Genbio Part 2 of 2

COVERAGE FOR THE FINAL RECITATION/ORAL EXAM
• 80% of the questions will be about animal biodiversity

(kindly see attached lecture notes file)
• 20% of the questions will be about the following:
❑ Reproductive System (male OR female)
❑ Respiratory
❑ Digestive
❑ Cardiovascular
❑ skeletal
❑ Excretory
***5 parts and functions each
General Biology 2
• See review notes
PORIFERA (SPONGES)
▪ Came from Latin terms
perre (pore) and ferre
(bear)
▪ Hermaphrodites; can
produce sexually and
asexually
▪ Ex: sponges
▪ simplest form of
KINGDOM PORIFERA animals
CNIDARIA
(COELENTERATES)
• Came from Greek term
knide (nettle)
• Has sting called
nematocysts produced
by cells called
cnidocytes
• Ex.: jellyfish, hydra, sea
anemone, coral
KINGDOM CNIDARIA
PLATYHELMINTHES
(FLATWORMS)
• Came from Greek
terms platys (flat) and
helmins (worms)
• Describes animals that
are flattened from the
dorsal side to the
ventral side
• Ex.: flatworms
(planarians, parasitic
KINGDOM PLATYHELMINTHES flukes, and
tapeworms)
NEMATODA
(ROUNDWORMS)
• Came from Greek term
nematos (thread) that
refers to threadlike
bodies
• Unsegmented worms
• Nematodes are
pseudocoelomates.
Some are free-living
while others are
parasitic.
KINGDOM NEMATODA • Ex.: round worm,
vinegar eel, Ascaris
ANNELIDA
• Came from Latin term

annulus (ring)
• Segmented worms
• Ex.: earthworm, leech
KINGDOM ANNELIDA
MOLLUSCA
molluscus (soft)
• Soft-bodied animals with
spicules or shell
• Has three major/familiar
groups:
➢ Gastropoda
➢ Pelecypoda
KINGDOM MOLLUSCA ➢ Cephalopoda
KINGDOM MOLLUSCA GASTROPODA
KINGDOM MOLLUSCA PELECYPODA
KINGDOM MOLLUSCA CEPHALOPODA
KINGDOM MOLLUSCA OCTOPUS TRIVIA
ARTHROPODA
▪ Came from Greek terms
arthron (joint) and podos
(foot)
▪ Jointed-legged animals;
“jointed foot”
▪ Largest of all phyla,
accounting for over 1 million
species out of the 1.2 million
species of animals known to
man; insecta outnumbers
other arthropod groups,
KINGDOM ARTHROPODA accounting 72% of all
documented animals in the
world
KINGDOM ARTHROPODA ECDYSIS vs. METAMORPHOSIS
ECDYSIS
MIMICRY (mimic animate) CAMOUFLAGE (mimic inanimate)
KINGDOM ARTHROPODA MIMICRY VS. CAMOUFLAGE

(Greek, apo = away,
sematic = sign)
Aposematism is the use of
warning coloration to
inform potential predators
that an animal is
poisonous, venomous, or
otherwise dangerous.
APOSEMATISM
when one part of an organism’s body resembles another part
AUTOMIMICRY
ECHINODERMATA
▪ Came from Greek terms
echinos (hedgehog) and
derma (skin)
▪ Spiny-skinned animals
▪ Bilaterally symmetrical to
radially symmetrical
▪ Three most commonly
known groups: sea stars, sea
urchins, and sea cucumbers
KINGDOM ECHINODERMATA
CHORDATA
▪ Came from Greek term
chorde (string)
▪ Notochord to vertebral
column
▪ Vertebrate animals
KINGDOM CHORDATA
KINGDOM CHORDATA: Agnatha Jawless fish
• Cartilaginous
fishes
• Came from Greek
terms chondros
(cartilage) and
ichthyes (fish)
• Cold-blooded
• Ex.: shark, skate,
stingray
KINGDOM CHORDATA: Chondrichthyes

• Came from
Greek terms
osteon (bone)
and ichthyes
(fish)
• Bony fishes
• Cold-blooded
KINGDOM CHORDATA: Osteichthyes

• Came from Greek terms
amphis (double) and bios
(life)
• No scales
• “double life”
• Cold-blooded
• First group of animals that
invaded the land
• Ex: frogs, toads, newts,
salamander
KINGDOM CHORDATA: Amphibia

• Came from Latin
term avis (bird)
• Birds
• Warm-blooded
• Covered with feather
• Wings, claws, and
beaks exhibit
variation
KINGDOM CHORDATA: Aves

KINGDOM CHORDATA: Aves
mamma (breast)
• Mammals have
mammary glands
• Warm-blooded, body
temperature is stable
• Covered with hair or fur
• Has three main groups:
Monotremes – egg-laying
Marsupials – abdominal
pouch
Placental
KINGDOM CHORDATA: Mammalia

Monotremes – egg-laying

Marsupials – abdominal
pouch

Placental

General Biology 2
MAIN STAGES OF FOOD PROCESSING
1. Ingestion - the act of eating or

feeding
2. Digestion - food is broken down
into molecules small enough for
the body to absorb
3. Absorption - the animal’s cells
take up (absorb) small molecules
such as amino acids and simple
sugars
4. Elimination - completes the
process as undigested material
passes out of the digestive
system
FOUR MAIN FEEDING MECHANISMS OF ANIMALS
FILTER FEEDING
-strain small organisms or food
particles from the surrounding
medium
SUBSTRATE FEEDING
- animals that live in or on their
food source
FLUID FEEDING
- suck nutrient-rich fluid from a living host
BULK FEEDING
- which eat relatively large pieces of food; adaptations include tentacles, pincers,
claws, venomous fangs, jaws, and teeth that kill their prey or tear off pieces of
meat or vegetation
DIGESTIVE SYSTEMS FACTS ABOUT HUMAN POOP
POSSIBLE DIETARY
STOOL COLOR WHAT IT MAY MEAN
CAUSES
Green Food may be moving Green leafy vegetables,
through the large intestine green food coloring, such
too quickly, such as due to as in flavored drink mixes
diarrhea. As a result, bile or ice pops, iron
doesn't have time to break supplements.
down completely.
Light-colored, white or A lack of bile in stool. This Certain medications, such
clay-colored may indicate a bile duct as large doses of bismuth
obstruction. subsalicylate (Kaopectate,
Pepto-Bismol) and other
anti-diarrheal drugs.
Yellow, greasy, foul- Excess fat in the stool, such Sometimes the protein
smelling as due to a malabsorption gluten, such as in breads
disorder, for example, and cereals. See a doctor
celiac disease. for evaluation.
Black Bleeding in the upper Iron supplements, bismuth
gastrointestinal tract, such subsalicylate (Kaopectate,
as the stomach. Pepto-Bismol), black
licorice.
Bright red Bleeding in the lower Red food coloring, beets,
intestinal tract, such as the cranberries, tomato juice
large intestine or rectum, or soup, red gelatin or
often from hemorrhoids. drink mixes.
HUMAN BODY SYSTEMS
BEST VIDEOS TO WATCH about the DIGESTIVE SYSTEM:
Digestive System:
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=X3TAROotFfM
Simplified version:
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=HXrl37BC3QU
HUMAN BODY SYSTEMS
BEST VIDEOS TO WATCH about the RESPIRATORY SYSTEM:
Respiratory System:
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=GjfD55C9v38
Simplified version:
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=dkAe4DjHwMM
HUMAN BODY SYSTEMS
BEST VIDEOS TO WATCH about the EXCRETORY SYSTEM:
Simplified version:
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=SZ3BZBBC-Qc
HUMAN BODY SYSTEMS
BEST VIDEOS TO WATCH about the CIRCULATORY SYSTEM:
Simplified version: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=_qmNCJxpsr0
Heart beating:
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=TyqcYunCHFU
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=yPWFK_ejkww
****Brain and hormones are directly involved when you are in love…definitely not the heart. Further, when you
feel that your heart is beating too fast when your crush is going near you, one of the reasons is because your
nervous system is working.
Happy Valentines, everyone! ^_^

HUMAN BODY SYSTEMS
BEST VIDEOS TO WATCH about the SKELETAL SYSTEM:
Learn about the skeletal system through this song:

Easy version:
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=h5dYvPruBFY
Comprehensive version:
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=WdCRrcfan44

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COVERAGE FOR THE FINAL RECITATION/ORAL EXAM

• 80% of the questions will be about animal biodiversity

• Came from Latin term

KINGDOM ARTHROPODA MIMICRY VS. CAMOUFLAGE

KINGDOM CHORDATA: Chondrichthyes

KINGDOM CHORDATA: Osteichthyes

KINGDOM CHORDATA: Amphibia

KINGDOM CHORDATA: Aves

KINGDOM CHORDATA: Mammalia

KINGDOM CHORDATA: Mammalia

KINGDOM CHORDATA: Mammalia

KINGDOM CHORDATA: Mammalia

1. Ingestion - the act of eating or

Simplified version: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=_qmNCJxpsr0

Happy Valentines, everyone! ^_^

Learn about the skeletal system through this song:

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