ENDOCRINE SYSTEM

THE ENDOCRINE SYSTEM

Although often overshadowed by the brain and nerves, the
endocrine system is also involved in the information
business.
Hormone Carr essential messages that have for reaching
effects.
They control body processes at every level, from energy up
take of a single cell to the whole body's rate of growth and
development.
There are 50 of hormones, which are the body's chemical
messenger and they are made by 12 different endocrine
glands.
These glands have no ducts but secrete their hormones
directly into the blood, by which means they reach every
cell in the body.
Hormone affect certain target tissues or organs and

regulates their activities.

 The Endocrine System sends hormones through the
circulatory system to control and coordinate body
functions in much the same way as the nervous system
uses tiny electrical signals.
•The Endocrine System and Nervous system work
together to integrate in the brain and complement each
other, but they tend to work at different speeds.
•Nervesvrespond within split seconds but their action
soon fades.
•Some hormones have longer lasting affects and act over
hours, weeks, and years.
Hormones regulates processes such as:
•The breakdown of chemical substances in
metabolism of what we eat and drink.
•Fluid balance and urine production.
•The body's growth and development.
•Sexual reproduction.
The 12 parts of the Endocrine System

•pineal gland •kidney

•pituitary gland •intestines
•hypothalamus •heart
•thymus gland •stomach
•adrenal gland •pancreas
•thyroid gland •ovary
•Thy hypothalamus and the pituitary gland are part of the
diencephalon region of the brain.
•Thy hypothalamus connects the nervous system to the
endocrine system. It receives and processes signals from
other brain regions and pathways and translates them
into hormones, the chemical messenger of the endocrine
system.
•These hormones flow to the pituitary gland which is
connected to the hypothalamus by the infunclibulum.
 •Some hormones are stored in the pituitary stores for
later release others spur it to secrete its own hormones.
The hormones released by the pituitary gland and the
hypothalamus control the other endocrine glands and
regulate all major internal functions.

•The thymus gland produces progenitor cells, which

mature into T-cells (thymus derived cells). The body uses
T-cells to help destroy infected or cancerous cells.
 •T-cells created by the thymus also help other organs in
the immune system properly. These cells are so vital,
they are often donated to those in need. Thymus gland is
the primary donor of cells for the lymphatic system,
much as bone marrow is the cell donor for the
cardiovascular system.
•The adrenal glands are pyramid-dhaped organs that sit
at the top of each kidney. Each adrenal gland consists of
two structures: an outer adrenal cortex and an inner
adrenal medulla.
The adrenal cortex is a network of fine connective tissues
that makes up most of the gland. It secretes a range of
steroid hormones.
•Cortisol which manages protein and glucose levels.
•Aldosterone which adjusts our levels of water and salt.
•Androgena and estrogens are secreted by the adrenal
cortex in small amount by both sexes.
 •The adrenal medulla (inside the gland) produces
epinephrine and nov-epinephrine (NE). These chemicals
promote "fight or flight" the body's initial response to
stress.
•The left kidney is located slightly higher than the right
kidney due to the larger size of the liver on the right side
of the body.
 2 Hormones made by the kidneys
•The kidneys make two main hormones, vitamin D
erythropoietin
•Vitamin D is essential for a number of different
functions in the body.
•Most of the vitamin D that is in the blood is inactive and
it is modified by the kidney and other tissues to activate
it.
•Active vitamin D stimulates the update of calcium from
food, is important for the maintenance of healthy bones
and also helps to regulate the response of the immune
system to infection.
•Erythropoietin is produced when oxygen levels in the
blood are low.
•It acts in bone marrow to stimulate the production of
mature red blood cells and to maintain healthy oxygen
levels in our tissues.
 SEX GLANDS AND HORMONES
•The main sex glands are the ovaries in females and
tested in mlaes.
•The sex hormones they produce stimulate the
production of eggs and sperm respectively and influence
the early development of the embryo into a boy or girl.
•After birth, the calculating levels remain low until
puberty.
 •Then in males, the tested increase their output of
androgens (male sex hormones), such as testosterone.
•In females the ovaries produce more oestrogens and
progesterone.
 THE PINEAL GLAND
•The pineal gland is small and pine come shaped (which
is how it got its name) located at the back of the
diencephalon region in the brain.
•At night, in the absence of the light, the pineal gland
secretes the hormone melatonin.
•Melatonin regulates bthe body's sleep patterns in both
circadian (daily) and seasonal patterns.
•In the morning when light hits the eye, photo receptors
in the retina send signals to the pineal gland, which then
decreases melatonin production and we wake up.
 MASTER GLAND
•The pituary is the most influential gland in the endocrine
system.
•It is actually two distinct glands in one.
•Its fronts or anterior lobe manufactures 7 major
hormones and release them into the bloodstream.
•Behind it is the posterior (back) lobe which receives it's
two main hormones from the hypothalamus, which lies
above it and then it releases 3 hormones as shown.
 THYROID GLAND
• The thyroid gland sits in the throat region, just below
the larynx served by large arteries with many branches
and a dense network of capillaries.
The hormones it secretes travel in the bloodstream
throughout the body to:
•Increase metabolism
•Regulate glucose use
•Protein synthesis
•Nervous system development
•It is also releases Calcium, which helps maintain blood
calcium homeostasis by causing calcium to be removed
from the blood and deposited vintobbones when blood
(calcium) levels are too high.
 PARATHYROID GLANDS
On the posterior (back) surface of thy thyroid sit much
smaller, separate glands, the parathyroids.
•Typically these are four parathyroid glands, superior and
inferior pair on the left and right sides of the thyroid.
•They secrete parathyroid hormone (PTH), which
stimulates bbones to release calcium into the blood
when blood (calcium) levels are low.
•PTH also causes the kidneys to reduce calcium
secretion into urine to further elevate calcium
levels in the blood.
•Together, calcitonin and PTH act in complementary
ways to maintain blood calcium homeostasis, which is
one of the most tightly controlled physiological
parameters in the body.
Iodine is an element that's required for the thyroid gland
produce thyroid hormone.

Since the body does not produce iodine on its own, it

needs to come from dietary sources and striking the right
balance is key.
The Importance Of Iodine
•When you consume iodine, it is quickly absorbed and
entered into your bloodstream.
 GUT HORMONES
The gut hormones work in association with the guts
extensive nervous system (enteric nervous system) and
play a coordinating role in:
–The control of appetite
–The digestion of food
–The regulation of energy balance
–The maintenance of blood glucose levels
 The Role That Some Of These Hormones Play Is Outlined
Below:
Ghrelin is produced in the stomach, and its function is to
tell the brain that the body has to be fed. It increase
appetite.
Gastrinis is produced in the stomach when it is stretched.
It stimulates the release of gastric juice rich in pepsin and
hydrochloric acid.
Secretin is produced in the duodenum and has has the
effect of stimulating the pancreas to produce alkaline
secretions as well as slowing the emptying of the
stomach.
Chloecystokirin (CCK) is produced in the duodenum. It
reduces appetite, slows down the emptying of the
stomach and stimulate the release of bite from the gall
bladder.
 Reprise YY(PYY) is produced in the last part of the small
intestine known as the ileum as well as parts of the large
intestine. It plays a role in slowling down the passage of
food along the gut, which increases the efficiency of
digestion and nutrient absorption after meal.
Glucagon like peptide (GLP–L) is produced in the appetite
and colon and has multiple actions including inhibition of
gastric emptying and appetite as well as the stimulation
of insulin release.
 PANCREAS A DUAL PURPOSE GLAND
•It is also a part of the digestive system.
•It excretes pancreatic juice into the small intestine via
the pancreatic duct.
•Scattered within the pancreas there are also tiny cell
clusters called pancreatic islets (or islets of Langerhans)
that release hormones into the bloodstream.
•These islets make up less than 2% of pancreatic tissue
but their specialized cells regulate blood glucose levels
(or blood sugar).
When blood sugar is low, alpha cells in the islets release
glucagon. Glucagon spurs the liver to breakdown
glycogen and release more glucose into the blood.

•When blood sugar is high beta cells in the islets release

insulin which increases glucose reuptake.
 THE PANCREAS REGULATES BLOOD SUGAR

•Sorround by enzyme producing acini cells, the tiny

pancreatic islets contain three types of cells alpha,
beta and delta. The secretions of the latter help
regulate insulin and glucagon production.