How do organisms reproduce?

1. In the list of organisms given below, those that reproduce by the asexual method
are

i. banana
ii. dog
iii. yeast
iv. Amoeba

1) (i) and (iv)

2) (ii), (iii) and (iv)
3) (ii) and (iv)
4) (i), (iii) and (iv)

2. In a flower, the parts that produce male and female gametes (germ cells) are
1) stamen and style
2) filament and stigma
3) anther and ovary
4) stamen and anther

3. Which of the following is the correct sequence of events of sexual reproduction in

a flower?
1) Pollination, fertilisation, seedling, embryo
2) Pollination, fertilization, embryo, seedling
3) Seedling, embryo, fertilisation, pollination
4) Embryo, seedling, pollination, fertilisation

Sol. 2) Pollination, fertilization, embryo, seedling

4. Offspring formed by the asexual method of reproduction have greater similarity

among themselves because

i. asexual reproduction involves only one parent

ii. asexual reproduction does not involve gametes
iii. asexual reproduction occurs before sexual reproduction
iv. asexual reproduction occurs after sexual reproduction

1) (ii) and (iv)

2) (i) and (iii)
3) (iii) and (iv)
4) (i) and (ii)

Sol. 4) (i) and (ii)

5. Characters transmitted from parents to offspring are present in
1) Cytoplasm
2) Genes
3) Ribosome
4) Golgi bodies
Sol. 2) Genes

6. Characters that are transmitted from parents to offspring during reproduction show
-
1) only variations with parents
2) Both similarities and variations with parents
3) neither similarities nor variations
4) only similarities with parents

7. A feature of reproduction that is common to Amoeba, Spirogyra and Yeast is that

1) They reproduce only sexually
2) They are all unicellular
3) They are all multicellular
4) they reproduce asexually

8. In Spirogyra, asexual reproduction takes place by

1) division of a cell into many cells
2) division of a cell into two cells
3) formation of young cells from older cells
4) breaking up of filaments into smaller bits

Sol. 4) breaking up of filaments into smaller bits

In Spirogyra, reproduction takes place by the fragmentation that involves breaking

down of the filaments into smaller bits.

9. The ability of a cell to divide into several cells during reproduction in Plasmodium
is called
1) multiple fission
2) budding
3) binary fission
4) reduction division
Sol. 1) multiple fission

10. The correct sequence of reproductive stages seen in flowering plants is

1) gametes, zygote, embryo, seedling
2) gametes, embryo, zygote, seedling
3) zygote, gametes, embryo, seedling
4) seedling, embryo, zygote, gametes

Sol. 1) gametes, zygote, embryo, seedling

The sequence of reproductive stages seen in flowering plants is as follows:
Gametes⟶ Zygote⟶ Embryo⟶Seedling

11. The number of chromosomes in parents and offsprings of a particular species

remains constant due to
1) doubling of chromosomes after zygote formation
2) doubling of chromosomes after gamete formation
3) halving of chromosomes after gamete formation
4) halving of chromosomes during gamete formation

Sol. 4) halving of chromosomes during gamete formation

The number of chromosomes in parents and offspring of a particular species

remains constant due to the halving of chromosomes during the gamete formation.

12. In Rhizopus, tubular thread-like structures bearing sporangia at their tips are
called
1) filaments
2) roots
3) rhizoids
4) hyphae

13. Vegetative propagation refers to formation of new plants from

1) stem, roots and flowers
2) stem, flowers and fruits
3) stem, roots and leaves
4) stem, leaves and flowers

14. Factors responsible for the rapid spread of bread mould on slices of bread are

i. a large number of spores

ii. availability of moisture and nutrients in bread
iii. presence of tubular branched hyphae
iv. formation of round shaped sporangia

1) (iii) and (iv)

2) (i) and (ii)
3) (ii) and (iv)
4) (i) and (iii)

Sol. 2) (i) and (ii)

15. Length of pollen tube depends on the distance between

1) pollen grain and upper surface of stigma
2) upper surface of stigma and lower part of style
3) pollen grain in anther and upper surface of stigma
4) pollen grain on upper surface of stigma and ovule

Sol. 4) pollen grain on upper surface of stigma and ovule

16. Which of the following statements are true for flowers?

i. Flowers are always bisexual

ii. They are the sexual reproductive organs
iii. They are produced in all groups of plants
iv. After fertilization they give rise to fruits

1) (i) and (iv)

2) (i) and (iii)
3) (ii) and (iv)
4) (ii) and (iii)

Sol. 3) (ii) and (iv)

17. Which among the following statements are true for unisexual flowers?

i. They possess both stamen and pistil

ii. They possess either stamen or pistil
iii. They exhibit cross pollination
iv. Unisexual flowers possessing only stamens cannot produce fruits

1) (iii) and (iv)

2) (ii), (iii) and (iv)
3) (i) and (iv)
4) (i), (iii) and (iv)

Sol. 2) (ii), (iii) and (iv)

18. Which among the following statements are true for sexual reproduction in
flowering plants?

i. It requires two types of gametes

ii. Fertilization is a compulsory event
iii. It always results in formation of zygote
iv. Offspring formed are clones

1) (i), (ii) and (iv)

2) (i), (ii) and (iii)
3) (i) and (iv)
4) (i), (iv) and (iii)
Sol. 2) (i), (ii) and (iii)

19. In Figure, the parts A, B, and C are sequentially

1) cotyledon, plumule and radicle

2) plumule, radicle and cotyledon
3) radicle, cotyledon and plumule
4) plumule, cotyledon and radicle

Sol. 4) plumule, cotyledon and radicle

• A represents the plumule which forms the shoot.

• B represents the cotyledon, and
• C represents the radicle that forms the roots.

20. Offspring formed as a result of sexual reproduction exhibit more variations

because
1) genetic material comes from two parents of different species
2) genetic material comes from many parents
3) sexual reproduction is a lengthy process
4) genetic material comes from two parents of the same species

Sol. 4) genetic material comes from two parents of the same species

21. Reproduction is essential for living organisms in order to

1) maintain growth
2) continue the species generation after generation
3) keep the individual organism alive
4) fulfill their energy requirement

Sol. 2) continue the species generation after generation

22. During adolescence, several changes occur in the human body. Mark one
change associated with sexual maturation in boys
1) increase in height
2) cracking of voice
3) loss of milk teeth
4) weight gain
Sol. 2) cracking of voice

Cracking of voice in males is brought about by the male hormone testosterone,

which is produced after sexual maturation.

23. In human females, an event that reflects the onset of the reproductive phase is
1) growth of body
2) changes in hair pattern
3) menstruation
4) change in voice

Sol. 3) menstruation

24. In human males, the testes lie in the scrotum, because it helps in the
1) all of these
2) process of mating
3) formation of sperm
4) easy transfer of gametes

25. Which among the following is not the function of testes at puberty?

i. formation of germ cells

ii. secretion of testosterone
iii. development of placenta
iv. secretion of estrogen

1) (i) and (ii)

2) (iii) and (iv)
3) (ii) and (iii)
4) (i) and (iv)

Sol. 2) (iii) and (iv)

26. The correct sequence of organs in the male reproductive system for transport of
sperms is
1) testis → urethra → ureter
2) testis → ureter → urethra
3) testis → ureter → vasdeferens
4) testis → vasdeferens → urethra

Sol. 4) testis → vasdeferens → urethra

27. Which among the following diseases is not sexually transmitted?

1) syphilis
2) HIV – AIDS
3) Hepatitis
4) Gonorrhoea

Sol. 3) Hepatitis

Hepatitis virus is spread through contaminated faecal matter

28. In a bisexual flower in spite of the young stamens being removed artificially, the flower
produces fruit. provide a suitable explanation for the above situation.
29. Can you consider cell division as a type of reproduction in a unicellular organism?
Give one reason.
Yes, cell division can be considered as a type of reproduction in unicellular organisms,
because in unicellular organisms, there is only one cell. When it divides, It results in
the formation of daughter cells, i.e. it results in the production of individuals from a
single organism and the reproduction of new individuals from existing individuals is
known as reproduction.

30. i. What is a clone?

ii. Why do offspring's formed by asexual reproduction exhibit remarkable
similarity?

Cells derived from a common ancestor are known as clone. Offspring obtained from
asexual reproduction has only one parent, there is no chances of variation in their
chromosomes. Hence, they are exactly similar with their parents.

31. Explain how, offspring and parents of organisms reproducing sexually have the same
number of chromosomes.
Reduction division (meiosis) during gamete formation halves the chromosome number
in both male and female gametes. Since these two gametes fuse during fertilisation,
the original number of chromosomes (as in the parent) is restored in the offspring.

32. Colonies of yeast fail to multiply in water but multiply in sugar solution. Give one
reason for this.
Yeast cells fail to multiply in water because water does not provide any nutrition to
yeast cells. Whereas in a sugar solution, they multiply rapidly because sugar provides
nutrition to carry out reproduction.

33. Why does bread mould grow profusely on a moist slice of bread rather than on a dry
slice of bread?
Moisture is an important factor for the growth of hyphae. Moistened bread slice offers
both moisture and nutrients to the bread mould, hence it grows profusely. Dry slice of
bread offers nutrients but not moisture hence hyphae fail to grow.

34. Give two reasons for the appearance of variations among the progeny formed by
sexual reproduction.

Sol. Two reasons for the appearance of variations among the progeny formed by sexual
reproduction are mentioned below-
 i. The progeny formed from sexual reproduction involves two parents with
different sets of characters.
ii. The genetic material is exchanged between chromosomes before forming a
zygote. Deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) exchange in the chromosome. This results
in the forming of variation in the progeny.

35. Would a Planaria cut vertically into two halves regenerate into two individuals?
Complete Figure D and E by indicating the regenerated regions.

Sol. When planaria is cut into two halves, each halve grows into a complete organism. This
regeneration process is carried out by specialized cell which proliferate, develop and
differentiate into various cell types and tissues. Figures D and E indicating the
regenerated regions are:

36. From the internet, gather information about the chromosome numbers of five
animals and five plants. Correlate the number with the size of the organism and
answer the following questions.

a. Do larger organisms have more number of chromosomes/cells?

b. Can organisms with fewer chromosomes reproduce more easily than
organisms with more number of chromosomes?
c. More the number of chromosomes/cells greater is the DNA content.
Justify.

Sol. The number of chromosomes in somatic cells of some organisms:

Organism No. of Chromosomes
Human 46
Hare 48
Elephant 48
Cow 60
Dog 70
 Kingfisher 132

a. The number of chromosomes is not related to the size of organisms. In the

given table, we can see that even though Kingfisher is smaller in size than a
dog, the number of chromosomes is more in Kingfisher.
b. Ease of reproduction is not dependent on the number of chromosomes present.
It depends on other factors like the availability of water, nutrients, suitable mate,
and a favorable environment.
c. More the number of chromosomes, the greater is the DNA content. DNA is the
major component of chromosomes. Therefore, if the number of chromosomes is
more, the amount of DNA will also be more.

37. In tobacco plant, the male gametes have twenty four chromosomes.

i. What is the number of chromosomes in the female gamete?

ii. What is the number of chromosomes in the zygote?

Sol. Number of chromosomes in both the gametes is equal. Hence, female gametes of
tobacco plant will have 24 chromosomes. Number of chromosomes in zygote would
double the number in gametes, hence it would be 48.

38. Why cannot fertilisation take place in flowers if pollination does not occur?

Sol. In a flower fertilisation requires both male and female gametes. If pollination does not
occur, male gamete is not available hence fertilisation cannot take place.

39. Is the chromosome number of zygote, embryonal cells and adult of a particular
organism always constant? How is the constancy maintained in these three
stages?

Sol. Yes, the chromosome number of the zygote, embryonal cells, and adult of a particular
organism is always constant.
The gametes have a half the number of chromosomes as compared to that normal
body cells. Reduction division (meiosis) takes place during gamete formation which
halves the number of chromosomes in both male and female gametes. The original
chromosome number (as in parent) is restored after fertilization in sexual reproduction.
This process maintains the chromosome number and the amount of DNA in each
generation.

40. Where is the zygote located in the flower after fertilization?

Sol. Zygote is located inside the ovule which is present in the ovary.
41. Reproduction is linked to the stability of population of a species. Justify the
statement.

Sol. Individual organisms of a species get some variations by the process of reproduction
which makes them survive adverse environmental conditions (heat, cold etc.). Thus,
variations during reproduction give stability to a species.

42. How are general growth and sexual maturation different from each other?

Sol. General growth refers to different types of developmental process in the body like
increase in height, weight gain, changes in shape and size of the body but sexual
maturation is specific to changes reflected at puberty like cracking of voice, new hair
patterns, development of breast in female, etc.

43. Trace the path of sperm during ejaculation and mention the glands and their
functions associated with the male reproductive system.

Sol. The formation of germ-cells or sperms takes place in the testes. The sperms formed
are delivered through the vas deferens which unites with a tube coming from the
urinary bladder.
Along the path of the vas deferens, prostate glands and the seminal vesicles add their
secretions so that the sperms are now in a fluid which makes their transport easier and
this fluid also provides nutrition to the sperms. Glands associated with male
reproductive system are:

i. Testis Secrete the hormone testosterone.

ii. Prostate gland and seminal vesicle Add their secretion with the sperms.
iii. Cowpers gland: Secretion of this gland lubricates the urethra before ejaculation.

44. What changes are observed in the uterus if fertilisation does not occur?
45. What changes are observed in the uterus subsequent to implantation of young
embryo?

46. What are the benefits of using mechanical barriers during sexual act?

Sol. Mechanical barriers like condom prevent the sperms from reaching the egg. Thus it is
an effective method to avoid pregnancy. It also prevents transmission of infections
during sexual act.

47. In the given figure label the parts and mention their functions

i. Production of egg
ii. Site of fertilisation
iii. Site of implantation
 iv. Entry of the sperms

48. i. What would be the ratio of chromosome number between an egg and its zygote?
ii. How is the sperm genetically different from the egg?

49. Why are budding, fragmentation and regeneration all considered as asexual types of
reproduction? With neat diagrams explain the process of regeneration in Planaria.
50. Write two points of difference between asexual and sexual types of reproduction.
Describe why variations are observed in the offspring formed by sexual reproduction.

51. Distinguish between pollination and fertilisation. Mention the site and product of
fertilisation in a flower.
Draw a neat, labelled diagram of a pistil showing pollen tube growth and its entry
into the ovule.

52. Distinguish between a gamete and zygote. Explain their roles in sexual
reproduction.

Sol. Gamete Zygote

The cells involved in sexual reproduction are The fusion of male and female gametes
called gametes, e.g. sperm (male) and forms zygote during sexual
ova(female) reproduction
Zygote is fertilised egg or fertilised
Gametes are unfertilised reproductive cells.
ovum.
The fusion of sperm and egg forms a fertilised Zygote undergoes development and
ovum or zygote. forms new organism.
Gametes are a prerequisite for the sexual reproduction. Both sperm and ova unite to
form a zygote. Zygote further develops and forms an embryo which becomes a baby.

53. Draw the diagram of a flower and label the four whorls. Write the names of
gamete producing organs in the female.

Sol. The diagram of a flower :The female gamete producing organ is ovary (Part of
gynoecium).

54. What is placenta? Mention its role during pregnancy?

55. What are the various ways to avoid pregnancy? Elaborate any one method.
56. How does fertilisation take place? Fertilisation occurs once in a month.
Comment.

57. Reproduction is essentially a phenomenon that is not for survival of an individual

but for the stability of a species. Justify.

58. Describe sexually transmitted diseases (STDs) and mention the ways to prevent
them.
59. In humans, if the egg is not fertilized, it lives for about one day. Since the
ovary releases one egg every month, the uterus also prepares itself every month
to receive a fertilized egg. Thus its lining becomes thick and spongy. This would
be required for nourishing the embryo if fertilization had taken place. Now,
however, this lining is not needed any longer. So, the lining slowly breaks and
comes out through the vagina as blood and mucous. This cycle takes place
roughly every month and is known as menstruation. It usually lasts for about two
to eight days.

i) What is the sexual cycle in human female that takes place every 28 days and
marked by bleeding?
(a) Sexual cycle
(b) Reproductive cycle
(c) Menstrual cycle
(d) Blood cycle
ii) If fertilisation takes place, it results in the formation of :
(a) an embryo
(b) a zygote
(c) a foetus
(d) a placenta
iii) Why does vaginal bleeding occur in human females on attaining puberty?
(a) Unfertilised egg along with thick uterus lining come out of vagina in form of
bleeding.
(b) In human females, ovaries start releasing egg or ovum once every 28 days
from the age of puberty.
(c) If fertilisation does not occur then menstrual flow occurs at the end of cycle.
(d) All of these
iv) Why female reproductive not considered as urogenital system?