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    Experiment 4

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    AdliHakim
    The document describes an experiment with four objectives: 1) To classify alcohols using Lucas reagent, 2) To study alcohol oxidation using potassium dichromate, 3) To perform esterification reactions of alcohols and acids, 4) To analyze and discuss the results. Lucas reagent was used to test four alcohols, with tertiary alcohol clouding fastest. Oxidation darkened three alcohols but not tertiary. Esterification produced a sweet-smelling product. The results did not fully match predictions, possibly due to experimental errors.

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    Experiment 4

    Uploaded by

    AdliHakim
    31 views9 pages
    The document describes an experiment with four objectives: 1) To classify alcohols using Lucas reagent, 2) To study alcohol oxidation using potassium dichromate, 3) To perform esterification reactions of alcohols and acids, 4) To analyze and discuss the results. Lucas reagent was used to test four alcohols, with tertiary alcohol clouding fastest. Oxidation darkened three alcohols but not tertiary. Esterification produced a sweet-smelling product. The results did not fully match predictions, possibly due to experimental errors.

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    The document describes an experiment with four objectives: 1) To classify alcohols using Lucas reagent, 2) To study alcohol oxidation using potassium dichromate, 3) To perform esterification reactions of alcohols and acids, 4) To analyze and discuss the results. Lucas reagent was used to test four alcohols, with tertiary alcohol clouding fastest. Oxidation darkened three alcohols but not tertiary. Esterification produced a sweet-smelling product. The results did not fully match predictions, possibly due to experimental errors.

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as DOCX, PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as docx, pdf, or txt
    31 views9 pages

    Experiment 4

    Uploaded by

    AdliHakim
    The document describes an experiment with four objectives: 1) To classify alcohols using Lucas reagent, 2) To study alcohol oxidation using potassium dichromate, 3) To perform esterification reactions of alcohols and acids, 4) To analyze and discuss the results. Lucas reagent was used to test four alcohols, with tertiary alcohol clouding fastest. Oxidation darkened three alcohols but not tertiary. Esterification produced a sweet-smelling product. The results did not fully match predictions, possibly due to experimental errors.

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as DOCX, PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as docx, pdf, or txt
    of 9

    Experiment 4: Reaction of alcohols

    Objective

    1. To classify alcohols
    2. To study the chemical properties of alcohol

    Introduction

    Alcohol is a class of organic compound containing hydroxyl group, -OH, as the functional group.
    Alcohol can be classified as:

    Lucas reagent, a mixture of concentrated hydrochloric acid and anhydrous zinc chloride, can be used
    to differentiate the three alcohols. Tertiary alcohol turns cloudy or appears in two layers almost
    immediately, secondary alcohol reacts within 5 minutes whereas primary alcohol reacts very slowly.

    Alcohol can be oxidised to aldehyde, ketone and carboxylic acid. The product formed depends on
    the class of alcohol used. Various oxidising agents such as KMnO 4, K2Cr2O7 and HCrO4 can be used.
    The reaction between alcohols and carboxylic acids will produce esters.

    Apparatus Chemical reagents

    Stopper Ethanol

    Dropper n-butanol

    Test tube 2-butanol

    Stopwatch Alcohol X

    Water bath Lucas reagent

    Measuring cylinder (10mL) 2-methyl-2-propanol

    Boiling tube Concentrated H 2SO4

    0.04 M Na2Cr2O7 (aq)

    Glacial acetic acid (ethanoic acid)


    Procedure

    (A) Lucas Test

    1. 1 mL of 2-methyl-2-propanol has been placed in a test tube.


    2. 2mL of Lucas reagent has been added into the test tube.
    3. Stopper has been put and the test tube has been shaken.
    4. The observation and the time taken for the reaction to occur has been recorded.
    5. The steps above have been repeated using 2-butanol, n-butanol, and alcohol X.
    6. The test tube has been placed in a water bath at 70-80 oC, if no change occurs within 10
    minutes.

    (B) Oxidation

    1. 5 mL of 0.04 M Na2Cr2O7 solution has placed in a boiling tube.


    2. 2 or 3 drops of concentrated H2SO4 has been added to the solution in the fume of
    cupboard.
    3. 3 drops of n-butanol has been added to the mixture and has been heated in a water
    bath at 70-80oC.
    4. The steps above have been repeated using 2-butanol, 2-methyl-2-propanol and alcohol
    X.
    5. The colour change has been recorded.

    (C) Esterification

    1. 2 mL of ethanol has been placed in a dry boiling tube.


    2. 1 mL of glacial acetic acid and 3 drops of H2SO4 has been added to the ethanol in the
    cupboard.
    3. The mixture has been shaken and warmed in a water bath at 70-80 oC for 5 to 10
    minutes.
    4. 3 mL of distilled water has been added and take a whiff of the vapour released. The has
    been described.
    Result

    Lucas Test Experiment:

    2-butanol

    BEFORE

    2-methyl-2-propanol

    BEFORE AFTER: Turn cloudy


    n-butanol

    BEFORE AFTER: No change

    Alcohol X

    BEFORE
    Oxidation Experiment:

    2-butanol

    BEFORE AFTER: Turn a little bit dark greenish

    2-metyhl-2-propanol

    BEFORE AFTER: No change


    n-butanol

    AFTER: Turn to a dark greenish

    Alcohol X

    AFTER: Turn to a dark greenish

    Esterification Experiment:
     Has a sweet odour that has similar smell to glue.

    Discussion
    After complete all the experiment that have been given, our group have record the observation in
    the result section. For the 1st experiment which is Lucas test experiment, we observe that 2-methyl-
    2-propanol which is tertiary alcohol has turn cloudy after mixed up with Lucas reagent. However, the
    result does not follow the theory which is it will turn cloudy immediately after mixed up, but our
    group have put the mixture of 2-methyl-2-propanol in the water bath for 5 minutes and the mixture
    has turn to cloudy after that. For 2-butanol which is secondary alcohol, from theory it will turn
    cloudy after 5-10 minutes. However, as same like 2-methyl-2-propanol it does not follow the theory.
    So that, our group put the mixture of 2-butanol and Lucas reagent into the water bath too.
    Unfortunately, it does not turn to cloudy after 40 minutes. And for n-butanol which is primary
    alcohol, based on theory it reacts very slow with Lucas reagent. So, not surprised it not turn to
    cloudy after put the mixture in the water bath almost 40 minutes since 2-butanol does not turn
    cloudy too. And for the last test for alcohol X, it also does not turn cloudy after 40 minutes.
    Therefore, our group has made a decision that our experiment must have same mistakes and
    parallax error such as listed below:

     E
     E

    And for the second experiment which is oxidation experiment, all of the alcohol which is n-
    butanol(primary alcohol), 2-butanol(secondary alcohol), and alcohol X turn to dark greenish after
    carry on the oxidation experiment except for 2-methyl-2-propanol(tertiary alcohol) that does not
    turn its colour to dark greenish. All of the alcohol turns to dark greenish because of

    And for the last experiment which is esterification experiment.

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