Cee SalCONTENTS 1. Atoms And Molecules 2. Structure Of Atom 2. Why Do We Fall Ill ? 4, Gravitation 5. Work And Energy = Practice Questions ©) Class 9 Term 2 Books LB Megamind TutorialLaw of conservation of mass * Mass can neither be created nor be destroyed + eg. C10, CO, 12gm + 32gm > 44gm Dalton's Atomic Theory (Atom) are tiny particle * indivisible (Can neither be created nor destroyed) + Identical mass and chemical Properties (Same element) * Different mass and chemical properties diff. elements) * Combine in the same ratio Atomic mass: Existence of Atom: # mass of an atom Reactive © equals to of Free aC Combine to form Jons Monoatomic — Polyatomic GB Megamind Tutorial Law of constant proportion * Compound consists of the elements combined together in the same ratio + H0=2516 :8 Atom Molecule Smallest particle ofan element jach atom shows: all the properties of element # Smallest particle of elements or compounds Properties of the substances are the properties of molecules ‘Types of +> [_Homoatomic molecule Molecular | Sum of masses mass of all atoms Formula | Sum of atomic mass unit mass | of ions and atoms ‘Atomicity | 80- of atoms present in one molecule © Class 9 Term 2 Book\ bie And aaa eS Laws of Chemical Combination: The chemical reaction between two or more substance giving rise to product is governed by contin laws. These laws are called "Laws of Chemical Combination" Law Of Chemical Combination Law Of Constant Proportion Law Of Conservation Of Mass By Megamind Tutorial €) Class 9 Term 2 Book\ (Eee © * Law of Conservation of Mass According to this law. "Mass can neither be created nor destroyed,” Ina chemical reaction, this law can be understood in the following way: “During a chemical reaction total mass of reactants will be equal to total mass of products.’ For example, A+B BD as Reactant Product Then, Ma +m: = Mas Where, my, =Massof A me = Mass of B May = Mass of AB aig) +(e) 24,0 (1) Total Mass of the Reactant = Total Mass of the Product S-0- % o:- oe- @ Reactants: Reaction Products £3 Megamind Tutorial €) Class 9 Term 2 Book\ Gi ataY- Mater © According to this law, "A pure chemical compound always contain the same elements combined together in the same proportion by mass irrespective of the fact from where the sample has been taken or from which procedure has it been produced. For example 18 gm of H20 8 16 gm of oxygen 2 gm of hydrogen, Le, mass of hydrogen/ mass of oxygen =2/16 = 1/8 2° @- & 2H, + oh — 24,0 + + 4g 32a + + 1 B(By Mass) ® Water obtained from any source will have the same two elements, namely hydrogen and oxygen present in it. ® 2 grams of hydrogen and 16 grams of oxygen form a molecule of water. The proportion of hydrogen and oxygen is 1 : 8 by mass. This proportion ‘will always remain the same, irrespective of the source of water. £3 Megamind Tutorial €) Class 9 Term 2 Booki Atoms And Molecules © Based upon laws of chemical combination, Dalton's Atomic Theory provided an explanation for the Law of Conservation of Mass and Law of Constant Composition. Postulates of Dalton's atomic theory are as follow : ~® All matter is made up of very tinyy particles called ‘Atoms. Atom are indivisible particles, which can't be created or destroyed in a chemical reaction. (Proves "Law of Conservation of Mass") Atoms of an element have identical mass and chemical properties. ~* Atoms of different elements have different mass and chemical properties. ~ Atom combine in the ratio of small whole members to form compounds.(proves Law of Constant Proportion) ® The relative number and kinds of atoms are constant in a given compound. £3 Megamind Tutorial €) Class 9 Term 2 BookAtoms And Molecules © According to modem atomic theory, an atom is the smallest particle of an element which takes part in chemical reaction such that during the chemical reaction, the atoms maintain its identity, throughout the chemical or physical change. > Atoms are very small and hence can't be seen even through very powerful Microscope. Atomic radius is measured in nanometers. | meinm 10° 1m=10°nm £3 Megamind Tutorial €) Class 9 Term 2 BookAtoms And Molecules e TUPAC (International Union Of Pure & Applied Chemistry) Symbols Of Atoms Of Different Elements Element Sel i Symbol Aluminium | * lodine I Argon Oh — Iron Fe Barium Ba Lead Pb Calcium ay Nitrogen N Carbon Cc Oxy; oO Chlorine cl Po kK Cobalt i) Silicon Go Copper Cu Silver Ag Fluorine Ez Sulphur 8 Gold ® Au Zine Zn Hydrogen H Motivation Opportunity does not knock, it presents itself when you beat down the door. £3 Megamind Tutorial €) Class 9 Term 2 Booki Atoms And Molecules © ATOMIC MASS ® The mass of an atom of an element is called its atomic mass. In 1961, IUPAC have accepted ‘atomic mass unit’ (u) to express atomic and molecular mass of elements and compound ATOMIC MASS UNIT The atomic mass unit is defined as the quantity of mass equal to 1/12 of mass of an atom of carbon-12. 1 . | amu or w= = Mass of an atom of C 1 lu = 1.66 x 1077 kg 1 atom of *N’ Atomic Mass of H= In Atomic Mass of N = 14.0 This means atomic mass unit 1/12 of carbon-12 £3 Megamind Tutorial €) Class 9 Term 2 Book@ Atoms And Molecules © 12 14 16 23 24 32 35.5 40 HOW DOES ATOMS EXIST ? + Atoms of most of the elements are very reactive and does not exist in free state. * Only the atoms of noble gases (such as He, Ne, Ar, Kr, Xe and Rn) are chemically unreactive and can exist in the free state as single atom. + Atoms of all other elements combine together to form molecules or ions. Atom (Neutral) Molecules (neutral) ca ee a Se £3 Megamind Tutorial €) Class 9 Term 2 Book\ Gi And Molecules © MOLECULE Amolecule is a group of two or more atoms which are chemically bonded with each other. + Amolecule is the smallest particle of matter (except element) which is capable of an independent existence and show all properties of that substance. Eg.,'H, O' is the smallest particle of water which shows all the properties of water. + Amolecule may have atom of same or different elements, depending upon this, molecule can be categorized into two categories : Homoatomic molecules (containing atom of same element) and Heteroatomic molecules or compounds (containing atoms of different elements) Homoatomic Molecules Hor i ‘Of Elements Compounds £3 Megamind Tutorial — €) Class 9 Term 2 BookAtoms And Molecules © MOLECULES OF SOME COMPOUNDS Compound Perse shit bits Ratio bn TSnitotey a er Water (HO) Hydrogen, Oxygen 1:8 Ammonia (NH,) Nitrogen, Hydrogen 14:3 Carbon dioxide (CO,) Carbon, Oxygen 3:8 ATOMICITY Atomicity is the total number of atoms present in one molecule. Name Formula of Atomicity molecule Helium He 4 Monoatomic Hydrogen He 2 Diatomic Nitrogen No 2 Diatomic Ozone 0; 3 Triatomic Phosphorous Py 4 Tetra-atomic Sulphur Se 8 Poly-atomic y Megamind Titorial — €) Class 9 Term 2 BookAtoms And Molecules © CHEMICAL FORMULA Chemical formulae It is the symbolic representation of the composition of a compound. Characteristics of chemical formulae ‘ The valencies or charges on ion must balance. ~ When a compound is formed of metal and non-metal, symbol of metal comes first. Eg. CaO, NaCl, CuO, ‘@ When polyatomic ions are used, the ions are enclosed in brackets before writing the number to show the ratio, Eg, Ca(OH),, (NH4)2, SO, Molecular Mass It is the sum of atomic masses of all the atoms in a molecule of that substance Molecular mass of HO = 2x Atomic mass of Hydrogen + 1 x Atomic mass of Oxygen So, Molecalar mass of H,O = 2«1+1x16-18 u Formula Unit Mass It is the sum of atomic mass of ions and atoms present in formula for a compound. eg. In NaCl, Na=23 amu »C=35,.5 amu So, Formula unit mass = 1-23+1x35.5 = 58.5 u STUDY TIP MAKE CONNECTION BETWEEN YOUR LIFE AND LESSON £3 Megamind Tutorial — €) Class 9 Term 2 Book@ Atoms And Molecules e Formulae of Simple Compounds 1. Formula of Aluminum chloride Symbols Valency Formula 2, Formula of Carbon dioxide Symbals Valency Formula 3. Formula of Sodium phosphate Symbols Valency Formula 4. Formula of Magnesium sulphate Symbols Valency Formula Al cl 3+ 4- AICI, c ° woe C204 =COz 2- Na PO, >< 1+ 3 Na;PO, Mg. Se sO, 2+ 2 Mg2(SOx)2 = MgSOu £3 Megamind Tutorial €) Class 9 Term 2 Book@ Atoms And Molecules e ormulae of Simple Compounds 5, Formula of Ammonium bicarbonate Symbols NH. = Valency 1+ 1- Formula NH.HCOs 6. Formula of Ammonium sulphate Symbols NHs >< SO. Valency 44+ 2 Formula (NH4)2S0. Study Tip Remove any distracting electronics from your reach £3 Megamind Tutorial €) Class 9 Term 2 Book@ Atoms And Molecules © An ion may be defined as an atom or group of atoms having positive or negative charge. Some positively charged ions : Na, K’, Ca’, Al” Some negatively charged ions ; Cl- (chloride ion), S” (sulphide ion), OH” (hydroxide ion), SO,” (sulphate ion) Tons Monoatomic Ions Polyatomic Ions Mg” (Magnesium ion) NH,’ (Ammonium ion) Na’ (Sodium ion) CO," (Carbonate ion) CI (Chloride ion) SO,” (Sulphate ion) Al” (Aluminium ion) OH (Hydroxide ion) CA SUT 3 CETTE)The molar mass of a substance is the mass of I mole of that substance It is equal to the 6.022 x 10°" atoms of that element/substance. Example: (a) Atomic mass of hydrogen (H) is I u. Its molar mass is 1 g/mol. (b) Atomic mass of nitrogen is 14 u. So, molar mass of nitrogen (N) 14 g/mol. (c) Molar mass of S;, Mass of § x 8=32 x 8=256 g/mol (d) Molar mass of HCI = Mass of H+ Mass of Cl = 1= 35.5 = 36.5 g/mol © Megamind Titorial — € Class 9 Term 2 BookMOLE CONCEPT A group of 6.022 x 10° Particles (atoms, molecules or ions) ofa substance is called a mole of that substance. 1 mole of atoms = 6.022 x 10" atoms I mole of molecules = 6.022 x 10°" molecules Example, 1 mole of oxygen = 6,022 x 10"" oxygen atoms 6.022. x 10° is Avogadro Number I mole of atoms of an element has a mass equal to gram atomic mass of the element. I! MOST IMPORTANT !! £3 Megamind Tutorial €) Class 9 Term 2 Booki Atoms And Molecules © IMPORTANT FORMULAE Number of moles =n Given mass =m Molar mass =M Given number of particles = N Avogadro number of particles =N,, Givenmass _m Molar mass M (2) (For the problems based on Avegadro number) Given number of particles | N Avogadro number NN, (1) The number of moles(n) = The number of moles(n) = (3) To find mass Mass (m) = Molar mass(M) x Number of moles (n) (4) To find the number of atoms when Avogadronumber is given in the question, Givenmass x Avogadro number The number of atoms = SVEN Mass * Avogacro numPEr Molar mass nN, M (5) The number of particles (atoms) = Number of moles of particles x Avogadro number N=nxN, y Megamind Titorial — €) Class 9 Term 2 Book@ Atoms And Molecules e Example. Calculate the mass of 0.5 mole of N, gas. Solution: 1 mole of N, | = Gram molecular mass of N, Or 1 mole of N, = 28 gm 0.5 mole of N, gas =0.5 x 28 = 14 gm of N, Example. Calculate the total number of O, molecules present in 8 gm of QO, Solution: Gram molecular mass of O, = 6.022 x 10° 0, molecules Or 32 gm of O, = 6.022 x 10°, molecules Or 8 gm of O, = 6,022 x 10” x 8/32 O, molecules = 1.51 x 10°, molecules MOTIVATION You create your opportunities by asking for them © Megamind Tutorial €) Class 9 Term 2 Booki Atoms And Molecules © PATA HAI ! TUMHE SAB AATA HAI PHIR BHI KAR LO @ LONG ANSWER TYPE QUESTIONS 1. Verify by calculating that 5 moles of CO, and 5 moles of H, do not have the same mass. (Hint : molar mass of CO, = 44 g and molar mass of H,O = 18 g] 2. Ifyou take 5 moles of carbon atoms in a container and your friend take 5 moles of sodium atoms in another container of same weight. (Hint : molar mass of carbon = 12 gm. molar mass of sodium = 23 gm] (a) Whose container will be heavier? (b) Whose ontainer has more number of atoms? 3. Which has more number of atoms? 100 gm of N, or 100 gm of Ammonia NH, mass a X 6.022 X 10° [ Hint - No. of atoms = ————> molar mass y Megamind Titorial — €) Class 9 Term 2 BookMIND MAPPING ‘By Chadwick) + {Neutron + [Atom }—+ {Elecwon —+/ From cathode ) wt + Sa = (i) + fel Fet Proton From cathode ray by E. Goldstein + Thomson's Atomic Rutherford’s Atomic Bohr’s Atomic Model Model Model Distribution of electrons in different shells (2n') Ru Bohr-Bury Sch | Valence Shell Valence electron Number of Number of protons + protons in atom Number of neutrons oe (ase) Same atomic number Same mass number different mass number different atomic number LB Megamind Titorial E) Class 9 Term 2 Bookes STRUCTURE OF ATOM ATOM KAISE BANA STRUCTURE OF ATOM ‘The phenomenon of static electricity and conduction of electricity through some substances hints at the presence of charged particles in matter. Discovery of the Electron * J.J. Thomson performed an experiment by passing electricity at a high voltage through a discharge tube containing a gas at a very low pressure. A green fluorescence was seen emitting out from the other end of the discharge tube. © This fluorescence is the result of rays emitted from the cathode (negative plate) towards the anode (positive plate) in the discharge tube. Hence, these rays are called cathode rays. * From his experiment, Thomson arrived at the conclusion that cathode rays are nothing but a stream of negatively charged particles. These negatively charged particles are called electrons, Discovery of the Proton * A German scientist, E. Goldstein in 1886, modified the discharge tube and passed electric current through it. + He found that the positively charged rays were emitted from the anode in the discharge tube. These rays were called canal rays. * When an electric field was applied, these rays deflected towards the negatively charged plate. Thus, Goldstein concluded that an atom contains positively charged particles along with electrons. + These positively charged particles were named as protons by a British scientist, Emest Rutherford, * Canal rays were also called anode rays since they were emitted from the anode (electrode connected to the positive terminal of high voltage source) in the gas discharge experiments using a perforated cathode. Discovery of the Neutron + In 1932, James Chadwick observed that when beryllium was exposed to a-particies, different kinds of particles were emitted + These particles had about the same mass as protons and carried no electrical charge. Hence, Chadwick named these particles neutrons. ‘+ These were present in the nucleus along with protons. + Neutrons are present in the nucleus of all the atoms except hydrogen. ‘* As protons and neutrons are both present in the nucleus, they are together known as nucleons 3 Megamind Titorial — €) Class 9 Term 2 BookSTRUCTURE OF ATOM ATOMKAISE BANA _ cs PROPERTIES OF ELECTRON PROTON AND NEUTRON Sub- Symbol Locationin Relative Relative Actualmass = Absolute atomic the atom Charge mass. Mass. particle Electron e Outside the 4 1 9.4 x 10% kg 9x10" nucleus 1840 kane grams. Proton pr Inside the +1 Tamu. 1.673x10"kg| 1.6x 10% nucleus gram: Neutron n Inside the 0 Tamu. | 1.675x10%kg 1.6.x 10 nucleus grams IMPORTANT ets HAl = Blo 3 Megamind Titorial €) Class 9 Term 2 BookSTRUCTURE OF ATOM ATOM KAISE BANA STRUCTURE OF AN ATOM Thomson's Model of an Atom * Thomson's model of an atom is popularly knawn as the plum pudding or Christmas pudding model of an atom, Thomson's model of an Plum pudding ‘Atom * Accarding to the Thomson's plum pudding model, an atom is a positively charged sphere in which the electrons are embedded + The negative charge of the electrons and the positive charge of the sphere is equal in magnitude. Thus, an atom as a whole is electrically neutral * But, his model could not explain the results of experiments carried out by other scientists such as Rutherford and Bohr. RUTHERFORD’S MODEL OF AN ATOM In 1911, Eamest Rutherford, a scientist fram New Zealand, avertumed Thomson's atomic model by his gold foil experiment. Rutherford’s Scattering Experiment * Rutherford selected a gold foil as he wanted a very thin layer. © The gold foil used by Rutherford was 0.004 millimetres in thickness. That is, the foil was about 1000 atoms thick. * Inhis experiment, fast moving a-particles (alpha particles) were made to fall on a thin gold foil * The c-particles are helium ions with a +2 charge. Their atomic mass is 4 u. Hence, a high velocity beam of c-particles has a lot of energy. © These particles were studied by means of flashes of light they produced on striking a zinc sulphide screen, + The a-particles are much heavier than the sub-atomic particles present in gold ators. © Hence, he expected the a-particles to pass through the gold foil with litle deflection and strike the fluorescent screen. 3 Megamind Titorial €) Class 9 Term 2 BookRUTHERFORD'S MODEL OF AN ATOM Deflected cc-particles c.-particles source we Fluorescent — Undefiected Metel Feil o.-particles Rutherford's a-Particle Scattering Experiment But the observations he made were quite unexpected. 3 Megamind Titorial €) Class 9 Term 2 BookSTRUCTURE OF ATOM ATOM KAISE BANA RUTHERFORD'S MODEL OF AN ATOM Explanation of the Results of Rutherford's Gold Foil Experiment nan Poured Ee beck T Most of the alpha: particies poss Straight beam ‘of alpha particles Large donection os Nedows —— ee Atoms of the ‘gol Fol Deflection of a-particles from the Gold foil * Rutherford postulated that the atom must contain large empty spaces as most of the a-particies passed through it without getting deflected. + Some a-particles were deflected by the foil through small angles, while some were deflected through very large angles. Thus, Rutherford concluded that the positively charged particles in an atom must be concentrated in a very small space. + One out of every 12,000 particles were deflected through 180° showing a full rebound. Thus, Rutherford came to the conclusion that all the positive charges of the atom and most of the mass of the atom is concentrated in a very small volume within the atom. + Rutherford named this small space inside the atom as the nucleus of the atom or the atomic nucleus. * On the basis of these observations, Rutherford calculated that the atomic nucleus is 10° times smaller than the total area of the atom. * The radius of the atom is 10° centimetres while the radius of the nucleus is 10° centimetres. * Thus, we can say that the atom is relatively hollow with a heavy nucleus at its centre, The electrons arranged around the nucleus possess negligible mass. * Based on his observations, he formulated the Theory of atom. 3 Megamind Titorial €) Class 9 Term 2 BookRUTHERFORD'S ATOMIC MODEL Rutherford's Atomic Model © Based on the resulls of the a-particie scattering experiments, Rutherford put forth his atomic model. ‘+ An atom contains a pasitively charged centre called the nucleus of the atom, Almost all the mass of the atom is concentrated in the nucleus. The electrons of the atom revolve around the nucleus in fixed, circular orbits. The size of the nucleus is many times smaller than the size of the atom. The nucleus of an atom is 10,000 times smaller than the atom. Electrons o- Protons Nucleus Neutrar © Rutherford'’s Atomic Model Drawbacks of Ruthertord’s Model of an Atom Rutherford’s atomic model could not explain how moving electrons could remain in their orbits. Any charged particle during acceleration would radiate energy, and while revolving, it would lose its energy and eventually fall into the nucleus. This means that the atom would be highly unstable. ‘© But, matter is composed of stable atoms. + Thus, the major drawback of Rutherford’s atomic model was that it could not explain the stability of atoms, ot Negatively charged Positively a Diagram showing the atom losing energy 3 Megamind Titorial €) Class 9 Term 2 BookSTRUCTURE OF ATOM BOHR'S MODEL OF AN ATOM ‘© Niels Bohr, revised Rutherford's atomic model and put forth the following suggestions: ‘* Neils Bohr proposed that the electrons possess a specific amount of energy which allows them to revolve around the nucleus. Electrons shell Postively charged Niels Bohr’s Atomic Model © The electrons are confined to these energy levels. While revolving in these discrete orbits, the electrons do not radiate energy. Hence, these orbits are also known as stationary orbits or stationary shells. Smaller the size of the orbit, smaller is its energy. © As we move away from nucleus, the energy of the orbit increases progressively. © The transfer of an electron from one orbit to another is always accompanied with absorption or emission of energy. © When an electron jumps from a lower energy level to a higher energy level, it absorbs energy. + When an electron returns from a higher energy level to a lower energy level, it emits energy MOTIVATION One may miss the mark by aiming too high as too low 3 Megamind Titorial — €) Class 9 Term 2 BookDISTRIBUTION OF ELECTRONS IN THE ORBITS ‘© According to Bohr’s model, electrons occupy certain stable orbits or shells. Each shell has a definite energy. ‘These orbits or shells are represented by the letters K, L, M,N... or the numbers 1, 2. 3, 4... * The maximum number of electrons present in the shell is given by the formula (2n”), where n is the orbit number or shell number. © The maximum number of electrons in different shells is as follows: © The first orbit or K shell will have 2 x 1? = 2 electrons. 2 The second shell will have 2 x 2° = 8 electrons. o The third shell will have 2 x 3” = 18 electrons. © The fourth shell will have 2 x 4? = 32 electrons and so on. «The maximum number of electrons which can be accommodated in the outermost orbit is 8. + The orbits or shells are filled in a step-wise manner. ‘* Electrons are not accommodated in a given shell unless the inner shells are filled. Octet Rule The Ostet rule states that- ‘The maximum number of electrans that the outermost shell of an electrically neutral and chemically stable atom can have is 8.’ Exception: If the atom has only one shel, it can hold only 2 electrons. For example, hydrogen and helium can have only 2 electrons (duplet). GB Megamind Titorial — €) Class 9 Term 2 BookDISTRIBUTION OF ELECTRONS IN THE ORBITS Examples: (Distribution af electrons) Electronic configuration ‘Atom of drogen ‘tom of alr e ‘Atom af than ee cata es conte 2 Cm nig bs Hydrogen Helium Lithium ‘Atom of roger M ‘Atom of Carbon sc Carbon Nitragen, # The symbol of hydrogen is H and its atomic number is 1. The total number of electrons is 1. Therefore, the electronic configuration is also 1, Since it has only one electron, it will occupy the K shell K C w N 7 : = 7 = The symbol of helium is He and its atomic number is 2. Therefore, the electronic configuration is also 2. Both these electrons will occupy the K shell (duplet) K L N 2 7 = 7 3 Megamind Titorial — €) Class 9 Term 2 BookDISTRIBUTION OF ELECTRONS IN THE ORBITS ‘© The symbol of lithium is Li, The atomic number is 3. Therefore, the electronic configuration is (2, 1). This means that there are two electrons in the K shell and one electron in the L shel, K C wi N 2 1 = = Tho symbol of caren is denoted by the capital letter C. The atomic number is 6. The number of electrons present in carbon atom is 6. Therefore, the electronic configuration is (2, 4). This means that there are 2 electrons in the K shell and 4 electrons in the L shell. (key typ>wf[Nn [C2 4 = = The symbol of nitrogen is N and its atomic number is 7. The number of electrons is 7. Therefore, the electronic configuration is (2, 5). This means that there are two electrons in the K shell and 5 electrons are in the L shell K C wi N 2 5 = = LAU Ue CSV GB Megamind Titorial €) Class 9 Term 2 BookDISTRIBUTION OF ELECTRONS IN THE ORBITS Electronic Configuration of Elements «The energy of every electron depends on the shell it occupies. * Electrons in the K shell have minimum energy. Electrons in subsequent shells have higher energies. * The arrangement of electrons of each element is called the electronic configuration of the element. Valency + The valency of an element represents the combining capacity of the element. * Itcan also be defined as the number of electrons lost, gained or shared by its atom during a chemical combination. Valence Shell ‘The outermost shell or arbit of an atom is known as the valence shell or valence orbit Valence Electrons * The electrons present in the outermost valence shell of an atom are called valence electrons. «The number of valence electrons varies from 1 to 8 for the atoms of different elements. MOTIVATION The wise does at once what the Fool does at last 3 Megamind Titorial €) Class 9 Term 2 BookAtomic Number and Atomic Mass Number * The number of protons present in the nucleus of an atom is the atomic number of that atom, It is represented by the symbol Z. Atomic number (2) = Number of protons (p) * All atoms of an element have the same atomic number. The number of protons and electrons in an atom is equal. Thus, the atom of an element is electrically neutral. ‘* Atomic mass number is defined as the sum of the number of protons and neutrons contained in the nucleus of an atom of that element. It is denoted by the symbol A. Atomic mass number (A) = Number of protons (p) + Number of neutrons (n) The atomic number, atomic mass number and symbol of an element are writen as- ,Massrumbery or ZX Atomic number 3 Megamind Titorial — €) Class 9 Term 2 BookISOTOPES Atoms of the same element differing in the number of neutrons in their nuclei are known as isotopes. Thus, isotopes of an element have the same atomic number but different atomic mass numbers. Isotopes are identified by their mass numbers For example, the isotopes of carbon are referred to as carbon-12, carbon-13 and carbon-14, Isotopes of an element have similar chemical properties but different physical properties. Examples of isotopes Three Protium (fH) Deuterium (7+) Tritium (341) Oxygen Two Uranium © Megamind Titorial Two ©) Class 9 Term 2 BookISOTOPES Average Atomic Mass of Chlorine The isotopes of chlorine, found in nature are in the ratio 3 : 1 So, in any sample of chlorine, *C! will constitute 75% and %7C! will constitute 25%. The proportion in which the isotopes are found in the nature is always constant Therefore, in any sample of chlorine, the average atomic mass will be ‘Average atomic mass of chlorine (35 x 75/100) + (37 x 25/100) 05/4 + 37/4 42/4 35.5u ‘The average atomic mass of chlorine is equal to 35.5 u. Radioactive Isotopes «Isotopes can be stable or unstable depending on the presence of extra neutrons in their nuclei. + The unstable isotopes which emit various types of radiations are known as radioactive otopes. * A few commonly used radioactive isotopes are carbon-14, arsenic-74, sodium-24, iodine-131, cobalt- 60 and uranium-235. Applications of Isotopes ‘* Radioactive isotopes are used in nuclear reactors as a fuel. The nuclear reactors are used to generate electricity, Uranium-236 isotope is the fuel of choice for nuclear power plants, They are also used as diagnostic tools in medicine. Coballt-60 is the isotope of choice for radiotherapy. Phosphorus-30 is used in the treatment of leukemia or blood cancer. lodine-131 radioisotope, used as a ‘tracer’, is injected into the body to check the activity of the thyroid gland. It helps in detecting the amount of iodine taken up by the thyroid gland. It is an important tool in the diagnosis and treatment of diseases such as goitre. 3 Megamind Titorial €) Class 9 Term 2 BookISOBARS The atoms of different elements having different atomic numbers but the same mass number are known as isobars. Examples of Isobars lsobars Number of | Number of | Mass Protons: neutrons | number Chiorine-37 v7 20 37 Argon-37 18 19 Cerium-76 32 44 76 Selenium-76 M4 42 fron-58 26 32 58 Nickel-58 a 31 MOTIVATION You have to learn the rules of the game. And then you have to play better than anyone else 3 Megamind Titorial €) Class 9 Term 2 BookQUESTION PRACTICE On the basis of Thomson's atomic model of an atom, explain how the atom is neutral as a whole. What do you think would be the observation, if the a particle scattering experiement is carried out usinkg a foil of metal other than gold? (a) Helium atom has an atomic mass of u. It has two protons in its nucleus. How many neutrons does it have? (b) What are the limitations of Rutherford's model of an atom. Define valency by taking examples of sodium and chlorine. Mg” has completely filled K and L shells. Explain what do you understand by this statement. Why do Helium, Neon and Argon have zero valency? Enlist the conclusion drawn by Rutherford from his a-scattering experiment. What are the postulates of Bohr's model of an atom? 3 Megamind Titorial E) Class 9 Term 2 BookMIND MAPPING Personal & T py Acole Chronic Congenital — Acquired disease disease By Birth short duration tong duration lke aaa! (eg. cold, cough) (eg. T.B., Sugar) Infectious Nonringectious€—m Deficiency diseases Hormonal diseases Spread by Solution Pathogens Methods of Principles of Principles. of Transm Prevention Treatment 1. Bacteria 2. Fungi Through Air: (eg T.B.) 3.Protozoa Through Water: (eecbolera) | pave the Kill the cause of 4. Wonns Through Sexual Contact: | sort ofdiscase disease (cure) 5. Virus (AIDS) Through Vestor: ‘Symptomatic By ‘Mosquito: Malaria, Dengue | Treatment Antibiotics ete (Gat, Dow: Rabies “Anti virus ‘House Fly : Cholera Anti fungal ete. Flies: Sleeping sickness) General ways Specific ways Immunisation Clean Safe Hygiene = " ‘Vaccination Environment drinking water Personal Public ©} Megamind Tstorial ©) Class 9 Term 2 BookHEALTH Health is a general condition of a person’s mind and body. According to WHO (World Health Organisation) health is a “state of physical, mental and social well-being ofa person”. To make people aware and conscious of keeping healthy and disease-free we celebrate WORLDHEALTH DAY on 7th April every year. + ‘Health’ isastate of being well enough to function well physically, mentally and socially. + — Thediseases/infections can be prevented by life style (exercise, proper sleep, enough relaxation) modification, taking balanced diet, good personal health and hygiene and also maintaining a clean and healthy surrounding. + Treatment involves killing of the microbes/pathogens. Differences between Being Healthy and Disease-free Being Healthy Being Disease-free I. It isa state of being well enough | 1. It is a state of absence from diseases. to function well physically, mentally and socially. 2. It refers to the individual, 2. Itrefers only to the individual. physical and social environment. 3. The individual has good health 3. The individual may have good Energetic health or poor health. 3 Megamind Titorial — E) Class 9 Term 2 BookTa la ee IEE HEALTH Diseases : It refers to any condition that disturbs or modifies the normal functioning of the living organisms. What does disease look like? + Whena personis affected by a disease either the functioning or the appearance of one or more systems of the body will change for the worse. + Thesechanges give rise tosymptoms and signs of disease. + Onthe basis of the symptoms the physicians look forthe signs ofa particular disease and conduct tests to confirm the disease. Sign ; It gives more definite indications of the presence of a particular disease it include laboratory test, ultrasound ete, Symptoms : Symptoms of diseases are the indications that we feel as being wrong , suchascold, headache, loose motion ete. Causes of Diseases Diseases are caused by : * Pathogens like virus, bacteria, fungi, protozoans or worms. * Poor health and under nourishment. + — Hereditary and genetic disorder. + Lack of proper treatment immunization. + Environmental pollution (air, water ete.) Intrinsic/internal Factors. Extrinsic/Extemal Factors. These are disease-causing factors which exist within the human body. Genetic disorders. Example: Haemophilia * These are disease-causing factors which enter the human body from outside and cause a disease. Disease-causing microorganisms. Example: Malaria Levels of First-level cause: Primary cause/causative agent: Bacteria, virus Immediate Causes | « Second-level cause: Secondary cause: Lack of good nourishment Third-level cause: Tertiary cause: Poverty £3 Megamind Tutorial — EP Class 9 Term 2 BookHEALTH ‘Types of Diseases (i) Acute Diseases : Acute diseases which last for only very shortperiod of timeandaffect body suddenly and quickly. E.g., Cold, cough, typhoidete. Chronic Diseases ; The diseases which last for along time, even as much asa lifetime, are called chronic diseases. E.g., Diabetes, tuberculosis, elephantiasis etc. Infectious Disease Communicable : The diseases which spread due to infection by micro-organisms.are called infectious diseases. [tis communicated from diseased person to healthy person, caused by some biological agents/pathogens like viruses, bacteria, fungi, protozoans, worms. e.g. corona, T.Bete Non-infectious Diseases — Non Communicable : The diseases which does not spread by contact between infected and healthy person through air and water, is called non-infectious disease. E.g., Arthritis, heart diseases, Diabetes, Hyper Thyroids ete. (a) Deficiency diseases —caused due to deficiency of nutrient. eg. goitre ete, (b) Degenerative diseases—ex. arthritis. (c) Allergies (d) Cancer—Leukemia (v) Congenital diseases : The discases present since birth, caused due to genetic abnormalities or defective development ofembryo. e.g., haemophili Differences between Infectious and Non-infectious Diseases FECTIOUS DISEASES NON-INFECTIOUS DISEASES ‘Caused by attack of pathogens ‘Caused by factors other than pathogens 2 Caused by extrinsic factors 2 Caused by intrinsic factors 3. Transmitted from one person to| 3. Do not get transmitted from one person another to another 4, Transmission of diseases occurs| 4. Transmission in hereditary diseases is through direct contact or some medium ‘from parent to offspring 5. Examples; Cholera, malaria * Examples: Diabetes, goitre ©} Megamind Tstorial © Class 9 Term 2 BookHEALTH Infectious Agents AIDS, chickenpox, influenza, poliomyelitis “Typhoid, cholera, tuberculosis, tetanus *Skin infections, dandruff, ringworm *Malaria, amoebic dysentery, Kala-azar *Elephantiasis, ascariasis “Scabies Means of Spread of Infectious Diseases ‘Airbome diseases _| Spread through air when droplets of pathogens are expelled into the air because of coughing, sneezing or talking Examples: Influenza, meningitis Caused by consumption of contaminated water, Examples: Typhoid fever, cholera, hepatitis A Caused by consumption of food contaminated with chemical toxins or pathogens. Examples: Taeniasis, trichinosis Caused by pathogens transmitted by veciors such as insects and licks. Examples: Malaria, elephantiasis Caused by pathogens transmitted by sexual contact. Examples: AIDS, syphilis Caused by pathogens present on inanimate objects such as clothing and bedding used by infected people. Examples: Scabies, ringworm GB Megamind Titorial Class 9 Term 2 Book Water-bome diseases Food-borne diseases Vector-bome diseases ‘Sexually transmitted diseases Fomite-borne diseases:Ta la ee IEE ORGAN Discase ¢ HEALTH —Specific and Tissue-specific Manifestations -ausing microbes enter the body by different means and goes to different organs and tissues. The signs & symptoms of a disease will depend on the tissue, organ which the Microbes w@ (i) Target. Microbes which enter through the nose are likely to go to the lungs. (Bacteria which cause tuberculosis of lungs). Microbes which enter through the mouth are likely to stay in the gut (bacteria which causes typhoid) or liver (bacteria which causes jaundice). (iii) Virus which causes AIDS enter the body through sexual organs during sexual contactand spread through the lymph toall parts of the body and damages the immunesystem. (iv) Virus which causes Japanese encephalitis (brain fever) enters the body through mosquito bite and goes and infects the brain. Reducing the Effect Killing the Cause Medicines reduce the «Pathogenic microbes can be killed by using symptoms associated with the medicines or antibiotics without affecting the disease ‘metabalism of the host. Taking rest helps to conserve ‘Antibiotics. can be used to cure bacterial infections our energy, {as these chemical compounds block the important biochemical pathways of bacteria, ©B Megamind Titorial — E) Class 9 Term 2 BookTa la ee IEE HEALTH Principles of Prevention of Diseases + Prevention of diseases follows three basic principles: cl Maintenance of personal and public hygiene Availability of proper and sufficient food and water for everyone ‘—_ Immunisation General Ways of Prevention of Infectious Diseases * We can prevent exposure to air-borne microbes by providing living conditions which are not overcrowded. * We can prevent exposure to water-borne microbes by providing safe, filtered and boiled drinking water. * We can provide clean environments to prevent expasure to vector-borne microbes, This would not allow their multiplication. Specific Ways of Prevention of Infectious Diseases * Immunisation is the process by which an individual's immune system is equipped to fight off infectious agents + Vaccination provides active immunity. + Vaccines against some common diseases such as BCG vaccine, DPT vaccine, polio vaccine, vaccines for tetanus, diphtheria, whooping cough, measles and many others have been administered in India. GB Megamind Titorial Class 9 Term 2 BookHEALTH | Aon Dies Disease Pathogen _Vector (if any) Symptoms { Protozoa | Female anopheles 1, Malaria Recurrent fever, chills {| mosquito 2. Typhoid { Bacteria— { Cockroaches ete, { High feverand intestinal Salmonella feetions 3.AIDS } Virus—HIV} - Not a disease in itself, it : affects our lymph glands i thereby decreasing our i munity 4, Deogue |! Virus {Female Aedes | Headache + fever : aegypti 3.Worms | Womsin {| - } Stomach ache imestine | : 6.Kala azar! Protozoa- | - | Brain fever Tats | 7. Round Ascaris in | a | Stomach ache worms | intestine | i 8.SARS | Bacteria | = i = 9. Swine flu} Virus | Pig+human | Fever— spreads 10. Bird flu} Virus ! Birds | Fever spreads LL. Ebola { Ebola virus } Bat 1 Rever— spreads 3 Megamind Titorial — €) Class 9 Term 2 Book2 im Bice AN @ he Sie Ee SOME QUESTIONS VERY SHORT ANSWER QUESTIONS Write the full form of WHO. Name two non-infectious diseases. Write two water-borne diseases. Write the difference between acute and chronic disease. Write the expanded form of AIDS. What is the difference between “Being healthy’ and ‘Disease free’? Name two disease that can be prevented by using vaccine. Name the methods for treatment of infectious diseases. LONG ANSWER QUESTIONS Why is food necessary for us? Name two methods for treatment of infectiou: How do micro-organisms enter into our body ? Name four diseases caused by protozoa, virus, bacteria, fungi. Whatare the different means by which infectious diseases spread ? What precautions can you take in your school to reduce the incidence of infectious diseases ? BIMARI SE BACCHE RAHE ALL THE BEST 3 Megamind Titorial — €) Class 9 Term 2 BookNewton's Universal law of gravitation | Force (F)= GMM, R G = Gravitational Constant Aass of object | M, = Mass of object 2 R = distance between object W=m*g Weight = M Grav © Megamind Tutorial | Gravitation | Buoyant force ~ | Thrust— Pressure: P=F/A P = Pressure F A= Area Force Acceleration due to gravity (g) = 9.8 m/s | £=GM Rv R= Radius of Earth M = Mass of Earth G = Gravitational constant ValueofG= 6.67 10 | NmJkg" © Class 9 Term 2 BookNewton's Universal Law Of Gravitation Sir Isaac Newton in 1687 proposed a law about the force of attraction between the two objects in the universe which is known as Newton’s law of gravitation, Oo——_9 m, m; According to this | Every mass in this universe attracts every other mass with a force which is tly proportional to the product of two masses and inversely proportional to the square of the distance between them, Let masses (m,) and (1) of two objects are distance (@) apart, then force of attraction (F) between them Focm, xm, Gm, xm, where G is a constant and is known as Grav itational constant. Value of G = 6.67 « 1071! Nm?/kg? Gis called universal gravitational constant, Ifunitof F is in Newton, mis inkg, dis in metre, then unit of G can be calculated as Fu Pxd? Nm? so unit be or NmP/kg? m, xm, © Megamind Titorial — €) Class 9 Term 2 BookRelation between Newton’s third law of motion and Newton’s law of gravitation According to Newton’s third law of motion, “Every object exerts equal and opposite force on other object but in opposite direction.” According to Newton's law of gravitation, “Every mass in the universe attracts the every other mass.” Importance of universal law of gravitation (i) The force that binds us to the earth (ii) The motion of moon around the earth. (iii), The motion of earth around the sun. (iv) The tides due to moon in the sea, Free fall of an object and acceleration during free fall When an object is thrown upward, it reaches certain height, then it starts falling down towards earth. It is because the earth’s gravitational force exerts on it. This fall under the influence of earth is called “free fall of an object’. During this free fall direction do not change but velocity continuously changes which is called acceleration due to gravity. It is denoted by “g’. Its unit is same as acceleration m/s* oo Megamind Tutorial © Class 9 Term 2 Bookational Acceleration and its value at the surface of earth Gri The uniform acceleration produced in a freely falling object due to the gravitational force of earth, is called acceleration due to gravity. It is represented by ‘g’ and it always acts towards the centre of the earth. Value of ‘g* on the surface of earth The force acting on an object is p= Mm (i) R? Where M, = Mass of earth m =Mass of an object R = Radius of earth and if acceleration due to gravity is “g" due to force F then, Fomxg ii) GM Equating (i) and (ii), we get mxgo R Or g- —; 8 R If G = 6.673 = 101! Nm? A, = 6 x 10 kg, R= (6.37 x 10%? m* 6.673410"! x6x10™ Then, z (6.37x10°Y oo Megamind Tutorial © Class 9 Term 2 BookEquation of motion when an object is falling freely towards earth or thrawn vertically upwards : Case 1. When an object is falling towards earth with ini ial velocity (1), then Velocity (v) after ¢ seconds, v = u + gt Height covered in r seconds, f= ur + ag Relation between v and wv when f is not mentioned : v= +2¢h Case 2. When object is falling from rest position means initial velocity u = 0 (zero), then Velocity (v) after r seconds, v = gr Height covered in f seconds, h = Relation between v and w when f is not mentioned : Case 3, When an object is thrown vertically upwards with in gravitational acceleration will be negative (— g), then Velocity (v) after ¢ seconds, v = u = gt Height covered in f seconds, fh = ut — Relation between v and v when f is not mentioned oo Megamind Tutorial © Class 9 Term 2 Book« Mass of an object is the measure of its inertia. + The force with which an object is attracted towards the Earth is the weight (W) of the object. It is equal to the product of mass (m) and acceleration due to gravity (g). W=mg + Slunit of weight is Newton, same as that of force. The weight of an object on the Moon is one-sixth its weight on the Earth Difference Between Mass And Weight 1. Mass of a body is the quantity of 1. Weight of a body is the force with matter contained in it. which the body is attracted towards the centre of the Earth. 2. Mass of a body is a constant 2. Weight of a body varies from place quantity. to place. 3. It is a scalar quantity. 3. It is a vector quantity. 4. SI unit of mass is kilogram (kg). 4. Sl unit of weight is newton (N). oo Megamind Tutorial © Class 9 Term 2 BookThrust is the force acting perpendicularly on an object. Pressure is the force acting perpendicularly on a unit area of the object. Thrust Area SI unit of thrust is newton (N) and that of pressure is pascal (Pa), where 1 Pa=1 N/m? Density (d) of a substance is defined as mass (M) per unit volume (V). az Vv The relative density of a substance is the ratio of its density to the density of water at 4°C. Density of a substance Density of water at 4°C Relative density has no units as it is the ratio of similar quantities. Pressure = Relative density = GB Megamind Titorial © ) Class 9 Term 2 BookThrust and Pressure Thrust is the force acting perpendicularly on an object. Pressure is the force acting perpendicularly on a unit area of the object. Thrust rea Sl unit of thrust is newton (N) and that of pressure is pascal (Pa), where 1Pa=1 N/m? Density (d) of a substance is defined as mass (M) per unit volume (V). d= ms v The relative density of a substance is the ratio of its density to the density of water at 4°C. Density of a substance Density of water at 4°C Pressure = Relative density = Relative density has no units as it is the ratio of similar quantities oo Megamind Tutorial © Class 9 Term 2 BookPressure In Fluid A fluid exerts pressure in all directions, even upwards. According to Pascal's law, pressure exerted in any confined mass of fluid is transmitted uniformly in all directions. Bueyancy When an object is partially or wholly immersed in a fluid, an upward force acts on it, which is called upthrust or buoyant force. The magnitude of buoyant force depends on 2 The volume of the object immersed in the liquid 0 The density of the liquid. Let W be the weight of a body and Fabe the buoyant force acting on it. © If W> Fe, then the bady sinks, o IfW- 2x 98x78 10x10 ; 2% 49% 784 Or " = Vo 10x10 2x7 u = 784 10 Or u = 39.2 mis? Ans. oo Megamind Tutorial © Class 9 Term 2 BookSome Examples Example 6. An object is thrown vertically upwards and reaches a height of 78.4 m. Calculate the velocity at which the object was thrown ? (g = 9.8 m/s?) Solution: Given, = = 78.4 m, v= 0, g=9.8 m/s*,u=? 2 =u 2gh Or oO =w-2x98x 78.4 o 2x 98x 784 Or ait tebe tals 10x10 loxauaoxTee «2K 49% 784 Or it fom 10x10 2x7 u “aN Tea 0 Or u = 39.2 m/s? Ans. Example 7. What is the mass of an object whose weight is 49 Newton ? Solution ; Given, — Weight of object W = 49N g =9.8 m/s? Now, W =mg w 4 Or m aa g 98 Skg Ans, oo Megamind Tutorial © Class 9 Term 2 Book6. 14, 15 16, Question Practice SHORT ANSWERS QUESTION ‘Whatis the value of universal constant G and its unit? Why do pins sink in water? Namea factor on which g depends. Name the balance used to measure weight of an object Mass of an object is 1600 gm on the earth. What is its mass on the moon? Why ? Ans: 1600 gm Two objects placed in aroom, are not pulling each other. Why’ Name the force responsible for the motion of moon around the earth. How objects move around the earth? LONG ANSWERS QUESTION State Archimedes’ Principle and explain it with example. State two factors on which buoyant force depends. Density of aluminium is 2700 kg m-3. What is its relative density ? Denisty of water is 1000 kg m-3, Define relative density Ans:2.7 A ball is released from a height of 1 metre. What time it will take to reach the surface of the earth? Ans :0.45s oo Megamind Tutorial © Class 9 Term 2 Booker work kare eukseey ke sath 15 Formula of work Work done may be force * displacement = work Positive +ive orw=Fxs Negative -ive Zero (0) Rate of energy consumption [ ENERGY | ‘capacity of doing work | Unit =Joule (J) | - Heat energy Transformation 2. Chemical energy of energy 3. Electrical energy Conservation 4. Solar energy Commercial unit of energy Kinetic energy Potential energy kilowatt hour (kwh) K,-4mv =mgh 1 kwh = 3.6 = 10° Joules Unit=Joule (J) Unit =Joule (J)Chale work kare ukteey ke sath 1.5 Work is done when a force produces motion in a body. Work done in moving a body is equal to the product of force exerted on the body and the distance moved by the body in the direction of force. Work = Force x Distance W=Fxs Work is a scalar quantity. It has only magnitude and no direction, Its SI unit is joule (J). ‘One joule of work is said to be dane on an object when a force of 1 N displaces the object by 1m along the line of action of force. Work done by a force can be positive, negative or zero. It is positive when a force acts in the direction of motion of the body. It is negative when a force acts opposite to the direction of motion of the body. It is zero when a force acts at right angles to the direction of motion of the body. GB Megamind Titorial Class 9 Term 2 BookWhen a force is applied on the wall, ‘When a force is applied on the rock, the wall does not mave, So work the rock does not move. So work is not done jis not done Work Done by a Fixed Force Work done in moving.a body is equal to the product of force and displacement of body in the direction of foree. Work = Force « Displacement oe oer, ory orn W=FxS — Work is a sealar quantity. —s——4 Unit of Work Unit of work is Newton metre or Joule. When a force of 1 Newton moves a body through a distance of 1 metre direction, then the work done is known as 1 Joule. 1 Joule =1 Newton I metre yo fie 13 =1Nm 3 Megamind Titorial — Class 9 Term 2 BookNegative, Positive and Zero Work Work done by a force ean be positive, negative or zero. 4) Work done is positive when a force acts in the direetion of motion of the body.{ Fig. (a}] (0 = 0%). 6 = angle between direction of force applied & the motion of body. Example » & child pulls a toy car with a string horizontally on the ground. Here work done is positive, W =FxS Motion ——+ Positive work (ii) Work done is negative when a force acts opposite to the direction of motion of the body. (@= 180°) Example When.we kick a football lying on the ground, the force of our kick moves the football, Here direction of force applied & motion of football is same so work done is positive. But the football moving on the ground slows down gradually and ultimately stops. This is because a foree due to friction (of ground) aets on the football. ‘This force of friction acts in a divection opposite to the direction of motion of football. So, in this case, the work done by the force of friction on the football is negative (and) it decrease the speed of the football. Festal Feoaball Force Force (Kick) (Frisia) Positive work Negative work Work done is zera when a force acts at right angles to the direction of motion. (0= 90°) 3 Megamind Titorial Class 9 Term 2 BookEEE reer Chale work ta Ph ke sath Definition : The capacity of doing work is known as energy. The amount of energy possessed by a body is equal to the amount of work it can. do. Working bedy loses energy, body on which work is done gains energy. Energy isa scalar quantity, U The SI unit of energy is Joule (J) and its bigger unit is kilo joule (kJ). 1 kJ = 1000 J The energy required to do 1 Joule of work is called | Joule energy. Forms of Energy Main forms of energy are : () Kinetic energy (i) Potential energy (iii) Heat energy (iv) Chemical energy (x) Electrical energy (vi) Light energy (vii) Sound energy (viii) Nuclear energy Sate Kinetic energy (Motion) Lee) CCI UCI AL) (Position) GB Megamind Titorial Class 9 Term 2 BookEe rae ) CSF) ro sath S — Chale work Se erry Fi 1.5 KINENATIC ENERGY * The energy possessed by a body on account of its motion is known as * Kinetic energy possessed by a body of mass ‘m’ moving with a velocity inetic energy. ’ is given by the formula: Kinetic Energy = dmv? + Kinetic energy of a body is directly proportional to ¢ the mass of the body © the square of the velocity of the body POTENTIAL ENERGY + The energy possessed by a body because of its position or configuration is known as potential energy. * The work done in potential energy. * Potential energy of a body of mass ‘m’ raised to a height 'h’ above the surface of the Earth is given by the formula: Potential Energy = mg h where ‘g' is the acceleration due to gravity. + Law of conservation of energy: ing an object from the ground to a point against gravity is called gravitational Energy can neither be created nor destroyed; it can only be converted from one form to the other. «Sum of kinetic energy and potential energy of an objects its total mechanical energy. 3 Megamind Titorial — €) Class 9 Term 2 BookChale work kare ukteey ee Eine 1.5 Rate of Doing Work — Power “Power is defined as the rate of energy consumption.” Work done Ww Power =———— Or P=— Time taken 7 where P = Power W = Work done ¢ = Time taken Unit of Power SI unit of Power is Watt (W) = 1 Joule/second. | Joule is 1 Watt =-——_—s«—* oor 1Ws— 1 second Is Power is one Watt when one Joule work is done in one second. Total work done or total energy used. Average Power = = Total time taken Power of Electrical Gadget The power of an electrical appliance tells us the rate at which electrical energy is consumed by it. Here, when work is done, an equal amount of energy in consumed. Bigger unit of Power : Bigger unit of power is called Kilowatt or KW. 1 Kilowatt (KW) = 1000 Watt = 1000 W or 1000 J/s GB Megamind Titorial Class 9 Term 2 Book- Rea Chale work pial uae] iS mal = ——. Example. 4 body does 20 Joules of work in 5 seconds. What is its power ? Work done Time taken Solution : Power = Work done = 20 Joules Time taken = 5 sec. 205 3s So, Power =4)/s=4W Thus, power of the body is 4 Watts. Commercial Unit of Energy : Joule is very small unit of energy and it is inconvenient to use it where a large quantity of energy is involved. For commercial purpose, bigger unit of energy is Kilotwatt hour (K Wh). MOTIVATION We make the world we live in and shape our own environment 3 Megamind Titorial — €) Class 9 Term 2 BookChale work kare ukteey ee Eine 1.5 1KWh: | KWhis the amount of energy consumed when an electric appliance having a power rating of | Kilowatt is used for 1 hour. Relation between Kilowatt hour and Joule 1 Kilowatt hour is the amount of energy consumed at the rate of 1 Kilowatt for 1 hour. 1 Kilowatt hour = 1 Kilowatt for | hour = 1000 Watt for 1 hour = 1000 Watt x 3600 seconds (60 x 60 seconds = | hour) = 36,00,000 Joules So, 1KWh 6x 10° 1 unit Example, 4 bulb of 60 Watt is used for 6 hrs. daily. How many units (KWh) of electrical energy are consumed ? 60 Solution : Power ofbulb =60W= j000"* = 0.06 KW t =6hours Energy =Power x Time taken =0.06* 6h t — =0.36KWh=0.36units GB Megamind Titorial Class 9 Term 2 BookChale work kare ue ke sath _— ee CHALO AB QUESTIONS KARE SHORT ANSWERS QUESTIONS What is conservation of energy ? Explain with an example. 1 2. Whatdo you understand by kinetic energy ? Write its formula. 3. Onwhat factors does the kinetic energy ofa body depends? 4. What happens to potential energy ofa body when its height is doubled ? (Ans. Doubled) 5. How many joules are there in 1 Kilowatt hour? LONG ANSWERS QUESTIONS 1. Whatare the quantities on which the amount of work done depend ? How are they related to work? 2. Aload of 100 kgis pulled up to 5 m. Calculate the work done. (g=10m/s2) (Ans. 5000 J) 3. Abody of mass m is moving with a velocity 5 ms". Its kinetic energy is 25 J. If its vel y? (Ans, 1005) 4. Aboy weighing 50 kg climbs up a vertical height of 100m. Calculate the amount of work done by him. How much potential energy he gains? (Given g=9.8 ms’) (Ans. 4.9 « 10°J) 3 Megamind Titorial — €) Class 9 Term 2 BookABOUT THIS EBOOK * CHAPTERS THEORY er?) am AE e) * FULL CONCEPTS * EXAMPLE QUESTIONS axel) yale) aa nd r ai aT aver e LOPE Lei) LOE TC MOC eC eA re Raut 7 MEGAMIND TUTORIAL © CLASS 9 TERM2 BOOKS TARGET 90+MOTIVATION "DON'T CARE OF RESULT, GIVE YOUR BEST" oO MEGAMIND TUTORIAL 2 CLASS 9 TERM 2 BOOKS ISS BAR 90+ PAAR OD THIS EBOOK DESIGN BY TAKING HELP FROM SUPPORT MATERIAL AND NOTES