CLASS -12

SOLUTION NOTES
HANDWRITTEN
[ PYQ Included]

Designed with *¥9B

Sir
Bharat Panchal
Solutions homogeneous
It is a mixture of two
or more
components }• uniform
composition
e.
g one tablespoon of sugar in water ↳ one phase
'
solute → component present in small amount system
.

component present in large

solvent → amount

• Wrs → Mass of solute WT -

-
WA two
*
WA → Mass of solvents ↳ Total mass of solution
Aqueous solution solution in which water is present
with water
in large amount e.g ethanol
-

solution is
Non Aqueous solution in which water
-

Benzene with
not amount e.
g
present in large toluene

Q Why oil and water do not mix ? NCERT

is
water is polar in Nature but oil
non
At Because
-

polar in nature .
.

g. what do you mean by Binary solution ?

solute and
At such type of solution containing one

solution
solvent called Binary
.

one
water
eJ Alcohol and solution ?
by ternary
9 what do you
mean
solutes and
At such type of solution containing two

ternary solution
one solvent called
UNSATURATED SOLUTION .

SOLUTION
SATURATED
Those solution
in which
at
fixed tents and Pressure ,
more solute
in which no more and
those solution
solute can be dissolved can be dissolved .

more
Solution Concentrated Solution
Dilute
in
Such type of solution
in such type of solution
in which acid is present
which acid is present
called
and water in small quantity
small quantity solution
is present in large quantity concentrated .
Q Distinguish b/w Alco Sol and aquas 01 ?
And Alco Sol Alcohol is solvent .

is solvent .

Sol water
Aqua
In which solid is solvent .

Solid solution

In which liquid is solvent

liquid solution
.

In which gas is solvent

Gaseous solution
.

Determine no -

of moles
Sucrose cameo, ,]
cNH< CONTI )
"' 3*288
{
d) 60g of urea
0.01 mole
n=
wm-r.gg , smote
n=W_m 3%2-2= =

mass Percentage : It is defined as mass of one component

present in ber 100 barts of solution

mass %
of solute
= mass of solute ✗ 10°
man solution
of
Mass % of solvent = mass of solvent ✗ 100
mass of solution
with of
Q It 22g of chloroform ( CHCH , ) present 122g
each
etnanni toile Determine mass i. age of
.

Any of CHCI
mass
22g ofccla
ggmass
=
, %

Mass of CH CN
122g mass of Caa
=
, =
✗ no
Soka
CHCI man of
Man %
of CHCI
,
= mass of ,
✗"
°

19¥ ✗
=

of Solution
100
man
=

7%6×100 = 1527% = 84.73%

 What do YOU mean by - •
30% Glucose
WW
Has 04
¥
•
I Y
.

✗ % ethanol
If
7 Parts Per million ( ppm)
when very small quantity
called
amount of solution
of solute present in large ,

ppm
08
is in per
It defined as parts of solute present
million parts of solution called ppm .

10°
ppm
wwB_,
=
✗

9 contains 0.5mg of fluoride ions

It
500g toothpaste
then determine amount of fluoride ions in term do ppm

AI ppm 0.5 ✗ 10-3

10°
=
=L ppm
✗
500
1 Mass Fraction
•

It is the ratio of mass of one component

to the mass
of total components .

✗A WA
fraction of A
=

: Man
WA two -1W,
-

Xp WB
fraction of B
=

i
Man
WA + wrg -1 We

Scc
=
We
5
Mass fraction of a

WA -1W ☐ + we

fraction of solution
Mass =L

is unit less quantity

fraction a .

→ man
 What do you mean by mole fraction ?
Q
moles of one
Auf It is the ratio of no of
.

moles of solution
component to the total no of
.

Kai )
is denoted by X or R ( Chi
-

It

xB=nB_
n?nI-ng
✗A =
;
bharatpanchal 92
nathps
•
Mole fraction of solution =L .

-4 moles of methanol
9- Calculate mole fraction of
with 6 moles of ethanol .

nema=÷
At ✗ ✗ methanol
!
%
=
ethanol ,
nsolxu
Q calculate mole fraction for 30% methanol in
aqueous solution ?
in 100g solution
At 30% methanol 30g solution
water in 100g
is water
remaining 70% Fog

nm ethanol
=wm- 3,0-2 _-wm_=¥g
n
= water

now'
¥
=

✗ method =
NmeMa = °"

✗ water = 1-0.19 insolation % +

Yg
= 0.81

9. MOLARITY MOLALITY
is defined
It is defined as no .
It as no .

of
solute dissolved moles
of Solute dissolved
of moles of
in solvent
in per litre of solution per kg of
'
Unit Mol
-

molalorm
unit : Mol 1-1 or Molar or M :
kg or

bottle moles of solute

Molarity =
no -
of moles of molality hoof =

Man of solvent in
Hot
of Solution in L kg .
A-
wm÷×¥÷ ,
where
, w☐= mass of solute
solute
Mrs -
- Molar mass of
in Mb

m=wm÷×%÷g ,
VCMD = Volume

WACG) = Man of solvent ing

9 How can you distinguish 0.5 molar NaOH $ 0.5 Molal
NaOH present in aqueous solution ?
dissolved
Ami_0.5molarNa@means0.s moles NaOH
-

in her like volume of solution

Moles NaOH dissolved
05 Molal Naoh means 0.5

in amount of Solvent .

her kg
molarity
is the effect of temperature
on
9 what
and molality ?
molarity (M)
As with increase in temperature ,

involves V01 C Tempt Volt )

because it ,
.

decreases
cm) is unaffected
On the other hand , molality
because it involves mass not volume .

in 200
Q Calculate molarity of 4.gg of Hasa c.
cg
an aqueous solution ?
At 025m01 "
M=
÷ Y÷m %- Y°÷
=

✗ ✗
,
,
NaOH in Ag; Solution
Calculate molality cm) of 20% by mass
9
NaOH in 100g solution
Ani 20% NaOH means 20g
NaOH in 80g Water
or
20g "
6-25 mole
M'

WmB_☐✗1°w÷g ,
I÷?✗ 1%1,0-1 =
5% =

15% ( by mass )
9- Calculate
molarity cm ) and molality ( m) for
Potassium iodide CKI] in aqueous solution ( where
density of som is 1.25g 1mL ] 159 KI

AI 15% KI in
aq .
solution means f- 100g
- 85g water
Solution
 Density =
1.2591mL -
.

MIT V01 .
=

1÷g
is molality ( m)
wm☐_,✗%÷g ÷✗÷g
:

1^5 '
=
= 1. 06m01
,
ii] Molarity (M )

wm÷xY÷my=¥g✗l÷✗
"

125--11 M" "

solubility { Dissolution
temp mate
or
'

mum
miscibility }
amount
:

of solute Ingrams
particular
"
at becomes
a ,
that solution
dissolved in particular quantity of solvent so

saturated
"

solubility of solid
in liquid

Temperature
°

exothermic process
, opnegmi, process
Temp increases solubility
Temp increases solubility of ,
,

in decreases
solid in liquid increases of solid liquid .

•
like dissolve like { Nature of solute and solvent }
•
Polar dissolve polar • Non -
Polar dissolve non bolas -

NaOH Benzene + Toluene

eg
HU + eg
•
Polar don't dissolve
non -
bolas
Oil
e.g Hao +

☒ Solubility of Gases in liquid

•
Temperature increases solubility of gas decreases
If temp ,

Pressure
of gas dissolved
( Henry Law )
•

Mass
Acc
"
.
to Henry 's Law,
"

is directly proportional to pressure of gas

b ✗ " B
In terms
of solubility m=kµp
D= kn XB
"
← mole fraction
c solubility )
Henry 's
constant

Ku →
Henry 's constant

Application :-
 Application :-

Vapour Pressure
It is the pressure exerted by
above surface of liquid .

vapours
P
It is denoted by
.

Raou1tylaWwuM is Partial vapour pressure of

equal to the product of
one component
atmospheric
mole fraction of that component
pressure and

I
PA ✗ XA similarly PBXXB
"
Partial mole fraction
PA : HA-HA
v. P of A g-A
PB =
ftp.XB
& Partial v. Pof pure
component
 --
-
In
licforvoalitesotute
4. p of solute
It involves partial

as well as partial
x-P of solvent Daltons
volatile in nature
.
Using
because both
total pressure
are
of
law of partial vapour pressure
:* .

mixture is sum of individial part 4. P 4. P

Py =
PA tbp do of

ba Pb XD
"' "

HA ¥ qq.ua
-

Raoult's law, PA KA -

Acc to
-
,
-
-

So, + Dj
mole

be =
baixa Xp traction
=L xp
Xp =L xp
-

we also know that ✗A +

Pre -
-

ftp.CI-XB ) -1 big XD .

be =
b'A- b'A) ↳ 1- tip XB

for Non Volatile solute

Raoult's law -

It involves partial Xp of solvent only .

! ftp.XB
PB - - - - - - -
-
PB =

;
i

÷ •p÷=%
> XD
✗ B--0 xp =/

PB_ = 1-XA XA : big -

BB
pig bis
bis b☐→ lowering in XP
B-
-

KA -
- 1-
Relative lowering
Pb
PbjJB_ →

in XP

00088 Bharat Panchal -

Chemistry Guruji 2. o
g. why XP of pure Solh of water is greater than v. p of brine
Sol ?
"

At The v. P of bare water is greater because it is

completely vapourised easily .
On the other hand in brine
solution NaCl is non -
volatile in nature So labour .

pressure of this solution is less .

A month 's law this law , temp the solution

According to .
of
is to the solution
directly proportional
time ?
Q Why pressure cooker reduce cooking
increase in tents pressure inside cooker
Ay with ,

increases . So boiling becomes faster .

Ideal Solution Non - ideal solution

Raoult 's law It does not obey Raoults
It obeys
•

law
PA =
HAHA PA # b'A ✗ A
ppg ,
be, .x , PB # b'BXB

•
There should be change
There should be no

enthalby /heat in enthalpy

change in
0
AH -1-0
All =

There should be no change •

There should be change

in volume AV
-
-0 in volume V40

• •
Interaction b/w A B -
components •
Interaction b/w A B -

is similar to A- A $ B B
-
component is not
similar to A- A $ B -
B

e.
g Hexane + Heptane
Acetone Chloroform
CH] OH 1- GHSOH e.g +

Positive Deviation Negative Deviation

Partial V. P of one component partial xp component
•

of one

is greater than YPG that is less than product

component in pure state
of Atm pressure and
mole

multiplied by mole fraction fraction of that component -

of that component > % "B Post big Xp

PB PALKA ✗ A
pa > pig .
✗A
 is is
Change in volume
re
the
-

volume
Change in
•
•

AV = -
ye
AV = + re

Enthalpy of Solh increases Enthalpy of Sdn decreases

•

AH > o cheat absorbed ) AHL 0 Cheat evolved )

•
force of interaction b/w •
force of interaction b/w
than components is stronger than
components is weaker
pure components .
bare components

g
e.
Ha soy 1- H
,
O
CH -
% -

ctlz + CHCI
, }
HMO ] + Hao

and water shows deviation ?

Qwhy a mixture of tysons + re

Auf On mixing ,
tf Soa and Hao , forces of interaction becomes
weaker due to breaking of bonds and it is an
endothermic process where heat is absorbed
hence it shows the deviation .

Azeotrope s : -

{ constant Boiling mixture } and

composition
"
such type of mixtures having fixed "

constant point called azeotrope

boiling
ethanol + Hao )
g Rectified Spirit ( Boiling
e-

Minimum 95% 5%
Maximum Boiling Azeotrope .

Azeotrope ↳ shown by negative

EA shown by positive
deiiatioh
deviation mixture .

mixture
colligate've Properties
: -

of moles
properties which depends upon
" no
Those
.

solute
absolute but not depends upon nature of
.

→ Osmotic Pressure
-
Elevation in Boiling Point Point
→ Depression in freezing
in vapour Pressure
→ Relative lowering

Osmotic Pressure :( Posit)

is particular pressure
"
It the
side
applied at hide concentration

to prevent the osmosis through

membrane
semi permeable-

Mathematical Expression

osmosis low p✗ C C molar conc ) ci ,

High
. -

<
conc
cone .

p✗ T C temperature ) -
Hit

Reverse low
high "
cone
from d) &
ii

conc . Osmosis
pact D= CRT

p
Ry
= CX Gas Constant

D=
my ✗ RXT { c. Molar cone .
}
 py = NRT ideal
gas equation into
↳ For non electrolyte
F-
ixn-XRXTF.ie?xanit factor ]
Hoff
i -1
-

e.
g Glucose

↳ for
electrolyte

m=i×w;: e.g
in
Mace
i -2
-
→ Natta -

Q Prove that osmotic pressure is a

colligate've Property .

08
How can
you determine molar mass using Colligan're
know that property ?
Ay we
= CXRXT
IT
ng ✗ RXT
-

no do moles
Since Osmotic pressure depends upon
.

colligate're
,

a
of solute so we can that it is
say
property .

IT = CXRXT

%☐×1°÷m ,✗R✗T→MÑ%n
do solute
+ =

,
WB ✗ 100
✗ RXT -

MB =

IT ✗ VCMI )

Artificial s.AM can

be made by → cellulose Nitrate
what is the difference between osmosis and Diffusion ?
Ay

→ In this phenomenon the In this the

→
phenomenon
movement
of molecules takes molecule moves from
place from low cone site low
high
.

cone . to cone .

to
high cone .
site
through s.AM
 No s.fm is used
is used
→
→ SAM
solute well as solvent
→
Only solvent molecules can → as

more move towards each other

be reversed be reversed
→ can cant
.

ISOTONIC SOLUTION such type of both having same

osmotic pressure called isotonic Sol !

isotonic with 0.887%

Q A 5% Solution of Cane Sugar is mass of
Sol " solute find the molecular
of unknown .

unknown solute .

unknown
0.887% SOM of
At isotonic with solute
5% Solh of cane
buggy
'
P :p
i CRT = ic RT
'

11%-51*1--1 ( w•_m☐×
08-87 ✗ 6091mi
Iggy ✗ f- f- Mrs
= = =

Mrs
☒ Elevation in Boiling Point ( AB )

defined the temp at which vapour

"
It is as pressure

of solution becomes equal to the atmospheric pressure

It is denoted A. Tb
by .

A- Tb ✗ MC
molality )
Tb =
Kbm
+
molal elevation
constant
or
ebullioscobic
constant .

Unit of Kb A- Tb Kbm
-

Kb = ATB
'
K Mot
=
08 K Kg
I mIkg .
,
G. The b.pt of pure benzene is 353.23K When 1.80g of .

a non volatile solute was dissolved in 90g of

benzene . The B.pt becomes 354.11K .

Calculate molar
Mol
"
)
mass of solute . ( Kb for benzene = 2.52 K Kg
Auf Tb = 353.23K
Tb = Kbm
Tb =
354 11 K .

Wrs
=
KbXWB_ ✗ 1002
18g
:

MB WAC g)
WA
90g
=

088 =
2.52×1.80-111000
A- Tb -
- T -

tf = 0.88K
} Mrs To
2.52×1.80×1000
Mrs =

✗ 90
Point CATF ) :O
'
88
•
Elevation in
Boiling
the temp at which vapour pressure of liquid becomes
"
.

equal to v. P
of solid state It is denoted by Atf
"
.
.

A- ✗ m
Tf
A- Tf =
Kf M

T
cons teen
molal depression
or
cryoscopic constant

A-
Tf Kf =
✗ WB_ ✗ 100£
Mrs WA (g)
A.
Tf =
Tf -

Tf
i Kfm
A- Tf =

f.pt F. Pt
of §
pure 9
solution yanlt Host
solvent factor
 pressure
⇐ Relative lowering in vapour
It is similar
to the Raoult 's law for non -
volatile solute .

bh-p-t.gs = ✗B
HAVE lowering
,
in
v. P

KA -
bs hrs bÑ-p÷ →
Relative
lowering in
p÷=
-

MA + hrs
x-P
.

✗ Be mole fraction of solute

11 " Yan 't Hoff factor Ci )

"
It is the ratio of experimental
've
colligate property to the theoretical colligate're property .

08
"
It is the ratio of theoretical
value molecular mass to the
of
'

experimental value of molecular mass

i = Theoretical molecular mass

Observed molecular mass

for
non -
ele , go ,yµ case-4
elqctoolyte
i.=L 9) For dissociation b) for association of
of ,

e.
of area CNH, Convy ) electrolyte Ci > 1) electrolyte Cios )

Glucose cloth, 06 ) ✗
=im÷ ✗
,?-,
=

1¥ Abnormal Molar Mass :

when the molar mass calculated

by colligate've property is lower or
higher than the

expected value then the calculated mass is called as

,

Abnormal mass .

00888 Bharat Panchal -

Chemistry Guruji a. o
 SOLUTIONS RYQ
* Topic -

Expressing concentrations of solutions .

C 2012 -2014,20177
Q1 .
Define the term ,

b) CM ) c) Mole traction Cx )
a) Molality cm) molarity
m÷
) Molality cm) :
number of moles of solute per
tag of solvent .

= number of moles of solute

WB_MB✗%÷g
M "

mass of solvent c.in kg)

,
) Molarity cm ) : solute dissolved litre solution
number of moles of per of
•

It is denoted by M .

i.
molarity
--M÷%m%%¥→n inline M=WmFs×"÷mu
4 Mole fraction ( K ) : ratio of number of moles of solute or solvent
and total number of moles solution It is
of .

denoted by X .

✗ solute =

L¥¥→n ✗ solvent
=
insolvent
n solution
.

a. Differentiate between molarity and molality in a solution . What is the

effect of temperature change and
on molarity molality in a

solution ? (2011,201-4)
At M°¥H
Number of moles of solute dissolved in one litre solution
is called molarity m ,
of moles of solute
No .

volume of solution in like

2
Molarity decreases with rise in temperature

Molality
Number of moles of solute dissolved in one
big solvent
is called
molality .

m= No .
of moles of solute
Man solvent in
of Kg
Relation between M and M
M Molarity
-
-

M : Md
m
molality
=

1 + MMBC in kg ) D=
density
MBC in kg ) = Molar Mass
in
kg .

93 A solution of ( co Hulk ) in water is labelled as

.

glucose 10% by
weight . What would be the molality of solution going
-

mass of solute =
Any log
solvent
mass of 90g Fox 1%0
-
-

= = 0.61M

m:
wmB_☐✗1%É
 SOLUBILITY :

94 .
animals are more comfortable in cold water than in
why aquatic
warm water ? @ 012,2018, 20197
Aws Increase in temperature decrease the solubility of oxygen in
water It becomes more difficult to breathe as oxygen
.
is less .

Hence aquatic species are not comfortable in warm water .

(2011-20142013)
95 .
State Henry 's law and mention two of its important applications .

2020
At Partial pressure of the gas in vapour phase ( p ) is proportional to the
mole fraction of the gas in solution

p= KHK Where KH Henry is law constant

=
.

Applications
ci , To increase the solubility of CO2 in soft drinks and soda
water ,
the bottle is sealed under
high pressure .

liil To minimise the painful effects of decompression sickness in deep

sea divers oxygen diluted
, with less soluble He
gas is used as

breathing gas .

KH ✗
¥bi,iµ Solubility ✗ temperature
* '
Ah°At high altitudes the , partial pressure of oxygen is less
level As a
than at the
ground .
result ,
there is a low concentration of
oxygen in the blood and tissues
of the people living at
high altitudes .

Thus they feel weak and unable to think

, are
properly .

96 calculate. the
solubility of CO2 in water at 298K under 760 mmHg .

( Ku for coz in water 298K is 1.25×106

at
mmHg )
As p= Knx
solubility : b- =
760 = 608×10-4 .

D= Ku solubility kn t.gg ✗ , of

07 .

Define Raoult 's law . ( 2011, 2012 , 2013,20141

AE The partial pressure each in the solution is
directly
proportional fraction to
of
its mole
component
.

pxx b- fix where -

p P of pure component
-

= v.
X mole
fraction of that
:

component
I t .

For Non Volatile

For Solute
-

Volatile
solute

Ptotal PA + PB
Motel PA
-
.

PA XA + P'B. XB
.

Papal
=
PA -
✗A

=
PICS -
✗ B) + PB XB -

=
Pin -
P'AXB + P'BXB

=
PA + KB ( Piz PA ) -
98 IDEAL SOLUTION NON IDEAL SOLUTION
- -

Ñ-Bintem- A- A and A B -
interactions =/ A- A and
B B
-
interactions B B
-
interaction .

Obeys Raoult / law •

Doesn't obey Raoult 's law

PA P'A. XA __ PA =/ Pea . ✗A

PB=P§ Xp .

PBT-PB.az
•
A- Hmix =D
e.g dilute solutions •
A- Hniix -1-0
benzene + toluene
•
A- ✓ mix =D n -
hexane + n -

heptane •
AVMIX 1=0

+ve ve
eg
-

"
Pitt
"

pedal acetone + aniline

-

acetone + ethanol
T
PB acetone -162 acetone + Chloro
P form
PA water -1methanol
+
HMO water
.

-1
,
✗ A :P XA -0

xp :O mole fraction → XB :L

9- POSITIVE DEVIATION NEGATIVE DEVIATION

FROM RAOULT 'S LAW FROM RAOULT 'S LAW
•
A B -
interactions < < A A and -

A B -
interactions >> A- A and
B B interactions interactions
B- B
-

•
AH mix > 0 PA > P°A ✗A A- Hmix < 0
PALPA
• •

XA
.

AV mix > 0 PB > Pfg .

XB AÉ< 0 PBCPB -

XB

positive Megane

weaker stronger
 * COLLIGAN VE PROPERTIES :
Q "
Define colligate're Property ? D- 2017 2019

Are Properties which depend upon the number of solute particles

irrespective of their nature .

is Relative
it ?
lowering in in x-P
Elevation Boiling point
iii) in
Depression freezing Point
in osmotic Pressure

911 Define . molal elevation constant or ebullioscopic constant

Am_ Molal elevation constant is 20122014

defined as
elevation of b.pt for the solution in which
one mole of solute is dissolved in 1kg solvent .

912 What .

happens
when the external pressure applied
becomes more than the osmotic pressure of solution ?

Auf when the external pressure applied 2016,2020

becomes more than the osmotic pressure of
solution , reverse osmosis occurs .

013 The molecular masses of

.

polymers are determined by osmotic pressure

method and not by
measuring other
colligate're properties .

2016,2018 )
Give a reasons
( 2011 ,
Ansi ) Even in dilute solution , the osmotic pressure values are significant
and can be measured accurately .

ii ) osmotic pressure is measured at room temperature while elevation

macromolecules
inb.pt is determined at
high temp . where
may
decompose .

014 Calculate the moi ) to

'
. man
of ascorbic acid ( Molar mass =
176g
dissolved in acid lower its t.pt by 1.5°C
be
75g )of acetic -20207 ,
to
( K+ = 3.9 K Kg Mol -1 ( CBSE

Any WB ? WA
-75g
-
-
-

g
Tf =
Kf ✗ WB ✗ 1000

MB 176
g 1m01 Mrs ✗ WA
⇐

1.5--39 ✗ WB ✗ 1000
A- Tf : 1.5% ( 081.5K )
176×75
Kf 3. 9 Mott WB f. 5 ✗ 176 ✗ 75
Kkg
= =

3. 9 ✗ Tooo
I 5.077g
 015 .
Calculate
Molar
the t.pt of a solution
in
containing 60g
water
of glucose
C mass =
180g Mol -17 250g of
-2018 ]
[ CBSE
'
Ckf Of water
Kg Mol
-

= 1.86 K 7

Auf mass of glucose -60g , WB

-

Mass of water wa -250g

-

'
Molar mass of glucose Clothilde MB :
180g Mot

Kf of water 1.86 K Mot '

=
Kg
Tf Kfm Kf ✗
Wm}_X\°÷Acg )
: =

= 1.86 ✗ 60×1000
= £48K
180 ✗ 2 so
Tf __
Tf -
ATF = 273.15-2.48
= 270.67 K

016 For 5% calculate the osmotic

a solution of ( Molar mass
60g /md )
.

area =
,

pressure at 300k ER =
0.0821 L Atm K 1m01 -1 ]
-
( 2020 )

Ay 5% in 100mL Solan
of Urea means
5g urea

IT =
CXRXT .WB_✗l° ✗ 0.0821 ✗ 300 Igo ✗ 1,0%-910.0821×300
MB 11 ( Mt) 20-418
=

017 A 4% Solution ( Wlw ) of sucrose cM= 342g moi 1) in water has

-

a fist of 271.15K Calculate the t.pt of 27115K Calculate the f.pt

. .

of 5% glucose cM=
180g moth in water ( Given F.pt of pure water -273.15k )
-

( D -2019 )
At Molality of sucrose solution cm)
4×1000
wm÷X1°w÷,g
= = = 0.121m
, 3-42×96

ATF for sucrose Solution =

273.15 -271.15 : 2k

ATF Kfm Kf
1¥ 0%-1 16.52 KIM
- =
= =

molality of glucose solution =

5,2%0×0%-5 = 0.292m

A- 16-52 ✗ 0.292 4.82K

Tf =
Ktm = =

Freezing point of glucose solution

=
273.15-4.82 =
268-33 K .

180g Mot )
918 of co Hizo, C Molar mass is dissolved in '
.

18g glucose ,
1kg
=

of water in a saucepan At what temp will this solution boil ?

.
.

( Kb for water 0.52 Kkgmol

"
B.pt of pure water 373.15K )
= =
g
Are Given WA 1
kg 1000g 18g MB 180g 1m01
=
WB
= = = -1

Tb 373.15K 0.52 K Tb ?
Kb Kg Mol -1
= = =

formula
Using
Kb✗W%☐✗%÷g
A- Tb =

= 0.52 ✗ 18 ✗ 1000 0.052 K

=

180 ✗ I °o°

A- Tbi
Tb -

Tb 0.052 =
Tb -373.15
Teb =
373.15+0.052 = 373.202 K

019 .

30g of area CM = 60
g Mot ') is dissolved in 846g of water .

calculate the P of
v. water for this solution if x-P of pure
at 298K is 23-8 ( 2017 )
water
mmHg
A1 Given hB=
WB 3%0--0-5 MA
8%1=47
=
=
30g ,

WA =
846g
Mole fraction of water (✗ A) =hA_
V. P water P ;
of = 23.8
mmHg nA+nB

4%+0.5 =

g 0.99
=
=

23.8×0-99 23.5
PA =
Pff -
KA = =
mmHg .

920 .

1.00g of non electrolyte solute dissolved in 50g of benzene

.

lowered
depression
the f.pt of benzene by 0.40K The
constant of
point
benzene is 5- 12
.

freezing find the Mrs

Kkg Mol -1
.
.

( 20137
As WB =

1.00g WA =
50g Kf = 512 K
Kg Mot '

0.60 K
Tf
=

✗ WB ✗ 1000
Tf =
Kf
Mrs ✗ wacg )

MB = Kf ✗ WB ✗ 1000

WA ✗ ☐ Tf
= 51£ ✗ I ✗ 100° = 256
gfmo /
50×0.40

Thank You
0088-8 Bharat Panchal -

Chemistry Guruji a. o