PEH-12 Quarter 4 WK 5-7

1
Philippine Christian University

Sampaloc 1, Dasmariñas City, Cavite 4114
SENIOR HIGH SCHOOL
S.Y. 2020-2021
MODULE IN PHYSICAL EDUCATION AND HEALTH

(GRADE 12)
QUARTER 4 - WEEK 11- 13 (APRIL 26 - MAY 14, 2021)
LESSON 5 - 8
“Dressing: Triangular Bandaging, Cravat and types of Knot”
Hiking is an awesome way to get active outside. Before setting out on your hike though,
it's important to properly prepare, especially for you safety. Mountaineers will not need every item
on every trip, but essential equipment can be a lifesaver in an emergency.
In this lesson, you will learn more on mountaineering safety essentials, techniques of proper
dressing /bandaging, knot tying and the importance of such materials for safety and survival in
mountaineering.
At the end of this lesson, you are expected to:

• Identify the function of dressing and bandages ,
• Demonstrate the appropriate bandaging techniques for common unintentional injuries in hiking;
• Learn the importance of giving first aid to the injured person.
Disclaimer: This module is adapted and modified from the source materials listed in the references list. This is an
exclusive property of Philippine Christian University-Dasmariñas SHS and is provided only to enrolled students for their
academic use. This module is provided for free by the school through softcopy and/or printed media. Reproduction of
this module without official permission is prohibited
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Directions:
Using the word loop, look for the words associated with Hiking Essentials, Techniques
and First-Aid. Circle the word and rewrite it in the box in the opposite box, write the description
below.
WORD LOOP DESCRIPTION
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The proper bandage properly applied can aid materially

in the recovery of a patient. A carelessly or improperly
applied bandage can cause discomfort to the patient; in
many instances it may expose the wound to danger of
infection; it may even imperil the life of the patient.
Dressings vary greatly in nature and size, so it is
important to select the correct dressing for use on a
specific wound. It is essential; therefore, we need to
become familiar with the various dressing /bandages
and be able to apply them properly.
A dressing is used to protect a wound and prevent infection, but also to allow healing.
A dressing should be large enough to totally cover the wound, with a safety margin of about 2.5
cm on all sides beyond the wound. A sterile dressing may be used to control bleeding from a
major wound or to absorb any discharge from a minor wound.
Dressings vary greatly in nature and size, so it is important to select the correct dressing
for use on a specific wound. A sterile dressing which is past its expiry date should NOT be used.
A bandage is used in combination with a dressing where a wound is present.
Sterile wound dressings

Wound dressings will be in a sterile packet, which should
be opened carefully by a person with clean or gloved hands.
Then, to avoid contamination of the sterile dressing, it is not
removed from the opened packet until the wound is ready to be
covered. Dressings used to control bleeding must be bulky to
ensure that adequate pressure is applied over the injured area.
The most common dressing is made of combined wool or
cellulose, covered in a light cotton woven fabric, and these are
generally known as ‘combine dressings’.
Sterile gauze squares are used mainly for cleaning a wound. Cotton wool should NOT be used
because of loose cotton fibers that might stick to the wound during healing.
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Sterile non-adherent dressings
Very light dressings are used on a minor wound to aid
healing and most have a non-adherent surface. A non-adherent
dressing is often covered on one or both sides with a plastic film
containing many perforations. If only one side has a plastic film,
that is the side to be placed against the wound. This allows fluids
to pass through into an absorbent layer, to keep the wound dry.
Other types of non-adherent dressing have a special

synthetic coating on one or both sides to prevent adhesion to the
wound surface. The non-adherent layer is always placed against the
wound. To reduce confusion and incorrect use, some manufacturers
make both sides on adherent.
Non-adherent dressings are used for extensive surface wounds

such as an abrasion (graze) or burn.
Improvised dressings
In an emergency a dressing may be improvised from a range of materials. To control
bleeding a bulky pad may be made from a bundle of several facial tissues or from any clean,
non-fluffy material.
For a minor burn or

scald, a piece of clean plastic
kitchen wrap may be used
initially. However, if the burn is
serious, it is vital to use only sterile
coverings to avoid the risk of
infection. Cooling should be
continued until a sterile dressing is
available.
5
A bandage is used to hold a dressing in place over a wound, to create pressure over a
bleeding wound for control of hemorrhage, to secure a splint to an injured part of the body, and
to provide support to an injured part.
A bandage should never be applied directly over a wound; it should be used only to hold
in place the dressing which covers a wound. A bandage should be applied firmly and fastened
securely. It should not be applied so tightly that it stops circulation or so loosely that it allows the
dressing to slip. If bandages work themselves loose or become unfastened, wounds may bleed,
they may become infected, and broken bones may become further displaced. It is essential,
therefore, that bandages be properly applied and well secured.
Types of Bandages
Triangular bandage is used as an arm sling or as a pad to control bleeding. It may also be
used to support or immobilize an injury to a bone or joint or as improvised padding over a
painful injury.
Gauze bandages are common and very versatile thin, woven, and breathable
fabric bandages that can be used to secure a dressing in place, or may be placed directly
over a wound to keep it clean while allowing air to penetrate to improve the healing process.
Adhesive bandage a sterile compress of layers of gauze or other material, affixed to a fabric
or film coated with a pressure-sensitive adhesive.
Elastic bandage is a "stretchable bandage used to create localized pressure"
6
Triangular Bandages and Cravat Bandages

The triangular bandage is used for the temporary or permanent bandaging of wounds,
the immobilization of factures and dislocations, and as a sling for the support of an injured part
of the body. It is valuable in emergency bandaging since it is quickly and easily applied, stays
on well, and can be improvised from a piece of shirt, an old sheet, a large handkerchief, or any
other pliable material of suitable size. Unbleached muslin is generally used in making triangular
bandages, although linen, wool, or silk may be used satisfactorily.
The standard size of triangle bandages is 40x40x56 inches (102x102x142 cm).

However, you can sometimes find them in other sizes too. The long side of the triangle is called
the "base", the point opposite the base is called the "apex", and the points at each end of the
base are called the "end tails" or "extremities".
This bandage may be used either as a triangle or as a cravat, the latter being made from
the triangle by bringing the apex to the base and folding it upon itself a sufficient number of
times to obtain the desired width.
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When using a triangular bandage it is important to use a reef knot to secure it in place. A
reef knot is a flat knot that will not slip undone and, if correctly placed on the body, is
comfortable for the patient.
a) Wrap the left end of the bandage over and then under the right end to start the knot.
b) Wrap the right end over and then under the left end to complete the knot.
c) Pull the knot tightly from both sides to ensure that it will lie flat.
8
Triangle of Forehead or Scalp
The triangle of forehead or scalp is used to hold

dressings on the forehead or scalp.
a) Place middle of base of triangle so that edge is just

above the eyebrows and bring apex backward,
allowing it to drop over back of head (occiput). Bring
ends of triangle backward above ears.
b) Cross ends over apex at occiput, carry ends around
forehead, and tie them in a square knot
c) Turn up apex of bandage toward top of head. Pin
with safety pin or tuck in behind crossed part of
bandage.
Cravat of Head or Ear
The purpose of this bandage is to apply pressure to control hemorrhage from wounds of
scalp, or to hold dressings on wounds of ear or lower scalp.
a) Place middle of cravat over dressing.

b) Pass each end completely around head.
c) Tie in square knot.
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Triangular Arm Sling
The triangular arm sling (brachio-cervical triangle) is used for the support of fractures or
injuries of hand, wrist, and forearm. Two versions of this sling are discussed below.
A. In this method of applying the sling, the forearm is supported from both shoulders by the sling.
a) Bend arm at elbow so that little finger is about a hand

breadth above level of elbow.
b) Place one end of triangle over shoulder on injured side
and let bandage hang down over chest with base
toward hand and apex toward elbow.
c) Slip bandage between body and arm.
d) Carry lower end up over shoulder on uninjured side.
e) Tie the two ends, by square knot, at the neck. Knot
should be on either side of neck, not in the middle
where it could cause discomfort when patient is lying
on back.
f) Draw apex of bandage toward elbow until snug, bring
it around to front, and fasten with safety pin or
adhesive tape.
B. If it is desirable to support the forearm without pressure on the collarbone or shoulder of the
injured side, the following steps are taken.
a. Bend arm at elbow so that the little finger is about a

hand breath above level of elbow.
b. Drape upper end of triangle over uninjured shoulder.
c. Slip bandage between body and arm.
d. Carry lower end up over flexed forearm (ends of fingers
should extend slightly beyond base of triangle).
e. Slide lower end of bandage under injured shoulder
between arm and body and secure the two ends with a
square knot.
f. Draw apex toward elbow until snug, and secure with
safety pin or adhesive tape.
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Triangle of Shoulder
The triangle of the shoulder is used to hold
dressings on wounds of the shoulder. Two
bandages are required, one a triangle and the
other a cravat, roller bandage, or belt.
a) Place center of cravat, roller bandage,
or belt, at base of neck on injured side,
and fasten just forward of opposite
armpit.
b) Slide apex of open triangle under
cravat at base of neck and place over
dressing on injured shoulder and upper
arm. Turn up cuff at base.
c) Bring ends around arm and tie.
d) Secure apex to cravat at neck by
tucking in, or with safety pin.
Triangle of Hip
The triangle of the hip is used to hold dressings on the buttock or hip. It requires two
bandages, one a triangle and the other a cravat, roller bandage, or belt.
a) Fasten cravat, roller

bandage, or belt around
waist.
b) Place base of triangle below
buttock (gluteo-femoral fold),
and slide apex under cravat
at waist. Fold base upward
to form cuff and carry ends
of base around thigh.
c) Tie ends of base with square
knot. Fasten apex to waist
cravat with safety pin or by
tucking under.
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Triangle of Foot
The triangle of the foot is used to
hold dressings of considerable size on
the foot.
a. Center foot upon bandage

at right angles to base, with
heel well forward of base.
b. Carry apex of triangle over
toes to ankle, and tuck excess
fullness of bandage into small
pleats on each side of foot.
c. Cross each half of
bandage toward opposite
side of ankle. d. Bring ends of
triangle around ankle. e. Tie
ends in square knot.
Triangle of Hand
The triangle of the hand is used to hold
dressings of considerable size on the
hand.
a. Place middle of base of triangle
well up on palmar surface of wrist.
b. Carry apex around ends of fingers.
Cover back (dorsum) of hand to
wrist, and tuck excess fullness of
bandage into small pleats on each
side of hand.
c. Cross each half of bandage
toward opposite side of wrist. d.
Bring ends of triangle around
wrist. e. Tie ends in square knot.
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Cravat of Jaw
The cravat of jaw (mento-vertico-occipital cravat) is used to hold dressings on the chin,
cheeks, and scalp and as a temporary support to immobilize a fractured or dislocated jaw.
a) After making a triangular bandage into a cravat of proper width, place it under the chin
and carry ends upward with one end longer than the other.
b) Bring longer end over top of head. Cross both ends on side of head. (Ends should now
be of equal length.)
c) Pass ends around head in opposite directions and tie with square knot on other side of
head on primary turn of cravat.
Cravat Bandage of Eye

The cravat bandage of the eye is used to hold a dressing over the eye. Two cravats are
required.
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a) Lay center of first cravat over top of head with the front end falling over uninjured eye.
b) Bring second cravat around head, over eyes, and over loose ends of first cravat. Tie in
front.
c) Bring ends of first cravat back over top of head, tying there and pulling second cravat
up and away from uninjured eye.
Shoulder-Armpit Cravat
The shoulder-armpit cravat (bis-axillary) is used to hold dressings in the armpit (axilla) or on the
shoulder.
a) Place cravat over dressing

in armpit so the front end is
longer than the back. Carry
the ends upward.
b) Bring ends across each other
over top of shoulder.
c) Cross ends over back and
chest respectively to opposite
armpit. Tie ends just in front of
uninjured armpit.
Cravat of Elbow
The cravat of the elbow is used to hold dressings around the elbow.
a. Bend arm at elbow and place

center of cravat at point of elbow
(olecranon).
b. Bring ends up and across
each other in overlapping
spiral turns. Continue one end
up arm and the other end
down forearm.
c. Bring ends to front of elbow
(antecubital fossa), and tie.
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Cravat of Knee
The cravat of the knee is used to hold dressings around the knee.
a. Place center of cravat over kneecap and let ends hang down each side of knee.
a. 6. Cross ends underneath and continues several overlapping descending turns down
calf, and several overlapping ascending turns up thigh.
b. Bring ends together and tie under knee.
Cravat of Legs
The cravat of the leg is used to hold
dressings on the leg.
a. Place center of cravat over

dressing.
b. Begin ascending turns with upper
end, and descending turns with
lower end, with each turn covering
two-thirds of preceding turn until
dressing is covered.
c. Terminate by tying both ends in
square knot.
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Cravat of Palm of Hand
This bandage is used to hold dressing on the palm of the hand.
a. Lay center of cravat over center of

palm of hand with ends hanging
down each side.
b. Bring the thumb end across back of
hand, over palm, and through hollow
between thumb and palm.
c. Bring the other end across back of hand,
toward base of thumb, and obliquely
across palm to base of little finger.
d. Cross both ends at back of hand.
e. Continue procedure, ends crossing first
at back of hand and then over palm.
f. Tie in square knot at wrist.
KNOT TYING is a simple mechanical skill, a skill that you will never forget,
but it takes practice, repetition in other words so the skills become natural.
It is an important skill that will save your life in a survival situation in hiking
mountain. Knot is useful tying up bundles and packages. It is also used for first aid,
where it can be used to tie a bandage around a wound to stop the bleeding quickly.
While there are literally thousands of knots, in reality a person can probably get
by with about ten good knots committed to memory. Even in this day of straps with
buckles and bungee cord, knot tying is still a key outdoor skill that at a minimum can
make your life easier and at times could even save a life in a survival situation requiring
first aid or rescue work.
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One of the most basic knots is

the Square knot, which is a type of
end knot. The reef knot, or square knot, is an
ancient and simple binding knot used to secure a
rope or line around an object. It is sometimes
also referred to as a Hercules knot. The knot is
formed by tying a left-handed overhand knot and
then a right-handed overhand knot, or vice versa. A
common mnemonic for this procedure is "right
over left; left over right",
Overhand knot is the simplest type

of knot. It is made by crossing the rope end
around the standing part to form a loop,
bringing the rope’s end through the loop,
and pulling the rope taut.
Figure eight knot (Flemish Bend ) is one of

the strongest knots. It forms a secure, non-slip loop at the
end of a rope. This is the most widely used tie-in knot by
mountain climbers.
Sheepshank is a simple knot useful for

temporarily shortening a rope. It can be used to
strengthen a rope at its weak point by placing the
weak part in the middle between the two loops.
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Slip knot is a stopper knot

which is easily undone by pulling
the tail. It will tighten around an
object when pulled from the
"short end" if not attached to an
object it will pull through (untie).
Bowline forms a loop that cannot slip.

It is frequently referred to as a rescue knot
due to its use in rescue harnesses.
Clove hitch is used to temporarily

fasten a rope to a spar, mast, tree trunk,
and so on. It is made by passing the rope’s
end around an object and then crossing it
over the rope’s standing part to form a
loop, then passing the end around the
object again to form a second loop, through
which the end is passed.
Timber hitch is a knot used to attach a single

length of rope to a cylindrical object. Secure while tension
is maintained, it is easily untied even after heavy loading.
Beginning for diagonal lashing, drawing the spars
together. It does not jam or slip, no matter how heavy the
load and is easy to tie and untie.
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( Rope Work)
A lashing is an arrangement of rope, wire, or webbing with linking device used to secure
and fasten two or more items together in a somewhat rigid manner. Lashings are most
commonly applied to timber poles, and are commonly associated with cargo, containerization,
the Scouting movement, and sailors.
Mountaineers, scouts and campers use lashings to build camp gadgets and improve
their campsites for comfort and convenience, including the building of rafts to use for
camping and survival situation requiring first aid or rescue work. Lashings are also used to
create structures such as bridges and towers, using ropes and wooden spars.
SQUARE lashing used to bind spars together. There

are different types, but all consist of a series of wraps around
the spars, and fraps around the wraps between the spars.
ROUND LASHING most frequently used

to join two poles together to extend their length. In
the simple version, a clove hitch is tied around both
poles and there is no frapping turns.
DIAGONAL lashing used to bind spars or poles together, to

prevent racking. It gets its name from the fact that the wrapping
turns cross the poles diagonally and is used to spring poles
together where they do not touch as in the X-brace of a trestle.
TRIPOD lashing used to join three

spars together to form a tripod
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Informative Video
( GROUP WORK )
Direction: Make a (8-15 minutes) Informative video.
 The whole class will be divided into 2 groups (Group A and Group B).
 Each group should present (1) Informative video about
”Hiking Essentials, Techniques and First-Aid”
 All members must be seen on the video presentation.
 Each part of the video must contain surname of the presenter.
 Use proper attire when presenting your video demonstration.
 To be o submitted by your Group leader or Assistant leader ONLY on your Google
classroom, ( The leaders must attach the list of the members private comment while the
Members must leave a comment of their group letter)
 Use the file name: Group-Letter_Strand-Section. (E.g. Group-A_Sports_B-Jacob)
 The Informative video must follow the given format and content bellow.
I- VIDEO FORMAT
 Front Page of the video
 First Page: Title of the Informative video , Strand and Section, and Group
letter
:
J
 Second Page: Strand and Section, Group letter and Members

(Surname only, Alphabetical and Separate boys from girls)
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II- CONTENT OF THE VIDEO

 Introduction (Mountaineering, Hiking and Trekking)
 Common hiking injuries and illnesses ( at least 3 )
 Hiking Checklist (Essentials for Hiking)
 First Aid
 Dressing
 Bandaging (Parts and folds)
Own Demonstration
(Different folds of triangular bandage)
(5 - Cravat bandaging)
 Knot tying
Own Demonstration
( 8 – knot tying techniques )
 Lashing
Own Demonstration
( 4 – Lashing techniques )
 References
(WEB sites, books, etc.)
The criteria for this activity given below
CATEGORY %
Video Presentation
30 %
(Video Quality, Audio format, Instructions )
Demonstration
30 %
( Bandaging, Lashing and Knot tying )
Content, Organization and Delivery 40 %
100%
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SMART HYPE- Healthy Youth in Physical Education (Recreational for Active and Healthy
Life style- Raymond M. Anselmo (Pages 87-108)
Family Emergency Handbook –Alyce Bolander (Pages 68-74)
https://www.google.com/search?q=cravat+phase+bandaging&source=lmns&hl=en&sa=X&ve
d=2ahUKEwjS9uHgsozwAhUGfpQKHdMeA68Q_AUoAHoECAEQAA
https://encrypted-
tbn0.gstatic.com/images?q=tbn:ANd9GcSwhlYHCxumPPRxs1RkOjbr1mm1okC0Scj2p7y-
idbX7FVbaZe7lxy6vHC4HnXPKokilrU&usqp=CAU
https://encrypted-tbn0.gstatic.com/images?q=tbn:ANd9GcTD3AxqRA4WQ-
jhIaaxMeaVzRo_WxTLtOE9OA&usqp=CAU
https://encrypted-
tbn0.gstatic.com/images?q=tbn:ANd9GcTWo6FP5R90Jeo_YuVjpxQxFh60tHAt-
QoDlw&usqp=CAU
https://www.pngitem.com/middle/Txhxmm_cartoon-computer-icons-drawing-woman-girl-
thinking-clipart/
https://www.netknots.com/rope_knots/top-10-rope-knots
https://www.backpacker.com/skills/the-top-10-wilderness-maladies/
Prepared by: Checked by: Noted by:
Mr. Jayvee Loria Ms. Ma. Cristina B. Dioso Mario S. Mecate, Ph.D.
Subject Teacher Subject Coordinator Principal

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1

Philippine Christian University

MODULE IN PHYSICAL EDUCATION AND HEALTH

QUARTER 4 - WEEK 11- 13 (APRIL 26 - MAY 14, 2021)

At the end of this lesson, you are expected to:

WORD LOOP DESCRIPTION

The proper bandage properly applied can aid materially

Sterile wound dressings

Other types of non-adherent dressing have a special

Non-adherent dressings are used for extensive surface wounds

For a minor burn or

Elastic bandage is a "stretchable bandage used to create localized pressure"

Triangular Bandages and Cravat Bandages

The standard size of triangle bandages is 40x40x56 inches (102x102x142 cm).

Triangle of Forehead or Scalp

The triangle of forehead or scalp is used to hold

a) Place middle of base of triangle so that edge is just

Cravat of Head or Ear

a) Place middle of cravat over dressing.

a) Bend arm at elbow so that little finger is about a hand

a. Bend arm at elbow so that the little finger is about a

a) Fasten cravat, roller

a. Center foot upon bandage

Cravat Bandage of Eye

a) Place cravat over dressing

a. Bend arm at elbow and place

a. Place center of cravat over

Cravat of Palm of Hand

This bandage is used to hold dressing on the palm of the hand.

a. Lay center of cravat over center of

One of the most basic knots is

common mnemonic for this procedure is "right

over left; left over right",

Overhand knot is the simplest type

Figure eight knot (Flemish Bend ) is one of

Sheepshank is a simple knot useful for

Slip knot is a stopper knot

Bowline forms a loop that cannot slip.

Clove hitch is used to temporarily

Timber hitch is a knot used to attach a single

SQUARE lashing used to bind spars together. There

ROUND LASHING most frequently used

DIAGONAL lashing used to bind spars or poles together, to

TRIPOD lashing used to join three

Direction: Make a (8-15 minutes) Informative video.

 Second Page: Strand and Section, Group letter and Members

II- CONTENT OF THE VIDEO

The criteria for this activity given below

Content, Organization and Delivery 40 %

Life style- Raymond M. Anselmo (Pages 87-108)

Family Emergency Handbook –Alyce Bolander (Pages 68-74)

Prepared by: Checked by: Noted by:

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