CH APTER 8

How do Organisms
Reproduce?

ed
Multiple Choice Q uestions
1 . I n t h e list of orga n is m s give n below, t h ose t h a t rep rod u ce b y t h e

h
asex u a l m et h od a re

pu T
is
(i) banana
re ER
(ii) d og

bl
(iii) yeast
(iv) A m oeb a
(a) (ii) a n d (iv) (b) (i), (iii) a n d (iv)
be C

(c) (i) a n d (iv) (d) (ii), (iii) a n d (iv)

2 . I n a flower, t h e p a r ts t h a t p rod u ce m a le a n d fe m a le ga m etes
o N

(ger m cells) a re
(a) st a m e n a n d a n t h er
(b) fila m e n t a n d stigm a
©

(c) a n t h er a n d ova ry
(d) st a m e n a n d style
3 . W h ic h of t h e followi ng is t h e cor rect seq u e n ce of eve n ts of sex u a l
rep rod u ctio n i n a flower?
(a) polli n a tion , fertilisa tion , seedli ng, e m b ryo
(b) seedli ng, e m b ryo, fertilisa tion , polli n a tion
(c) polli n a tion , fertilisa tion , e m b ryo, seedli ng
tt

(d) e m b ryo, seedli ng, polli n a tion , fertilisa tion

4 . O ffsp ri ng for m ed by asex u al m et hod of rep rod u ction h ave grea ter
no

si m ila rity a mong t h e m selves beca u se

(i) asex u a l rep rod u ctio n i n volves o n ly o n e p a re n t
(ii) asex u al rep rod u ctio n does n ot i n volve ga m etes
(iii) asex u a l rep rod u ctio n occ u rs before sex u a l rep rod u ctio n
(iv) asex u a l rep rod u ctio n occ u rs after sex u a l rep rod u ctio n
(a) (i) a n d (ii) (b) (i) a n d (iii)
(c) (ii) a n d (iv) (d) (iii) a n d (iv)
 5 . C h a r acters tr a n s m itted from p a re n ts to offsp ri ng a re p rese n t i n
(a) cytoplas m
(b) riboso m e
(c) golgi bodies
(d) ge n es
6 . C h a r acters t h a t a re tr a n s m itted from p a re n ts to offsp ri ng d u ri ng
rep rod u ctio n s h ow
(a) on ly si m ila rities wit h p a re n ts
(b) o n ly va ria tio n s wit h p a re n ts
(c) bot h si m ila rities a n d va ria tion s wit h p a re n ts

ed
(d) neit her si m ila rities nor va ria tion s
7 . A fea t u re of rep rod u ctio n t h a t is co m m o n to A moe b a , Spirog y r a
a n d Yeast is t h a t

h
(a) t h ey rep rod u ce asex u ally

pu T
(b) t h ey a re all u n icell u la r

is
(c) t h ey rep rod u ce o n ly sex u a lly
re ER
(d) t h ey a re all m u lticell u la r

bl
8 . I n Spirog y r a , asex u a l rep rod u ctio n t a k es pl ace b y
(a) b rea k i ng u p of fila m e n ts i n to s m a ller bits
be C

(b) divisio n of a cell i n to two cells

(c) divisio n of a cell i n to m a n y cells
o N

(d) for m a tio n of yo u ng cells fro m older cells.

9 . T h e a bility of a cell to divide i n to sever al cells d u ri ng rep rod u ction
i n Pl a smodiu m is ca lled
©

(a) b u d d i n g
(b) red u ctio n divisio n
(c) bi n a ry fissio n
(d) m u ltiple fission
10. The correct sequence of reprod uctive stages seen in flowering plants is
(a) ga m etes, zygote, e m b ryo, seedli ng
tt

(b) zygote, ga m etes, e m b ryo, seedli ng

(c) seedli ng, e m b ryo, zygote, ga m etes
(d) ga m etes, e m b ryo, zygote, seedli ng
no

11. T h e n u m ber of c h ro m oso m es i n p a re n ts a n d offs p ri n gs of a

p a rtic u la r species re m ai n s con st a n t d u e to
(a) do u bli ng of c h ro m oso m es after zygote for m a tio n
(b) h a lvi ng of c h ro m oso m es d u ri ng ga m ete for m a tio n
(c) do u bli ng of c h ro m oso m es after ga m ete for m a tio n
(d) h alvi ng of c h romosom es after ga m ete for m a tion

66 E X E M P L A R P R O B L E M S – SCIE NC E
12. In R hizop u s , t u b u la r t h rea d-li k e str u ct u res bea ri ng spor a ngia a t
t h eir tips a re called
(a) fila men ts
(b) h y p h ae
(c) r h izoids
(d) roots

13. Veget a tive p rop aga tion refers to for m a tion of n ew pla n ts from
(a) ste m , roots a n d flowers
(b) ste m , roots a n d leaves
(c) ste m , flowers a n d fr u its

ed
(d) ste m , leaves a n d flowers

14. F actors respo n sible for t h e r a pid sp rea d of b rea d m o u ld o n slices

of b rea d a re

h
(i) la rge n u m ber of spores
(ii)

pu T
ava ila bility of m oist u re a n d n u trie n ts i n b rea d

is
(iii) p rese n ce of t u b u la r b r a n c h ed h y p h ae
re ER
(iv) for m a tio n of ro u n d s h a ped spor a ngi a
(a) (i) a n d (iii)
(c) (i) a n d (ii)
bl (b) (ii) a n d iv)
(d) (iii) a n d (iv)

15. Le ngt h of polle n t u be depe n ds o n t h e dist a n ce betwee n

be C

(a) polle n gr ai n a n d u p per s u rface of stigm a

o N

(b) polle n gr a i n o n u p per s u rface of stigm a a n d ov u le

(c) polle n gr a i n i n a n t h er a n d u p per s u rface of stigm a
(d) u p per s u rface of stigm a a n d lower p a rt of style
©

16. W h ic h of t h e followi ng st a te m e n ts a re tr u e for flowers?

(i) F lowers a re a lw a ys bisex u a l
(ii) T h ey a re t h e sex u a l rep rod u ctive orga n s
(iii) T h ey a re p rod u ced i n a ll gro u ps of pla n ts
(iv) After fertilisa tion t h ey give rise to fr u its
(a) (i) a n d (iv) (b) (ii) a n d (iii)
tt

(c) (i) a n d (iii) (d) (ii) a n d (iv)

17. Which among the following statements are true for u nisex u al flowers?
no

(i) T h ey possess bot h st a m e n a n d pistil

(ii) T h ey possess eit h er st a m e n or pistil
(iii) T h ey ex h ibit cross polli n a tio n
(iv) U nisex u al flowers possessing only sta mens ca n not prod uce fr uits
(a) (i) a n d (iv) (b) (ii), (iii) a n d (iv)
(c) (iii) a n d (iv) (d) (i), (iii) a n d (iv)

H OW DO O R G A NIS M S RE PR O D U C E ? 67
 18. W h ic h a m o n g t h e fol lo w i n g s t a t e m e n t s a r e t r u e fo r se x u a l
rep rod u ctio n i n floweri ng pl a n ts?
(i) It req u ires two ty pes of ga m etes
(ii) F ertilisa tio n is a com p u lsory eve n t
(iii) It a lw a ys res u lts i n for m a tio n of zygote
(iv) O ffsp ri ng for m ed a re clon es
(a) (i) a n d (iv) (b) (i), (ii) a n d (iv)
(c) (i), (ii) a n d (iii) (d) (i), (ii) a n d (iv)
19. I n F ig u re 8.1, t h e p a rts A, B a n d C a re seq u e n tia lly
(a) cotyledo n , pl u m u le a n d r a dicle

ed
(b) pl u m u le, r a dicle a n d cotyledo n
F ig. 8.1 (c) pl u m u le, cotyledo n a n d r a dicle
(d) r a dicle, cotyledo n a n d pl u m u le

h
pu T
20. O ffsp ri ng for m ed as a res u lt of sex u a l rep rod u ctio n ex h ibit m ore

is
va ria tion s beca u se
re ER
(a) sex u a l rep rod u ctio n is a le ngt h y p rocess

bl
(b) ge n etic m a terial com es from two p a re n ts of t h e sa m e species
(c) ge n etic m a terial com es from two p a re n ts of differe n t species
(d) ge n etic m a terial com es from m a n y p a re n ts
be C

21. Rep rod u ctio n is esse n tia l for livi ng orga n is m s i n or der to
(a) k eep t h e i n divid u a l orga n is m a live
o N

(b) f u lfill t h eir e n ergy req u ire m e n t

(c) m ai n t ai n growt h
(d) con ti n u e t h e species ge n er a tion after ge n er a tion
©

22. D u ri ng a dolesce n ce, sever a l c h a nges occ u r i n t h e h u m a n bod y.

M a r k o n e c h a nge associa ted wit h sex u a l m a t u r a tio n i n boys
(a) loss of m il k teet h
(b) i ncrease i n heigh t
(c) cr ac k i ng of voice
(d) weigh t ga i n
tt

23. I n h u m a n fe m a les, a n eve n t t h a t reflects o n set of rep rod u ctive

p h ase is
no

(a) grow t h of bod y

(b) c h a nges i n h air p a tter n
(c) c h a nge i n voice
(d) m e n str u a tion

68 E X E M P L A R P R O B L E M S – SCIE NC E
24. In h u m a n m ales, the testes lie in the scrot u m, beca use it helps in the
(a) p rocess of m a ti ng
(b) for m a tion of sper m
(c) easy tr a n sfer of ga m etes
(d) a ll t h e a bove

25. W hich a mong t he following is not t he fu nction of testes at p u berty?

(i) for m a tion of ger m cells
(ii) secretion of testosterone
(iii) develop m e n t of place n t a
(iv) secretion of estroge n

ed
(a) (i) a n d (ii) (b) (ii) a n d (iii)
(c) (iii) a n d (iv) (d) (i) a n d (iv)

h
26. T h e cor rect seq u e n ce of orga n s i n t h e m a le rep rod u ctive syste m

pu T
for tr a n sport of sper m s is

is
(a) testis → vasdefere n s → u ret h r a
re ER
(b) testis → u reter → u ret h r a

bl
(c) testis → u ret h r a → u reter
(d) testis → vasdefere n s → u reter

27. W h ic h a m o ng t h e followi ng diseases is n ot sex u ally tr a n s m itted?

be C

(a) Syp h illis

(b) H ep atitis
o N

(c) H IV - AI D S
(d) G o n or r h oea
©

Short A nswer Q uestions

28. I n a bisex u a l flower i n spite of t h e yo u ng st a m e n s bei ng re m oved
artificially, t he flower prod uces fr u it. Provide a s u itable expla n ation
for t h e a bove sit u a tion .

29. C a n yo u co n si d e r cell d ivisio n a s a t y p e of re p rod u ct io n i n

tt

u n icell u la r orga n is m? G ive o n e reaso n .

30. W h at is a clone? W h y do offsprings for med by asex u al reprod uction

no

ex h ibit re m a r k a ble si m ila rity?

31. E x pla i n h ow, offsp ri ng a n d p a re n ts of orga n is m s rep rod u ci ng

sex u ally h ave t h e sa m e n u m ber of c h ro m oso m es?

32. C olo n ies of yeast fa il to m u ltiply i n w a ter, b u t m u ltiply i n s u ga r

sol u tio n . G ive o n e reaso n for t h is.

H OW DO O R G A NIS M S RE PR O D U C E ? 69
 33. W h y does b rea d m o u ld grow p rof u sely o n a m oist slice of b rea d
r a t h er t h a n o n a d ry slice of b rea d?

34. G ive two reaso n s for t h e a p pea r a n ce of va ria tio n s a m o ng t h e

p roge n y for m ed b y sex u a l rep rod u ctio n .

35. Wo u ld a Pl a n a ri a c u t vertically i n to two h alves regener a te i n to two

i n divid u a ls? C o m plete F ig u re 8.2 D a n d E b y i n dica ti ng t h e
rege n er a ted region s.

ed
F ig. 8.2

h
36. F ro m t h e i n ter n et, ga t h er i n for m a tio n a bo u t t h e c h ro m oso m e

pu T
n u m bers of five a nim als a n d five pla n ts. Correlate t he n u m ber wit h

is
t h e size of orga n is m a n d a n swer t h e followi ng q u estio n s.
re ER
(a) Do larger orga nisms h ave more n u m ber of ch romosomes / cells?

bl
(b) C a n orga n ism wit h fewer ch romosomes reprod u ce more easily
t h a n orga n is m s wit h m ore n u m ber of c h ro m oso m es?
(c) More t h e n u m ber of c h ro m oso m es / cells grea ter is t h e D N A
be C

con ten t. J u stify.

37. In tobacco pla n t, t he m ale ga metes h ave twen ty fou r ch romosomes.

o N

W h a t is t h e n u m ber of c h ro m oso m es i n t h e fe m ale ga m ete?

W h a t is t h e n u m ber of c h ro m oso m es i n t h e zygote?
©

38. W h y ca n n ot fertilisa tio n t a k e place i n flowers if polli n a tio n does

n ot occ u r?

39. Is t h e c h ro m oso m e n u m ber of zygote, e m b ryo n a l cells a n d a d u lt

of a p a rtic u la r orga n is m a lw a ys co n st a n t? H ow is t h e co n st a n cy
m ai n t ai n ed i n t h ese t h ree st ages?

40. W h ere is t h e zygote loca ted i n t h e flower after fertiliz a tion?

tt

41. Rep rod u ctio n is li n k ed to st a bility of pop u la tio n of a species.

J u stify t he st a teme n t.
no

42. H ow are general growt h a n d sex u al m at u ration differen t from each

ot her?

43. Tr ace t he p at h of sper m d u ri ng ejac u lation a n d men tion t he gla n d

a n d t heir f u nctions associated wit h t he m ale reprod u ctive system .

70 E X E M P L A R P R O B L E M S – SCIE NC E
44. W h a t c h a nges a re observed i n t h e u ter u s if fertilisa tio n does n ot
occ u r?

45. W h a t c h a n ge s a r e o b s e r v e d i n t h e u t e r u s s u b s e q u e n t t o
i m pl a n t a tio n of yo u ng e m b ryo?

46. W h a t a re t h e be n efits of u si ng m ec h a n ical b a r riers d u ri ng sex u al

act?

47. In t he given F igu re 8.3 la bel t he p a rts a n d men tion t heir f u nctions
(a) Prod u ctio n of egg
(b) Site of fertilisa tion

ed
(c) Site of i m pla n t a tion
(d) E n try of t h e sper m s

h
pu T
is
re ER
bl F ig. 8.3

48. W h a t wo u ld be t he r a tio of ch romosome n u m ber between a n egg

a n d its zygote? How is t he sper m genetically differen t from t he egg?
be C

Long A nswer Q uestions

o N

49. W h y a re b u d di ng, fr agm e n t a tio n a n d rege n er a tio n all co n sidered

as asex u al types of rep rod u ction? Wit h n ea t diagr a m s ex plai n t h e
©

p rocess of rege n er a tio n i n Pl a n a ri a .

50. W rite two poi n ts of difference between asex u al a n d sex u al types of

reprod uction. D escribe w h y variations are observed in t he offspring
for m ed b y sex u a l rep rod u ctio n .

51. D isti ngu is h between polli n ation a n d fertilisation . Men tion t he site
a n d p rod u ct of fertilisa tion i n a flower.
tt

D r a w a n ea t, la belled diagr a m of a pistil s h owi ng polle n t u be

growt h a n d its e n t ry i n to t h e ov u le.
no

52. D isti ng u is h betwee n a ga m ete a n d zygote. E x pla i n t h eir roles i n

sex u a l rep rod u ctio n .

53. D r a w t h e diagr a m of a flower a n d la bel t h e fo u r w h orls. W rite t h e

n a m es of ga m ete p rod u ci ng orga n s i n t h e flower.

H OW DO O R G A NIS M S RE PR O D U C E ? 71
 54. W h a t is place n t a? Me n tio n its role d u ri ng p regn a n cy?

55. W h a t a re va rio u s w a ys to avoid p regn a n cy? E la bor a te a n y o n e

met hod.

56. H ow does fertilisa tio n t a k e place? F ertilisa tio n occ u rs o n ce i n a

mon t h . C om m e n t.

57. Rep rod u ction is esse n tially a p h e nom e non t h a t is not for s u rvival
of a n i n divid u a l b u t for t h e st a bility of a species. J u stify.

58. D escribe sex u a lly tr a n s m itted diseases a n d m e n tio n t h e w a ys to

p reve n t t h em .

h ed
pu T
is
re ER
bl
be C
o N
©
tt
no

72 E X E M P L A R P R O B L E M S – SCIE NC E