References

Choi, S. U., & Eastman, J. A. (1995). Enhancing thermal conductivity of fluids with

nanoparticles (No. ANL/MSD/CP-84938; CONF-951135-29). Argonne National Lab., IL
(United States).

Enhancement of fluid thermal conductivity by the addition of single and hybrid

nano-additives
Jana S, Salehi-Khojin A, Zhong WH

The inherent high thermal conductivity of many nanomaterials has a great potential for enhancing fluidic
heat transfer applications. Conductive nanomaterials such as carbon nanotubes (CNTs), copper
nanoparticles (CuNPs) and gold nanoparticles (AuNPs), as well as their hybrids such as CNT-CuNP or
CNT-AuNP were used in this study to enhance the thermal conductivity of fluids. Mono-type nanoparticle
suspensions showed the greatest enhancement in thermal conductivity, among which the enhancement with
CuNPs was the highest. Hybrid suspensions did not show the same degree of improvement. The
experimentally measured thermal conductivities of several nanofluids were consistently greater than the
theoretical predictions obtained from existing models. Mechanisms for the thermal conductivity
enhancement are discussed. The stability of nanofluids was estimated by UV-vis-NIR spectrophotometer
and it was observed that the stability was influenced by characteristics of nanoparticles. (c) 2007 Elsevier
B.V. All rights reserved.

Jana, S., Salehi-Khojin, A., & Zhong, W. H. (2007). Enhancement of fluid thermal
conductivity by the addition of single and hybrid nano-additives. Thermochimica acta, 462(1-
2), 45-55.

In the present work, Al2O3–Cu hybrid particles have been synthesized by hydrogen reduction
technique from the powder mixture of Al2O3 and CuO in 90:10 weight proportions obtained from
a chemical route synthesis. Al2O3–Cu/water hybrid nanofluids with volume concentrations from
0.1% to 2% were then prepared by dispersing the synthesized nanocomposites powder in
deionised water. The experimental results have shown that both thermal conductivity and
viscosity of the prepared hybrid nanofluids increase with the nanoparticles volume concentration.
The thermal conductivity and viscosity of nanofluids have been measured and it has been found
that the viscosity increase is substantially higher than the increase in thermal conductivity. The
experimental measurement of thermal conductivity showed a maximum enhancement of 12.11%
for a volume concentration of 2%. The experimental results have been compared with the
classical theoretical models available in literature.

Suresh and others, 2011 in their test work with Al2O3–Cu hybrid particles synthesized by
hydrogen reduction technique from the powder blend of Al2O3 and CuO in 90:10
proportions obtained results which shows that both thermal conductivity and viscosity of the
prepared hybrid nanofluids increase with the nanoparticles volume concentration.

Suresh and others, 2011 in their test work with Al2O3–Cu half and half particles combined
by hydrogen decrease system from the powder blend of Al2O3 and CuO in 90:10 extents
acquired outcomes which shows that both warm conductivity and consistency of the readied
cross breed nanofluids increment with the nanoparticles volume focus.
Suresh, S., Venkitaraj, K. P., Selvakumar, P., & Chandrasekar, M. (2011). Synthesis of
Al2O3–Cu/water hybrid nanofluids using two step method and its thermo physical
properties. Colloids and Surfaces A: Physicochemical and Engineering Aspects, 388(1-3),
41-48.
In this paper, an experimental study on the effects of temperature and concentration on the
thermal conductivity of f-MWCNTs–Fe3O4/EG hybrid nanofluid is presented. The
experiments were carried out for solid volume fraction range of 0 to 2.3% in temperatures
ranging from 25 °C to 50 °C. The results revealed that the thermal conductivity ratio
enhances with increasing the solid volume fraction and temperature. Results also showed
that, at higher temperatures, the variation of thermal conductivity ratio with solid volume
fraction was more than that at lower temperatures. Moreover, the effect of temperature on the
thermal conductivity ratio was more noticeable at higher solid volume fractions. The thermal
conductivity measurements also showed that the maximum thermal conductivity ratio was
30%, which occurred at temperature of 50 °C for solid volume fraction of 2.3%. Finally, for
engineering applications, based on experimental results, a precise correlation was suggested
to predict the thermal conductivity of f-MWCNTs–Fe3O4/EG hybrid nanofluids.

Harandi, S. S., Karimipour, A., Afrand, M., Akbari, M., & D'Orazio, A. (2016). An
experimental study on thermal conductivity of F-MWCNTs–Fe3O4/EG hybrid nanofluid:
effects of temperature and concentration. International Communications in Heat and Mass
Transfer, 76, 171-177.

Due to their increasing application in recent years, several researchers

performed experimental and numerical studies to investigate the
application of nanofluids to control heat transfer in a process. In this
chapter, several nonlinear heat transfer problems in nanofluids will be
discussed. In some cases, magnetic fields are also present, which add to the
complexity of the problems. Mathematical models will be constructed and
analytical solutions will be used to analyze the problems and investigate the
effect of different physical parameters.

In this study the effects of particle size, temperature and volume fraction of
SiO2 nanoparticles on thermal conductivity of nanofluid were investigated.
Silica nanoparticles were prepared by the Stöber method. The results of
experiments showed that with the increase of particle size, temperature and
volume fraction the thermal conductivity of silica–ethanol nanofluid
increased. Effect of particle size on thermal conductivity of nanofluid was
attributed to high surface hydrophilicity of silica nanoparticles resulting
decrease in interfacial thermal resistance with the increase of particle size.
Also an empirical equation incorporating particle size, volume fraction and
temperature was proposed for estimation of thermal conductivity of nanofluid.
Comparison between this correlation and measurements showed that the
deviation of calculated data from experimental results is within − 9.5% to
5.4%. The literature results agree well with the predictions by correlation
proposed.

Karimi Darvanjooghi, Mohammad Hossein and Nasr Esfahany, Mohsen (2016).

Experimental investigation of the effect of nanoparticle size on thermal
conductivity of in-situ prepared silica–ethanol nanofluid Vol - 77
International Communications in Heat and Mass Transfer

Hybrid SiO2-graphene nanoparticles were synthesised by sol gel

centrifugation technique under four different pH levels ranging from 9 to
12. Stability, thermal conductivity, viscosity and electrical conductivity of
hybrid SiO2-graphene and pure graphene dispersed in naphthenic oil were
investigated. Nanofluids were synthesied at three different nanoparticle
concentrations (0.01, 0.04 and 0.08 wt%) while the temperature was varied
from 20 °C to 100 °C. Field emission scanning electron microscopy
(FESEM), x-ray spectroscopy and Fourier transform infrared (FTIR)
spectrometer show successful coating of SiO2 on graphene surface. The
growth units and size distribution of SiO 2 nanoparticles increased with pH
level. Moreover, the presence of SiO2 improved the dispersion behaviour of
the nanofluid as confirmed by visual observation and UV–Vis studies. Zeta
potential measurements show the hybrid nanofluids at pH 11 are most
stable due to its optimum amount and size of SiO 2 coated on graphene
surface while at pH 12 shows least stability due to precipitation. The
presence of SiO2 on graphene further enhanced the thermal conductivity by
80% at pH 9. Also, the viscosity of hybrid nanofluids was higher than pure
graphene based nanofluids due to increase in density and particle size.
Moreover, the addition of hybrid SiO2-graphene nanoparticles significantly
reduced the electrical conductivity enhancement of base fluid from 557% to
97%.

Nanofluids, because of their enhanced heat transfer capability as compared to normal

water/glycol/oil based fluids, offer the engineer opportunities for development in areas where
high heat transfer, low temperature tolerance and small component size are required. In this
present paper, the hydrodynamic and thermal fields of a water–γAl2O3 nanofluid in a radial
laminar flow cooling system are considered. Results indicate that considerable heat transfer
enhancement is possible, even achieving a twofold increase in the case of a 10% nanoparticle
volume fraction nanofluid. On the other hand, an increase in wall shear stress is also noticed with
an increase in particle volume concentration.

Roy, G., Nguyen, C. T., & Lajoie, P. R. (2004). Numerical investigation of laminar flow and
heat transfer in a radial flow cooling system with the use of nanofluids. Superlattices and
Microstructures, 35(3-6), 497-511.
Title of Dissertation: Nanofluids with Enhanced Thermal Transport Properties Zenghu
Han, Doctor of Philosophy, 2008 Directed By: Dr. Bao Yang, Assistant Professor
Department of Mechanical Engineering

Heat transfer fluids have inherently low thermal conductivity that greatly limits the heat
exchange efficiency. While the effectiveness of extending surfaces and redesigning heat
exchange equipments to increase the heat transfer rate has reached a limit, many
research activities have been carried out attempting to improve the thermal transport
properties of the fluids by adding more thermally conductive solids into liquids. Liquid
dispersions of nanoparticles, which have been termed “nanofluids”, exhibit substantially
higher thermal conductivities than those of the corresponding base fluids. In this study,
new nanofluid systems have been developed by utilizing semiconductor nanorods,
hybrid nanoparticles, phase-change liquid nanodroplets and phase-change metallic
nanoparticles as the dispersed phases. A nanoemulsification technique has been
developed and used to synthesize nanofluids. The thermal transport properties of
nanofluids, including thermal conductivity, viscosity, heat capacity and heat transfer
coefficient in convective environment were characterized and modeled. Obvious thermal
conductivity increases have been observed in these nanofluid systems, e.g., 52%
enhancement in thermal conductivity was found in water-in-FC72 nanofluids. This
anomalous enhancement can not be well explained by the Effective Medium Theory.
Theoretical Models based on Ordered Liquid Layering, Brownian motion and
Nanoparticle Aggregates theories are used to describe the thermal conductivity
enhancement in nanofluids. Since the heat capacity of heat transfer fluids is another
important thermal transport property, phase-change nanodroplets and nanoparticles are
thus used to synthesize phasechange nanofluids. Up to 126% and 20% increases in the
effective heat capacity were experimentally found in water-in-FC72 nanoemulsions and
indium-in-PAO nanofluids, respectively, due to the large amount of latent heat absorbed
in phase transition from nanoparticles to nanodroplets and released in reverse transition.
The viscosity of nanofluids is increased as a result of the addition of nanoparticles, which
can be described by the Einstein-Batchelor model. But due to the enhanced thermal
conductivity of nanofluids, 15% increase in heat transfer coefficient of natural convection
has been observed in water-in-FC72 nanofluids. The results show that nanofluids
possess improved thermal transport properties and it has been experimentally proved
that nanofluids have potential as next-generation advanced heat transfer fluids.
Nanofluids with Enhanced Thermal Transport Properties

This, therefore, is the specific resistance of a compound medium consisting of a

substance of specific resistance 2 , in which are disseminated small spheres of specific
resistance &lt the ratio of the volume of all the small spheres to that of the whole being
 p. In order that the action of these spheres may not produce effects depending on their
interference, their radii must be small compared with their distances, and therefore p
must be a small fraction. This result may be obtained in other ways, but that here given
involves only the repetition of the result already obtained for a
single sphere. When the distance between the spheres is not great compared % _fc with
their radii, and when ~-j- is considerable, then other 2 #! -f- #2 terms enter into the
result, which we shall not now consider. In consequence of these terms certain systems
of arrangement of
366 CONDUCTION IN HETEROGENEOUS MEDIA.
the spheres cause the resistance of the compound medium to be different in different
directions.

Abstract
The conduction of heat (or electricity) through a stationary random suspension of
spheres is studied for a volume fraction of the spheres (c) which is small. The work
of Maxwell (1873) is extended to calculate the flux of heat exactly to order c2 by using
the method of Batchelor (1972), which reduces the problem to a consideration of
interactions between pairs of spheres while avoiding the usual convergence
difficulties. The result depends on the way in which pairs of spheres are distributed
with respect to each other; for the case of all possible pair configurations being
equally probable the coefficient of c2 is found explicitly for all values of the ratio of
conductivities of the two phases. The results also apply to permittivities and
permeabilities of suspensions.

Footnotes
This text was harvested from a scanned image of the original document using optical
character recognition (OCR) software. As such, it may contain errors. Please contact
the Royal Society if you find an error you would like to see corrected. Mathematical
notations produced through Infty OCR.

Jeffrey D., J. (1973) Conduction through a random suspension of spheres. Proc R Soc Lond
A Math Phys Sci 335(1602):355–367.

Jeffrey, D. J. (1973). Conduction through a random suspension of spheres. Proceedings of

the Royal Society of London. A. Mathematical and Physical Sciences, 335(1602), 355-367.

The effective thermal conductivity of a composite

material with spherical inclusions
Show affiliations

 Davis, R. H.
Abstract
A new method is presented for calculating the effective thermal conductivity of a
composite material containing spherical inclusions. The surface of a large body is
assumed kept at a uniform temperature. This body is in contact with a composite
material of infinite extent having a lower temperature far from the heated body.
Green's theorem is then used to calculate the rate of heat transfer from the heated
body to the composite material, yielding
10765_2004_Article_BF00502394_TeX2GIFE1.gif k_e /k = 1 + {3(α - 1)}/{[α + 2 - (α
- 1)φ ]}\{ φ + f(α )φ ^2 + 0(φ ^3 )\} where k e is the effective thermal conductivity, k is
the thermal conductivity of the continuous phase, α is the ratio of the thermal
conductivity of the spherical inclusions to k, and φ is the volume fraction occupied by
the dispersed phase. The function f( α) is presented in this work. Although a similar
result has been found previously by renormalization techniques, the method
presented in this paper has merit in that a decaying temperature field is used. As a
result, only convergent integrals are encountered, and a renormalization factor is not
needed. This method is more straightforward than its predecessors and sheds
additional light on the basic properties of two-phase materials.

Bonnecaze, R. T., & Brady, J. F. (1992). Yield stresses in electrorheological fluids. Journal

of Rheology, 36(1), 73-115.

Marquis, F. D. S., & Chibante, L. P. F. (2005). Improving the heat transfer of nanofluids and
nanolubricants with carbon nanotubes. Jom, 57(12), 32-43.
Sundar, L. S., Irurueta, G. O., Ramana, E. V., Singh, M. K., & Sousa, A. C. M. (2016).
Thermal conductivity and viscosity of hybrid nanfluids prepared with magnetic
nanodiamond-cobalt oxide (ND-Co3O4) nanocomposite. Case studies in thermal
engineering, 7, 66-77.

International Communications in Heat and Mass Transfer > 2014 > 52 > Complete > 73-83

Abstract
In the present experimental work, the convective heat transfer coefficient and friction factor for fully developed
turbulent flow of MWCNT–Fe 3 O 4 /water hybrid nanofluids flowing through a uniformly-heated-at-constant-
heat-flux circular tube are estimated. The MWCNT–Fe 3 O 4 nanocomposite was prepared by in-situ method,
which includes the dispersion of carboxylated carbon nanotubes in distilled water and mixing of ferrous chloride
and ferric chloride. Sodium hydroxide was used as reducing agent to form MWCNT–Fe 3 O 4 hybrid
nanocomposite. The detailed surface and magnetic properties were performed by X-ray diffraction and scanning
electron microscopy, and using a vibrating sample magnetometer. The stable hybrid nanofluids were prepared
by dispersing nanocomposite in distilled water, and the heat transfer and friction factor experiments were
conducted for particle loadings of 0.1% and 0.3%. The results indicate a maximum of 31.10% enhancement in
Nusselt number with a penalty of 1.18-times increase of pumping power for the particle loading of 0.3% at a
Reynolds number of 22,000 as compared to base fluid data. The empirical correlations were proposed for the
estimation of Nusselt number and friction factor to match well with the experimental data
Sundar, L. S., Singh, M. K., & Sousa, A. C. (2014). Enhanced heat transfer and friction factor
of MWCNT–Fe3O4/water hybrid nanofluids. International Communications in Heat and
Mass Transfer, 52, 73-83.

Afrand, M. (2017). Experimental study on thermal conductivity of ethylene glycol containing

hybrid nano-additives and development of a new correlation, Appl.Therm. Eng. 110 1111–
1119.

Zadkhast, M., Toghraie, D., & Karimipour, A. (2017). Developing a new correlation to
estimate the thermal conductivity of MWCNT-CuO/water hybrid nanofluid via an
experimental investigation. Journal of Thermal Analysis and Calorimetry, 129(2), 859-867.

Abstract
Nanofluids containing Fe3O4 and carbon nanotubes nanoparticles
emulsified and dispersed using gum arabic (GA) and
tetramethylammonium hydroxide (TMAH) were made and characterized
for potential use as heat transfer fluids. Due to the interaction between the
TMAH and GA molecules, the magnetic nanoparticles and CNTs were
physically adsorbed. This paper reports an experimental work on the effect
of ultrasonication on thermal conductivity of this aqueous suspension. The
characterization and surface morphology of the dried samples were studied
by using XRD and TEM measurements. Experiments were conducted in the
magnetic nanoparticles mass concentration range 0.494–2.428%, CNT
mass concentration range 0.0–1.535% and the temperature range 25–
55 °C. Results show that thermal conductivity of the studied nanofluids is
affected by ultrasonication time, increased first and then decreased after an
optimum sonication time. Additionally, results show that addition of GA
coated CNT nanofluid increases the thermal conductivity of the aqueous
nanofluid containing TMAH coated Fe3O4 nanoparticles

Shahsavar, A., Salimpour, M. R., Saghafian, M., & Shafii, M. B. (2015). An experimental
study on the effect of ultrasonication on thermal conductivity of ferrofluid loaded with carbon
nanotubes. Thermochimica acta, 617, 102-110.
International Communications in Heat and Mass Transfer > 2015 > 69 > Complete > 29-33
Abstract
This study is primarily aimed to examine the effect of two important parameter (temperature and solid volume
fraction of nanoparticles) on thermal conductivity of CNTs-Al 2O3/water nanofluids. Thermal conductivity has
been measured using a KD2 Pro instrument. Response surface methodology based on the miscellaneous design
was performed to survey the effect of temperature and concentration on thermal conductivity of nanofluid,
statistically. The responses to thermal conductivity of nanofluids were also estimated using second-order
polynomial equations. Also, the significance of the models was tested using the analysis of variance (ANOVA).
The results of our study, which examines the optimal thermal conductivity of CNTs-Al 2O3/water nanofluids at
different temperatures and solid volume fraction of hybrid nanoparticles, showed that the thermal conductivity
of nanofluid rises with temperature and solid volume fraction. Furthermore, the results indicated that the thermal
conductivity of CNTs-Al2O3/water is precisely predictable in the model proposed by the Design Expert

Esfe, M. H., Saedodin, S., Biglari, M., & Rostamian, H. (2015). Experimental investigation
of thermal conductivity of CNTs-Al2O3/water: a statistical approach. International
Communications in Heat and Mass Transfer, 69, 29-33.

Study of synthesis, stability and thermo-physical properties of graphene

nanoplatelet/platinum hybrid nanofluid

Yarmand, H. and Gharehkhani, S. and Shirazi, S.F.S. and Goodarzi, M. and Amiri, A. and Sarsam,

W.S. and Alehashem, M.S. and Dahari, M. and Kazi, S.N. (2016) Study of synthesis, stability and thermo-
physical properties of graphene nanoplatelet/platinum hybrid nanofluid. International Communications in
Heat and Mass Transfer, 77. pp. 15-21. ISSN 0735-1933

Full text not available from this repository.

Official URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.icheatmasstransfer.201...

Abstract

In the present study a new synthesis method has been introduced for the decoration of platinum (Pt) on the
functionalized graphene nanoplatelet (GNP) and also highlighted the preparation method of nanofluids.
GNP–Pt uniform nanocomposite was produced from a simple chemical reaction procedure, which included
acid treatment for functionalization of GNP. The surface characterization was performed by various
techniques such as XRD, FESEM and TEM. The effective thermal conductivity, density, viscosity, specific
heat capacity and stability of functionalized GNP–Pt water based nanofluids were investigated in different
instruments. The GNP–Pt hybrid nanofluids were prepared by dispersing the nanocomposite in base fluid
without adding any surfactant. The examined nanofluids were stable and no significant sedimentation was
observed for a long time (22 days). Thermal conductivity of GNP–Pt nanocomposite dispersed in distilled
water nanofluids shows an enhancement of 17.77% at 40 °C and 0.1% weight concentration.

Yarmand, H., Gharehkhani, S., Shirazi, S. F. S., Goodarzi, M., Amiri, A., Sarsam, W. S., ... & Kazi, S.
N. (2016). Study of synthesis, stability and thermo-physical properties of graphene
nanoplatelet/platinum hybrid nanofluid. International Communications in Heat and Mass Transfer, 77,
15-21.
Source
Physica E: Low-dimensional Systems and Nanostructures > 2017 > 85 > C > 90-96
Abstract
In this paper, the thermal conductivity ratio of MgO-MWCNTs/EG hybrid nanofluids has been predicted by an
optimal artificial neural network at solid volume fractions of 0.05%, 0.1%, 0.15%, 0.2%, 0.4% and 0.6% in the
temperature range of 25–50°C. In this way, at the first, thirty six experimental data was presented to determine
the thermal conductivity ratio of the hybrid nanofluid. Then, four optimal artificial neural networks with 6, 8, 10
and 12 neurons in hidden layer were designed to predict the thermal conductivity ratio of the nanofluid. The
comparison between four optimal ANN results and experimental showed that the ANN with 12 neurons in
hidden layer was the best model. Moreover, the results obtained from the best ANN indicated the maximum
deviation margin of 0.8%.

Vafaei, M., Afrand, M., Sina, N., Kalbasi, R., Sourani, F., & Teimouri, H. (2017). Evaluation
of thermal conductivity of MgO-MWCNTs/EG hybrid nanofluids based on experimental data
by selecting optimal artificial neural networks. Physica E: Low-dimensional Systems and
Nanostructures, 85, 90-96.

Septiadi, W. N., Trisnadewi, I. A. N. T., Putra, N., & Setyawan, I. (2018). Synthesis of hybrid
nanofluid with two-step method. In E3S Web of Conferences (Vol. 67, p. 03057). EDP
Sciences.

Abstract
Turbulent friction and heat transfer behaviors of dispersed fluids (i.e., uttrafine
metallic oxide particles suspended in water) in a circular pipe were
investigated experimentally. Viscosity measurements were also conducted
using a Brookfield rotating viscometer. Two different metallic oxide particles,
γ-alumina (Al2O3) and titanium dioxide (TiO2), with mean diameters of 13 and
27 nm, respectively, were used as suspended particles. The Reynolds and
Prandtl numbers varied in the ranges l04-I05 and 6.5-12.3, respectively. The
viscosities of the dispersed fluids with γ-Al2O3 and TiO2 particles at a 10%
volume concentration were approximately 200 and 3 times greater than that of
water, respectively. These viscosity results were significantly larger than the
predictions from the classical theory of suspension rheology. Darcy friction
factors for the dispersed fluids of the volume concentration ranging from 1% to
3% coincided well with Kays' correlation for turbulent flow of a single-phase
fluid. The Nusselt number of the dispersed fluids for fully developed turbulent
flow increased with increasing volume concentration as well as the Reynolds
number. However, it was found that the convective heat transfer coefficient of
the dispersed fluid at a volume concentration of 3% was 12% smaller than that
of pure water when compared under the condition of constant average
velocity. Therefore, better selection of particles having higher thermal
conductivity and larger size is recommended in order to utilize dispersed fluids
as a working medium to enhance heat transfer performance. A new
correlation for the turbulent connective heat transfer for dilute dispersed fluids
with submicron metallic oxide particles is given by the following equation: Nu =
0.021 Re0.8Pr0.5.

Pak, B. C., & Cho, Y. I. (1998). Hydrodynamic and heat transfer study of dispersed fluids
with submicron metallic oxide particles. Experimental Heat Transfer an International
Journal, 11(2), 151-170.
Babar, H., Sajid, M. U., & Ali, H. M. (2019). Viscosity of hybrid nanofluids: a critical
review. Thermal Science, 23(3 Part B), 1713-1754.

Einstein A., (1906). Eine neue bestimmung der molekuldimensionen, Ann. Phys., Leipzig 19
289–306.

Eastman, J. A., Choi, S. U. S., Li, S., Yu, W., & Thompson, L. J. (2001). Anomalously
increased effective thermal conductivities of ethylene glycol-based nanofluids containing
copper nanoparticles. Applied physics letters, 78(6), 718-720.

Drzazga, M., Lemanowicz, M., Dzido, G., & Gierczycki, A. (2012). Preparation of metal
oxide-water nanofluids by two-step method. Inż. Ap. Chem, 51(5), 213-215.

K eff 3 ( α −1 ) v
=1+
Kf ( α +2 ) −( α −1 ) v

,
K eff
=α +(n−1)¿ ¿
Kf

Pietrak, K., & Wiśniewski, T. S. (2014). A review of models for effective thermal
conductivity of composite materials. Journal of Power Technologies, 95(1), 14-24.

k eff
( )
2 2
2 3β 9β α +2
=1+3 βϕ 3 β + + + +… ϕ 2
kf 4 16 2 α+3

k eff 3 (α −1) 2 3
= [ϕ+ f ( α ) ϕ +0 (ϕ )]
k f ( α + 2 )−( α −1) ϕ

k eff
=1+ αϕ+ β ϕ2
kf
 k eff 3ϕ
=1+

( ) ( )
kf k 1−2 k f k 1−k f 10
−ϕ+1.569 ϕ 3 +…
k 1 −k f 3 k 1 −4 k f

Tillman, P., & Hill, J. M. (2007). Modelling the thermal conductivity of nanofluids.
In IUTAM Symposium on Mechanical Behavior and Micro-Mechanics of Nanostructured
Materials (pp. 105-118). Springer, Dordrecht.
Masuda H., Ebata A., K. Eramae T. and Hishinuma N. (1993). “Alteration of Thermal
Conductivity and Viscosity of Liquid by Dispersing Ultra-Fine Particles,” Netsu Bussei, Vol.
7, No. 4, pp. 227-233. http://dx.doi.org/10.2963/jjtp.7.227
In a series of experiments performed at the Argonne National Laboratory to investigate
superior heat transfer capabilities of this new class of engineered fluids, Lee et al. (1999)
measured the thermal conductivity behaviour of four oxide nanofluids (Al2O3 of diameter 38
nm and CuO of diameter 24 nm in both water and ethylene glycol), and reported more than
20% of enhancement of thermal conductivity at a volume fraction of 4% for the copper
oxide/ethylene glycol system. They also noticed that for nanofluids using the same
nanoparticles, the conductivity ratio increases for the ethylene glycol nanofluids system are
always higher than those of the water nanofluids system.
In a progression of analyses performed at the Argonne National Laboratory to explore
predominant warmth move capacities of this new class of built liquids, Lee et al. (1999)
estimated the warm conductivity conduct of four oxide nanofluids (Al2O3 of breadth 38 nm
and CuO of measurement 24 nm in both water and ethylene glycol), and announced over 20%
of upgrade of warm conductivity at a volume division of 4% for the copper oxide/ethylene
glycol framework. They additionally saw that for nanofluids utilizing the equivalent
nanoparticles, the conductivity proportion increments for the ethylene glycol nanofluids
framework are constantly higher than those of the water nanofluids framework.

Abstract
In this study, a hybrid of silica nanosphere/multiwall carbon nanotube
(MWCNT) has been synthesized by wet chemical method at room
temperature. The effect of MWCNTs, silica nanospheres and hybrid
nanostructures (80% silica nanosphere/20% MWCNT and 50% silica
nanosphere/50% MWCNT) on the thermal conductivity of distilled water
has been investigated. SDBS was used as the dispersant to stabilize
nanomaterials in the aqueous suspension and its concentration was 1.5
 times of the concentration of nanomaterials. As results show, by increasing
the concentration of nanomaterials, effective thermal conductivity of
nanofluids increased. The most and the least enhancement in the effective
thermal conductivity of the fluids were associated with MWCNTs (23.3%)
and silica nanospheres (8.8%), while the enhancement for the hybrid
nanomaterial was a value between MWCNT and silica nanoparticles.
Furthermore, the hybrid consisting of higher percentage of MWCNTs
showed more increase in effective thermal conductivity of the nanofluid,
compared with the other hybrid.
Highlights
► A hybrid of silica nanosphere/MWCNT was synthesized by wet chemical
method. ► SDBS was the best surfactant for preparing stable nanofluids. ►
MWCNTs caused the most increase in thermal conductivity of distilled
water. ► The least enhancement in effective thermal conductivity belonged
to silica nanofluids. ► The hybrid influenced thermal properties of water
better than silica nanoparticles.
Baghbanzadeh, M., Rashidi, A., Rashtchian, D., Lotfi, R., & Amrollahi, A. (2012). Synthesis
of spherical silica/multiwall carbon nanotubes hybrid nanostructures and investigation of
thermal conductivity of related nanofluids. Thermochimica acta, 549, 87-94.

The effect of functionalisation method on the stability

and the thermal conductivity of nanofluid hybrids of
carbon nanotubes/gamma alumina
Saloumeh Mesgari Abbasi, Alimorad Rashidi, Ali Nemati, Kaveh Arzani

 Details
 Contributors
 Fields of science
 Bibliography
 Quotations
 Similar
 Collections
Source
Ceramics International > 2013 > 39 > 4 > 3885-3891
Abstract
Based on our previous studies that focused on the synthesis of a nanohybrid of multi-walled carbon nanotubes
(MWCNTs) and gamma alumina (γ-Al 2 O 3 ) particles, this paper reports the heat transfer properties and
dispersion behaviour of the hybrid. In this study, functionalised CNTs were synthesised via a solvothermal
process with various concentrations of carboxylic acid groups (–COOH). The microstructure of the synthesised
nanohybrids was characterised via high-resolution transmission electron microscopy (HRTEM), transmission
electron microscopy (TEM), and energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDX). The MWCNT/γ-
Al 2 O 3 nanofluid was prepared using a two-step method. The thermal conductivities of different nanohybrids
were measured with a KD2 probe using a modified transient hot wire method. The zeta potential and particle
size distribution were determined to investigate the stability of the nanofluid.The results showed that the
 functional groups had a significant influence on the thermal conductivity of the hybrid nanofluid. The data
showed that the enhancement in thermal conductivity reached up to 20.68% at a 0.1% volume fraction of
hybrid, for a gum arabic (GA) based nanofluid.

Abstract
Nanofluids containing Fe3O4 and carbon nanotubes nanoparticles
emulsified and dispersed using gum arabic (GA) and
tetramethylammonium hydroxide (TMAH) were made and characterized
for potential use as heat transfer fluids. Due to the interaction between the
TMAH and GA molecules, the magnetic nanoparticles and CNTs were
physically adsorbed. This paper reports an experimental work on the effect
of ultrasonication on thermal conductivity of this aqueous suspension. The
characterization and surface morphology of the dried samples were studied
by using XRD and TEM measurements. Experiments were conducted in the
magnetic nanoparticles mass concentration range 0.494–2.428%, CNT
mass concentration range 0.0–1.535% and the temperature range 25–
55 °C. Results show that thermal conductivity of the studied nanofluids is
affected by ultrasonication time, increased first and then decreased after an
optimum sonication time. Additionally, results show that addition of GA
coated CNT nanofluid increases the thermal conductivity of the aqueous
nanofluid containing TMAH coated Fe3O4 nanoparticles.

Shahsavar, A., Salimpour, M. R., Saghafian, M., & Shafii, M. B. (2015). An experimental study on the
effect of ultrasonication on thermal conductivity of ferrofluid loaded with carbon
nanotubes. Thermochimica acta, 617, 102-110.

Esfe, M. H., Saedodin, S., Biglari, M., & Rostamian, H. (2015c). Experimental investigation
of thermal conductivity of CNTs-Al2O3/water: a statistical approach. International
Communications in Heat and Mass Transfer, 69, 29-33.

Experimental investigation of thermal conductivity of

CNTs-Al2O3/water: A statistical approach
Mohammad Hemmat Esfe, Seyfolah Saedodin, Mojtaba Biglari, Hadi Rostamian

 Details
 Contributors
 Fields of science
 Bibliography
 Quotations
 Similar
 Collections
 Source
International Communications in Heat and Mass Transfer > 2015 > 69 > Complete > 29-33
Abstract
This study is primarily aimed to examine the effect of two important parameter (temperature and solid volume
fraction of nanoparticles) on thermal conductivity of CNTs-Al2O3/water nanofluids. Thermal conductivity has
been measured using a KD2 Pro instrument. Response surface methodology based on the miscellaneous design
was performed to survey the effect of temperature and concentration on thermal conductivity of nanofluid,
statistically. The responses to thermal conductivity of nanofluids were also estimated using second-order
polynomial equations. Also, the significance of the models was tested using the analysis of variance (ANOVA).
The results of our study, which examines the optimal thermal conductivity of CNTs-Al 2O3/water nanofluids at
different temperatures and solid volume fraction of hybrid nanoparticles, showed that the thermal conductivity
of nanofluid rises with temperature and solid volume fraction. Furthermore, the results indicated that the thermal
conductivity of CNTs-Al2O3/water is precisely predictable in the model proposed by the Design Expert.

Esfe, M. H., Alirezaie, A., & Rejvani, M. (2017). An applicable study on the thermal conductivity of
SWCNT-MgO hybrid nanofluid and price-performance analysis for energy management. Applied
Thermal Engineering, 111, 1202-1210.

Research Paper
An applicable study on the thermal conductivity of
SWCNT-MgO hybrid nanofluid and price-
performance analysis for energy management
Mohammad Hemmat Esfe, Ali Alirezaie, Mousa Rejvani

 Details
 Contributors
 Fields of science
 Bibliography
 Quotations
 Similar
 Collections
Source
Applied Thermal Engineering > 2017 > 111 > C > 1202-1210
Abstract
The present study deals with the measurement of thermal conductivity of SWCNTs-MgO/EG hybrid nanofluids
and the modeling of experimental data using artificial neural network (ANN). Hybrid nanofluids are produced
and tested at volume fraction of 0.05–2% and temperature range from 30 to 50°C.The nanofluid’s obtained data
has been compared with experimental outcomes of single particle nanofluids of MgO and SWCNT in base fluid
of Ethylene Glycol. A sensitivity analysis is done as a measure of variable changing effects on alterations
gradient of the objective function. The analysis shows that the alterations gradient of thermal conductivity
increases with the rise of volume fraction of up to 1%, and then, the sensitivity decreases. Generally, the current
study is a combination of empirical studies along with the artificial neural network, sensitivity analysis, and
proposing an empirical correlation for detailed understanding of the thermal behavior in SWCNT-MgO (20–
80%)-EG hybrid nanofluids.
 Correlations for the thermal conductivity of hybrid nanofluids.
Model Expression Comment
Este and
others  
(2015b)  
Este and
others  
(2015c)  
     

   
 

 
for: T = 20 ⁰C: a = 1:0149; b = 0:2403;
  T = 30 ⁰C: a = 1:0188; b = 0:3751;
T = 40 ⁰C: a = 1:0157; b = 0:4728;
T = 50 ⁰C: a = 1:0168; b = 0:5697;
T = 60 ⁰C: a = 1:0150; b = 0:6818.
     
     

     

Momin, G. G. (2013). Experimental investigation of mixed convection with water-Al 2O3 &
hybrid nanofluid in inclined tube for laminar flow. Int. J. Sci. Technol. Res, 2, 195-202.

"Experimental Investigation Of Mixed

Convection With Water-Al2O3 & Hybrid
Nanofluid In Inclined Tube For Laminar
Flow"
 Gaffar G. Momin

 Published 2013

 Engineering

Two experiments were carried out. first to study mixed convection Al2O3 water nano
fluidinside an inclined copper tube surface. The effects of nanoparticles concentration
and power supply on the development of the thermal field are studied and discussed
under laminar flow condition. Results show that the experimental heat transfer coefficient
decreases slightly with an increase of particle volume concentration from 0 to 4%. Two
new correlations are proposed to calculate the Nusselt number in the fully developed
region for horizontal and vertical tubes volume concentrations up to 4%.and In second
experimental work, a fully developed laminar convective heat through a uniformly heated
 circular tube using Al2O3-Cu/water hybrid nanofluid is presented. For this we
synthesized Al2O3-Cu nanocomposite powder in a thermo chemical route that involves
a hydrogen reduction technique and then dispersed the prepared hybrid nano powder in
deionised water to form a stable hybrid nanofluid of 0.1% volume concentration. The
convective heat transfer experimental results showed a maximum enhancement of
13.56% in Nusselt number at a Reynolds number of 1730 when compared to Nusselt
number of water. The experimental results also show that 0.1% Al2O3-Cu/ water hybrid
nanofluids have slightly higher friction factor when compared to 0.1% Al2O3/water
nanofluid. The empirical correlations proposed for Nusselt number and friction factor are
in good agreement with the experimental data.

Rheological and thermophysical properties of ultra-

stable kerosene-based Fe3O4/Graphene nanofluids for
energy conservation
S. Askari, R. Lotfi, A.M. Rashidi, H. Koolivand, M. Koolivand-Salooki

 Details
 Contributors
 Fields of science
 Bibliography
 Quotations
 Similar
 Collections
Source
Energy Conversion and Management > 2016 > 128 > C > 134-144
Abstract
This research deals with a novel synthesis method for preparation of Fe 3O4 decorated Graphene and
its application as a kerosene-based nanofluid with the purpose of heat transfer enhancement. In order
to stabilize the Graphene-Fe3O4 nanoparticles, oleic acid was grafted on the surface of nanoparticles
by chemisorption. Synthesized nanohybrid was characterized by X-ray powder diffraction (XRD),
Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), Transmission electron microscopy (TEM), Dynamic
light scattering (DLS) and UV–Vis spectrophotometer. The nanofluid remains stable for more than five
months without any sedimentation. Moreover, rheological and thermal properties of nanofluids were
measured. Viscosity increment, especially in low concentrations of nanoparticles was negligible
enough for industrial applications and density enhancement is completely negligible even in high
concentrations. The thermal conductivity was improved 31% at 50°C, compared to the base fluid. In
order to examine convective heat transfer enhancement, an experimental setup was designed and
measurements were examined in Reynolds numbers between 2166 and 4553. The maximum heat
transfer enhancement was 66% at Reynolds number of 4553 and 0.3wt.% of nanoparticle. Increase in
particles loading and Reynolds number causes convective heat transfer coefficient to improve.

Askari, S., Lotfi, R., Rashidi, A. M., Koolivand, H., & Koolivand-Salooki, M. (2016).
Rheological and thermophysical properties of ultra-stable kerosene-based Fe3O4/Graphene
nanofluids for energy conservation. Energy conversion and management, 128, 134-144.
 Graphene nanoplatelets–silver hybrid nanofluids for enhanced heat transfer

Yarmand, H. and Gharehkhani, S. and Ahmadi, G. and Shirazi, S.F.S. and Baradaran, S. and Montazer,

E. and Zubir, M.N.M. and Alehashem, M.S. and Kazi, S.N. and Dahari, M. (2015) Graphene nanoplatelets–
silver hybrid nanofluids for enhanced heat transfer. Energy Conversion and Management, 100. pp. 419-
428. ISSN 0196-8904

Full text not available from this repository.

Official URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.enconman.2015.05.023

Abstract

In the present experimental work, a new synthesis method is introduced for decoration of silver on the
functionalized graphene nanoplatelets (GNP-Ag) and preparation of nanofluids is reported. The thermo-
physical properties, heat transfer performance and friction factor for fully developed turbulent flow of GNP-
Ag/water nanofluids flowing through a circular tube at a constant heat flux were investigated. GNP-Ag
uniform nanocomposite was produced from a simple chemical reaction procedure, which includes acid
treatment for functionalization of GNP. The surface characterization was performed by various techniques
such as XRD, FESEM, TEM and Raman. The GNP-Ag nanofluids were prepared by dispersing the
nanocomposite in distilled water without the assistance of a surfactant and/or ultrasonication. The prepared
nanofluids were found to be stable and no sedimentation was observed for a long time. The experimental
data for GNP-Ag nanofluids were shown improvements of effective thermal conductivity and heat transfer
efficiency in comparison with the corresponding to the base-fluid. The amount of enhancement was a
function of temperature and weight concentration of nanoparticles. Maximum enhancement of Nusselt
number was 32.7% with a penalty of 1.08 times increase in the friction factor for the weight concentration of
0.1% at a Reynolds number of 17,500 compared to distilled water. Improved empirical correlations were
proposed based on the experimental data for evaluation of Nusselt number and friction factor.
Actions (login required)

Yarmand, H., Gharehkhani, S., Shirazi, S. F. S., Goodarzi, M., Amiri, A., Sarsam, W. S., ... &
Kazi, S. N. (2016). Study of synthesis, stability and thermo-physical properties of graphene
nanoplatelet/platinum hybrid nanofluid. International Communications in Heat and Mass
Transfer, 77, 15-21.

The optimization of viscosity and thermal conductivity

in hybrid nanofluids prepare…
more
Mohammad Hemmat Esfe, Mohammad Hadi Hajmohammad, Peyman Razi, Mohammad Reza Hassani
Ahangar, Ali Akbar Abbasian Arani

 Details
 Contributors
 Fields of science
 Bibliography
 Quotations
 Similar
 Collections
Source
International Communications in Heat and Mass Transfer > 2016 > 79 > C > 128-134
 Abstract
In this research, the optimization of ND-Co3O4 aqueous nanofluid is examined by using the modified non-
dominated sorting genetic algorithm (NSGA-II) and also response surface method. The average size of
nanodiamond is 4-5nm with purity of 99%. For the optimization issue, design variables of temperature and solid
volume fraction are employed with the purpose of reducing the viscosity and increasing the thermal conductivity
of nanofluids. To approximate the viscosity and thermal conductivity functions, the response surface method is
implemented. At first, the Design Expert software is applied for optimization. Then the modified NSGA-II is
used to achieve optimal responses more accurately, and optimization outcomes of both methods are finally
compared and presented. Optimal outcomes have ascertained that the most optimal state of viscosity and
thermal conductivity functions happens at the maximum temperature.

Esfe, M. H., Hajmohammad, M. H., Razi, P., Ahangar, M. R. H., & Arani, A. A. A. (2016).
The optimization of viscosity and thermal conductivity in hybrid nanofluids prepared with
magnetic nanocomposite of nanodiamond cobalt-oxide (ND-Co3O4) using NSGA-II and
RSM. International Communications in Heat and Mass Transfer, 79, 128-134.
Kumar, M. S., Vasu, V., & Gopal, A. V. (2016). Thermal conductivity and rheological
studies for Cu–Zn hybrid nanofluids with various basefluids. Journal of the Taiwan Institute
of Chemical Engineers, 66, 321-327.

Thermal conductivity and rheological studies for Cu–

Zn hybrid nanofluids with various basefluids
Mechiri Sandeep Kumar, V. Vasu, A. Venu Gopal

 Details
 Contributors
 Fields of science
 Bibliography
 Quotations
 Similar
 Collections
Source
Journal of the Taiwan Institute of Chemical Engineers > 2016 > 66 > C > 321-327
Abstract
The trend toward renewable lubricant technology is now irreversible; an eco-friendly cutting fluid will go along
with machining to achieve relative sustainability. Eco-friendly nanofluids are developed in this work and
compared with traditional cutting fluids used for heat transfer. In this work, in-situ novel hybrid nanoparticles of
Cu–Zn (50:50) alloy were synthesized. The stability of the hybrid nanofluids was carried out using photo
capturing method and DLS method. The flash point was measured using Pensky–Martens open cup apparatus as
per ASTM D6450. The thermal conductivity and rheological studies were carried out using KD-2 Pro and
Rheometer. The results illustrate that the hybrid nanofluids exhibited stability for 72h and then the
agglomeration of particles starts and by 168h almost all the particles tend to settle down. Nanofluids with
vegetable oil as basefluid showed better increment in flash point, thermal conductivity and showed marginal less
stability. Vegetable oil behaved as Newtonian fluid and the change in viscosity with application of shear was
less noticed compared with other two fluids. On the basis of integrated study of thermal conductivity and
viscosity, in the point of cost and higher relative thermal conductivity to relative viscosity for effective heat
transfer vegetable oil based nanofluid showed better results.
 Thermal conductivity of water and ethylene glycol
nanofluids containing new modified surface SiO2-Cu
nanoparticles: Experimental and modeling
Mohammad Amiri, Salman Movahedirad, Faranak Manteghi

 Details
 Contributors
 Fields of science
 Bibliography
 Quotations
 Similar
 Collections
Source
Applied Thermal Engineering > 2016 > 108 > C > 48-53
Abstract
In the present study SiO2-Cu nanocomposites are synthesized and characterized. At the next stage the thermal
conductivity of the SiO2-Cu/water and SiO2-Cu/EG nanofluids are measured and reported. The results show that
chemical deposition of a small amount of Cu on the SiO2 surface results in considerable rise in thermal
conductivity of the base fluid. A water nanofluid contains less than 1% of modified nanocomposites can
increase the thermal conductivity of water up to 11%. The increment on thermal conductivity of the EG with the
same amount of nanoparticles was about 11.5% (temperature 25°C). One of the most important features of this
work is that this type of nanofluids contains particles which have a density close to SiO2 but a thermal effect
similar to copper. Finally, a core-shell model has been presented for the thermal conductivity prediction.

Vafaei, M., Afrand, M., Sina, N., Kalbasi, R., Sourani, F., & Teimouri, H. (2017). Evaluation
of thermal conductivity of MgO-MWCNTs/EG hybrid nanofluids based on experimental data
by selecting optimal artificial neural networks. Physica E: Low-dimensional Systems and
Nanostructures, 85, 90-96.

Evaluation of thermal conductivity of MgO-

MWCNTs/EG hybrid nanofluids based on
experimental data by selecting optimal artificial
neural networks
Masoud Vafaei, Masoud Afrand, Nima Sina, Rasool Kalbasi, Forough Sourani, Hamid Teimouri

 Details
 Contributors
 Fields of science
 Bibliography
 Quotations
 Similar
 Collections
Source
Physica E: Low-dimensional Systems and Nanostructures > 2017 > 85 > C > 90-96
 Abstract
In this paper, the thermal conductivity ratio of MgO-MWCNTs/EG hybrid nanofluids has been predicted by an
optimal artificial neural network at solid volume fractions of 0.05%, 0.1%, 0.15%, 0.2%, 0.4% and 0.6% in the
temperature range of 25–50°C. In this way, at the first, thirty six experimental data was presented to determine
the thermal conductivity ratio of the hybrid nanofluid. Then, four optimal artificial neural networks with 6, 8, 10
and 12 neurons in hidden layer were designed to predict the thermal conductivity ratio of the nanofluid. The
comparison between four optimal ANN results and experimental showed that the ANN with 12 neurons in
hidden layer was the best model. Moreover, the results obtained from the best ANN indicated the maximum
deviation margin of 0.8%.

Search

 Log in

 Published: May 1986

The effective thermal conductivity of a composite

material with spherical inclusions

 R. H. Davis 

International Journal of Thermophysics volume 7, pages609–620(1986)Cite

this article
 901 Accesses
 187 Citations
 3 Altmetric
 Metricsdetails
Abstract
A new method is presented for calculating the effective thermal
conductivity of a composite material containing spherical inclusions. The
surface of a large body is assumed kept at a uniform temperature. This body
is in contact with a composite material of infinite extent having a lower
temperature far from the heated body. Green's theorem is then used to
calculate the rate of heat transfer from the heated body to the composite
material, yielding

ke/k=1+3(α−1)[α+2−(α−1)ϕ]{ϕ+f(α)ϕ2+0(ϕ3)}ke/k=1+3(α−1)[α+2−
(α−1)ϕ]{ϕ+f(α)ϕ2+0(ϕ3)}
where k e is the effective thermal conductivity, k is the thermal conductivity
of the continuous phase, α is the ratio of the thermal conductivity of the
spherical inclusions to k, and φ is the volume fraction occupied by the
dispersed phase. The function f(α) is presented in this work. Although a
similar result has been found previously by renormalization techniques, the
method presented in this paper has merit in that a decaying temperature
field is used. As a result, only convergent integrals are encountered, and a
renormalization factor is not needed. This method is more straightforward
than its predecessors and sheds additional light on the basic properties of
two-phase materials.

Aravind, S. J., & Ramaprabhu, S. (2013). Graphene–multiwalled carbon nanotube-based

nanofluids for improved heat dissipation. Rsc Advances, 3(13), 4199-4206.

Graphene–multiwalled carbon nanotube-based

nanofluids for improved heat dissipation
S. S. Jyothirmayee Aravinda  and  S. Ramaprabhu*a  

 Author affiliations

Abstract

A solution-free green method using focused solar electromagnetic radiation is used to

synthesize graphene and graphene–multiwalled carbon nanotube (MWNT) composite. Stable
nanofluids are prepared by dispersing the nanomaterials in polar base fluids. Thermal
conductivity of the nanofluids improves with graphene–MWNT nanocomposites as additives,
which could be due to prevention of restacking of graphene sheets by MWNT along with a
synergistic effect of intrinsic high thermal conductivity of graphene and MWNT. The
advantage of the present synthesis method in particular to nanofluids application is that the
presence of oxygen functional groups resulting from pre-functionalized MWNT rules out the
need for functionalizing the hybrid composite again, thereby preserving the high thermal
properties of graphene. Thermal conductivity enhancement of 9.2% and 10.5% is obtained
with graphene and graphene–MWNT nanofluids in de-ionized water at room temperature for
0.04% volume fraction. The high thermal transport characteristics of graphene–MWNT
composite nanofluids is ascribed to the high aspect ratio of MWNT and graphene, which in
turn can form tightly bonded clusters and, by suppressing the interface resistance, can
become excellent additives to attain high thermal conductivity. Further, an enhancement in
heat-transfer coefficient of 193% at Reynolds number 2000 for 0.02% volume fraction of
aqueous graphene–MWNT nanofluids suggests the potential application of the present hybrid
material-based nanofluids in cooling circuits.
 In the present work, a novel chemical reduction followed by calcination at
considerably low temperature is used to synthesize copper oxide decorated
graphene (CuO/HEG). Graphene has been synthesized via hydrogen induced
exfoliation/reduction of graphite oxide. As-synthesized graphene is
functionalized in acid medium to decorate copper oxide nanoparticles as well
as to disperse it in polar medium. CuO/HEG is dispersed in deionized (DI)
water and ethylene glycol without any surfactant, and the thermal transport
properties of those nanofluids are studied. Thermal conductivity of CuO/HEG
dispersed in DI water based nanofluid shows an enhancement of ∼28% at 25
°C for a volume fraction of 0.05%. In addition to thermal conductivity, the
electrical conductivity of the nanofluids is also measured for different volume
fractions at different temperatures. Heat transfer coefficient is measured in an
indigenously fabricated setup for different volume fractions for different flow
rates. (Baby and ……..2011)

 From the journal:

Journal of Materials Chemistry

Synthesis and nanofluid application of silver

nanoparticles decorated graphene†
Tessy Theres Babya  and  Sundara Ramaprabhu*a  

 Author affiliations

Abstract

In the present work we describe a novel synthesis procedure for silver decorated
functionalized hydrogen induced exfoliated graphene (Ag/HEG) and preparation of
nanofluids using this material. Further, thermal conductivity and convective heat transfer
studies are carried out for these nanofluids. A simple chemical reduction method is
implemented to synthesize uniformly coated Ag/HEG and characterized by different
experimental techniques. Ag/HEG is used for making nanofluids considering the high
thermal conductivity of graphene and silver nanoparticles. Ag/HEG has been dispersed in
deionized water and ethylene glycol using ultrasonic agitation and proper dispersion is
achieved without any surfactant. Thermal conductivity and heat transfer studies on Ag/HEG
dispersed nanofluids show an enhancement in the corresponding values compared to the base
fluid. The level of enhancement depends on the volume fraction and temperature at which the
measurement is performed. Ag/HEG dispersed deionized water based nanofluid shows an
enhancement of ∼25% for 0.05% volume fraction at 25 °C. Similarly, the heat transfer
coefficient of Ag/HEG based nanofluids also shows a large enhancement compared to the
base fluid. The synthesized nanofluid is stable for more than three months.

Nanofluids offer excellent scope of enhancing thermal conductivity of common heat transfer fluids.
In the present study, we have synthesized Al 2Cu and Ag2Al nanoparticles by mechanical alloying,
prepared nanofluids by dispersing about 0.2-1.5 vol.% these nanoparticles in water and ethylene
glycol, characterized the size/microstructure of nanoparticles by X-ray diffraction and transmission
electron microscopy, and measured the thermal conductivity of nanofluid using a modified thermal
comparator. The results indicate that the present nanofluids records 50-150% improvement in
thermal conductivity. Both experimental results and analytical study indicate that the degree of
enhancement strongly depends on identity/composition, size, volume fraction and shape (aspect
ratio) of the dispersed nanoparticles.

Abstract
A new type of amperometric glucose biosensor based on silicon dioxide
coated magnetic nanoparticle decorated multiwalled carbon nanotubes
(Fe3O4@SiO2/MWNTs) on a glassy carbon electrode (GCE) has been
developed. MWNTs have been synthesized by catalytic chemical vapour
decomposition (CCVD) of acetylene over rare earth (RE) based AB 3 alloy
hydride catalyst. The as-grown MWNTs have been purified and further
functionlized. Functionalized MWNTs have been decorated with magnetic
Fe3O4 nanoparticles which have been uniformly coated with biocompatible
 SiO2 using a simple chemical reduction method. The characterization of
magnetic nanoparticle modified MWNTs have been done by X-ray
diffraction (XRD), Fourier transform infra red spectroscopy (FT-IR),
scanning electron microscope (SEM), transmission electron microscope
(TEM), vibrating sample magnetometer (VSM), energy dispersive X-ray
analysis (EDX) and UV–vis spectroscopy. Amperometric biosensor has
been fabricated by the deposition of glucose oxidase (GOD) over Nafion-
solubilized Fe3O4@SiO2/MWNTs electrode. The resultant bioelectrode
retains its biocatalytic activity and offers fast and sensitive glucose
quantification. The performance of the biosensor has been studied using
cyclic voltammetry and amperometry and the results have been discussed.
The fabricated glucose biosensor exhibits a linear response from 1 μM to
30 mM with an excellent detection limit of 800 nM indicating the potential
applications in food industries.

Baby, T. T., & Ramaprabhu, S. (2010). SiO2 coated Fe3O4 magnetic nanoparticle dispersed
multiwalled carbon nanotubes based amperometric glucose biosensor. Talanta, 80(5), 2016-
2022.

Surfactant free magnetic nanofluids based on core-shell

type nanoparticle decorated multiwalled carbon nanotubes
 September 2011
 Journal of Applied Physics 110(6):064325-064325-6
DOI: 10.1063/1.3642974

 Tessy Baby

 Ramaprabhu Sundara

Request the article directly from the authors on ResearchGate.

Request full-text

Request full-text

Download citation

Copy link
Citations (28)

References (33)

Abstract
Magnetic nanofluids consisting of fluids suspended with magnetic materials are of current interest and have
potential applications in both energy related and biomedical fields. In this paper, we present a novel magnetic
nanofluid obtained by dispersing silicon dioxide (SiO2) coated on magnetite (Fe3O4) particle decorated
multiwalled carbon nanotubes (MWNTs) (Fe3O4@SiO2/MWNTs) in de-ionized water. As compared to a
magnetite decorated MWNT based nanofluid, the present system shows better stability and thermal properties
without the use of any surfactants. Fe3O4/MWNTs and Fe3O4@SiO2/MWNTs have been synthesized via a
simple chemical reduction technique and dispersed in de-ionized water via ultrasonication. Dispersed de-ionized
water based nanofluids containing Fe3O4/MWNTs with surfactant and Fe3O4@SiO2/MWNTs without surfactant
show a thermal conductivity enhancement of 20% and 24.5%, respectively, for a volume fraction of 0.03% in the
presence of magnetic field. The enhancement in the thermal conductivity has been observed for other volume
fractions also. The increase in the thermal conductivity of these nanofluids can be attributed to the chain
formation of magnetic nanomaterials in the base fluid in the presence of magnetic field.

Development and characterization of Al2Cu and Ag2Al nanoparticle

dispersed water and ethylene glycol based nanofluid
Chopkar, M. ; Kumar, S. ; Bhandari, D. R. ; Das, P. K. ; Manna, I. (2007) Development and
characterization of Al2Cu and Ag2Al nanoparticle dispersed water and ethylene glycol based
nanofluid Materials Science and Engineering: B, 139 (2-4). pp. 141-148. ISSN 0921-5107

Full text not available from this repository.

Official URL: http://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S09215...

Related URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.mseb.2007.01.048

Abstract

Nanofluids offer excellent scope of enhancing thermal conductivity of common heat transfer fluids.
In the present study, we have synthesized Al 2Cu and Ag2Al nanoparticles by mechanical alloying,
prepared nanofluids by dispersing about 0.2-1.5 vol.% these nanoparticles in water and ethylene
glycol, characterized the size/microstructure of nanoparticles by X-ray diffraction and transmission
electron microscopy, and measured the thermal conductivity of nanofluid using a modified thermal
comparator. The results indicate that the present nanofluids records 50-150% improvement in
thermal conductivity. Both experimental results and analytical study indicate that the degree of
enhancement strongly depends on identity/composition, size, volume fraction and shape (aspect
ratio) of the dispersed nanoparticles.
Item Type: Article

Source: Copyright of this article belongs to Elsevier Science.

Keywords: Nanofluid; Thermal Conductivity; Al-based Nanoparticles; Water; Ethylene Glycol; Thermal
Comparator

ID Code: 18746
 Deposited On: 17 Nov 2010 12:27

Last Modified: 06 Jun 2011 06:17

Repository Staff Only: item control page

Sidik, N. A. C., Jamil, M. M., Japar, W. M. A. A., & Adamu, I. M. (2017). A review on
preparation methods, stability and applications of hybrid nanofluids. Renewable and
Sustainable Energy Reviews, 80, 1112-1122.

Table 1. Shows some synthesis of hybrid nanofluids conducted by different researchers.

Hybrid nanofluid Preparation Observation Reference
Ultrasonic vibration
technique was used to
prepare nanofluids and
also different
Addition of surfactants to Babu and
surfactants like sodium
Several Discussed
Dodecyl sulphate
nanofluidsincreased heat Kumar
transfer rate. (2017)
&Trimethyl
Ammonium Bromide
are used

Further research are

needed to find the upper
limits of volume fraction
Sidik and others
and the ratio of nano
Several Discussed (2017)
particles in the composite
powder

Nu increases with 52%, Madhesh and

Cu-TiO2 / water Hybrid nanocomposite 49% and 68% Kalaiselvam
respectively (2014)
Enhancement of 13.56% Suresh and other
Al2O3–Cu / water Hybrid nanocomposite
in Nu at Re=1730 (2011)

dissimilarity of the trends may perhaps due to the particle

configuration and clustering

Hybrid / Complex
Nanotechnology
Application of hybrid sphere/carbon nanotube particles in
nanofluids
Z H Han1, B Yang1,4, S H Kim2,3,5 and M R Zachariah2,3,4
Published 31 January 2007 • IOP Publishing Ltd
Nanotechnology, Volume 18, Number 10
1393 Total downloads

Turn on MathJax

Get permission to re-use this article

Share this article

Abstract
Previous studies on nanofluids have focused on spherical or long-fibre particles. In
this work, a new type of complex nanoparticle—a hybrid sphere/carbon
nanotube(CNT) particle, consisting of numerous CNTs attached to an alumina/iron
oxide sphere—is proposed for applications in nanofluids. In such hybrid
nanoparticles, heat is expected to transport rapidly from one CNT to another through
the centre sphere and thus leading to less thermal contact resistance between CNTs
when compared to simple CNTs dispersed in fluids. CNTs have an extremely high
thermal conductivity, but thermal resistance between the CNTs and the fluid has
limited their performance in nanofluids. The proposed hybrid sphere/CNT particles
are synthesized by spray pyrolysis followed by catalytic growth of CNTs. The spheres
are about 70 nm in diameter on average, and the attached CNTs have a length up to
2 µm. These hybrid nanoparticles are dispersed to poly-alpha-olefin with sonication
and a small amount of surfactants to form stable nanofluids. The thermal
conductivity of the fluids has been measured by a 3ω-wire method over a
temperature range 10–90 °C. The results indicate that the effective thermal
conductivity of the fluids is increased by about 21% at room temperature for particle
volume fractions of 0.2%.

International Journal of Heat and Mass Transfer, Vol.54, No.15-16, 3783-3788, 2011

DOI10.1016/j.ijheatmasstransfer.2011.02.044   Export Citation      

Synthesis, characterization, and thermal property measurement of nano-Al95Zn05
dispersed nanofluid prepared by a two-step process
Paul G, Philip J, Raj B, Das PK, Manna I

Nanofluids are stable suspension of nanometer sized particles and exhibit extremely attractive thermal
properties that make them a potential candidate for application in heat transfer devices ranging from
microelectronic gadgets to thermal power plants. In the present study, we have synthesized Al-5wt%Zn
nanoparticles by mechanical alloying, characterized these nanoparticles using X-ray diffraction and
scanning and transmission electron microscopy. Subsequently, these nanoparticles are dispersed to the
tune of 0.01-0.10 vol% in ethylene glycol (base fluid) following a careful mixing protocol. Thermal
conductivity of the nanofluids and base fluid has been measured using the transient hot-wire method. It
is observed that thermal conductivity of the nanofluids strongly depend on the concentration, particle
size, fluid temperature and stability of dispersed nanoparticles in the base fluid. A maximum of 16%
enhancement in thermal conductivity has been recorded at a nanoparticle loading of 0.10 vol%. Unlike
data reported in some articles, thermal conductivity ratio of Al-5wt%Zn dispersed ethylene glycol based
nanofluids is observed to decrease with the increase in crystallite/grain size of the particles. (C) 2011
Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.
Keywords:Nanofluid;Al-alloy based nanoparticles;Thermal conductivity;Transient hot-wire;Ethylene glycol
Paul, G., Philip, J., Raj, B., Das, P. K., & Manna, I. (2011). Synthesis, characterization, and thermal
property measurement of nano-Al95Zn05 dispersed nanofluid prepared by a two-step
process. International Journal of Heat and Mass Transfer, 54(15-16), 3783-3788.

The structural, rheological, thermal, and dielectric properties of transformer

oil-based nanofluids containing silica and silver supported on silica were
investigated. Thermal conductivity was found to increase with silica
concentration. The greatest enhancement was seen with silver nanoparticles
supported on silica at very low weight percent of silica.
Botha, S. S., Ndungu, P., & Bladergroen, B. J. (2011). Physicochemical properties of oil-
based nanofluids containing hybrid structures of silver nanoparticles supported on
silica. Industrial & Engineering Chemistry Research, 50(6), 3071-3077.
Copper nanoparticle-loaded multiwalled carbon nanotubes (Cu/MWCNTs)
have been synthesized by chemical reduction method using functionalized
MWCNTs processed by the chemical vapor deposition technique and copper
chloride. Cu/MWCNTs based nanofluids have been synthesized by dispersing
nanocomposites of Cu/MWCNTs in deionized water (DI water) and ethylene
glycol (EG) polar base fluids without any surfactant. The results showed that
well-dispersed Cu/MWCNTs nanofluids with varying concentration of
Cu/MWCNTs can be synthesized using the present method. A maximum
thermal conductivity at a very low volume fraction of Cu/MWCNTs has
resulted due to the homogeneous dispersion of Cu decorated MWCNTs in base
fluids and formation of more hydrophilic MWCNTs due to the attachment of
oxygen containing functional groups leading to a good interactions of
MWCNTs with each other.
 Jha, N., & Ramaprabhu, S. (2008). Synthesis and thermal conductivity of copper nanoparticle
decorated multiwalled carbon nanotubes based nanofluids. The Journal of Physical
Chemistry C, 112(25), 9315-9319.
Madhesh and Kalaiselvam (2014), noticed that for solid volume fraction ¿) up to 0.7%,
convective heat transfer coefficient of hybrid nanofluid was boosted by 48.4%. The
convective heat transfer coefficient of nanofluids increased with hybrid nanofluid
concentration and Reynolds number. The effective thermal conductivity and diffusion
kinetics of hybrid nanofluid concentration in the liquid medium path way for enhance heat
transfer characteristics of hybrid nanofluid.

nvestigation of Al2O3-MWCNTs Hybrid Dispersion in Water

and Their Thermal Characterization
M J Nine 1, Munkhbayar Batmunkh, Jun-Hyo Kim, Han-Shik Chung, Hyo-Min Jeong

Affiliations expand

 PMID: 22905499

 DOI: 10.1166/jnn.2012.6193

Abstract
Synthesis of water based Al2O3-MWCNTs hybrid nanofluids have been investigated
and characterized. Al2O3-MWCNTs nanoparticles in weight proportion of 97.5:2.5 to
90:10 have been studied over 1% to 6% weight concentration. Dispersion quality of
nanofluids is assured by additional synthesis process like acids treatment and
grinding of MWCNTs by planetary ball mill. The effects of ground and non-ground
MWCNTs over dispersion quality and thermal conductivity have been investigated.
Sedimentation effect of hybrid nanofluids with time length has been studied by
sample visualization and TEM micrographs. The augmentative absorbance and
thermal conductivity of hybrid nanofluids have been compared with pure
Al2O3/water nanofluids. The overall result shows that the enhancement in
normalized thermal conductivity of hybrid nanofluids is still not so sharp though the
absorbance and other qualities show much better comparing mono type nanofluids.
Hybrid nanofluids with spherical particles show a smaller increase in thermal
conductivity comparing cylindrical shape particles.

Similar articles

Mehrali, M., Sadeghinezhad, E., Akhiani, A. R., Latibari, S. T., Metselaar, H. S. C.,
Kherbeet, A. S., & Mehrali, M. (2017). Heat transfer and entropy generation analysis of
hybrid graphene/Fe3O4 ferro-nanofluid flow under the influence of a magnetic field. Powder
technology, 308, 149-157.

Abstract

The heat transfer characteristics and entropy generation rate of hybrid graphene-
magnetite nanofluids under forced laminar flow that subjected to the permanent
magnetic fields were investigated. For this purpose, a nanoscale reduced graphene
oxide-Fe3O4 hybrid was synthesized by using graphene oxide, iron salts and tannic
acid as the reductant and stabilizer. The thermophysical and magnetic properties of
the hybrid nanofluid have been widely characterized and thermal conductivity has
shown an enhancement of 11%. The experimental results indicated that the heat
transfer enhancement of hybrid magnetite nanofluid compared to the case of distilled
was negligible when no magnetic field was applied. Additionally, the heat transfer
characteristics have been improved significantly under magnetic field. The outcome
of the analysis shows that the total entropy generation rate was reduced up to 41%
compared to distilled water. It appears that these magnetic hybrid nanofluids can
function as good alternative fluids in the magnetic thermal engineering systems.

Mehrali, M., Sadeghinezhad, E., Akhiani, A. R., Tahan Latibari, S., Metselaar, H. S. C.,
Kherbeet, A. S., & Mehrali, M. (2017). Heat transfer and entropy generation analysis of
hybrid graphene/Fe3O4 ferro-nanofluid flow under the influence of a magnetic
field. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.powtec.2016.12.024.

Wei, B., Zou, C., Yuan, X., & Li, X. (2017). Thermo-physical property evaluation of
diathermic oil based hybrid nanofluids for heat transfer applications. International Journal of
Heat and Mass Transfer, 107, 281-287.

Abstract
Diathermic oil has high boiling point, low vapor pressure and low pour point, so it has been
widely used as a heat carrier in heat transfer systems. Due to the excellent thermo-physical
property of nanofluids, a kind of hybrid nanoparticles (SiC/TiO2) was dispersed in diathermic
oil to fabricate nanofluids with concentration up to 1 vol% in this paper. And there was no
visually observable sedimentation or stratification even after ten days. As two characteristics
of thermo-physical property, the thermal conductivity and viscosity were measured under the
same conditions respectively, and the experimental results showed that the thermal
conductivity of nanofluids increased with increasing volume fractions of nanoparticles and
increasing of temperature. With the loading further increasing, the thermal conductivity of
SiC/TiO2 nanofluids is higher than SiC or TiO2 nanofluids’, and the maximum of thermal
conductivity enhancement ratio is 8.39% at 1 vol%. Thermal conductivity enhancement ratio
was a linear relationship with the volume fraction. Suspending SiC/TiO2 nanoparticles can
enhance thermal capacity of the system. In rheological experiment, the shear viscosity almost
maintained constant with shear rate increasing at the given temperature, which means that the
samples are Newtonian fluid. And the higher the nanofluids concentration was, the larger
value of their shear viscosity. There were some anomalous phenomena occurred in
rheological behavior, which may be caused by the breaking up of hybrid of two types of
nanoparticles.

1999-04-26

Thermal Management Concepts for Higher-Efficiency Heavy Vehicles 1999-

01-2240
Thermal management is a cross-cutting technology that directly or indirectly affects engine
performance, fuel economy, safety and reliability, aerodynamics, driver/passenger comfort,
materials selection, emissions, maintenance, and component life. This review paper
provides an assessment of thermal management for large on-highway trucks, particularly as
it impacts these features. Observations based on a review of the state of the art for thermal
management for over-the-road trucks are highlighted and commented on. Trends in the
large truck industry, pertinent engine/truck design and performance objectives, and the
implications of these relative to thermal management are presented. Finally, new thermal
management concepts for high-efficiency vehicles are described.

Wambsganss, M. W. (1999). Thermal management concepts for higher-efficiency heavy

vehicles. SAE transactions, 41-47.

In 2008, US electric power industry started using nanofluid as cooling agent and is saving
10–30 trillion Btu of energy per year, which in turn reduces 21,000 metric tons of SiO2, 5.6
million metric tons of CO2 and 8600 metric tons of NOx

In 2008, US electric force industry began utilizing nanofluid as cooling operator and is
sparing 10–30 trillion Btu of energy for each year, which thusly lessens 21,000 metric huge
amounts of SiO2, 5.6 million metric huge amounts of CO2 and 8600 metric huge amounts of
NOx

Hussein, A. M., Bakar, R. A., & Kadirgama, K. (2014). Study of forced convection nanofluid
heat transfer in the automotive cooling system. Case Studies in Thermal Engineering, 2, 50-
61.

Maplesoft
The demand for more powerful engines in smaller hood spaces has created a problem of insufficient
rates of heat dissipation in automotive radiators. As a result, many radiators must be redesigned to be
more compact while still having sufficient cooling power capabilities. This application proposes a new
design for a smaller radiator assembly, which is capable of dissipating the same heat as the original
design, given a set of operating conditions.
Fadhilah, S. A., Rafeq, S. A., Hairul, B., Nur Hazwani, M., Merry, N., & Mitan, M. (2012).
NANOFLUID AS COOLANT IN AUTOMOTIVE COOLING SYSTEM–HEAT
TRANSFER CHARACTERISTICS OF CAR RADIATOR USING CU-BASED

Fadhilah, S. A., Hidayah, I., Hilwa, M. Z., Faizah, H. N., & Marhamah, R. S. (2013).
Thermophysical properties of Copper/Water nanofluid for automotive cooling system–
Mathematical modeling. Journal of Mechanical Engineering and Technology (JMET), 5(2).
 Asadi, A., Asadi, M., Rezaniakolaei, A., Rosendahl, L. A., Afrand, M., & Wongwises, S.
(2018). Heat transfer efficiency of Al2O3-MWCNT/thermal oil hybrid nanofluid as a cooling
fluid in thermal and energy management applications: An experimental and theoretical
investigation. International Journal of Heat and Mass Transfer, 117, 474-486.

Alteration of Thermal Conductivity and Viscosity of Liquid by Dispersing

Ultra-Fine Particles
Dispersion of Al2O3, SiO2 and TiO2 Ultra-Fine Particles

Hidetoshi Masuda, Akira Ebata, Kazunari Teramae, Nobuo Hishinuma

Author information
JOURNALS FREE ACCESS

1993 Volume 7 Issue 4 Pages 227-233

DOI https://doi.org/10.2963/jjtp.7.227

Details

Download PDF (1173K)

Download Meta RIS

(compatible with EndNote, Reference Manager, ProCite, RefWorks)

BIB TEX

(compatible with BibDesk, LaTeX)

Text
How to download Meta

Contact us

Article overview
 Abstract
 References (22)
 Information related to the author
 Cited by (1050)
Share





  
Abstract
How much the thermal conductivity of a liquid can be altered by dispersing a small amount of ultra-fine
particles into it has been studied. Fine powders of Al2O3, SiO2 and TiO2 were used as the ultra-fine
particles, and water was selected as the base liquid. Three dispersed systems were made by applying the
technique of electrostatic repulsion. For the systems of water-Al2O3 and water-TiO2, effective thermal
conductivities were seen to increase much more as the particle concentration was increased, but that of
water-SiO2 system almost never increased. Viscosities of their dispersed systems were also measured, and
the characteristics were made clear.

Fig. 2.1: Picture showing the nanoscale in context. The length scale at the top ranges from 1 m to 10−10 m. The
section from 10−7 m (100 nm) to 10−9 m (1 nm) is expanded on the length scale below. The typical length scale
of interest for nanoscience is from 100 nm down to the atomic scale.

Heiligtag, F. J., & Niederberger, M. (2013). The fascinating world of nanoparticle

research. Materials Today, 16(7-8), 262-271.
The efficient of these engines at turning chemical energy into mechanical power is a subject
being consistently review. Most of the energy in the gasoline (perhaps 7¬0%) is converted
into heat, and it is the job of
the cooling system to take care of that heat.
This paper presents an experimental analysis of the graphene nanofluids as coolant in vehicle
engine cooling system. Heat transfer rate and effectiveness is increased with increase in
volume concentration of nanoparticles (ranging from 0 to 0.5). About 61% heat transfer
enhancement and effectiveness were achieved with addition of Graphene particles at
Reynolds number and constant mass flow rate (0.345Kg/s). Thermal performance of a
radiator using nanofluids + water (50 Volume concentrations) coolant is increased with air
Reynolds Number. About 50- 70 % increment in the total heat transfer and overall heat
transfer coefficient based on the air side at constant mass flow rate (0.345 Kg/s) and variable
Reynolds number. Thermal Conductivity increased by 61.05 % with increase in the volume
concentration of Graphene particles in Base Fluid.

Multi-walled carbon nanotubes (MWCNT) were used along with aluminium-oxide

nanoparticles to form a nanofluid with the base fluid (ethylene glycol (EG) + distilled water
(DW) – 1:1 ratio) having volume concentrations of (0.03, 0.06, 0.09 and 0.12) %. The
characterization of the nanoparticles was carried out. The experiments were carried out at
inlet temperatures of 40–75 °C, with increments of 5 °C. The volume flow rate was varied
from 0.6 m3/h to 0.96 m3/h, with increments of 0.12 m3/h. An increase in the heat transfer of
35 % was achieved.

Oliveira, G. A., & Bandarra Filho, E. P. (2014). Nanofluid as a coolant in automotive

radiators. International Conference on Heat Transfer, Fluid Mechanics and Thermodynamics.
Molana, M. (2017). On the nanofluids application in the automotive radiator to reach the
enhanced thermal performance: a review. American Journal of Heat and Mass Transfer, 4(4),
168-187.
Zhu, H., Zhang, C., Liu, S., Tang, Y., & Yin, Y. (2006). Effects of nanoparticle clustering
and alignment on thermal conductivities of Fe 3 O 4 aqueous nanofluids. Applied Physics
Letters, 89(2), 023123.
Elias, M. M., Mahbubul, I. M., Saidur, R., Sohel, M. R., Shahrul, I. M., Khaleduzzaman, S.
S., & Sadeghipour, S. (2014). Experimental investigation on the thermo-physical properties
of Al2O3 nanoparticles suspended in car radiator coolant. International Communications in
Heat and Mass Transfer, 54, 48-53.
Present study deals with the enhancement of convective heat transfer performance of EG
brine based various hybrid nanofluids i.e. Ag, Cu, SiC, CuO and TiO2 in 0–1% volume
fraction of Al2O3 nanofluid, as coolants for louvered fin automobile radiator. The effects of
nanoparticles combination and operating parameters on thermo physical properties, heat
transfer, effectiveness, pumping power and performance index of hybrid nanofluids have
been evaluated. Comparison of studied hybrid nanofluids based on radiator size and pumping
power has been made as well. Among all studied hybrid nanofluids, 1% Ag hybrid nanofluid
(0.5% Ag and 0.5% Al2O3) yields highest effectiveness and heat transfer rate as well as
pumping power. However, SiC + Al2O3 dispersed hybrid nanofluid yields maximum
performance index and hence this can be recommended for best coolant. For the same
radiator size and heat transfer rate, pumping power increases by using Ag hybrid nanofluids
leading to increase in engine thermal efficiency and hence reduction in engine fuel
consumption. For same coolant flow rate and heat transfer rate, the radiator size reduces and
pumping power increases by using Ag hybrid nanofluids leading to reduction in radiator size,
weight and cost.

Oduro, S. D. (2012). Assessing the effect of blockage of dirt on engine radiator in the engine
cooling system.

Soylu and other (2019), in their work synthesis and characterization, four different nanofluids
which consist of (i) pure TiO 2, (ii) TiO2 doped with 0.1% Ag, (iii) TiO 2 doped with 0.3% Ag,
(iv) TiO2 doped with 0.1% Cu and added to base fluid (50:50 ethylene glycol – water mixture
by volume) in ratios of 0.3, 0.5, 1 and 2%. The study wass evaluated both experimentally
(using fluid as a coolant aluminium flat tube radiator with corrugated louver fin) and
theoretically. The radiator tank capacity was 35 L, which is consistent with that for engines in
automobiles cooling systems. Fluids were allowed to circulate within at the temperature and
flow rate desired for the experimental study. The volume of fluid circulated within the system
was 11 L. The internal surface of the tank was coated with Cr-Ni to prevent the nanofluids
from being affected by the tank’s surface properties. From the experimental results, a net
change was observed in thermal conductivity of 0.3% Ag -doped nanofluids. The highest
increase for the nanofluids with concentrations of 1% and 2% was seen to be 5.615% and
11.094%, correspondingly. It also demonstrated that only pure TiO2 nanofluids satisfied the
required conditions and had the potential to improve the performance in an automobile
radiator

A theoretical analysis was conducted to find the maximum potential of nanofluids without
operational problems. It is safe to say that doping with Ag improves the heat transfer
properties of nanoparticles, and this improvement is consistent with the increase in the doping
amount.

Xiaohong, D., Huajiang, C., Bagherzadeh, S. A., Shayan, M., & Akbari, M. (2020).
Statistical estimation the thermal conductivity of MWCNTs-SiO2/Water-EG nanofluid using
the ridge regression method. Physica A: Statistical Mechanics and its Applications, 537,
122782.
Dhale, L. P., Wadhave, P. B., Kanade, D. V., & Sable, Y. S. (2015). Effect of nanofluid on
cooling system of engine. International Journal of Engineering and Applied Sciences, 2(10).

Lee, D. K., & Kang, Y. S. (2004). Synthesis of silver nanocrystallites by a new thermal
decomposition method and their characterization. Etri Journal, 26(3), 252-256.
Granqvist, C. G., & Buhrman, R. A. (1976). Ultrafine metal particles. Journal of applied
Physics, 47(5), 2200-2219.
Keblinski, P., Eastman, J. A., & Cahill, D. G. (2005). Nanofluids for thermal
transport. Materials today, 8(6), 36-44.
Yatsuya, S., Tsukasaki, Y., Mihama, K., & Uyeda, R. (1978). Preparation of extremely fine
particles by vacuum evaporation onto a running oil substrate. Journal of Crystal Growth, 45,
490-494.
Choi, S. U. S., Zhang, Z. G., Yu, W., Lockwood, F. E., & Grulke, E. A. (2001). Anomalous
thermal conductivity enhancement in nanotube suspensions. Applied physics letters, 79(14),
2252-2254.

Nanoparticles can be produced from various processes (Masala and Seshadri, 2004; 17
Srivatsan, T. S. 2012). which can be classified into one of five general synthetic techniques,
Table 1 below.
S/
Methods/Techniques References
N

1 Transition metal salt reduction Van Hyning (2001);

Sondi and others, (2003).

Thermal decomposition and photochemical Lee and Kang, (2004);

2 Mallick and others, (2004);
methods
Son and others, (2005).
Ligand reduction and displacement from
organometallics Nikoobakht and others,
(2000);
4 Metal vapor synthesis Ma and others (2004).
5 Electrochemical synthesis

Ma, H., Yin, B., Wang, S., Jiao, Y., Pan, W., Huang, S., ... & Meng, F. (2004). Synthesis of
silver and gold nanoparticles by a novel electrochemical method. ChemPhysChem, 5(1), 68-
75.
Masala, O., & Seshadri, R. (2004). Synthesis routes for large volumes of
nanoparticles. Annu. Rev. Mater. Res., 34, 41-81.
Nikoobakht, B., Wang, Z. L., & El-Sayed, M. A. (2000). Self-assembly of gold
nanorods. The Journal of Physical Chemistry B, 104(36), 8635-8640.
Srivatsan, T. S. (2012). Nanomaterials: Synthesis, Properties, and Applications, AS Edelstein
and RC Cammarata, Editors: Institute of Physics, London, 1996, 596 pages, ISBN: 0-7503-
05789.
Van Hyning, D. L., Klemperer, W. G., & Zukoski, C. F. (2001). Silver nanoparticle
formation: predictions and verification of the aggregative growth model. Langmuir, 17(11),
3128-3135.
Sondi, I., Goia, D. V., & Matijević, E. (2003). Preparation of highly concentrated stable
dispersions of uniform silver nanoparticles. Journal of colloid and interface science, 260(1),
75-81.
Son, S. U., Park, I. K., Park, J., & Hyeon, T. (2005). Chem Comm. 2004: 778–779.[Google
Scholar](b) Choudary BM, Sridhar C, Kantam ML, Venkanna GT, Sreedhar B. J Am Chem
Soc, 127, 9948-9949.
Mallick, K., Witcomb, M. J., & Scurrell, M. S. (2004). Polymer stabilized silver
nanoparticles: a photochemical synthesis route. Journal of Materials Science, 39(14), 4459-
4463.

Choi, C., Yoo, H. S., & Oh, J. M. (2008). Preparation and heat transfer properties of
nanoparticle-in-transformer oil dispersions as advanced energy-efficient coolants. Current
Applied Physics, 8(6), 710-712.
Selvakumar, P., & Suresh, S. (2012). Use of ${\rm Al} _ {2}{\rm O} _ {3}\hbox {--}{\rm
Cu} $/Water Hybrid Nanofluid in an Electronic Heat Sink. IEEE Transactions on
Components, Packaging and Manufacturing Technology, 2(10), 1600-1607.

Material Thermal Conductivity (W m-1 K-1)

Carbon Nanotubes 2000 [7]
Diamond 900 – 2320 [17]
SiC 490 [2]
Silver 424 [2]
Copper 398 [2]
Gold 315 [2]
Aluminum 273 [2]
Graphite 119 – 165 [7]
Iron 80 [2]
Cupric Oxide 77 [18]
Alumina 40 [19]
Zinc Oxide 29 [13]
Carbon Nanofibers 13 [20]
Titania 8.4 [13]
Iron (II, III) Oxide 7.0 [21]
Bismuth Telluride 5.0 [22]
Carbon (amorphous) 1.59 [17]
Silica 1.34 [2]
C60 – C70 (Fullerenes) 0.4 [18]
Water 0.608 [23]
Glycerol 0.285 [2]
Ethylene Glycol 0.257 [2]
Ethanol 0.172 [2]
Decene 0.14 [24]
 Toluene 0.133 [2]
Perfluorotriethylamine 0.13 [25]
Hexane 0.126 [26]
Poly (α-olefin) oil 0.117 [27]
Perfluorohexane (FC-72) 0.057 [10]

Material Thermal Conductivity (W m-1 K-1)

SiC 490 [2]
Gold 315 [2]
Iron 80 [2]
Cupric Oxide 77 [18]
Zinc Oxide 29 [13]
Carbon Nanofibers 13 [20]
Titania 8.4 [13]
Iron (II, III) Oxide 7.0 [21]
Bismuth Telluride 5.0 [22]
Carbon (amorphous) 1.59 [17]
Silica 1.34 [2]
Ethanol 0.172 [2]
Decene 0.14 [24]
Toluene 0.133 [2]
Perfluorotriethylamine 0.13 [25]
Hexane 0.126 [26]
Poly (α-olefin) oil 0.117 [27]
Perfluorohexane (FC-72) 0.057 [10]
1

Material Thermal Conductivity (W m-1 K-1)

Carbon Nanotubes 2000 [7]
Diamond 900 – 2320 [17]
 Silver 424 [2]
Copper 398 [2]
Aluminium 273 [2]
Graphite 119 – 165 [7]
Alumina 40 [19]
C60 – C70 (Fullerenes) 0.4 [18]
Water 0.608 [23]
Ethylene Glycol 0.257 [2]

Marquis, F. D. S., & Chibante, L. P. F. (2005). Improving the heat transfer of nanofluids and
nanolubricants with carbon nanotubes. Jom, 57(12), 32-43.
Jadar R., Shashishekar K. S., Manohara S. R. (2019). Performance evaluation of Al-MWCNT
based automobile radiator. Materials Today: Proceedings 9:380–388
Mohamad, M., & Wan, W. (2018). Heat transfer performance Of Tio2–SiO2 nanofluid in
water‐ethylene glycol mixture. J Mech Eng, 5, 39-48.
Huminic, G., & Huminic, A. Numerical analysis of hybrid nanofluids as coolants for
automotive applications Numerical analysis of hybrid nanofluids as coolants for automotive
applications.
Blanco, D., Rubio, E. M., Marín, M. M., & Davim, J. P. (2020). Repairing Hybrid Mg–Al–
Mg Components Using Sustainable Cooling Systems. Materials, 13(2), 393.
Gadekar, R., Thakur, K., & Kumbhare, S. (2015). ZnO a Nanofluid in Radiator to increase
thermal conductivity based on ethylene glycol.
This paper presents study of effective thermal conductivity of ZnO nanofluid. . The nanofluid
was prepared by dispersing Zno nanoparticles in ethylene glycol. Ethylene glycol based
nanofluid containing ZnO nanoparticle at various temperatures was examined for the
investigation. The thermal conductivity of nanofluids is experimentally measured with
conventional method and it is found that the thermal conductivity of nanofluids increase with
the nanoparticle volume concentration and temperature. The proposed models show
reasonably excellent agreement with our experimental results.

Guo, S., Dong, S., & Wang, E. (2008). Gold/platinum hybrid nanoparticles supported on
multiwalled carbon nanotube/silica coaxial nanocables: preparation and application as
electrocatalysts for oxygen reduction. The Journal of Physical Chemistry C, 112(7), 2389-
2393.
A simple approach combining sonication and sol−gel chemistry was employed to synthesize
silica coated carbon nanotube (CNTs) coaxial nanocables. It was found that a homogeneous
silica layer can be coated on the surface of the CNTs. This method is simple, rapid, and
reproducible. Furthermore, gold nanoparticle supported coaxial nanocables were facilely
obtained using amino-functionalized silica as the interlinker. Furthermore, to reduce the cost
of Pt in fuel cells, designing a Pt shell on the surface of a noble metal such as gold or silver is
necessary. High-density gold/platinum hybrid nanoparticles were located on the surface of 1-
D coaxial nanocables with high surface-to-volume ratios. It was found that this hybrid
nanomaterial exhibits a high electrocatalytic activity for enhancing oxygen reduction (low
overpotential associated with the oxygen reduction reaction and almost four-electron
electroreduction of dioxygen to water).
Esfe, M. H., Razi, P., Hajmohammad, M. H., Rostamian, S. H., Sarsam, W. S., Arani, A. A. A., &
Dahari, M. (2017). Optimization, modeling and accurate prediction of thermal conductivity and
dynamic viscosity of stabilized ethylene glycol and water mixture Al2O3 nanofluids by NSGA-II using
ANN. International Communications in Heat and Mass Transfer, 82, 154-160.

Chen, L. F., Cheng, M., Yang, D. J., & Yang, L. (2014). Enhanced thermal conductivity of nanofluid by
synergistic effect of multi-walled carbon nanotubes and Fe2O3 nanoparticles. In Applied Mechanics
and Materials (Vol. 548, pp. 118-123). Trans Tech Publications Ltd.

This study investigates the synergistic effect of combining multi-walled carbon nanotubes
(MWNTs) and Fe2O3 nanoparticles on thermal conductivity of nanofluid. Results show that low
percentage hybrid fillers loading improve thermal conductivity of water based nanofluid, due to
the good dispersion and interfacial adhesion, which is confirmed by scanning electron
microscope. Furthermore, the hybrid fillers provide synergistic effect on heat conductive
networks. The thermal conductivity enhancement of water based nanofluid containing 0.05 wt %
MWNTs and 0.02 wt % Fe2O3 nanoparticles is 27.75%, which is higher than that of nanofluid
containing 0.2 wt % single MWNTs or Fe2O3 nanoparticles.

Anomalously increased effective thermal conductivities of ethylene glycol-based

nanofluids containing copper nanoparticles
Appl. Phys. Lett. 78, 718 (2001); https://doi.org/10.1063/1.1341218
J. A. Eastman

 Materials Science Division, Argonne National Laboratory, Argonne, Illinois 60439

S. U. S. Choi

 Energy Technology Division, Argonne National Laboratory, Argonne, Illinois 60439

S. Li

 Materials Science Division, Argonne National Laboratory, Argonne, Illinois 60439

W. Yu

 Energy Technology Division, Argonne National Laboratory, Argonne, Illinois 60439

L. J. Thompson

 Materials Science Division, Argonne National Laboratory, Argonne, Illinois 60439

It is shown that a “nanofluid” consisting of copper nanometer-sized particles dispersed in
ethylene glycol has a much higher effective thermal conductivity than either pure ethylene
glycol or ethylene glycol containing the same volume fraction of dispersed
oxide nanoparticles. The effective thermal conductivity of ethylene glycol is shown to be
increased by up to 40% for a nanofluid consisting of ethylene glycol containing
approximately 0.3 vol % Cu nanoparticles of mean diameter <10 nm. The results are
anomalous based on previous theoretical calculations that had predicted a strong effect of
particle shape on effective nanofluid thermal conductivity, but no effect of either particle size
or particle thermal conductivity.
Bozorgan, N., Krishnakumar, K., & Bozorgan, N. (2012). Numerical study on application of
cuo-water nanofluid in automotive diesel engine radiator.
Li, Y., Tung, S., Schneider, E., & Xi, S. (2009). A review on development of nanofluid
preparation and characterization. Powder technology, 196(2), 89-101.
Tawfik, M. M. (2017). Experimental studies of nanofluid thermal conductivity enhancement
and applications: A review. Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, 75, 1239-1253.
Xu, J., Yang, B., & Hammouda, B. (2011). Thermal conductivity and viscosity of self-
assembled alcohol/polyalphaolefin nanoemulsion fluids. Nanoscale research letters, 6(1),
274.
Slack, G. A. (1962). Thermal Conductivity of MgO, Al2O3, Mg Al2O4, and Al3O4 Crystals
from 3° to 300° K. Physical Review, 126(2), 427.
Perry, R. H., Green, D. W., & Maloney, J. O. (1997). Perry's chemical engineers' handbook
(ed.). Seventh, International edition.
Wang, Z. L., Tang, D. W., Liu, S., Zheng, X. H., & Araki, N. (2007). Thermal-conductivity
and thermal-diffusivity measurements of nanofluids by 3ω method and mechanism analysis
of heat transport. International Journal of Thermophysics, 28(4), 1255-1268.

A 3ω technique is developed for simultaneous determination of the thermal

conductivity and thermal diffusivity of nanofluids. The 3ω measuring
system is established, in which a conductive wire is used as both heater and
sensor. At first, the system is calibrated using water with known
thermophysical properties. Then, the thermal conductivity and thermal
diffusivity of TiO2/distilled water nanofluids at different temperatures and
volume fractions and the thermal conductivity of SiO 2 nanofluids with
different carrier fluids (water, ethanol, and EG) are determined. The results
show that the working temperature and the carrier fluid play important
roles in the enhancement of thermal transport in nanofluids. These results
agree with the predictions for the temperature dependence effect by the
Brownian motion model and the micro-convection model. For
SiO2 nanofluids, the thermal-conductance enhancement becomes strong
with a decrease in the heat capacity of the carrier fluids. Finally, according
to our results and mechanism analysis, a corrected term is introduced to
the Brownian motion model for providing better prediction of heat
transport performance in nanofluids.
Hwang, Y., Park, H. S., Lee, J. K., & Jung, W. H. (2006). Thermal conductivity and
lubrication characteristics of nanofluids. Current Applied Physics, 6, e67-e71.
Shende and Ramaprabhu (2016), in their study of thermo-optical properties of partially
unzipped multiwalled carbon nanotubes (PUMWNTs) dispersed nanofluids for direct
absorption solar thermal energy systems. The temperature dependent thermal conductivity
study with various solid volume fractions (ϕ ) carried out for DI water and EG based
nanofluids revealed considerable enhancement of 27% and 20.97% respectively.

Shende, R. C., & Ramaprabhu, S. (2016). Thermo-optical properties of partially unzipped

multiwalled carbon nanotubes dispersed nanofluids for direct absorption solar thermal energy
systems. Solar Energy Materials and Solar Cells, 157, 117-125.

Abstract
Mehrali, M., Sadeghinezhad, E., Latibari, S. T., Kazi, S. N., Mehrali, M., Zubir, M. N. B. M.,
& Metselaar, H. S. C. (2014). Investigation of thermal conductivity and rheological
properties of nanofluids containing graphene nanoplatelets. Nanoscale research letters, 9(1),
15.

Vegetable oils (Ground nut) are being investigated to serve as a possible

substitute for non-biodegradable mineral oils, which are currently being used
as metal-cutting fluids in machining processes. In this study, thermophysical
properties of hybrid nanofluids (vegetable oil) to be used as metalworking
cutting fluids are investigated. In-situ synthesis of copper (Cu) and zinc (Zn)
combined hybrid particles is performed by mechanical alloying with
compositions of 50:50, 75:25, and 25:75 by weight. Characterizations of the
synthesized powder were carried out using X-ray diffraction, a particle size
analyzer, FE-SEM, and TEM. Hybrid nanofluids with all the three
combinations of hybrid nanoparticles were prepared by dispersing them into a
base fluid (vegetable oil). The thermophysical properties, such as thermal
conductivity and viscosity, were studied for various volume concentrations and
at a range of temperatures. Experimental results have shown enhancement in
thermal conductivity in all cases and also an increase in viscosity. The
enhancement in viscosity is similar in all three combinations, as the particle
size and shape are almost identical. The enhancement in thermal conductivity
is higher in Cu–Zn (50:50), resulting in better enhancement in thermal
conductivity due to the Brownian motion of the particles and higher thermal
conductivity of the nanoparticles incorporated.
Keywords:: hybrid Cu–Zn nanofluids, thermal conductivity, viscosity, KD2-Pro, rheometer

Thermal conductivity and electrical properties of hybrid

SiO2-graphene naphthenic mineral oil nanofluid as
potential transformer oil
Soo Hui Qing1, W Rashmi1, M Khalid2, T C S M Gupta3, M Nabipoor1 and Mohammad
Taghi Hajibeigy1
Published 24 January 2017 • © 2017 IOP Publishing Ltd
Materials Research Express, Volume 4, Number 1
227 Total downloads

Abstract

Hybrid SiO2-graphene nanoparticles were synthesised by sol gel centrifugation

technique under four different pH levels ranging from 9 to 12. Stability, thermal
conductivity, viscosity and electrical conductivity of hybrid SiO 2-graphene and pure
graphene dispersed in naphthenic oil were investigated. Nanofluids were synthesied
at three different nanoparticle concentrations (0.01, 0.04 and 0.08 wt%) while the
temperature was varied from 20 °C to 100 °C. Field emission scanning electron
microscopy (FESEM), x-ray spectroscopy and Fourier transform infrared (FTIR)
spectrometer show successful coating of SiO2 on graphene surface. The growth units
and size distribution of SiO2 nanoparticles increased with pH level. Moreover, the
presence of SiO2 improved the dispersion behaviour of the nanofluid as confirmed by
visual observation and UV–Vis studies. Zeta potential measurements show the hybrid
nanofluids at pH 11 are most stable due to its optimum amount and size of
SiO2 coated on graphene surface while at pH 12 shows least stability due to
precipitation. The presence of SiO2 on graphene further enhanced the thermal
conductivity by 80% at pH 9. Also, the viscosity of hybrid nanofluids was higher than
pure graphene based nanofluids due to increase in density and particle size.
Moreover, the addition of hybrid SiO2-graphene nanoparticles significantly reduced
the electrical conductivity enhancement of base fluid from 557% to 97%.

Subramaniyan, A., & Ilangovan, R. (2015). Thermal Conductivity of Cu2O-TiO2 Composite-Nanofluid

Based on Maxwell model. International Journal of Nanoscience and Nanotechnology, 11(1), 59-62.

Graphene wrapped multiwalled carbon

nanotubes dispersed nanofluids for
heat transfer applications
Journal of Applied Physics 112, 124304 (2012); https://doi.org/10.1063/1.4769353
S. S. Jyothirmayee Aravind and S. Ramaprabhua)

View Affiliations
   PDF

 ABSTRACT 
 FULL TEXT 
 FIGURES 
 CITED BY 

 TOOLS

SHARE

 
METRICS

o TOPICS

 Thermodynamic states and processes

 Electrical conductivity
 Thermal conductivity
 Nanomaterials
 Nanofluidics
 Nanocomposites
 Transport properties
 Nanoparticles
 Nanotubes
 Graphene

ABSTRACT
A two step method is employed for the preparation of graphene wrapped multiwalled carbon
nanotubes (MWNT) dispersed nanofluids. Graphene wrapped MWNT composite is prepared by
simple chemical vapor deposition technique and further purified prior to the synthesis of nanofluids.
The functionalization of MWNT with the poly electrolyte, graphene drives out the need for
surfactants or long term harsh chemical treatments as in the case of pristine carbon materials based
nanofluids. The enhancement in thermal transport properties of surfactant
free graphene wrapped MWNT composite in de-ionized (DI) water and ethylene glycol (EG) base
fluids than that of pristine carbon nanomaterial based nanofluids indicates the potential usage of the
hybrid composite based nanofluids in heat transfer applications. An enhancement in thermal
conductivity of 11.3% and 13.7% has been attained with 0.04% volume fraction of
hybrid composite based DI water and EG nanofluids at 25 °C. The nanocomposite possesses extreme
stability in a variety of aqueous solvents without any surfactant. Electrical conductivity of the
nanofluids analyzed as a function of volume fraction of nanoparticles and temperature shows a
positive effect. Further, the analysis of forced convective heat transfer coefficients of the nanofluids
flowing through a stain less steel tube shows significant enhancement in heat transfer, attributed to
good aspect ratio of graphene wrapped MWNT and synergistic effect of high thermally
conducting graphene and MWNT.
ACKNOWLEDGMENTS

Experimental investigation of the thermal transport

properties of a carbon nanohybrid dispersed
nanofluid†
Tessy Theres Babya  and  Sundara Ramaprabhu*a  

 Author affiliations

Abstract

A hybrid nanostructure consisting of 1D carbon nanotubes and 2D graphene was successfully

synthesized. Nanofluids were made by dispersing the hybrid nanostructure in deionized
(DI) water and ethylene glycol (EG) separately, without any surfactant. Later the thermal
conductivity and heat transfer coefficient of the nanofluids were experimentally measured.
Meanwhile, multiwalled carbon nanotubes (MWNT) were prepared by catalytic chemical
vapor deposition (CCVD), and hydrogen exfoliated graphene (HEG) was synthesized by
exfoliating graphite oxide in a hydrogen atmosphere. The hybrid nanostructure (f-MWNT+f-
HEG) of functionalized MWNT (f-MWNT) and functionalized HEG (f-HEG) was prepared
by a post mixing technique, and the sample was characterized by powder X-ray
diffraction, Raman spectroscopy, field emission scanning electron
microscopy and transmission electron microscopy. Thermal conductivity of the nanofluids
was measured for different volume fractions of f-MWNT+f-HEG at different temperatures.
The hybrid nanostructure dispersed in the DI water based nanofluid shows a thermal
conductivity enhancement of 20% for a volume fraction of 0.05%. Similarly, for a Reynolds
number of 15 500, the enhancement of the heat transfer coefficient is about 289% for a 0.01%
volume fraction of f-MWNT+f-HEG.

Abstract
Nanofluid is a colloidal suspension which has received great attention over the
past two decades, but its limited heat transfer enhancement is a matter of
concern for industrial applications. We demonstrate an improvement in the
thermal conductivity of TiO2 nanofluids with an addition of negligible amounts
of modified silver “Ag” nanoparticles. In this work, the surface/shape of newly
synthesized “Ag” nanoparticles is modified by planetary ball milling. Then, to
enhance the thermal conductivity of TiO2 nanofluids, the flattened “Ag”
particles are incorporated with the combination of small (15 nm) and large
(300 nm) TiO2 nanoparticles in an aqueous solution. The thermal
conductivities of Ag/TiO2–water nanofluids with various weight
concentrations are measured at temperatures ranging from 15 to 40 °C. As a
result, the present study confirms that the thermal conductivity of TiO 2 based
solution can be improved by introducing the flattened “Ag” particles

Batmunkh, M., Tanshen, M.R., Nine, M.J., Myekhlai, M., Choi, H., Chung, H.,
Jeong, H., 2014. Thermal conductivity of TiO2 nanoparticles based aqueous
nanofluids with an addition of a modified silver particle. Ind. Eng. Chem. Res.
53 (20), 8445e8451.

Akhilesh, M., Santarao, K., & Babu, M. V. S. (2018). Thermal conductivity of CNT-wated
nanofluids: a review. Mechanics and Mechanical Engineering, 22(1), 207-220.
Motahar, S., Nikkam, N., Alemrajabi, A. A., Khodabandeh, R., Toprak, M. S., &
Muhammed, M. (2014). A novel phase change material containing mesoporous silica
nanoparticles for thermal storage: a study on thermal conductivity and viscosity. International
Communications in Heat and Mass Transfer, 56, 114-120.
 Marquis, F. D. S., & Chibante, L. P. F. (2005). Improving the heat transfer of nanofluids and
nanolubricants with carbon nanotubes. Jom, 57(12), 32-43.
Nafchi, P. M., Karimipour, A., & Afrand, M. (2019). The evaluation on a new non-
Newtonian hybrid mixture composed of TiO2/ZnO/EG to present a statistical approach of
power law for its rheological and thermal properties. Physica A: Statistical Mechanics and its
Applications, 516, 1-18.

Wu, H., Al-Rashed, A. A., Barzinjy, A. A., Shahsavar, A., Karimi, A., & Talebizadehsardari, P. (2019).
Curve-fitting on experimental thermal conductivity of motor oil under influence of hybrid nano additives
containing multi-walled carbon nanotubes and zinc oxide. Physica A: Statistical Mechanics and its
Applications, 535, 122128.

Coquil, T., Richman, E. K., Hutchinson, N. J., Tolbert, S. H., & Pilon, L. (2009). Thermal conductivity
of cubic and hexagonal mesoporous silica thin films. Journal of Applied Physics, 106(3), 034910.

Lv, Y. Z., Li, C., Sun, Q., Huang, M., Li, C. R., & Qi, B. (2016). Effect of dispersion method
on stability and dielectric strength of transformer oil-based TiO 2 nanofluids. Nanoscale
research letters, 11(1), 515.

Li, X., Zou, C., Zhou, L., & Qi, A. (2016). Experimental study on the thermo-physical
properties of diathermic oil based SiC nanofluids for high temperature
applications. International Journal of Heat and Mass Transfer, 97, 631-637.

Overview of Hybrid Nanofluids Development and

Benefits

 A. A. Minea & 

 M. G. Moldoveanu 

Journal of Engineering Thermophysics volume 27, pages507–514(2018)Cite

this article
 136 Accesses
 6 Citations
 Metricsdetails
Abstract
Conventional fluids have poor heat transfer properties, but their vast
applications in power generation, chemical processes, heating and cooling
processes, electronics and other microsized applications make the
reprocessing of those thermofluids to have better heat transfer properties
quite essential. Recently, it has been shown that the addition of solid
nanoparticles to various fluids can increase the thermal conductivity and
can influence the viscosity of the suspensions by tens of percent.
Thermophysical properties of nanofluids were shown dependent on the
particle material, shape, size, concentration, the type of the base fluid, and
other additives. In spite of some inconsistency in the reported results and
insufficient understanding of the mechanism of the heat transfer in
nanofluids, it has been emerged as a promising heat transfer fluid. In the
continuation of nanofluids research, the researchers have also tried to use
hybrid nanofluid recently, which is engineered by suspending dissimilar
nanoparticles either in mixture or composite form. The idea of using hybrid
nanofluids is to further improve the heat transfer and pressure drop
characteristics by trade-off between advantages and disadvantages of
individual suspension, attributed to good aspect ratio, better thermal
network and synergistic effect of nanomaterials. As a conclusion, the hybrid
nanofluids containing composite nanoparticles yield significant
enhancement of thermal conductivity. However, the long-term stability,
production process, selection of suitable nanomaterials combination to get
synergistic effect and cost of nanofluids may be major challenges behind
the practical applications.

Abstract:
Background: Hybrid nanofluids are considered as an extension of conventional nanofluids which are
prepared through suspending two or more nanoparticles in the base fluids. Previous studies on hybrid
nanofluids have measured their thermal conductivity overlooking other thermophysical properties such as
viscosity and electrical conductivity.
Objective: An experimental investigation is undertaken to measure thermal conductivity, viscosity, and
electrical conductivity of a hybrid nanofluid prepared through dispersing alumina nanoparticles and
multiwall carbon nanotubes in saltwater. These properties are the main important factors that must be
assessed before performance analysis for industrial applications.

Methods: The experimental data were collected for different values of the nanoparticle volume fraction,
temperature, salt concentration, and pH value. Attention was paid to explore the consequences of these
parameters on the nanofluid’s properties and to find optimal conditions to achieve the highest value of the
thermal conductivity and the lowest values of the electrical conductivity and the viscosity.

Results: The results demonstrate that although the impacts of the pH value and the nanoparticle volume
fraction on the nanofluid’s thermophysical properties are not monotonic, optimal conditions for each of the
properties are reachable. It is found that the inclusion of the salt in the base fluid may not change the
thermal conductivity noticeably. However, a considerable reduction in the viscosity and substantial
elevation in the electrical conductivity occur with an increase in the salt concentration.

Conclusion: With the addition of salt to a base fluid, the thermophysical properties of a nanofluid can be
controlled.

Keywords: Hybrid nanofluid, salt water, viscosity, thermal conductivity, electrical conductivity,

pH value.

Mark Item

Purchase PDF
 Rights & Permissions PrintExport Cite as

Wen, D., Lin, G., Vafaei, S., & Zhang, K. (2009). Review of nanofluids for heat transfer
applications. Particuology, 7(2), 141-150.

Yuan, S. P., & Jiang, P. X. (2006). Thermal conductivity of small nickel

particles. International journal of thermophysics, 27(2), 581-595.

Chen, X., Parker, D., Du, M. H., & Singh, D. J. (2013). Potential thermoelectric performance
of hole-doped Cu2O. New Journal of Physics, 15(4), 043029.

Shoghl, S. N., Jamali, J., & Moraveji, M. K. (2016). Electrical conductivity, viscosity, and
density of different nanofluids: An experimental study. Experimental Thermal and Fluid
Science, 74, 339-346.

Experimental Analysis on Thermophysical

Properties of Al2O3/CuO Hybrid Nano Fluid
with its Effects on Flat Plate Solar Collector
 918
 20

Abstract:

Hybrid nanofluid is the new generation of heat transfer fluid for various heat transfer applications
where transport characteristics are substantially higher than the base liquid. The study presents
an experimental investigation of rheological and thermophysical properties of Al 2O3/ CuO hybrid
nanoparticles suspended in 25:75 (by weight) ethylene glycol and water mixture. This manuscript
presents experimental work of thermophysical properties of Al2O3/CuO/water/ethylene glycol
hybrid nanofluids and its effect on thermal efficiency of flat plate solar collector. Nanofluids of
particle volume percentage of 0.5%, 1%, 1.5% and 2% were tested. Results show that thermal
conductivity, viscosity and density increases with nanoparticles concentration. The efficiency of
the collector was improved by 45% by increasing the nanoparticle weight fraction.
 Suresh, S., Venkitaraj, K. P., Selvakumar, P., & Chandrasekar, M. (2012). Effect of Al2O3–
Cu/water hybrid nanofluid in heat transfer. Experimental Thermal and Fluid Science, 38, 54-
60.

Effect of temperature and concentration on thermal

conductivity and viscosity of ferrofluid loaded with
carbon nanotubes

 A. Shahsavar, 

 M. Saghafian, 

 M. R. Salimpour & 

 M. B. Shafii 

Heat and Mass Transfer volume 52, pages2293–2301(2016)Cite this article

 480 Accesses
 27 Citations
 Metricsdetails
Abstract
The aim of this paper is to investigate the thermal conductivity and
viscosity of a hybrid nanofluid containing tetramethylammonium
hydroxide (TMAH) coated Fe3O4 nanoparticles and gum arabic (GA) coated
carbon nanotubes (CNTs), experimentally. The magnetic nanoparticles and
CNTs are physically attached as the result of interaction between the TMAH
and GA molecules. The morphology and structure of the samples are
characterized with X-ray diffraction (XRD) and transmission electron
microscopy (TEM). The experiments are carried out in the magnetic
nanoparticles volume concentration range of 0.1–0.9 %, CNT volume
concentration range of 0.05–1.35 % and the temperature range of 25–
55 °C. The viscosity of the hybrid nanofluid increases with the increase of
volume concentration, while it decreases with the increase of temperature.
Besides, results show that hybrid nanofluid behaves as a shear thinning
fluid. Furthermore, it is observed that the thermal conductivity of the
hybrid nanofluid enhances with temperature and volume concentration.

Yue, C., Feng, J., Feng, J., & Jiang, Y. (2016). Low-thermal-conductivity nitrogen-doped graphene
aerogels for thermal insulation. RSC advances, 6(12), 9396-9401.

Nair, A. M., kumar Naidu, P. V., & Kukreja, R. (2019). Thermal Performance Analysis of Nano
Enhanced Paraffin Wax and Myristic Acid. Journal of Mechanical Engineering and Technology
(JMET), 10(2), 39-66.
Keblinski, P., Phillpot, S. R., Choi, S. U. S., & Eastman, J. A. (2002). Mechanisms of heat flow in
suspensions of nano-sized particles (nanofluids). International journal of heat and mass
transfer, 45(4), 855-863.

Nadolny, Z., & Dombek, G. (2017). Thermal properties of mixtures of mineral oil and natural ester in
terms of their application in the transformer. In E3S Web of Conferences (Vol. 19, p. 01040). EDP
Sciences.

i (closely packed),
ii (simple cubic arrangement),
iii (loosely packed) and
iv (separated by layer thine enough).
Thermal conductivity k increases with Enhancement of k due to formation of highly
decreasing parcking fraction as can be seen in conductive layer-liquid structure at the
iv. liquid/particle interface.
Larsson, R., & Andersson, O. (2000). Lubricant thermal conductivity and heat capacity under
high pressure. Proceedings of the Institution of Mechanical Engineers, Part J: Journal of
Engineering Tribology, 214(4), 337-342.

Eastman, J. A., Phillpot, S. R., Choi, S. U. S., & Keblinski, P. (2004). Thermal transport in
nanofluids. Annu. Rev. Mater. Res., 34, 219-246.

This work provides an insight into the progress so far on researches made on thermal
conductivity enhancement of hybrid nanofluid.
 Thermal Conductivity (W/m.K) 0.18 0.162
0.16 0.148 0.15 0.15 0.154
0.14 0.133 0.137
0.118 0.119
0.12 0.104 0.11
0.1
0.08
0.06
0.04
0.02
0

Lubricants

The above mechanism in relation to thermal conductivity k as covered by Kebliiski and

others, (2002) and Eastman and others, (2004) is expressed by the schematic diagram below.

Yuan, S. P., & Jiang, P. X. (2006). Thermal conductivity of small nickel

particles. International journal of thermophysics, 27(2), 581-595.

Ali, H. M. (2020). Hybrid Nanofluids for Convection Heat Transfer.

Wen, D., Lin, G., Vafaei, S., & Zhang, K. (2009). Review of nanofluids for heat transfer
applications. Particuology, 7(2), 141-150.

Zarei, M. J., Keshavarz, P., & Sabbaghi, S. (2020). Experimental investigation on the thermal
conductivity of Triethylene Glycol-Water-CuO nanofluids as a desiccant for dehydration
process. International Journal of Nano Dimension, 11(1), 74-87.

Safaei, M. R., Ranjbarzadeh, R., Hajizadeh, A., Bahiraei, M., Afrand, M., & Karimipour, A. (2018).
Simultaneous effects of cobalt ferrite and silica nanoparticles on the thermal conductivity of antifreeze:
new hybrid nanofluid for refrigeration condensers. Int. J. Refrig., 102.

Muhammad, N., Nadeem, S., & Mustafa, M. T. (2018). Analysis of ferrite nanoparticles in the flow of
ferromagnetic nanofluid. PloS one, 13(1), e0188460.

Terada, Y., Ohkubo, K., Mohri, T., & Suzuki, T. (2003). Thermal conductivity of cobalt-base
alloys. Metallurgical and Materials Transactions, 34(9), 2026.

Nimmagadda, R., & Venkatasubbaiah, K. (2015, July). Multiphase approach on heat transfer
performance of micro-channel using hybrid carbon nanofluid. In International Conference on
Nanochannels, Microchannels, and Minichannels (Vol. 56871, p. V001T04A050). American Society of
Mechanical Engineers.

Ali and other, (2014), carried out an experiment investigation to check for the effect of
nanofluid concentration on the cooling system of vehicles (Louvered-fins and flat tube)
radiator, applying a forced convection heat transfer to a vehicles’ radiator. The radiator was
then filled with Al2O3 water nanofluid at varying concentrations (0.1%, 0.5%, 1%, 1.5%, and
2%) by volume. The trial analysis was done for three cases, each event corresponds to
singular heat load, coolant flow rate, and air flow rate to simulate the vehicle engine cooling
framework at different loads base on the cooling system specification of the test specimen
vehicle (Toyota Yaris 2007). As part of the overall results obtained from the experiment, it
was then discovered that the heat released from the radiator increases as the nanofluid
fraction loading increases and at some point - at a particular volume concentration -, heat
release began to decreases. The author confirmed the sudden decrease in heat released could
be credited to the optimum thermal conductivity reached by the nanofluid hence the heat
transfer from the coolant to the adjacent fins, then to the ambient air. Increased viscosity was
also recorded. Increased viscosity of the nanofluid causes disappearance of the random
motion of nanoparticle within the liquid. Enhancement of the thermal conductivity was
however achieved at optimum solid volume fraction (ϕ ) of 1% when the heat released from
the radiator suddenly start decreasing. They had however stated that the improvement in
thermal conductivity is indirectly as function of Brownian motion.

Ali, M., El-Leathy, A. M., & Al-Sofyany, Z. (2014). The effect of nanofluid
concentration on the cooling system of vehicles radiator. Advances in Mechanical
Engineering, 6, 962510.

Xu, J., Yang, B., & Hammouda, B. (2011). Thermal conductivity and viscosity of self-
assembled alcohol/polyalphaolefin nanoemulsion fluids. Nanoscale research letters, 6(1),
274.

Su, W., Darkwa, J., & Kokogiannakis, G. (2017). Development of microencapsulated

phase change material for solar thermal energy storage. Applied thermal
engineering, 112, 1205-1212.

Al2O3/TiO2 hybrid nanofluids thermal conductivity: An

experimental approach.

 Source: Journal of Thermal Analysis & Calorimetry . Jul2019, Vol. 137 Issue

2, p583-592. 10p.
 Author(s): Moldoveanu, Georgiana Madalina; Minea, Alina Adriana;
Huminic, Gabriela; Huminic, Angel

 Abstract: This research deals with experimental studies on thermal

conductivity variation of Al₂O₃ and
TiO₂ hybrid nanofluids with water as the base fluid. In
addition, Al₂O₃ and TiO₂ nanofluid
mixtures were used for evaluation. The prepared samples were tested for
determination of thermal conductivity at room temperature as well as at
different temperatures. A comprehensive regression analysis was
accomplished to link the experimental data sets with volume fractions for
 all prepared new fluids, as well as with temperature variation. The
experimental results were finally linked to an evaluation of Mo number and
heat transfer efficiency for possible solar energy uses. Results indicated
that the hybrid nanofluids possess upper thermal conductivity if related to
water and can successfully replace it in heat transfer applications.
 Copyright of Journal of Thermal Analysis & Calorimetry is the property of
Springer Nature and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple
sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written
permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for
individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about
the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published
version of the material for the full abstract.

For access to this entire article and additional high quality information, please
check with your college/university library, local public library, or affiliated
institution.

Important User Information: Remote access to EBSCO's databases is permitted

to patrons of subscribing institutions accessing from remote locations for personal,
non-commercial use. However, remote access to EBSCO's databases from non-
subscribing institutions is not allowed if the purpose of the use is for commercial
gain through cost reduction or avoidance for a non-subscribing institution.

Privacy Policy A/B Testing Terms of Use Copyright Cookie Policy

© 2020 EBSCO Industries, Inc. All rights reserved.

Xu, J., Yang, B., & Hammouda, B. (2011). Thermal conductivity and viscosity of self-assembled
alcohol/polyalphaolefin nanoemulsion fluids. Nanoscale research letters, 6(1), 274.

abamfidelis@mouau.edu.ng
With oil prices at record lows and declining energy demand due to the COVID–19 crisis, the
energy industry is facing its biggest challenge in recent times. These developments have
further accelerated the need to navigate disruptions effectively and to bring innovative
thinking to the forefront.

3.1 Hybrid nanofluid in enhancing forced convective heat transfer

Benkhedda et al. [51] investigated the three-dimensional laminar mixed convection of hybrid
nanofluid flow (Ag–TiO2/water) through an annular space with heat flux imposed in outer cylinder,
and they found that increasing the number of Grashof increases the effect of the buoyancy force
which increases the heat transfer rate.

Benkhedda M, Boufendi T, Touahri S. Laminar mixed convective heat transfer enhancement by

using Ag-TiO 2-water hybrid Nanofluid in a heated horizontal annulus. Heat and Mass Transfer.
2018 Sep 1;54(9):2799-814.
Benkhedda M, Boufendi T, Tayebi T, Chamkha AJ. Convective heat transfer performance of
hybrid nanofluid in a horizontal pipe considering nanoparticles shapes effect. Journal of Thermal
Analysis and Calorimetry. 2019 Sep 25:1-5.

ournal of Enhanced Heat Transfer

DOI: 10.1615/JEnhHeatTransf.2020034449
pages 595-616

EXPERIMENTAL INVESTIGATION OF THERMAL

PERFORMANCE OF ETHYLENE GLYCOL-
WATER−BASED FE3O4, SIC, AND HYBRID
NANOFLUIDS
Tumuluri Kanthimathi
JNT University Hyderabad, Telangana State, India

Panitapu Bhramara
Mechanical Engineering, JNTUH College of Engineering Hyderabad, Telangana State, India

G. Abhiram
JNTUH College of Engineering Hyderabad, Telangana State, India

Ayub Shaik
JNTUH College of Engineering Hyderabad, Telangana State, India

The thermophysical properties of working fluids play a significant role in determining the
performance of heat exchangers. These properties can be customized by mixing
nanoparticles of different types and different volume concentrations in the working fluid. The
effect of three different nanofluids, viz., the suspensions of single-component Fe3O4 and SiC
nanoparticles, and the hybrid mixture of Fe3O4 and SiC in a volume ratio of 50:50 (hybrid
nanofluid) was experimentally studied using a double pipe heat exchanger. An ethylene
glycol and water solution in a volume ratio of 20:80 was considered as the base fluid. The
nanofluids were tested at a very low volume concentration of 0.02%−0.08%. The
experiments were performed in a turbulent flow regime. The thermophysical properties of the
hybrid nanofluid were found to be superior compared to those of its constituent single-
component nanoparticle suspension. The hybrid nanofluid exhibited the highest
enhancement in the heat transfer coefficient with less pressure drop penalty. A maximum
heat transfer enhancement of 98.95% was obtained at a flow rate of 6 l/min for the 0.08%
hybrid nanofluid. It was observed that the use of the hybrid nanoparticle mixture with
different densities resulted in better thermophysical properties, with a favorable trend in the
variation of each of the properties at the volume concentration of the suspension compared
to that of its constituent single-component nanoparticle suspension, which led to higher heat
transfer enhancement.

Nanoparticle 1 Nanoparticle 2 Base fluid

Nanofluid Ag–MgO/ H2O
Properties Silver Magnesium Water
ϕ = 2%
(Ag) Oxide (MgO) (H2O)
ρ (kg/m3)        
Cp (J/kg·K)        
κ(W/m·K)        
μ (Ns/m2)        

Table Core geometry of flat tubes, continuous fins, and operating conditions of a CHE.
Serial number Description Dimension
1 CHE height (CHEh) 0.0285m
2 CHE length (CHEl) 0.095m
3 CHE width (CHEw) 0.025m
4 Tube height (tH) 0.0013m
5 Tube length (tL) 0.0948m
6 Tube width (tW) 0.0248m
7 Fin height (fH) 0.012m
8 Fin width (fW) 0.025m
9 Fin thickness (fT) 0.0001m
10 Distance between fins (fD) 0.0018m
11 Number of tubes (ntube) 3
12 Number of fins (nfin) 25
13 Air side hydraulic diameter, Dh 0.00267m
14 Coolant side hydraulic diameter, Dh 0.00283m
15 Air temperature (Ta) 310.5K
16 Coolant temperature (Tc) 355.5K

Density Heat capacity Thermal conductivity

Nanoparticles
[kg/m3] [J/kg-K] [W/m-k]
Property Ag (nanoparticles) MgO (nanoparticles)
Magnesium
C p [J/kg K] 235
3970 773 955 40
oxide (MgO)
ρ [kg/m 3
]
Silver 10,500 3560
K [W/m K] 10,500
429 235 45 429
(Ag)
μ [NS / m2] – –
There are basically no mechanical fields in which heat exchangers are not applied. Numerous
variables determine the design of a heat exchanger, yet the core ones are the heat transfer
rate, pumping power, heat exchanger volume, heat exchanger weight and production costs.
Depending on area of application, some of the factors above may have need yet overall the
primary factors that must be considered are heat move rate, power input and heat exchanger
volume

A literature overview is carried out to survey the experimental research and development
work on properties of hybrid nanofluid, based on this review, a model is developed and.
simulation will be performed using ANSYS Fluent in the automobile cooling system via the
radiator and results obtained validated with experimental results available in literatures.

stated that there is a reasonable justification for using compound or hybrid

nanofluids.

In this work, we consider the silver (Ag) and Magnesium oxide (MgO), or magnesia
dispersed in water (H20), Ag–MgO/water (Hybrid nanofluid) nono-coolant flow in a Flat-
Tube-Multi-Louvered-Plate Fin, Liquid-to-Air Radiator (Heat Exchanger), The hybrid
nanofluid involves two class (metal and ceramic) of nanoparticles scattered in base fluid
(pure water) to appraise the heat transfer rate.

1.1 Objectives of Study

Because of the expanding power prerequisite and the restricted accessible space in the
vehicles, it is incredibly difficult to expand the size of the radiator set in the front of the
vehicles. A good motor cooling framework can decrease the period of the engine start and
warm-up procedure, where the engine arrives at its ideal working temperature and lessens
the hydrocarbon (HC) and carbon monoxide (CO), which are so delivered during the
beginning and heating period. Upgrades in the performance of the auto radiator should
be possible by using substitute coolants with attributes of better heat move
and pressure drop, in line with improved heat transfer fin surfaces and high thermal
conductivity fin materials. Hence, this present study focuses on the performance
improvement of the automotive radiator using alternative (nano) coolants. Thought of this
work aspires to extend the idea of reference research work and to investigate the impact of
hybrid nano-liquid of two different nanoparticle Silver (Ag) and Magnesium oxide (MgO) in
Water as nano-coolant for an automobile radiator. This study is contemplated to improve the
thermal conductivity of the fluid stream and model the heat transfer in the automobile
radiator. To investigate the thermal performance and flow characteristics of the proposed
hybrid nano-coolant, model equations are employed, the equations are solved analytically
via ANSYS and then correlated and validated with results available in the literature. The aims
are as follows:
1. To established a suitable hybrid nano-coolant with high stability for automobile
radiator.
2. To model and evaluate the thermal performance profile of the hybrid nanofluid as
coolant in an automobile radiator.
3. To evaluate the heat transfer rate of the hybrid nanofluid.
4. To identify optimum mixing ratio of the novel hybrid nanofluid based on
hydrothermal performance.
5. To evaluate practicality of the novel hybrid nanofluid.

1.2 Problem Statement

Consider a hydrodynamic flow of an incompressible fluid suspension of nanoparticles silver (Ag)
and Magnesium oxide (MgO), or magnesia in an automobile radiator. Other physical
assumptions of the model are illustrated hereinafter.

Hybrid nanofluid made up of silver (Ag) and Magnesium oxide (MgO), or magnesia

dispersed in water (H20), Ag–MgO/water is employed to replace orthodox coolant and the
impact of concentration, temperature, stream rate and Reynolds number are decided.

Because of the expanding power prerequisite and the restricted accessible space in the
vehicles, it is incredibly difficult to expand the size of the radiator set in the front of the
vehicles. A good motor cooling framework can decrease the period of the engine start and
warm-up procedure, where the engine arrives at its ideal working temperature and lessens
the hydrocarbon (HC) and carbon monoxide (CO), which are so delivered during the
beginning and heating period. Upgrades in the performance of the auto radiator should
be possible by using substitute coolants with attributes of better heat move
and pressure drop, in line with improved heat transfer fin surfaces and high thermal
conductivity fin materials. Hence, this present study focuses on the performance
improvement of the automotive radiator using alternative (nano) coolants. Thought of this
work aspires to extend the idea of reference research work by Esfe et al, (2015b) by
investigating the impact of hybrid nano-liquid as nano-coolant for an automobile radiator.
This study is contemplated to improve the thermal conductivity of the fluid stream and model
the heat transfer in the automobile radiator. To investigate the thermal performance and flow
characteristics of the proposed hybrid nano-coolant, model equations are employed, the
equations are solved analytically via ANSYS and then correlated and validated with results
available in the literature. The aims are as follows:

Turcu et al, [1.] are perhaps considered as the pioneer investigators in the study of hybrid particulate
blend of nanocomposites, in particular, multiwalled carbon nanotubes (MWCNTs), on Fe 2O3 magnet
nanoparticles and two different polypyrene-carbon nanotube (PPY-CNT) hybrids of nanocomposites.
Many other works followed subsequently in an attempt to fully grasp the science of hybrid nanofluid.
Recently, Shahsavar et al, [Error: Reference source not found] measure thermal conductivity and
viscosity for liquid paraffin based nanofluid containing Al 2O3 nanoparticles

1. Turcu R, Darabont AL, Nan A, Aldea N, Macovei D, Bica D, Vekas L, Pana O, Soran ML,
Koos AA, Biro LP. New polypyrrole-multiwall carbon nanotubes hybrid materials. Journal of
Optoelectronics and Advanced Materials. 2006; 8(2):643-7.