Introduction to Anatomy and Physiology Part 2

=Dr. Francis Ian Liha Salaver

Organization in Human Body

Cells----Tissues----Organs----System
Four Types of Tissues
 Connective Tissues
 Epithelial Tissue
 Muscle Tissue
 Nervous Tissue
  BODY POSITIONS
-Reclining body positions
 PRONE POSITION
= if the body is lying face down
 SUPINE POSITON
= if the body is lying face up

• MAJOR REGIONS OF THE BODY

1. HEAD
Basic Anatomical Terminology
 SKULL
Body positions o encloses and protect the brain
 FACE
• ANATOMICAL POSITION
o front portion of the head that
-Standard position of reference includes the eyes, nose, mouth,
cheeks and chin
• Stand erect facing the observer
2. NECK
• Head level
-supports the head and attach it to the
• Eyes facing directly forward trunk
• Feet flat on floor and directed forwards 3. TRUNK
• Upper limbs at the sides with palms  Chest
facing forward  Abdomen
 Pelvis
4. UPPER LIMBS

 Proximal
o Shoulder to elbow
  Distal • DISTAL
o from elbow to wrist and hand
= Father from the attachment of the limb to
5. LOWER LIMBS the trunk, or farther from the origin of the
structure
 Buttocks
 Thigh • SUPERFICIAL
o Proximal portion: buttocks to = Towards the surface of the body
knee
 Leg • DEEP
o Knee to ankle = Away from the surface of the body
 Ankle
 Foot  PLANES
-are imaginary flat surfaces that pass
• DIRECTIONAL TERMS through the body parts
• SUPERIOR/CEPHALIC/CRANIAL  SAGITTAL PLANES = vertical plane that
divides the body or organ into right and
= Upper part of a structure; Towards the head left side
• INFERIOR/CAUDAL • Midsagittal/Median
= Away from the head and lower part of a • Parasagittal
structure
 FRONTAL/CORONAL PLANE = divides the
• ANTERIOR/VENTRAL body into front and back
 TRANSVERSE PLANE = divides the body
= Near to or at the front of the body into superior and inferior
• POSTERIOR/DORSAL  OBLIQUE PLANE = passes through the
body or organ at an angle other than 90
= Near to or at the back of the body degrees
• MEDIAL
= Nearer to the midline
• LATERAL
= Farther from the midline
• IPSILATERAL
= On the same side of the body as another
structure
• CONTRALATERAL  SECTIONS
o are cut portions of the body or one
= On the opposite side of the body as another
of its organ made along of the
structure
planes
• PROXIMAL  Transverse
 Frontal
= Nearer to the attachment of the limb to the  Sagittal
trunk, or nearer to the origin of the structure
  PERICARDIAL CAVITY
o fluid-filled space that encloses the
BODY CAVITIES
heart
• Spaces within the body that help protect,  PLEURAL CAVITY
separates and support internal organs o 2 fluid-filled spaces that enclose
the lungs
A. CRANIAL CAVITY
 MEDIASTINUM
– contains the brain o central portion of the thoracic cavity
B. VERTEBRAL/SPINAL CAVITY
– contains the spinal cord

 Continuous with each other and are

composed of meninges and cerebrospinal
fluid for additional protection of the brain
and spinal cord

 MEDIASTINUM
C. THORACIC CAVITY o central portion of the thoracic cavity
o Found between the lungs
- also known as chest cavity o Extends from the sternum to the
- Formed by the ribs, muscles of the chest, vertebral column
sternum and thoracic portion of the vertebral o Extends from the first rib to
column diaphragm
 MEDIASTINUM
 Pericardial cavity  Thymus
 Pleural cavity  Esophagus
 Mediastinum  Trachea
 Aorta
D. DIAPHRAGM

-separates the thoracic cavity from the abdominal

cavity
E. ABDOMINAL CAVITY
 – contains the stomach, spleen, liver,  MUCOUS MEMBRANE – line cavities or
gallbladder, small intestine and most of the large tube that open to the exterior portion of
intestine. the body
F. PELVIC CAVITY  NASAL CAVITY
 ORAL CAVITY
– contains the urinary bladder, some portions of
the large intestine and internal organs of the
male and female reproductive system

 Organs that belong to the abdominopelvic

cavity are referred to as viscera or visceral
organs

MEMBRANES
-thin, pliable tissue that covers, lines and
partitions structures

 SEROUS MEMBRANES – double layered

membrane covering body cavities that do
not directly open to the exterior
 PLEURAL CAVITY,
 PERICARDIAL CAVITY,
 ABDOMINAL CAVITY
  Pericardial cavity – PERICARDIUM
 Peritoneal/Abdominal cavity –
PERITONEUM
ABDOMINAL REGIONS AND QUADRANTS
2 Methods Of Dividing The Abdominopelvic Cavity
• FIRST METHOD = draw two horizontal and
vertical lines which will assume a tic-tac-toe grid;
divides the abdominopelvic cavity into 9 regions

THORACIC AND ABDOMINAL CAVITY

MEMBRANES
• SEROUS MEMBRANE
• (1) Parietal layer, thin lining epithelium that
lines the wall of the cavity RIGHT HYPOCHONDRIAC REGION
• (2) Visceral layer- a thin epithelium that  Liver
adheres to the viscera or organ
 Right Kidney
 Gallbladder
 Large/Small Intestine
LEFT HYPOCHONDRIAC REGION

 Liver’s tip
 Stomach
 Pancreas
 Left Kidney
 Spleen
 Large/Small Intestine
RIGHT LUMBAR REGION

 Ascending Colon
Serous membrane of the _______ is called
 Small Intestine
_______.
 Right kidney
 Pleural cavity – PLEURA
LEFT LUMBAE REGION

 Descending Colon
 Small Intestine
 Left Kidney
RIGHT ILIAC REGION

 Appendix
 Cecum
 Ascending colon
 Small intestine
LEFT ILIAC REGION

 Sigmoid Colon
 Descending Colon
 Small Intestine
EPIGASTRIC REGION

 Liver
 Stomach
 Spleen
 Duodenum
 Adrenal glands
 Pancreas
UMBILICAL REGION

 Duodenum
 Small Intestine
 Transverse Colon
HYPOGASTRIC REGION

 Bladder
 Sigmoid Colon
 Small Intestine
 Reproductive Organs

• SECOND METHOD = draw a midsaggital line

and a transumbilical line, abdomen is divided
into four quadrants