is realised, and that the following points should be considered in order that they may
be retained in the most appropriate way:-

• Importance as a landscape design feature.

• Value as wetland wildlife and plant habitat, which should be preserved and enhanced.

• Value for general amenity with the creation of access where required.

• Value as part of the local heritage, reminding us of past industrial farming practices (e.g.
mill ponds, canal remains).

A landscape “buffer zone” around the pond to help integrate it into the overall design and in
certain circumstances to help intercept agricultural or urban pollutants should be provided.

Protection during site operations

It is important that all existing watercourses, ponds or other aquatic features and their
associated vegetation are protected by fencing from physical silting, chemical disturbance or
any form of pollution during site operations.

It will be expected that all proposals for development will maintain existing ponds as a
feature of the design.

Creation of new water features

Where appropriate the formation of well-designed new ponds will be encouraged. These can
be of great benefit to wildlife and a valuable addition to the countryside, although the creation
of new ponds cannot be seen as a simple substitute for the removal of existing ponds which
already have a stock of plant and animal species accumulated over many years.

New water features can also be sensitively designed in association with their practical use for
water attenuation purposes on new developments.

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DESIGNING WITH PLANTS – General Principles

New planting schemes must be appropriate for their particular location.

The following should be taken into account when designing a scheme.

• Visual character region (see the District Council’s publication The Landscape of South
Somerset)
• Setting within the local landscape.
• Ecological context.
• Function of planting.

Although countryside locations and areas of new development which relate strongly to a
countryside setting will require the use of native species for the major areas of planting, it
will be acceptable for introduced and more ornamental species to be used where appropriate
to the location and design effect required e.g. in more urban settings.

Planting should not be used as a cosmetic afterthought merely to make a new development
look superficially attractive. It is not just an infill material for the oddly shaped spaces left
between paths and buildings, or a screen for a building or development which should have
been more appropriately sited or designed. Its real function, however, is of a positive tool in
the creation of new and dynamic environments which have a sense of place and local
distinctiveness. This can be achieved by recognising that planting is an architectural element
with as much significance as a structure built from bricks or concrete.

The design functions planting can have are to:

• Form a structural framework to a new development.

• Give spatial enclosure by creating and linking new external spaces.
• Form focal points or frame views.
• Give shape, colour and texture to complement the built environment and to soften its
hardness.
• Relate buildings to the site and to each other.

Planting also has practical functions (although these must be reconciled with its use within
the overall design context).

It can be used to:

• Form new habitats.

• Provide barriers, screens and create privacy.
• Define boundaries.
• Create shelter and shade.
• Help ameliorate nuisances e.g. suppress noise, screen headlights.
• Filter pollutants from the air.
• Deter crime.

The elements which are used by a designer to create a planting scheme are trees, shrubs,
ground cover (plants and grass) and climbing plants. These all have different design and
practical functions which must be taken into consideration in order to reach an acceptable
design solution.

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DESIGNING WITH PLANTS – Structure Planting

This is a term used to describe significant areas of tree and shrub planting which will create a
framework for a new development. It should not, however, be used merely to form a screen,
but should provide a well designed and interesting visual feature to integrate the new
development into its surroundings.

Uses of Structure Planting

• Extend features of the surrounding landscape into or through the new development, such
as woodlands, copses and hedgerows.

• Enhance and strengthen existing natural features within the site e.g. hedgerows.

• Soften the junction between the built environment and the open countryside.

• Create an identity for a large featureless site by breaking it up into spaces of more human
scale.

• Separate or define land uses or neighbourhoods within a development.

• Act as a wind barrier to give shelter and improve the micro-climate.

As a general guide the minimum width for new structure planting should be 10 metres. In a
situation where the development is adjacent to open countryside a more substantial woodland
buffer of 20 metres should be provided.

It should also be noted that tree planting with shrub under-storey can give protection down-
wind for a distance of ten to twenty times its height and reduce wind speed by up to 50%. A
mixture of deciduous and evergreen trees with smaller trees and shrubs on the windward side
has most effect.

When to plant

This type of planting should, wherever possible, commence before the development, to give it
an opportunity to establish and form a pleasant setting before the development is occupied. It
will remain as a permanent woodland type feature to five the required screening, shelter and
enclosure as well as a natural habitat to attract wildlife.

Type of plants

Traditionally, standard trees have been planted to produce an immediate effect, but the use of
small native tree whips and shrubs planted at high density (approx. 1.5m spacing) will be
more economical. These are cheaper, easier to handle and do not need stakes and ties.

Within two to three years of planting, these smaller trees can overtake staked standards
planted at the same time and can look more natural and become sturdier.

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Other advantages are that:-

• A barrier is formed quickly and the surrounding vegetation is rapidly suppressed.

• Plants protect and force each other to grow taller than in less dense planting and a dense
thicket is formed.

• More visually acceptable once established.

However, in smaller areas for prestige planting, a mixture of tree sizes can be used to include
feathered and standard, which will give a more immediate effect by adding height and
substance while the younger trees establish.

Visually this type of planting may be more acceptable particularly in close association with
residential development.

Use of species

Tree and shrub species which are native to the area should be used. Some of the more
vigorous “nurse” species may need to be removed or coppiced later to allow the naturally
dominant species such as oak, ash and beech space to mature.

Species such as poplar, alder, willow and birch are fast growing and will establish well in
difficult conditions. These can either be thinned later or coppiced to form bushy growth.

An under-storey shrub layer can be provided by using, for example, hawthorn, field maple,
blackthorn, guelder rose, wayfaring tree, dog rose and elder.

Vigorous species are also suitable to form quick growing basic space formers, or short term
structural planting, for example, a mix of poplar, sycamore and alder used as feathered trees,
and golden willow and hawthorn as shrubs.

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DESIGNING WITH PLANTS – Hedges

Hedges may be defined as linear communities of woody plants which form dense bushy
growth and respond well to pruning to form effective barriers, screens and enclosures. They
form one of the most distinctive visual features in the landscape and are an important element
in its historical evolution over hundreds of years. They are also of considerable importance
for wildlife habitats.

It is therefore important that whenever possible, existing hedgerows should be retained for
the following reasons:

• Landscape element of historical significance.

• Give immediate character and structure to a site.
• Form good natural boundaries (will help new buildings integrate into the existing
landscape).
• Give shelter.
• Value for nature conservation, particularly in the formation of wildlife corridors,
where important connections between one hedge and another and to adjacent
woodland are made.

New hedges should therefore be composed of native species (see list) and this will be a
requirement when new hedge planting is indicated as part of an application.

In no circumstances will planting of species of quick growing evergreens (such as Lawson’s

cypress) be acceptable in the open countryside. However, for garden boundaries in an urban
setting, suitable ornamental species may be permitted.

Species

Some well used species for hedge planting are hawthorn, blackthorn and hazel, but it is
desirable to use a mixture of species to give a more interesting visual effect and add variety
for wildlife. When deciding on suitable species for new hedge planting, it is advisable to use
those which are already found in existing hedgerows in the area.

Native species suitable for use in new hedgerow planting

Ash – Franxinus excelsior An example of a typical native hedge mix:

Beech – Fagus sylvatica
Blackthorn – Prunus spinosa Hawthorn 50%
Crab apple – Malus sylvestris Blackthorn 15%
Dogwood – Cornus sanguinea Hazel
Dog rose – Rosa canina Field maple
Field maple – Acer campestre Guelder rose
Guelder rose – Viburnum opulus Wild privet
Hawthorn – Crataegus monogyna Holly
Hazel – Corylus avellana
Holly – Ilex aquifolium A higher proportion of hawthorn and blackthorn
Hornbeam – Carpinus betulus should be used to form a stock-proof hedge.
Oak – Quercus robur
Privet (wild) – Ligustrum vulgare
Spindle – Euonymus europaeus
Wayfaring tree – Viburnum lantana

25
Spacing: Plant in a double staggered tow with 300mm between the rows and the plants at
250mm centres. 9 plants per metre will make a stockproof hedge, 5 plants per metre for a
visual barrier.

Plant Size: Plant two year transplants 450-600mm high.

Planting: The line of the hedge can be cultivated by ploughing or rotovating a strip 600mm
wide by 300mm deep. Plant between November and March, ideally before December. Do not
allow roots to dry out before planting.

New tree planting can be incorporated if required when the hedgerow is being planted.

Protection: If the hedge adjoins agricultural land grazed by stock, fencing must be provided
far enough away to ensure that cattle do not browse the tops of the hedge plants. Fencing
should also be provided against rabbits and hares.

Maintenance: The line of the new hedge must be kept weed free for 3-4 years to allow the
plants to establish.

Trim and shape the hedge without cutting the leading shoots until the required length is
reached (1.4m for stock-proof hedge, 1.8m for shelter hedge).

It must be decided at an early stage whether the hedge will be laid.

A well laid hedge is stock-proof and attractive and after 3-4 years forms a better habitat for
birds than a trimmed hedge.

• If to be laid: The Plants will need to be sided up until the leaders have reached pleaching
height (2.5-3.5m). Usually laid after 8-15 years.

• If not laid: All the shoots should be trimmed from the first year to produce dense bush
growth.

Management of existing hedges

When existing hedges are to be incorporated into a scheme, notes must be made at the stage
of the survey drawing describing their type, condition, species component, age and proposed
future management. For example, a hedge may be on an embankment to mark an important
boundary, over-mature and gappy, or have been well managed.

Suggested management measures

Remove poor hedging shrubs such as elder. Decide on timing and nature of management e.g.
trimming to ‘A’ shape and laying. Tag suitable saplings or shoots to grow up to form trees if
required.

Allow hedge to grow tall if required for screening effect.

Alternate year trimming will help protect nesting sites and food sources for wildlife. Do not
cut hedges in nesting season (April – July), late winter preferred.

Plant up gaps. Leave saplings to grow into hedgerow trees.

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27
DESIGNING WITH PLANTS – Trees

Most tree planting schemes should consist of deciduous trees suitable for the location.
Conifers may be used to provide a contrast in form, texture and colour, but should be used
with discretion. Extensive coniferous planting can look out of place in the landscape. Screens
composed of lines of conifers, for example, Lawsons’ cypress, are more likely to draw
attention to the building to be screened and form alien features in the landscape.

In a situation where it is known that screening will be required, land must be made available
for a wide belt of tree and shrub planting to give adequate screening qualities, but in a more
natural manner. In rural situations, this type of planting should be composed of native
species. In submitted planting schemes, use of quick growing cypress species to form screens
will not be permitted.

Choice of Species: design aspects

When trees are used as a design feature in relation to the built environment, the following
aspects should be taken into consideration.

• Height and Shape

May be used to reflect or contrast with the architectural form of a building. When
planting groups of trees, a mix of different heights and shapes will give more interest.

• Foliage
Foliage varies with its density, texture and colour. Dense leaf cover will be more suitable
for screening purposes, whereas a more open textured type of tree could be used nearer
buildings. Trees vary at the time they come into leaf, for example birch and cherry give
leaf cover early in the year whereas oak and ash come into leaf later.

• Colour
Leaf colour is an important design feature with a range of greens to consider ranging from
the highlight feature of the yellow leaved “false acacia” to the grey greens of the
whitebeams. Seasonal tints are attractive features and a planting scheme should contain
trees to give interest throughout the year. Bark, flowers and berries are added aspects of
associated tree colour.

28
29
Choice of Species: practical aspects

The following practical aspects associated with new tree planting should also be taken into
consideration when preparing a design. These restrictions however, should not result in a
decision against planting trees, but rather lead to a careful choice of species, which will be
suitable for the site where these limitations may apply.

• Siting of trees in relation to buildings

Consider type of tree in relation to its height and spread when mature and effect of
various species on foundations (consult the District Council’s Building Control Surveyor
in the appropriate area team).

• Location of Services
Both underground and overhead.

• Archaeological remains
Proximity to.

• Road Safety
Visibility Splays, road signs

• Nuisance
Fruiting or berrying trees in wrong locations (e.g. horse chestnuts in car parks). Loss of
light if planted too near windows. Dense shading by large trees in private gardens.

Street Trees

Distributor, transitional and collector roads often have poor or non-existent landscaping
which contributes to a low level of satisfaction with the general appearance of many housing
estates.

Allowance should be made for planting trees and shrubs along such roads to soften their
appearance and give an immediate identity to the area.

There are however, requirements which must be taken into consideration in relation to such
planting.

• Visibility requirements of and for drivers and pedestrians must not be impaired.

• Narrow strips of planting (1.5m minimum) should be avoided adjacent to carriageways or

footways.

• Service strips and verges which are within visibility splays may be planted but usually
with species which will not exceed 300mm in height.

• Section 141 of Highways Act 1980 should be adhered to. This states that no tree or shrub
should be planted in a made-up carriageway or within 4.5m of the centre line of a made-
up carriageway.

(Consult Design Guidance Notes – “Estate Roads in Somerset”, Somerset County Council).

30
DESIGNING WITH PLANTS – Ornamental Trees (example list)

In developments relating strongly to a countryside setting or adjoining open countryside,

native tree species only should be used – see List of Native Trees and Shrubs.

Large Trees

(These trees in suitable conditions will reach on average over 10 metres in 20 years and are
likely to continue growing).

Acer platanoides – Norway maple

Acer pseudoplatanus – sycamore (fast growing – acceptable as part of a native screen in certain
situations)
Aesculus hippocastanum – horse chestnut (use non-fruiting variety in public places)
Ailanthus Altissima – Tree Of Heaven (fast growing)
Alnus varieties e.g. cordata – Italian alder
Castanea sativa – sweet chestnut (fast growing)
Juglans regia – walnut
Nothofagus – southern beech (fast growing)
Platanus acerifolia – London plane
Quercus rubra – red oak
Robinia pseudoacacia – false acacia
Tilia varieties e.g. euchlora – lime (does not produce “sticky” leaves)

Medium Trees

(Average ultimate height 7 metres. General use – housing, car parks etc).

Acer varieties e.g. snakebark maples

Betula varieties e.g. ermanii (white bark)
Franxinus varieties e.g. ornus – manna ash
Robinia pseudoacacia ‘Frisia’ – golden acacia
Sorbus intermedia – Swedish whitebeam
Sorbus aucuparia varieties e.g. Cashmireana, Joseph Rock

Small Trees

(Average height up to 5 metres. Suitable for private gardens and confined spaces).

Amelanchier lamarckii – snowy Mesipilus

Crataegus varieties e.g. ‘Coccinea Plena’ – scarlet flowered hawthorn
Cercis siliquastrum – Judas tree
Prunus varieties e.g. Subhirtella autumnalis – autumn flowering cherry
Fruit trees (orchard planting or in private gardens)

Small Weeping Trees – 3 metres high

Cotoneaster hybridus ‘Pendulus’ – red berries in autumn

Pyrus salicifolia ‘Pendula’ – willow-leafed pear
Salix caprea ‘Pendula’ – Kilmarnock willow

31
DESIGNING WITH PLANTS – Shrubs

Shrub planting should be considered for its overall architectural significance rather than its
horticultural interest, although a good planting scheme will be able to combine those
qualities.

Shrubs are more effective than trees for screening ground level features and will not cause
future problems by growing too tall for their situation as may happen with trees.

Their use should be considered in place of areas of grass under trees which are difficult to
maintain. Shrubs should always be planted in groups or as a feature in relation to other
shrubs rather than dotted in grass areas.

• Choice of Plants:
Plants should be chosen that will give all year round interest.

• Consider whether the shrubs are:

Evergreen or deciduous

• Foliage:
Over all effect for mass group planting, attractiveness as a specimen/feature.
Contrasts in leaf form, texture, colour, growth pattern.
Autumn colour/flowers/berries.

• Shape and size:

Architectural qualities

Plants should be chosen to suit the situation in relation to soil type, growth rate, ultimate size
and maintenance requirements.

Practical uses of Shrubs Planting

• Dense visual screening (above eye level) car parks, boundaries.

• Softening harsh building lines – fences, walls.
• Physical barrier to increase security and restrict access.
• Encourage wildlife.

The use of native species (see “Nature Conservation”) will have greater value for habitat
creation, and in rural locations, this type of planting will be required. However, in
association with buildings and in more urban environments, it will be acceptable to use a
wider variety including ornamental and introduced species for their architectural and design
qualities.

32
33
DESIGNING WITH PLANS – Ornamental Shrubs (example list)

Some examples of suitable species which have interesting foliage, flowers and fruit and are
tolerant of most conditions.

Below eye level – up to 1.5m high

Plant in groups of three or more at 3/m2 for best effect.

Berberis thunbergii
Chaenomeles japonica – quince
Cotoneaster conspicuous decorus
Cytisus praecox – broom
Hebe varieties – veronica
Hypericum ‘Hidcote’
Lonicera pileata
Mahonia aquifolium
Potentilla
Prunus laurocerasus ‘Otto Luyken’
Senecio ‘Sunshine’
Spirea bumalda
Rosa rugosa varieties

Above eye level – 2-3m high

Plant in groups at 2/m2

Amelanchier lamarckii
Aucuba japonica
Buddleia davidii
Cornus alba varieties – ornamental dogwoods
Cotoneaster e.g. lacteus, simonsii
Elaeagnus ebbingei
Escallonia
Hippophae rhamnoides – sea buckthorn
Prunus laurocerasus – laurel
Prunus lusitanica – Portugal laurel
Pyracantha
Rhus typhina
Rubus cockburnianus – white-stemmed bramble
Sambucus racemosa ‘Plumosa Aurea’ – golden elder
Viburnum rhytidophyllum

Species suitable for ornamental hedges in urban areas

(For countryside situations see “Hedges – Native Species”)

Berberis darwinii (forms impenetrable barrier)

Cotoneaster lacteus
Escallonia
Ligustrum ovalifolium ‘Aureum’ – privet
Prunus cistena
Prunus laurocerasus
Symphoricarpus ‘Magic Berry’

34
DESIGNING WITH PLANTS – Ground Cover

Grass

Grass is a hard-wearing ground cover which renews itself and is the only vegetation which
can be continually walked on.

Its use should be considered as a positive addition to the design and not merely to fill in
spaces which could be more suitably treated in a different way. Areas of grass for no specific
purpose can produce featureless landscapes which are also expensive to maintain.

Areas of mown grass should be used to:

• Complement buildings.
• Provide amenity areas.
• Provide private gardens.

Areas of unmown grass can be used in rural or semi-rural situations depending on the
function required. Areas of unmown grass supporting wildflowers give another design aspect
to the use of grass and also save on maintenance costs.

In areas of high public use it is advisable to use turf rather than seed.

• Looks finished as soon as laid.

• Ready for use shortly after laying
• Work can be carried out any time of year.

Although seeding can be successful, the site preparation work must be carried out to a high
standard, the area kept weedfree, a suitable seed mix used and the area fenced off until
established.

Ground Cover Plants

In certain situations, the use of ground cover plants may be more suitable than grass. These
form a low-growing carpet which will, when established, smother any other new growths.
However, in public places, large areas of ground cover plants which are likely to be trodden
over before establishment, should be avoided.

• Design Use
Use in a mass planting to form an attractive and distinctive feature.
Contrasts in colour and texture for groups of specimen shrubs and trees planted within it.

• Practical Functions of Ground Cover Plants

Shade tolerant
Fast growing, vigorous and spreads without help.
Shallow rooting, does not hinder growth of trees and shrubs when underplanted, unlike
grass.
Can be controlled easily.
Good for establishing on banks rather than grass.
Maintenance free once established.

35
DESIGNING WITH PLANTS – Ground Cover Plants (examples list)

Examples of suitable species which will form a dense carpet of ground cover once
established. Most will not grow taller than 500mm and are evergreen. Plant closely at 5/m2 in
large blocks of a single species for best effect.

Berberis candidula
Ceanothus thrysiflorus repens – Creeping blue blossom
Cotoneaster dammeri and horizontalis
Calluna varieties – heathers
Erica varieties – heathers
Genista hispanica – Spanish gorse
Hedera varieties – ivies e.g. canariensis, hibernica
Hypericum calycinum – Rose of Sharon
Juniperus horizontalis varieties – prostrate juniper
Lavandula spica ‘Hidcote’ – lavender
Lonicera pileata
Rubus tricolor – ornamental bramble
Stephanandra incisa ‘crispa’
Vinca major and minor – periwinkle
Rose varieties (prostrate roses forming mounds and thickets) e.g. nitida and nozomi

Herbaceous perennials suitable for ground cover (in more intimate areas)

Ajuga reptans ‘Atropurpurea’

Bergenia cordifolia
Festuca glauca
Lamium galeobdolon

Climbing Plants

The use of climbing plants should be considered in relation to enhancing the appearance of
boundaries, walls and fences. They can give considerable visual impact within a small space
and at a low cost. Although they can protect and insulate sound modern masonry, use of a
self-clinging species such as ivy should be avoided on older walls.

Examples of types available:

Self-clinging Twining
Will cling to walls and fences Need support – trellis or wires
Plant 300mm away from the structure to
avoid drying out of roots. Clematis varieties e.g. Montana
Lonicera varieties – honeysuckle
Hedera helix varieties – ivies Polygonum baldschuanicum
Hydrangea petiolaris – climbing hydrangea Rosa – climbing rose varieties
Parthenocissus varieties – Virginia Creeper Vitis cognetiae - vine
Euonymus fortunei – (evergreen)

36
37
DESIGNING TO DETER CRIME

An awareness of the need to take sensible measures to help reduce crime will be part of the
overall philosophy in the design of new developments.

The following points should be considered in relation to this:

• Grouping buildings in small clusters around a central area.

• Use of boundaries – real or suggested. Planting or changes in material can help indicate a
feeling of territory within a community unit.

• Central siting of public open space/play areas, in order for them to be overlooked by the
surrounding houses.

• Provision of wide, well lit paths which are not isolated from other activities and do not
provide unrestricted access to rear of premises. They should not be enclosed by walls or
areas of dense high level shrub planting.

• Design rear gardens backing on to each other where possible.

Planting should be used sensitively with this philosophy in mind. Its use as a deterrent to
crime should be balanced with its appearance and amenity value. Often, both the landscape
designer and public want well planted, enclosed naturalistic landscapes, whereas open
environments with more visibility could be considered safer. However, these issues can be
reconciled by the use of thoughtful detailing.

Some basic principles can be adhered to in relation to the choice of plant material:

• Dense planting should not hinder opportunities for natural surveillance and must avoid
the creation of potential hiding places especially adjacent to a footpath or dwelling.

• Use ground cover and below eye-level shrub planting in semi-public areas and open plan
frontages.

• Use hedges which can form impenetrable boundaries.

• Avoid densely shrubbed areas which will eventually form thickets in areas of open space.
Use, instead, areas of low planting with specimen trees or shrubs as focal points. Groups
of trees, which can be seen through, can be used in open grass areas.

• Appreciate the function of the plant material itself. Dense prickly species such as rosa
rugosa varieties, berberis, hawthorn and blackthorn have obvious deterrent features once
established.

Although of course, good design alone cannot solve the problem of crime, when co-ordinated
with other measures its contribution can be significant.

38
39
EXISTING TREES ON DEVELOPMENT SITES – Selection

Existing trees are one of the most valuable assets to a new development. They help to create a
visual link between the new buildings and the surrounding area and aid their integration into
the landscape. They also provide a mature setting which new planting will take many years
to achieve.

Trees which are to be retained in a development scheme need careful selection. A location
and quality survey of all trees on the site will be required at Site Survey stage.

Tree Survey

This should contain the following:

A plan showing the position of each tree (which must be numbered for reference).

An accompanying report noting the following:

• Species & variety

• Individual specimen, or part of a group
• Trunk diameter at 1m from the ground
• Spread – noting any unevenness in crown
• Condition of trunk and branches
• Any weaknesses

This initial survey will form the basis for the decision concerning which trees are suitable for
retention.

The District Council will consider making Tree Preservation Orders on important trees on
development sites.

When considering the retention of existing trees take account of:

• Finished ground levels

• Routing of services and drains
• Proximity to buildings, roads and footpaths
• Changes in climatic conditions of the development

Although priority must be given to retaining good quality trees a balanced approach should
be taken.

Avoid

• Misplaced tree conservation when a large over-mature tree is “trapped” in a courtyard

and may eventually die due to changes in water-table etc.

• Thinning of groups of trees which have grown up together. Those remaining will be
more susceptible to wind tunnel effects and be less stable.

• Lack of space for tree to develop to maturity.

40
41
EXISTING TREES ON DEVELOPMENT SITES – Protection

All too often, time and trouble is taken with the choice of trees which are to remain, but little
is done to protect them on site or consider building works in relation to damaging their roots
etc.

Trees which are to remain on development sites must be suitably protected throughout the
development period.

Remember that:

• 95% of tree roots are to be found in the surface 600mm of soil.

• The root spread of a tree often exceeds its crown spread by a considerable distance.

Root damage leading to the eventual death of a tree can easily occur.

Avoid:

• Compaction of the ground in the root area.

• Raising soil levels over the root area
• Direct toxicity through the soil by, for example, petrol spillage or lime from cement.
• Stripping of topsoil from the area of the tree roots
• Excavation work in rooting area even for driveways, paths and kerbs
• Damage by heat to the whole tree. Fires must not be lit in a position where the flames
could extend to within 5m of foliage branches or trunk (general guide – no fires within
20m of tree).

Temporary fencing must be erected around all trees which are to remain.

Guidance on the minimum distance around the tree which should be left undisturbed is given
in Table 1, BS 5837 1991 “Trees in Relation to Construction”.

However, a general guide is that fencing may be erected below the outermost limit of the
branch spread, or at a distance equal to half the height of the tree (whichever is the greater).

Plans indicating the agreed lines of protective fencing around trees to be retained must be
issued prior to commencement of work on site.

Fencing must be erected before any materials or machinery are brought onto the site.

Once erected, fences should not be removed or their positions altered. No work/storage of
material etc should be carried out within the fenced area.

Type of fencing

Fencing should be at least 1.2m high comprising a vertical and horizontal framework of
scaffolding supporting either cleft chestnut pale fencing (BS 1722 Part 4) or chain link
fencing BS 1722 Part 1).

42
EXISTING TREES ON DEVELOPMENT SITES – Construction

Services

Ideally there should be no open trench work within the ground area under the branch spread
of a tree. However, where this is unavoidable the following guides to good practice should be
noted:

Keep services together where possible – avoiding placing them on more than one side of a
tree.
No roots over 25mm in diameter should be severed.
If roots over 50mm diameter are likely to be encountered, particular care should be taken to
avoid damage. Excavations should be undertaken by hand avoiding damage to the bark. The
roots should then be surrounded with sharp sand before replacing soil or other material in the
vicinity.
Consultation with statutory authorities are advised and detailed plans showing the routing of
all services in the proximity of trees must be produced. These should also show the access
space needed for excavating and laying the service.

Roads and driveways

It should be noted that the formation of the sub-grade for roads and driveways will destroy
most of the tree’s surface roots if located under its spread. Lowering the soil level will also
sever roots and skimming the soil surface to establish new paving at the former ground level
can also cause damage.
Excavation for kerbs, edgings and their associated foundations and haunchings can also
damage roots.
Ideally these forms of construction should be kept away from the spread of a tree, or if it is
unavoidable then new paving should be established above the former ground level using a
granular fill and an alternative, less damaging form of construction considered for kerbs and
edgings.

Walls or similar structures

(Detailed advice on foundations in relation to existing trees should be obtained from the
Council’s Building Control Surveyor for the appropriate area).

If it is necessary to build a wall or similar structure over a root greater than 50mm diameter,
provision should be made for its future growth. The roots should be surrounded with
uncompacted sharp sand and an adequately reinforced lintel or raft laid over the surface.

Hard surface treatments around existing trees

Paving slabs should be laid dry jointed on a sharp sand foundation to allow air and moisture
to penetrate the roots. Bricks or blocks are suitable when laid in a similar way. Provision
should be made for the growth of the base of the trunk by leaving an unpaved strip around its
base. Washed gravel retains its porosity and is a useful surface to accommodate changes in
level or any irregular shaped area around the base of the trunk. Avoid the use of gravels with
a high fines content such as binding gravels or hoggin which become impermeable when
consolidated.

43
SITE PREPARATION – Introduction

However much thought has gone into the production of a good design, money and time will
have been wasted if the scheme is not successful on the ground.

All too often, trees and shrubs die, due not only to poor maintenance and aftercare, but also
inadequate site preparation, such as planting areas not properly cleared of building debris and
insufficient depths of, or poor quality, topsoil.

Often, the contract will include for existing topsoil to be stripped and stacked on site for re-
use. This can be contaminated by rubbish and nutrients lost through stock-piling for too long.

It is expected that on all new development sites the following standards will apply for site
preparation in order that the planting has the best chance for survival.

SITE PREPARATION – Topsoil

Topsoil is living material and requires circulation of air and water within it to retain its
quality. It is generally dark in colour, containing humus and roots, mineral particles, bacteria
and micro-organisms. It varies in depth between a few mm and .5m, 150mm-200mm is most
common.

Stripping and storage of Topsoil

Before removing topsoil, its depth must be ascertained by digging holes as this can vary.
Very stony soil or one full of roots may not be suitable for later re-use and should be taken
off site.

When existing topsoil is suitable for re-use for landscape, works, care must be taken in its
stripping and storage. It should be stripped evenly without digging into or disturbing the
subsoil.

The topsoil may be stored in shallow mounds for later re-use, which should not be:

• More than 2 metres high to prevent lower soil from becoming sour
• Compacted (vehicles or machinery)
• Polluted with chemicals e.g. cement, oil and fuel
• Covered or sheeted for more than a few days
• Handled (only moved in dry weather if really necessary)
• Allowed to grow weed cover (cut and spray with approved herbicides as necessary).

Imported Topsoil

This should conform to BS 3882. As a general guide it should be clean, uncontaminated

friable soil of medium texture with adequate humus content, obtained from previously
cultivated land from an approved source with a neutral to slightly acid pH value. It should be
free from unrotted vegetable material, brick and concrete or any material other than soil and
have only a maximum 20% content (by dry weight) of stones not exceeding 50mm.

A soil sample should be requested and inspected before bulk deliveries are taken and any
soil spread on site.

44
45
SITE PREPARATION – Formation Levels

(Reference should be made to BS 4428 1989 Section 4 “Code of Practice for General
Landscape Operations”)

Subsoil

This lies beneath the topsoil. It is generally free of roots and humus and is poor in its ability
to support plant growth. If stripped it must be kept separate from topsoil.

Care must be taken not to over compact the subsoil or produce a “hard pan” which prevents
water percolation up and down through its surface. If necessary, the surface must be broken
up to assist drainage before the topsoil is placed over it.

Subsoil must be kept free from contamination by all chemicals, hardcore, stone and other
rubbish.

Site preparation prior to planting

All areas to be planted will need to be reduced or filled ready to receive the specified depth of
topsoil (see diagram for general guide).

Good clean subsoil will be required for a further depth of 300mm below the formation level,
whether existing subsoil as found on site or imported.

Subsoil cultivation should take place to a depth of 300mm to relieve any compaction and all
stone and rubble exceeding 75mm in any direction should be removed.

Areas for planting should be filled with topsoil, allowing for settlement, so that the finished
level is just below kerb and paving levels for shrub areas, and level for grass areas, to assist
maintenance.

Where planting beds are to be prepared in car parks, near to buildings etc., it is also important
to take care that beds have:

• Free drainage
• Kerb haunching kept to a minimum
• Finished soil level not above DPC.
• No shallow services present.

46
SITE PREPARATION – Filling and Mounding

Filling

The opportunity should be taken at the beginning of major grading to dispose of unwanted
inorganic material at the bottom of tipping areas after the topsoil has been removed.
However, a clear distance of 1 metre must be made available on top of it after filling for a
covering of subsoil and topsoil (see “Formation Levels”).

Exclude:

Materials that will leave cavities after rotting, such as grass, roots and timber.

• Metal containers should be flattened and large objects cut up.

• Stones, slabs, rocks and hardcore should be placed so that voids are not formed.

• (Specification for Highways: Department of Transport, 1986, describes unsuitable

material for fill).

Sloping sides of cuttings and embankments

The stability of banks and slopes depends on many factors and should be fully investigated
following the recommendations given in BS 5930 and BS 6031.

Artificial mounding

Although in certain circumstances suitable waste materials from site may be incorporated into
mounding within the landscape scheme, this should not be to the detriment of good landscape
practice and should form part of the overall design solution and not an un-related “bank”.
Any proposed mounding must be shown on the Landscape Master Plan by contours and spot
levels. Mounded areas will not be acceptable, particularly in rural situations, where they do
not form part of an integrated landscape design which relates to the landscape as a whole.

If mounding can be used to form a positive design feature it must integrate into the overall
landscape with gentle curves to facilitate mowing (see diagram).

Slopes

Maximum gradients for hand maintenance 1 in 1.5 (33o).

The tope and toe of banks should be rounded. Slopes of 1 in 2, not suitable for grass, may be
considered for planting. However, planting should not be used as a cheaper alternative to
providing a proper retaining wall or other more suitable treatment. Wash down of soil should
be considered where a steep slope abuts a hard-paved area. Although groundcover can
provide suitable treatment for banks, difficulties of planting, establishment and maintenance
should be taken into consideration.

47
PLANTING AND AFTERCARE

When the site has been suitably prepared, planting can take place.

BS 3936 covers best practice for the planting of trees, shrubs, hedging plants, climbers,
herbaceous plants and bulbs and reference should be made to this.

Trees

See diagram – TREE PLANTING

Shrubs

Most deciduous shrubs grown in the open ground should only be moved in the dormant
period (November to March).

Evergreen and herbaceous plants are best planted early autumn or late spring.

Container grown plants may be planted during the growing season, but they will need regular
watering and maintenance. Planting in the dormant season is still to be preferred if possible.

Planting

Plants with bare roots should be heeled in on site if not planted immediately after delivery.
At all times plants must be protected from wind and drying out. They should not be laid out
on a site before planting.

Planting should not take place in frozen ground or waterlogged soil. In dry weather plants
should be firmed and watered immediately after planting. After planting, the beds should be
mulched to help retain moisture and inhibit some week growth. Medium grade mulch or
woodchip to a depth of 75mm can be used. This will also improve the appearance of the area
when newly planted and provide an additional rotting wood habitat.

Aftercare

Regular maintenance during the first five years after planting is essential to help the survival
of the plants and increase growth. This should include weed control, replacement of failures,
pruning and attention to protection where required.

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HARD LANDSCAPE DETAILS – Surfaces

Consideration should be given to materials for hard surfacing to ensure they are appropriate
for their function and sympathetic with the overall external design.

Where roads are to be adopted details of materials and construction must be agreed with the
Highway Authority.

Sites in Conservation Areas will require the use of traditional paving materials of local
origin:

Stone setts – blue or white lias or forest marble.

Stone paving flags – blue lias or pennant stone.

These materials are expensive and in certain circumstances the use of cheaper surface
materials will be permitted provided they reflect local tones and colours.

Paving materials – general use

• Areas of intensive use in built environment.

Tarmacadam - consider dressings of aggregates of complementary colour to the
buildings.
Concrete - brushed to expose aggregate
bays may be broken up by lines of brick/concrete block paviors.

Concrete paving slabs.

Concrete block paving – various colours and shapes to reflect local characteristics. (It is
important to consider the direction of jointing in relation to the shape of the space).

Specialist surfaces – play areas (consult with Parks and Greenspace Unit).

• Less used areas/rural environments.

Exposed aggregate concrete paving – (will weather).

Gravel – loose.
Gravel – self-binding when watered and rolled.
Rolled limestone.
Sleepers )
Timber decking ) Suitable for natural areas.
Bark chippings )

Deterrent paving

Raised setts.
Large pebbles set in concrete.

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Edgings

Edging materials are as important as the surface choice and should be used sympathetically in
association with the chosen paving material.

It is not acceptable for a pre-cast concrete edging strip to be used in Conservation Areas or
rural settings.

Examples of more sensitive materials:

Special paving unit edgings

Timber (use in association with gravel)
Sleepers
Setts
Bricks
Natural stones

Mowing Margins

Mowing margins should be provided where grass abuts a building or wall. The edging should
be composed of a hard surface such as concrete, brick or gravel.

HARD LANDSCAPE DETAILS – Street Furniture

This can include seats, bollards, lighting columns, signage, litter bins and cycle racks.

Consideration should be given to the style and siting of street furniture in order to avoid
conflicting period styles and clutter caused by too many elements with haphazard siting.

Street furniture must be considered as part of the landscape design at an early stage and
incorporated in the detail Master Plan to avoid furniture conflicts, such as tree growth
obscuring signs.

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HARD LANDSCAPE DETAILS – Boundaries and Barriers

Boundaries and barriers must be sensitively designed to associate with the character of the
new development and its surroundings.

Their function must also be considered. This can range from delineating land ownership and
defining spaces to providing security and privacy.

Edge of development

The edge of a new development can form a significant intrusion into the landscape. Houses
can be designed to look out of the site with rear gardens grouped together thus avoiding a
perimeter fence line.

The use of structure planting can help soften and integrate the new development, but this
should not be used as a screen for a poorly designed boundary which presents a back garden
scene of sheds, rotary washing lines and other paraphernalia. A situation providing
inadequate privacy should be avoided in order to prevent householders erecting their own
screen fencing which will present a haphazard edge of unrelated shapes, designs and colours.

Therefore, where garden boundaries form a prominent feature within the development they
must form part of the total design concept.

Walls can make interesting edging when panelled and recessed to provide suitable areas for
planting. Walls should run with the slope of the land and not be stepped.

Close-board fencing gives privacy and if combined with trellis, extra security. Its appearance
can be softened by the use of shrubs and climbing plants.

Post and wire fencing with hedging can, in certain situations, be suitable in rural areas.

Front gardens

Front gardens should be delineated by low walls or hedges to give unity. In these situations it
is desirable for the hedges to be covenanted to have common maintenance requirements in
order for this unity to be retained.

In more urban environments, particularly on street frontages a form of enclosure should be

provided. This could be in the form of picket fences or walls and railings, depending on the
style of the buildings.

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DEVELOPMENT IN THE COUNTRYSIDE – General Principles

We have an ideal vision of the countryside which relates to the siting of picturesque
farmhouses and barns, built from local materials which form focal points in an intimate
agricultural setting. Traditional farm buildings are, therefore, acceptable elements in the
countryside, but there are now many pressures on it to absorb different types of development,
as well as accommodate the many changes which have taken place in the farming industry.
These new forms of development, if not sensitively sited and well designed, can have a
considerable adverse impact on the landscape.

It is essential that an overall awareness is maintained of the importance of the countryside to

everyone. A balance must be found between economic function and visual effect. With
careful site selection, design, detailing and integration into the existing landscape, these
functions can be synthesised into the best solution possible to meet all the required needs.

Some examples of development in the countryside are:

Golf courses with associated buildings

Stud farms
Fish farms
Sewage pumping stations
Farm associated structures
Farm workers dwellings
Poultry houses
Pig rearing units
Large storage barns
Silos and grain stores

The siting of any new structure should be preceded by a survey of the total area (see Survey
and Analysis).

Although the following guidelines relate to the siting and design of farm related structures in
the landscape, the basic principles will also apply to other forms of development in rural
locations.

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DEVELOPMENT IN THE COUNTRYSIDE – Farm Buildings

Site Selection
The new development must be considered in terms of its relationship with the overall
landscape as well as the farm complex itself:

Identify viewpoints from which the development would be seen, e.g. approach roads, public
footpaths and in distant views.

Consider not only the impact the building itself may have, but also the impact of associated
features – driveways, hard-standings, fencing, fuel tanks etc.

Where the new building would be significantly out of character, a site location should be
chosen which takes advantage of natural screening opportunities. However, the impact of a
badly sited, out of scale building will not be ameliorated by the use of an artificial earth bund
with planting.

Avoid

• sites on the skyline

• where a building will dominate the landscape
• where buildings will be prominent in a valley bottom

It is better to build with the contours, or into the slope of the land.

Buildings may step down a slope using “cut and fill”.

Relationship to existing buildings on site

The development should relate to the local pattern of farm buildings in the landscape by
scale, style and materials.

It is better for new buildings:

• to relate to existing buildings rather than stand in isolation

• to relate to existing groups in alignment
(Right angle relationships work well but consider contours of site).
• not to form a series of parallel buildings

Scale

The large size of modern farm buildings can disrupt the accepted scale of the landscape. This
is particularly obvious where new farm buildings are seen near older, more traditionally sized
ones.

Aim to modify this effect by:

• Colour, materials and detailing

• Choice of form.
• Considering both actual and apparent size – a building may still fulfil its practical
function and have less visual impact if constructed as two smaller units or an L-shape,
rather than one large structure.

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Colour

Traditional earth colours such as reds, browns and ochres as well as black and white fit well
with the landscape.

As a general rule for rural buildings use darker colours. Light colours usually make objects
appear larger and more conspicuous.

Suitable roof colours:

• Dark, blackish green

• Shades of grey – especially warm ones
• Khaki and olive greens

Blue greens and yellow greens should be avoided.

Materials

Try to preserve “Local distinctiveness” by assessing the character of the farm complex and
locality.

By the use of sympathetic materials and well thought out detailing, buildings can be more
successfully integrated into their setting.

The impact of a large structure can be reduced by dividing it into broad horizontal or vertical
bands of colour or material.

• Plinth in brickwork or rendered blockwork.

• Spaceboarding above – stained or treated to a dark colour.
• Dark coloured roof.

Detailing should be used boldly by considering shadows, wide barge boards and the design of
gutters and downpipes. Roofs can be broken up by stepping pitches and ridges.

Avoid:

Light, reflective surfaces unless always seen against the sky.

Asbestos roofing is now available in a range of dark colours which can help reduce the
impact on the environment.

Fibre cement profiled sheeting is also manufactured in a range of colours sympathetic to the
landscape.

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Use of Planting

A new building should contribute to the overall landscape and be enhanced by new planting.

Planting should not be seen as a means of screening a building which has been badly sited or
designed.

The use of rows of trees which follow the perimeter of a building and are unconnected within
the existing landscape should be avoided. This treatment is more likely to draw attention to
the presence of the structure and alienate it from the landscape. Consider whether the trees
will grow to be an effective screen within the life-time of the building.

Use trees to enhance the setting of the farm by relating both the farm buildings themselves
and their setting to the wider landscape.

and for:

• their own intrinsic beauty

• shelter and shade
• habitats for wildlife

In relation to buildings use trees and planting to:

• link new building to the existing landscape – e.g. following the gable end of a
building and joining with an existing copse or hedgerow.

• help offset the horizontal line of modern farm buildings.

• create a background to relate a building to the surrounding landscape.

Use native trees and shrubs (feathered and whips) in strong groups or belts (see Structure
Planting) rather than single specimens. This type of planting has more effect and is also
cheaper than using standard trees which often do not survive.

Protection should be provided by individual tree shelters or a stock-proof fence and rabbit
guards (see Tree Planting).

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 References and Addresses

The Landscape of South Somerset South Somerset District Council 1993

(A Landscape Assessment)
Residential Design Guide South Somerset District Council 1995
Badgers and Development South Somerset District Council 1994
Bats and Planning South Somerset District Council 1994
Guide to Tree Planting South Somerset District Council 1993

Police Architectural Liaison Home Office Crime Prevention Centre

Manual of Guidance Police Headquarters, Cannock Road,
Stafford ST1 7QC (01785 58217)

British Standards
BS 3936 – Trees, Shrubs, Turf etc.
BS 3998 (1989) – Recommendations for Tree Works
BS 4428 (1989) – Code of Practice for General Landscape Operations
BS 5837 (1991) – Guide for Trees in Relation to Construction

National House-Building Council Standards – Ch.4.2 “Building near Trees” (Updated 1992)
Building Research Digest 298: The influence of trees on house foundations in clay soils
Arboricultural Association The Landscape Institute
Ampfield House 6/7 Barnard Mews
Ampfield Clapham
Nr Romsey London SW11 1QU
Hants SO51 9PA 0171 738 9166
(01794) 68717
National Rivers Authority (SW Region)
British Association of (Provides design guidance on residential development
Landscape Industries (BALI) and water environment)
Landscape House Planning Liaison Officer
9 Henry Street South West Region
Keighley Rivers House
West Yorkshire BD21 3DR East Quay
(01535) 606139 Bridgwater
Somerset TA6 4YS
County Archaeologist (01278) 457333
County Hall
The Crescent Somerset Environmental Records Centre
Taunton Pickney
Somerset TA1 4DY Kingston St Mary
(01823) 333451 Taunton
Somerset
English Nature TA2 8AS
Roughmoor (01823) 451778
Bishops Hull
Taunton Somerset Wildlife Trust
Somerset TA1 5AA Fyne Court
(01823) 283211 Broomfield
Bridgwater
Somerset TA5 2EQ
(01823) 451587

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