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Physical
Science
11
Science – Grade 11
Quarter 4 – Module – 15: Consequences of the Postulates of General
Relativity!

First Edition, 2020

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 Physical
Science
11
Quarter 4
Self-Learning Module 15
Consequences of the
Postulates of General
Relativity
Introductory Message

For the Facilitator:

Welcome to the Physical Science Grade 11 Self-Learning Module 15 on

Consequences of the Postulates of General Relativity!

This Self-Learning Module was collaboratively designed, developed and

reviewed by educators from the Schools Division Office of Pasig City headed by its
Officer-in-Charge Schools Division Superintendent, Ma. Evalou Concepcion A.
Agustin, in partnership with the City Government of Pasig through its mayor,
Honorable Victor Ma. Regis N. Sotto. The writers utilized the standards set by the K
to 12 Curriculum using the Most Essential Learning Competencies (MELC) in
developing this instructional resource.

This learning material hopes to engage the learners in guided and independent
learning activities at their own pace and time. Further, this also aims to help learners
acquire the needed 21st century skills especially the 5 Cs, namely: Communication,
Collaboration, Creativity, Critical Thinking, and Character while taking into
consideration their needs and circumstances.

In addition to the material in the main text, you will also see this box in the
body of the module:

Notes to the Teacher

This contains helpful tips or strategies that
will help you in guiding the learners.

As a facilitator you are expected to orient the learners on how to use this
module. You also need to keep track of the learners' progress while allowing them to
manage their own learning. Moreover, you are expected to encourage and assist the
learners as they do the tasks included in the module.
For the Learner:

Welcome to the Physical Science Grade 11 Self-Learning Module 15 on

Consequences of the Postulates of General Relativity!

This module was designed to provide you with fun and meaningful
opportunities for guided and independent learning at your own pace and time. You
will be enabled to process the contents of the learning material while being an active
learner.

This module has the following parts and corresponding icons:

Expectations - This points to the set of knowledge and skills

that you will learn after completing the module.

Pretest - This measures your prior knowledge about the lesson

at hand.

Recap - This part of the module provides a review of concepts

and skills that you already know about a previous lesson.

Lesson - This section discusses the topic in the module.

Activities - This is a set of activities that you need to perform.

Wrap-Up - This section summarizes the concepts and

application of the lesson.

Valuing - This part integrates a desirable moral value in the

lesson.

Posttest - This part measures how much you have learned

from the entire module.
 EXPECTATIONS

After going through this module, you are expected to:

1. describe the Theory of General Relativity;
2. explain the consequences of the postulates of General Relativity;
3. appreciate the practical applications of General Relativity in our time.

PRETEST

Choose the letter of the correct answer.

1. What theory explains the force of gravity from the curvature of space and time
a. general theory of relativity c. electromagnet theory
b. nuclear physics d. quantum gravity
2. What pushes the Earth to move towards the Sun?
a. gravity c. force
b. air d. mass
3. The physics of blackholes can be explained by the theory of general relativity?
a. true c. maybe
b. somehow d. false
4. According to general relativity, gravity is generated by a _______ of space and
time.
a. calculating c. vanishing
b. distortion d. combination

5 What is the thing that you understood well because of the general theory of
relativity?
a. sun rising c. earth vanishing
b. space-time d. force

RECAP
Guessing Time!

Let’s have a review by looking and observing at the picture below. There are
sweet twin sisters working at National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA).
Mica is on the board of a spaceship while Nica is on the surface of the Earth.

What can you say about the age of the twin sisters after 60 years? What could
be the reason/s for this? Is the time on Earth different from the time in outer space?
Why?

http://abyss.uoregon.edu/~js/cosmo/lectures/lec06.html
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The answer should be related to time dilation.

LESSON
Do you believe that massive objects bend in the space-time around them?

The next episode of relativity is the

General Theory of Relativity. This theory was
created by Albert Einstein and published in
1915. According to Einstein, space-time is
curved around every massive object.

Locally, you may think a massive ball warp Figure 1: Source: Physics: Principles and
Problems

(or bends) on a trampoline then imagine this in outer mass

space. So,
‘tells’ Einstein
space showed to
how to curve

us how space-time could be thought of as being curvedspace

by mass. So, how
‘ tells’ matter going back with
to move

the ball on the trampoline, the more massive is the ball, the more curved space-time
becomes. This warping of space can be used to describe the orbit of the Earth around
the Sun. The fundamental principle of General Relativity is that the presence
of curve matter in space. In this opinion, gravity is not classified as force, as being
described by Newton, but a curvature in the fabric of space, and objects respond to
gravity by following the curvature of space in the vicinity of a massive object as
illustrated in Figure 1.

The next is the principle of equivalence. It means that there’s no way an

observer like us can distinguish locally between gravity and acceleration. In short,
gravity and acceleration are identical. However, the postulate will fail if someone finds
a new accepted study.

Because of the publication, there was a strong desire just to test the
consequences of the postulate of the General Relativity. Before anything else, what
does general relativity mean? If you heard the space-time theory, you are actually
correct. So the basic idea is that instead of being an invisible force that attracts
objects to one another like planets, gravity is the curvature of space-time. Again, the
more massive an object, the more it warps the space around it!

Consequences of General theory of Relativity.

1. Shifts in the orbit of Mercury

In the study of the solar system, a long-standing problem has risen that the orbit
of Mercury did not perform as required by Newton’s equation. To realize what’s the
problem, let me describe the way Mercury’s orbit appears. The mercury follows an
elliptical path as it orbits around the Sun. As Mercury moves toward the sun which
is called perihelion, It moves deeper into the Sun’s gravity well. The point of closest
approach of Mercury to the sun changes also as its slowly moves around the Sun as
shown in Figure 2. This gradual rotation of the orbit is called precession. Locally,
this scenario does not occur only to planet Mercury but also to all other planetary
orbits. It was foreseen in Newton’s theory about the result of being formed by the pull
of the planets to one another. The precession of
Mercury’s orbit is measured to be 5600 seconds of arc
per century (1 second of arc = 1/3600 degrees). In
Newton’s equation, seeing the effects from other
planets (considering with a very slight deformation of
the sun due to its rotation) and the issue that the
Earth is not an inertial frame of reference, predicts the
precession of 5557 seconds of arc per century wherein
the discrepancy is 43 seconds of arc per century.
Einstein was able to predict without any Figure 2. Artist’s version of the precession of Mercury’s orbit. Most of the effect is
due to the pull from the other planets but there is a measurable effect due to the
changes that the orbit of Mercury should corrections to Newton’s theory predicted by the General Theory of
Relativity.http://iontrap.umd.edu/wp-content/uploads/2016/01/WudkaGR-7.pdf
process by an extra 43 seconds of arc per
century should the General Theory of Relativity be correct.
2.Gravitational Bending of Light
Einstein’s theory assumes the deflection or in other words
bending of light by a massive object and it is deflected as shown in
figure 3. In 1919, during an eclipse of the sun, astronomers found
that light from the distant stars that passed near the Sun was
deflected. To make it precise just remember, there is no
gravitational force deflecting objects from their natural and
straight path. Instead, gravity corresponds to changes in the
properties of space-time, which in turn changes the straightest-
possible path that objects will naturally follow

Physics: Principles
and Problems
Fig. 3

An exhilarating and only very recently verified prediction of the bending of

light by gravity is the existence of gravitational lenses, bending of light due to the
change of the speed of light as it passes through a refractive medium. Massive objects
can act as lenses because gravity can bend light. This is done by focusing and
amplifying images of distant objects. Gravitational lenses differ from "normal" lenses.
It produces multiple images such as the Einstein Cross, a case of a distant quasar
imaged by a galaxy between us and the quasar, discovered by J. Huchra & colleagues
as shown in Figure 4.
 Figure 4 The Einstein Cross: four images of a quasar
GR2237+0305 (a very distant – 8 billion light-years–
very bright object) appear around the central glow. The
splitting of the central image is due to the gravitational
lensing effect produced by a nearby galaxy

https://casswww.ucsd.edu/archive/public/tutorial/images/EinsteinCross.jpg
3.Blackhole
The effect of light from a very massive object is another result of general
relativity. If you visualize a very massive object and dense enough, the light leaving
it will be totally bent back to the object. No light cannot escape from the object.
Working beyond and envisioning an object so massive and compact that if you turn
on a laser beam on its surface gravity’s pull will bend it back towards the surface.
This means that since no light can leave this object it will appear perfectly black, if
you are amazed, this possible object is called blackholes. This was identified as a
result of their effects on the neighboring stars. The radiation formed when this matter
is pulled into blackholes has also been helpful in their detection.
Since Einstein Theory provides very accurate predictions of gravity’s effects,
still it was incomplete. This theory does not explain the origin of mass or how this
mass curve around space.

ACTIVITIES

Activity #1: Keys to My Expansion!

Direction: Find the two important keys in General Relativity and Try to give the
possible consequences.

First
 Second

Activity # 2: Test Your Understanding

Direction: Analyze the question and try to answer to solve the problem.

1. Will the Sun become a blackhole? If yes why? If No, So, what possible matter
could become a blackhole?
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2. Of all the planets, why is mercury the best candidate for finding evidence of
the relationship between gravitation and space?
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3. We readily note the bending of light by refraction, but why are we not aware
of the bending of light by gravity? We don’t notice the bending of light by
gravity in our everyday environment because the gravity we experience is too
weak for a noticeable effect. However, if there were a stellar blackhole in our
vicinity, the bending of light near them would be really obvious.
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Activity #3: We are RELATIVE!

Direction: Hidden in the puzzle are the different words that you can find in the
General Theory of Relativity. Circle, highlight or underline them. Write them on the
space provided and use those words to make your own simple understanding on the
topics.
R U E R B T I M E K
E N R E L A T I V E
L I O N A S T A R S 1._________ 6. _________
A V S S C U R V E D
2._________ 7. _________
T E P M K O P L E S
I R A A H L I G H T 3._________ 8. _________
V S C S O S D A R K
I E E S L I K E S E 4._________ 9. _________
T L E M E R C U R Y
Y I O L S E S O P E 5._________ 10. _________
 WRAP-UP

Directions: Complete answering the empty box by filling in with your own thoughts
of ideas.

CONSEQUENCES OF

GENERAL THEORY OF RELATIVITY

Shifts in the Gravitational Blackhole

orbit of Bending of
Mercury Light

VALUING

Due to Covid-19 pandemic, NCR has experienced several lock downs

especially in Pasig City, when another variant struck adjoining communities. While
most industries have closed, on-line delivery services on the one hand, have
proliferated.
Have you tried this on-line delivery service or do you know someone who have
tried this? How do you think the system works and riders are able to locate your
place? Explain how the use of GPS is related to General Relativity.

________________________________
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________________________________ https://spaceplace.nasa.gov/gps/en/
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POSTTEST

Read carefully the following statements and choose the best answer from the given
choices.

1.Which of the following is not a consequence of General Theory of Relativity?

a. Black Hole c. Time Dilation
b. Gravitational Lensing Effect d. Precession in the Orbit of Mercury
2. What does the equivalence principle say?
a. Gravity is the same thing as curvature of spacetime.
b. The effects of gravity are exactly equivalent to the effects of acceleration.
c. You cannot distinguish between motion at constant velocity and weight in a
gravitational field.
d. The effects of relativity are exactly equivalent to those predicted by Newton's laws
of motion.

3. In what way do observations of Mercury support Einstein's general theory of

relativity?
a. Precession of Mercury's orbit slowly matches the prediction of general relativity
but disagrees with the prediction based on Newton's universal law of gravitation.
b. Einstein discovered that time runs slower on Mercury than on Earth, as his
theory predicted.
 Monitoring Using GPS Which Operate In Papua Province In Tiom–Wamena Route
GPS, D. M. U. Designing And Building A Navigation System As A Long Distance
15, 2021, from https://physics.aps.org/articles/v11/s54
Anonymous. (2018, May 08). Revised prediction for Mercury's orbit. Retrieved April
References
Activity 3
Answer may vary
Wrap-up
Answer may vary
Post-test
B 2. B 3. A 4. A 5. B
Pre-test
A 2.A 3.A 4.B 5.B
Activity 1
Answer may vary
Activity 2
1. No, the Sun does not have enough mass(gravity) to ever become a blackhole. Only stars with masses larger than about
8 solar masses that have enough gravity to compress the core into a blackhole. Our Sun would need 20 times more
massive to end its life as a blackhole.
2. One of the major reasons is mercury is the strongest solar gravity of all the planets. Mercury is approximately 0.383
times the size of earth and only 0.055as massive. Mercury has a surface gravity of 2 3.37 m/s, which is equivalent of
0.38 mercury’s solar constant is 6.5times higher than earth’s energy. solar sails near mercury would have 6.5 times the
thrust they do near earth. This could make mercury as an ideal planet compare to other
3.We don’t notice the bending of light by gravity in our everyday environment because the gravity we experience is too
weak from a noticeable effect. However, if there were stellar blackhole in our vicinity, the bending of light near them
would be really obvious.
KEY TO CORRECTION
d. It's a graph with four axes.
c. It is a way of viewing books at different angles.
b. The inseparable combination of space and time.
a. Time that we measure when traveling in space.
5. What is spacetime?
D) Time is not affected by gravity.
C) Time is stopped in places where gravity is strong.
B) Time runs faster in places where gravity is stronger.
A) Time runs slower in places where gravity is stronger.
4.According to general relativity, how is time affected by gravity?
Sun than does Earth.
d. We can see that Mercury lies deeper in the spacetime bowl that surrounds the
for every three rotations, and Newton's theory of gravity cannot account for this.
c. Einstein was able to explain the fact that Mercury orbits the Sun exactly twice
Norton, John. 2020. Gravity Near a Massive Body. September.
https://www.pitt.edu/~jdnorton/teaching/HPS_0410/chapters/general_relativity_
massive/index.html
2010. Physical Science. London, April.
https://link.quipper.com/en/organizations/5468bd812294ee08a800010d/
dashboard.

OpenStax. (n.d.). Astronomy. Retrieved April 15, 2021, from

https://courses.lumenlearning.com/astronomy/chapter/tests-of-general-
relativity/