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    Nepheloturbidometry

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    zaife khan
    Nephelo-turbidometry measures light scattering and transmission to determine the concentration of suspended particles in solutions. It works by measuring how much light is scattered by particles at various angles (nephelometry) or how much light passes through the sample (turbidometry). The instrument consists of a light source, filters/monochromators, sample cells, and detectors. Applications include analyzing water quality, determining concentrations of ions, inorganic substances, and antibiotics.

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    Nepheloturbidometry

    Uploaded by

    zaife khan
    198 views6 pages
    Nephelo-turbidometry measures light scattering and transmission to determine the concentration of suspended particles in solutions. It works by measuring how much light is scattered by particles at various angles (nephelometry) or how much light passes through the sample (turbidometry). The instrument consists of a light source, filters/monochromators, sample cells, and detectors. Applications include analyzing water quality, determining concentrations of ions, inorganic substances, and antibiotics.

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    B pharm 7th semister

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    Nephelo-turbidometry measures light scattering and transmission to determine the concentration of suspended particles in solutions. It works by measuring how much light is scattered by particles at various angles (nephelometry) or how much light passes through the sample (turbidometry). The instrument consists of a light source, filters/monochromators, sample cells, and detectors. Applications include analyzing water quality, determining concentrations of ions, inorganic substances, and antibiotics.

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as pdf or txt
    198 views6 pages

    Nepheloturbidometry

    Uploaded by

    zaife khan
    Nephelo-turbidometry measures light scattering and transmission to determine the concentration of suspended particles in solutions. It works by measuring how much light is scattered by particles at various angles (nephelometry) or how much light passes through the sample (turbidometry). The instrument consists of a light source, filters/monochromators, sample cells, and detectors. Applications include analyzing water quality, determining concentrations of ions, inorganic substances, and antibiotics.

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    07-10-2022

    ✓Basic Introduction
    Nephelo-Turbidometry ✓Principle
    ✓Instrumentation
    ✓Applications

    Spectroscopy
    Instrumental Analysis

    Nephelo-Turbidometry
    Introduction:
    When a EMR or Light passes through a moderately stable suspensions,
    a portion of incident radiant energy is degenerated by the Absorption,
    Refraction, and Reflection and remaining portion of light gets
    transmitted.
    The Suspension particles have property scattering of light is termed as
    the Tyndall effect
    Scattering of Light- changes the direction of light in multiple plane
    without changes in net radiating power of energy

    1
    07-10-2022

    Nephelo-Turbidometry
    Introduction:
    Scattering of Light- changes the direction of light in multiple plane
    without changes in net radiating power of energy
    Scattering depends- a) No of Particles, b) Dimension of particles, and
    c) wavelength of light
    Scattering

    Elastic Inelastic

    Transmittance of radiation Transmittance of radiation


    without change of energy with change of energy

    Nephelo-Turbidometry
    Introduction:
    Nephelometry (Greek Word, Nephele-meas cloud) is the
    measurement of elastic scattering light as the function of
    concentration of the suspended particles (<100 mg/L, Low Conc),
    measured at 90o
    Turbidometry-is the measurement of transmitted light as the function of
    concentration of the suspended particles (>100 mg/L, high conc),
    measeured at 180o

    2
    07-10-2022

    Nephelo-Turbidometry
    Principles:
    Nephelometry (Greek Word, Nephele-meas cloud) is the
    measurement of scattering light of the suspended particles
    perpendicular (90o)to incident light. It can also be measured at any
    convenient angle 45o, 60o, 135o, etc
    Is = Ks x Io xC
    Ks- Costant
    Io- Intensity of incident light
    Is- Intensity of Scattered light
    C- concentration of suspension

    Nephelo-Turbidometry
    Principles:
    Turbidometry Turbidometry-is the measurement of transmitted light or
    light scattering effect of suspended particles at 180o to incident light.
    T = (1/L) x L x n x (Io/It)
    T- Turbidity
    Io- Intensity of incident light
    It- Intensity of transmitted light
    L- length of dispersion
    n- refractive index of dispersion media

    **It is the function of concentration (It α 1/C)

    3
    07-10-2022

    Nephelo-Turbidometry
    Instrumentation:
    Turbidometry
    Filter Filter/ Monochromatror
    Lens Blue filter (530 nm(

    Amplifier

    D
    Source
    (Tungsten Lamp, Filter/ Monochromatro
    Mercury Arc)

    Amplifier
    D

    Nephelometry

    Nephelo-Turbidometry
    Instrumentation:
    Source of light- Tungsten lamp (used for polychromatic light)
    Mercury arc lamp (used for monochromatic light)
    Filter/Monochromator- Used only when monochromatic light is
    required. In turbidometry, a blue filter (530 nm) is used and in
    Nephelometry the visible filter is applied as secondary filter.
    Sample Cell- Cylindrical or Rectangle made-up of glass, 1cm path
    length, cells are coated with black to avoid any reflection that may
    affect detector response. Specialized cell to use measure the
    scattered light at different desired angle, mostly used 90o
    Detector- Photovoltaic cells, Phototubes, - Turbidometry
    Photomultiplier tubes - Nephelometry

    4
    07-10-2022

    Nephelo-Turbidometry
    Application:
    Analysis of water- Clarity of water, determination of ions/minerals conc.
    Determination of Carbon dioxide- The sample gas is passed through
    barium salt, precipitated as barium carbonate, and is determined by
    Nepheloturbidometry
    Determination of Inorganic substance- by using precipitant inorganic
    element/ions like P, Cl, CO3, F, CN, Ca, Zn, etc can be precipitated and
    the turbidity or opalescence can be measured
    Analyte Reagent/Precipitant Precipitate
    P Strychnine Molybdate -
    Ca Oxalate salt Ca. o
    Zn Pot. Ferrocyanide Zn ferrocyanide
    CN Silver salt AgCN
    CO3 BaCl2 BaCO3

    Nephelo-Turbidometry
    Application:
    Titrimetric analysis- Titrant and Titrate give the turbid product which can
    be analyze.
    Assay of Antibiotics-

    Antibiotics Microorganism Media Phosph Potency of Incubation


    pH ate solution temp
    buffer
    pH
    Doxycycline Staphylococcus 7 4.5 0.003-0.01 35-37
    aureus
    Gentamycin Staphylococcus 7 8 0.6-1.25 35-37
    aureus
    Streptomycin Klebsilla 7 8 2.4-3.8 35-37
    pneumoniae

    5
    07-10-2022

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