Lecture 3.1 - EEG

Lecture 5.
2 Electroencephalography (EEG)
Electroencephalography is the science of study of Electrical activity of brain.

Electroencephalograph is the instrument used to record the EEG waveform.
Recorded waveform is called Electroencephalogram.
EEG or the brain waves are the summation of neural depolarizations in the
brain due to stimuli from five sensors and thought.
EEG electrodes are smaller than ECG electrodes. The activity measured by
EEG are electrical potential created by the post-synaptic currents. It’s an
effective method for diagnosing many neurological disorders such as epilepsy,
tumour, etc.
Fig.5.2.1 EEG waveform,

Electrodes:
In general, 25 electrodes are used in EEG test but no. of electrode may vary as
per the EEG requirement and area of investigation. In 25 electrode EEG
system, 23 electrodes are active electrodes,1 is ground electrode and another
1 is ref electrode.
10-20 SYTEM:
It’s a method to describe and apply the location of scalp electrodes. This
system is based on the relationship between the electrode and underlying
cerebral cortex. The10 and 20 refer the actual distance between the adjacent
electrodes.
Fig.5.2.2 10-20 system
Diagram of EEG Instrument
Fig.5.2.3. Block diagram of EEG Instrument
The basic block diagram of an EEG machine is shown above. The function of
each block in the system is described below.
1) Montage selector:
Montages are patterns of connections between the electrodes and the

recording channels. The montage selection switch is used for selecting a
particular channel. Different channels convey different information. Montages
are always symmetrical and hence in the 10-20 electrode placement system
the electrodes are also placed symmetrically. The EEG signals are transmitted
from the electrodes to the montage selector panel. The montage selector of
an EEG machine is a large frame which consists of different switches so as to
allow the user to select the desired electrode pair.
2) Pre-amplifier
The function of pre-amplifiers in the EEG measuring system is clear from the
name itself. As the EEG signals are having amplitude levels in microvolt range
it is compulsory that they are to be amplified before further processing. It is to
ensure that the information from the EEG electrodes is not affected by any
external noise. We normally use high gain, high CMRR operational amplifiers
as preamplifiers due to its versatile features.
3) Filters and amplifiers
The muscle artifacts (noise) are a major problem regarding the EEG waveform.
These noises can make the representation dishonest. So, we have to filter out
these noise contents. This function is done by a bank of filters in the EEG
machine systems, which are selected according to the need. Amplifiers are
used here also to improve the amplitude levels of EEG waveform.
4) Analog to Digital Converters (ADC)
For the detailed analysis of the EEG waveform, we use computers and
oscilloscopes. As the computers only accept digital data, we have to convert
the analog EEG information in to digital form. The function of ADC is to
convert the analog EEG signal to digital form. Thus, the computer can store
the EEG waveform for future reference.
5) Writing recorder and paper drive
The writing part of an EEG machine is usually consisting of an ink type direct
writing recorder. The recorder will be a chart paper which is driven by a
synchronous motor. For the clear representation of the EEG waveform an
accurate and stable paper drive mechanism is provided by the synchronous
motor. Also, there are provisions to control the paper speed.
Types of waves: 1. Delta wave 2. Theta wave 3 Alpha wave 4. Beta wave
5.Gamma wave.
1. Delta wave
Its frequency range is 1-4hz. It can be recorded with an electroencephalogram

and usually associated with slow wave sleep (SWS).
Location: frontally in adults, posteriorly in children; high amplitude waves
2. Theta wave
Two types of theta wave described as: Hippocampal theta wave which is
observed in hippocampus and cortical theta wave which low frequency
component of scalp EEG frequency range from 4-7Hz
3 Alpha waves
Alpha waves are detected by electroencephalography and

magnetoencephalography. It’s mainly originated from occipital lobe during
relaxation with closed eyes. Its frequency range is 8-12 Hz
Location: posterior regions of head, both sides, higher in amplitude on

dominant side. Central sites (c3-c4) at rest.
4. Beta wave
Its frequency range is 12-30hz. Beta activity is increased when movement

have to be resisted. beta waves have three sections: high beta
waves(19hz), beta waves(15-18hz), low beta waves (12-15hz).
Location: both sides, symmetrical distribution, most evident frontally; low
amplitude waves
5. Gamma wave
Its frequency range is 25- 100hz. Location: Somatosensory cortex

Amplitude of EEG signals
EEG voltage signals represent differences between two electrode that can be
between two active electrode or between reference electrode and active
electrode.
In adult EEG amplitude lie between 10 microvolts to 100 microvolts

from and 10-20mv when measured from subdural electrode
Recording of Evoked potential
Evoked potential is a specific pattern of electrical potential recorded from a

specific part of nervous system.
These are used to measure the electrical activity in certain areas of the brain
and spinal cord.
Electrical activity is produced by stimulation of specific sensory nerve
pathways.
Types of Evoked potential
There are;
1.Visual Evoked Potentials (VEP): the patient sits before a screen in which
alternating patterns are displayed.
2. Auditory Evoked Potentials (AEP): the patient listens to a series of clicks in
each ear.
3. Sensory Evoked Potentials (SEP): short electrical impulses are
administered on the arm or leg.
4. Motor Evoked Potentials (MEP): these can detect disruption on a motor
pathway of the brain or spinal cord.
Few applications of evoked potential recording
1.BERA (brain evoked response audiometry)

2.VEP test (visual evoked Potential test)
3. Brain evoked test for multiple sclerosis
Computerized analysis of EEG

For rapid and accurate interpretation, it needs constant analysis of the EEG.
Therefore, computerized EEG signal processing is employed to extract the
frequency and amplitude in simple form.

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Lecture 5.

Electroencephalography is the science of study of Electrical activity of brain.

Fig.5.2.1 EEG waveform,

Fig.5.2.3. Block diagram of EEG Instrument

Montages are patterns of connections between the electrodes and the

3) Filters and amplifiers

4) Analog to Digital Converters (ADC)

5) Writing recorder and paper drive

Its frequency range is 1-4hz. It can be recorded with an electroencephalogram

Alpha waves are detected by electroencephalography and

Location: posterior regions of head, both sides, higher in amplitude on

Its frequency range is 12-30hz. Beta activity is increased when movement

Its frequency range is 25- 100hz. Location: Somatosensory cortex

In adult EEG amplitude lie between 10 microvolts to 100 microvolts

Recording of Evoked potential

Evoked potential is a specific pattern of electrical potential recorded from a

Types of Evoked potential

Few applications of evoked potential recording

1.BERA (brain evoked response audiometry)

Computerized analysis of EEG

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