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Aircraft Design Notes 2

The document outlines the lectures for an aircraft design course. It covers topics like aircraft types and design drivers using test cases, design conflicts and compromises in fighter aircraft, aircraft design history, Indian aircraft design programs, the aircraft design and development cycle, and the stages of conceptual, preliminary, and detailed design. It also discusses initial sizing, point performance, constraint analysis, and refined sizing as part of the overall aircraft design process and flow.

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Harshil Naik
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124 views

Aircraft Design Notes 2

The document outlines the lectures for an aircraft design course. It covers topics like aircraft types and design drivers using test cases, design conflicts and compromises in fighter aircraft, aircraft design history, Indian aircraft design programs, the aircraft design and development cycle, and the stages of conceptual, preliminary, and detailed design. It also discusses initial sizing, point performance, constraint analysis, and refined sizing as part of the overall aircraft design process and flow.

Uploaded by

Harshil Naik
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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AIRCRAFT DESIGN

LECTURE MATERIAL (POST-MIDSEM)


AIRCRAFT DESIGN

Lecture 1 +: INTRODUCTION
Introduction to the aircraft design process & subject, why design?, design driver and requirement
capture, current and future trends in aircraft design, status & forecast of aerospace sector & industry
(global & India), RPK, PKM, demand for narrow body single aisle aircraft, Technological Readiness
Level (TRL).

Lecture 2: AIRCRAFT TYPES & DESIGN DRIVER TEST CASE 1


Design driver (test case 1) : the Barn Owl (wing loading and noise mitigation). role of serrations,
camber, wing loading, trend line (great flight diagram), weight as multiplier, design variables in
optimization process.

Lecture 3: DESIGN DRIVER TEST CASE 2


Military transport aircraft (roles and categorization), Design driver (test case 2): procurement of
military transport aircraft ( ASQR, AON, RFI, RFP, OEMs, DPP 2013/16, LTIPP, rear ramp, pallet
loading, payload)

Lecture 4: DESIGN DRIVER TEST CASE 3


Fighter aircraft (roles and categorization), Design driver (test case 3): fifth generation fighter aircraft,
Air superiority, multi-role (QR, ASQR, feasibility studies, stealth, supercruise, super-maneuverability)

Lecture 5: CONFLICT & COMPROMISES IN DESIGN:


Case of Fifth Generation Fighter Aircraft: top level QR vs ASQR, stealth vs aerodynamics/thrust,
performance vs weight, thrust-by-weight, feasibility studies. Other conflicts: aero-structural (AR vs
weight) , high speed (short straight Vs swept highs Aspect ratio), maneuverability vs BVR. Need for
optimization & MDO.

Lecture 6,7: AICRAFT DESIGN HISTORY


Stages (pre-Wright flyer, biplanes, propellers, jet), design signposts and evolution through the ages
with special emphasis on aerodynamics. Development through competitions, war, consortium. example
of SST : history (TU 144 & Concorde), commercial and technical issues, future of SST.

Lecture 8: AIRCRAFT DESIGN (INDIA)


HT2, HJT, IJT (trainer series), HF 24, LCA/Tejas. Current & future development (LCA Mark 2,
AMCA, Ghatak, MTA). Certification issues, HAL and the increasing role of the private sector, DPP-
2016 & “Design-in-India”.

Lecture 9: AIRCRAFT DESIGN & DEVELOPMENT CYCLE (OVERVIEW)


Overview of design & development cycle: requirement, design, ground test, taxi trials, iron bird,
lightening test, flight testing (commercial vs military), prototypes, weather trials, weaponization,
certification.

Lecture 10, 11: STAGES IN AIRCRAFT DESIGN


Conceptual, preliminary & detail design (definition, content, technology, analysis), high and low
fidelity tools, funding, TRL.

Lecture 12: COSTS: Acquisition cost, direct operating cost, indirect operating cost, life cycle costs,
role in design.

Lecture 13, 14, 15: INITIAL SIZING


Design TOGW, empty weight fraction, mission profiles, fuel-fraction estimation, wetted area aspect
ratio, specific fuel consumption.

Lecture 16,17,18: EXAMPLE:


Initial sizing example for DGTOW, Big picture, Trade studies, Conceptual Sketch: gross (sub system
choice & placement, tractor vs pusher, canard vs horizontal tail) SWOT based

Lecture 19,20: AIRFOIL DESIGN


Evolution, nomenclature, types, properties, choice.

Lecture 21, 22,23,24: WING DESIGN


MAC, aspect ratio, sweep, taper, twist, dihedral, rigging, vertical placement, tips, winglet.

Lecture 25, 26: TAIL DESIGN


Tail types, canard vs aft tail, control authority, sizing.

Lecture 27: SIZING RECAP & POINT PERFORMANCE:


Recap of the sizing based on mission profile, point performance (T/W, W/S).

Lecture 28, 29, 30, 31: T/W & W/S ESTIMATION:


definitions, FAR 23, 25, mil specs., quick estimate T/W (statistical, thrust matching), W/S from
stall velocity, TO, landing, turn rate, cruise, loiter, climb rate, BVR vs WVR. Constraint Diagram
& Constraint Analysis, Design Point

Lecture 32, 33,34: REFINED SIZING:


Payload drop, rubber engine vs. fixed engine, refined empty weight, fuselage, wing, tail, CG,
control surface sizing.

Lecture: DESIGN OPTIMIZATION:


Design optimization with examples.
RECOMMENDED TEXTS:

1. Aircraft Design: A Conceptual; Approach (5 th ed.) , Daniel P Raymer, AIAA education series
(2012)

2. Aircraft Performance & Design, John D Anderson Jr., McGraw Hill (2010)

3. Advanced Aircraft Design, E Torenbeek, Wiley (2013)


SIZING : BIG PICTURE & FLOW

1. REQUIREMENTS (mission, performance, regulatory, cost,


function, aesthetics.......)

2. Estimate TOGW (Wo)

• Input (Mission, R, E, crude estimates of L/D, C, We, Sw, AR)

• Conduct TRADE STUDY based on output

3. CONCEPTUAL SKETCH (placement & type of sub-systems, CG


based on SWOT)

• Input (mission; aerodynamics, serviceability, functionality,


propulsion, stability, aesthetics...)

• Output conceptual sketch (without dimensions)

4. SELECTION airfoil, wing, tail, CG limits...,

• Input (mission, regulatory)

• Output (detail sketch, Cd, Cl max, AR, t/c, sweep, taper,


incidence etc.)

contd......
SIZING : BIG PICTURE & FLOW (contd.)

1. POINT PERFORMANCE

• Input (performance, regulatory)

• Output ( Constraint Diagram T/W versus W/S )

2. CONSTRAINT ANALYSIS

• Input (T/W vs W/S based on constraints; landing, TO, R/C,


sustained turn)

• Output (shrinking of design space, estimate of T & S)

3. CONFIGURATION LAYOUT

• Input (wing size, tail size, fuselage size, LG, CG)

• Output (baseline configuration, refined Wo)

4. REFINED SIZING

Optimization, MDO..............Preliminary Design

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