U.S.

– INDIA
ENERGY
MONITOR
THE HYDROGEN
ISSUE

A Quarterly Snapshot
from the Observer Research
Foundation America

No. 6, October-December 2022

Compiled by
Shayak Sengupta, Medha Prasanna,
and Peter Jarka-Sellers
 INTRODUCTION

The U.S.-India Energy Monitor is a quarterly snapshot of climate and energy

in the United States and India: two of the world’s largest economies, largest
consumers of energy, and largest emitters of greenhouse gas emissions
responsible for climate change. Each quarter, the monitor provides a roundup
of energy and climate news, followed by a detailed analysis of a topic relevant
to energy and climate in both countries. The monitor provides readers timely,
policy-relevant analysis on issues affecting the trajectories of two countries
who will shape the world’s energy and climate future.

2 U.S. – INDIA ENERGY MONITOR // THE HYDROGEN ISSUE

 LATEST DEVELOPMENTS

India announces its long-term Permitting reform moves into the next
decarbonization plan at COP 27 Congress, transmission backlog delays
At COP 27, India submitted its Long-Term Low renewable energy projects
Emission Development Strategy detailing its As part of the deal with Senator Joe Manchin (D-
plans to reduce emissions across its economy WV) to pass the Inflation Reduction Act (IRA),
though greater electric vehicle (EV) penetration, Democratic leadership in Congress promised to
investments in hydrogen, and increased carbon support and hold votes on separate legislation to
sequestration by forests.1 The plan comes in the accelerate and simplify the federal review process
wake of India’s August announcement that it for a wide variety of energy and infrastructure
would reduce the emissions intensity of its economy projects. After a previous attempt to pass permitting
45% by 2030 and achieve 50% non-fossil fuel reform in September, Senator Manchin led an
electricity generation by the same year on the path unsuccessful effort to attach his legislation to
to a net zero economy by 2070.2 In negotiations, the National Defense Authorization Act and the
India was a strong force behind the establishment year-end government funding bill.8 The future of
of a loss and damage fund and pushed hard for a permitting reform legislation in the next Congress
phasedown of all fossil fuels as opposed to only a will have major implications for a substantial backlog
phasedown of coal.3 of renewable energy and storage projects. With an
average wait time of four years, nearly 1,400 giga-
India’s national carbon market watts of mostly renewable energy projects are in
legislation passes Parliament’s limbo, leading to cancellations on some projects.9
upper house
India’s cap and trade program is another step Tension with allies over Inflation
closer to taking effect after parliament approved Reduction Act provisions, other
the Energy Conservation (Amendment) Bill on countries respond with similar policies
December 12.4 The legislation establishes a carbon While celebrating American climate investments,
market that is expected to launch in 2023.5 The U.S. allies and partners have raised concerns
market will initially be voluntary with tentative about North American content requirements and
plans for it to become mandatory in 2026 when it subsidies in the IRA.10 For instance, Hyundai plans
will cover 37% of India’s total emissions, primarily to have a new U.S. factory operating by 2025. In
in heavy-industry sectors including oil refining, the meantime, the South Korean automaker fears
steel, aluminum, and cement.6 Emissions in India’s losing market share with its not yet American made
manufacturing industry have doubled since 2007 cars failing to qualify for the IRA’s full EV tax credit.11
and subjecting them to emissions trading will help Beyond making their concerns known, U.S. allies
India meet its international climate targets and and partners have also responded with similar
align Indian climate policy more closely with the policies. Canada announced tax credits for net-zero
European Union (EU) as the bloc moves forward technologies, battery storage, and clean hydrogen.12
with carbon border adjustments, i.e. tariffs on The EU is empowering member states to introduce
carbon-intensive goods.7 subsidies to match those of non-EU states.13

The future of permitting reform legislation in the next Congress will have major
implications for a substantial backlog of renewable energy and storage projects.

3 U.S. – INDIA ENERGY MONITOR // THE HYDROGEN ISSUE

 THE COLORS OF HYDROGEN:
A TOOL FOR THE ENERGY TRANSITION

The focus of this issue of the U.S.-India Energy production is the worst for the environment
Monitor is hydrogen in the United States and India.14 because its production emits carbon dioxide
Hydrogen is a potential fuel for decarbonization emissions that are not recaptured. Production
and the energy transition. This report will evaluate of blue hydrogen goes a step further than gray
current trends towards the diversification of the hydrogen by using industrial carbon capture
uses of hydrogen in both countries, as well as and storage to capture the carbon dioxide and
offer an outlook for the near- and long-term uses store it underground. Globally, only about 1%
of hydrogen. of current hydrogen production is blue.16 Green
hydrogen is produced from renewable energy
Despite its abundance on the planet, hydrogen through the process of electrolysis where an
does not exist freely on its own and must be electric current runs through water to split it
separated from other compounds. Therefore, into oxygen and hydrogen. Technology known
like electricity, hydrogen is an energy carrier, or as electrolyzers accomplish this splitting. Only
a secondary source of energy. Hydrogen fuel is 0.1% of hydrogen production globally is currently
primarily created using fossil fuels or electricity done through electrolysis, i.e., “green” hydrogen.17
with differing environmental impacts. It can be in Regardless of how it is produced, when directly
gaseous form or cooled and liquefied for specific burned, hydrogen is a clean fuel with only water
applications. Depending on how hydrogen is vapor as its product.18 The demand for cleaner
produced, it is sorted into three colors, namely, fuels will increase with the energy transition.
green, blue, and gray hydrogen (Figure 1).15 As such, green hydrogen is poised to play a role
Gray hydrogen is the most common form of in reducing emissions in “hard-to-abate” sectors
hydrogen energy, and it is produced mostly like heavy industry, steel, and chemicals where
from natural gas, but also other fossil fuels such current renewable technologies are inadequate
as coal in some cases. This type of hydrogen in providing inputs or required heat and power.

FIGURE 1.
The colors of hydrogen are
categories based on source
and environmental impact.
Source: Adapted from
Leachman (2015)19

Leachman, Jacob.
"The Colors of Hydrogen."
Washington State University.
2015.

4 U.S. – INDIA ENERGY MONITOR // THE HYDROGEN ISSUE

 HYDROGEN IN THE UNITED STATES

The U.S. produced approximately 10 million tons of the refining sector, followed by chemical production
hydrogen in 2020, about 10% of the global total of ammonia at 24%, methanol at 14%, and metals
and ranking second in the world after China.20 and other uses accounting for 5% (Figure 2). Notable
Almost all (95%) of it was gray hydrogen from niche uses include liquefaction for rocket fuel at
natural gas.21 In the United States, more than 57% NASA’s Kennedy Space Center in Florida, the
of gray hydrogen produced in 2020 went towards world’s largest facility for hydrogen liquefaction.22

The United States produced approximately 10 million tons of hydrogen in 2020,

about 10% of the global total and ranking second in the world after China.

FIGURE 2.
Hydrogen demand in United States in 2020 came mostly from refining, ammonia, and methanol sectors.
Source: Fuel Cell and Hydrogen Cell Association (2021)23

5%

14%
9
Hydrogen Demand (Mt)

Sector
24% Metals
6 Other
55%
Methanol
Ammonia
Refining
3

The refining sector uses hydrogen to remove sulfur Meanwhile, in the methanol and ammonia sectors,
from fuels as mandated by regulations because which rank second after the refining sector in the
when burned in fuels, sulfur produces air pollution. United States for hydrogen use, hydrogen serves as
Refiners also use hydrogen to make heavier fuels a chemical input. Methanol and ammonia are often
into lighter fuels.24 In the United States, refineries, sold as chemical products on their own or used as
where most hydrogen production currently occurs, the building blocks for further products like
are located throughout the country (Figure 3). fertilizer.25

5 U.S. – INDIA ENERGY MONITOR // THE HYDROGEN ISSUE

 FIGURE 3.
Most current fossil fuel-based hydrogen production the United States occurs at refineries located
throughout the country, with each point representing a single refinery. Overlapping darker points
show refineries located in close proximity. Source: U.S. Energy Information Administration (2019)26

The U.S. has about

1,600 miles of pipelines.

Currently, of the world’s 2,900 miles of dedicated challenges of translating know-how and technology
transport pipelines for hydrogen, the United States from natural gas to hydrogen, several ongoing and
has about 1,600 miles of pipelines with much demonstration projects exist in the United States.
of the infrastructure along the Gulf Coast near For example, since the 1970s, Hawaii has blended
refineries.27 Other notable U.S. hydrogen up to 15% hydrogen with natural gas used in the
infrastructure includes the world’s largest storage state. Likewise, there are plans to use salt caverns
facility in Texas where hydrogen is stored in along the Texas Gulf Coast to store green
underground salt caverns.28 hydrogen (as opposed to current gray hydrogen)
beginning in 2025.30
There are analogues between natural gas and
future potential hydrogen infrastructures. Examples The United States Congress passed two major
include converting existing natural gas pipelines to pieces of legislation in 2021 and 2022 that have
transport hydrogen, storing hydrogen underground expanded the scope of green hydrogen
like natural gas, or liquefying hydrogen for transport infrastructure and programs. The Infrastructure
by ship like liquefied natural gas. However, these Investment and Jobs Act of 2021 included $8
efforts are at differing stages of deployment due billion for Regional Clean Hydrogen Hubs to
to novelty, costs, and hydrogen’s technical expand use of clean hydrogen in the industrial
characteristics, the most important being that sector as well as $1 billion for a Clean Hydrogen
hydrogen is less dense than natural gas. The small Electrolysis Program.31 The selection process for
size of the hydrogen molecule allows it to escape the funding of these hubs is currently underway
easily into the atmosphere. Because most hydrogen and is expected to conclude sometime in 2023.32
production and end use sites have been in close The Inflation Reduction Act (IRA) of 2022 provides
proximity, research has only looked at basic safety a 10-year production tax credit of 2.6 cents per
thresholds for transport. Consequently, further kilowatt-hour and up to $3 per kilogram of hydrogen
research on detection of leaks and related produced depending on emissions intensity.
technology is needed, with implications for any Furthermore, the IRA also expands loan and grant
future import and export of hydrogen.29 Despite programs related to hydrogen.

6 U.S. – INDIA ENERGY MONITOR // THE HYDROGEN ISSUE

 The extended public support for cleaner hydrogen as compared to over 620 MW in 2022.33 These
production has been apparent in the rapid scaling installed and planned sites of cleaner hydrogen
up of electrolyzers in the United States (Figure 4). production are located throughout the country
Electrolyzers are sized by the amount of electricity illustrating the future extent of any hydrogen-
they use similar to power plants. A 2021 estimate based economic activity.
of electrolyzer capacity was 172 megawatts (MW),

An estimate of electrolyzer capacity was 172 megawatts

in 2021, compared to 620 megawatts in 2022.

FIGURE 4.
Installed and planned capacity of electrolyzers throughout the United States illustrate the future
potential of a broad-based cleaner hydrogen sector. Source: U.S. Department of Energy (2022)34

Status
Installed
Planned

Capacity (MW)
25
50
75
100
125

The U.S. Department of Energy has outlined a applications where battery electric vehicles may
national strategy for a pathway to 10 million tons not provide enough power, hydrogen may provide
of clean hydrogen by 2030, 20 million tons by a cleaner alternative to current diesel. In energy
2040, and 50 million annually by 2050. The storage, as the U.S. power grid increases its share
legislation and accompanying financial incentives of renewable energy, hydrogen produced during
passed by Congress in 2021 and 2022 will help periods of excess renewable energy generation
the United States realize this strategy by reducing and used during limited generation periods, e.g.,
costs and increasing research and development. night, may provide a way to offset the inter-
Over the next 20-30 years, the department mittence of solar and wind electricity. Finally, to
estimates hydrogen may play greater roles in produce chemicals such as ammonia which
sectors such as heavy-duty trucks and buses, already use hydrogen as an input, cleaner hydrogen
biofuels, steel, ammonia production, and energy may provide ways to reduce emissions from
storage. For heavy duty vehicles and long-range production.35

7 U.S. – INDIA ENERGY MONITOR // THE HYDROGEN ISSUE

 HYDROGEN IN INDIA

Demand for hydrogen in India was about six approximately equally split between the fertilizer
million tons in 2020, about 7% of the total global and refinery sectors with a negligible amount
hydrogen demand.36 This ranked fifth in the world going to methanol production (Figure 6).39
after China, the United States, the Middle East, and The transportation of hydrogen in India via
Europe.37 Most hydrogen consumed in India pipeline or truck is likely negligible given
is gray produced from natural gas, a growing hydrogen’s intermediary status. Globally, over
fraction of which is imported.38 This demand was 85% of hydrogen is produced for onsite use.40

In terms of global hydrogen demand, India ranks fifth in the world

after China, the United States, the Middle East, and Europe.

FIGURE 5.
Hydrogen demand in India in 2020 was roughly split between fertilizer and refining sectors.
Source: Hall et al. (2020)41

53%
Hydrogen Demand (Mt)

4
Sector
Ammonia (Fertilizer)
Refining

2 47%

In the fertilizer sector, hydrogen serves as a as well as fertilizer inputs such as natural gas.43
feedstock for the chemical ammonia which is turned Currently, since natural gas is an input, hydrogen
into finished fertilizers.42 India produces most of production at fertilizer plants is largely
the fertilizer it consumes. However, it is also concentrated around natural gas pipelines in
dependent on imports of both finished fertilizers India (Figure 6).

8 U.S. – INDIA ENERGY MONITOR // THE HYDROGEN ISSUE

 FIGURE 6.
Hydrogen production at fertilizer plants in India is largely concentrated along natural gas pipelines.
Source: Author analysis based on Hall et al. (2020)44 and Government of India45

In the refining sector, hydrogen in India is produced and other fuels. Indian refineries must meet
directly from either: a) natural gas or a mixture of increasingly stringent regulations for sulfur
hydrocarbons called naphtha as an input or b) as a content in the fuels they produce.46 Most refining
byproduct to make products such as gasoline, capacity and, consequently, hydrogen production,
diesel, jet fuel, and various petrochemicals. As in is in coastal India to take advantage of both
the United States, one of the chief uses for domestically produced offshore oil and imported
hydrogen is to remove sulfur when refining diesel oil (Figure 7).

9 U.S. – INDIA ENERGY MONITOR // THE HYDROGEN ISSUE

 FIGURE 7.
Most hydrogen production at
refineries in India is along the coasts
to take advantage of offshore
oil production and imported oil.
Source: Manna et al. (2021)47

The National Green Hydrogen

Mission appropriates
approximately $2 billion in
public subsidies and investment
incentives in the hopes of
producing five million tons of
green hydrogen annually by 2030.

The Government of India’s National Green than sixfold despite shifts away from transportation
Hydrogen Mission has framed a bullish outlook for fuels due to increasing electrification.52
green hydrogen in India’s future energy mix, with Consequently, in the refining sector, green
likely roles in the refining, fertilizer, and steel hydrogen offers opportunities to replace current
sectors.48 The National Green Hydrogen Mission gray hydrogen used to remove sulfur in
appropriates approximately $2 billion in public transportation fuels. Green hydrogen could
subsidies and investment incentives in the hopes likewise account for a third of total hydrogen
of producing five million tons of green hydrogen demand from the refining sector.53
annually by 2030. It also aims to subsidize electro- Lastly, compared to replacing existing uses of
lyzer manufacturing to kickstart the export of hydrogen in fertilizer and refining sectors, green
green hydrogen and its derivative products.49 hydrogen presents the newest opportunity to
In the fertilizer sector, green hydrogen produced reduce emissions from future expanded steel
from locally sited renewable energy provides production in India.54 Green hydrogen-based steel
opportunities for India to reduces its reliance on production in India is at cost parity with imported
imported natural gas, ammonia, and fertilizer.50 natural gas-based steel production. However, coal-
Under business-as-usual scenarios, fertilizer ammonia based steel production remains the cheapest
produced from green hydrogen may meet about a option. To be competitive with coal-based steel
third of ammonia demand in India by 2050.51 production, green hydrogen-based production
would need reductions in the cost of green
The future of refining in India will depend on the hydrogen from adequate supporting policies like
country’s demand for oil, which could grow more subsidies, procurement, and mandates.55

10 U.S. – INDIA ENERGY MONITOR // THE HYDROGEN ISSUE

 SYNTHESIS

The United States and India rank among the top The United States and India must target green
current consumers of hydrogen, mainly gray hydrogen toward sectors where current alternatives
hydrogen in the refining and chemical sectors. Both to fossil fuels do not exist or electrification is not an
countries also see hydrogen playing a critical role option. Current projections of green hydrogen
in their future energy mixes, especially green demand point to these sectors but are highly
hydrogen to decarbonize difficult, hard-to-abate uncertain. Policy must be responsive and learn
sectors like steel and chemicals. Thus, they have from the deployment of the financial incentives
outlined aggressive targets to achieve reductions in the IRA and the National Green Hydrogen
in cost and increases in production of green Mission. Learning from these efforts will reduce
hydrogen by 2030. To reach these targets, uncertainty about the demand for green hydrogen
governments in both countries have offered over time and help to target assistance effectively.
financial incentives through production credits, i.e., Here there is also the potential for private sector
subsidies, to spur green hydrogen production. investment in green hydrogen to flow towards the
These subsidies are commensurate with each United States at the expense of India in the short
country’s respective economic and fiscal capacity. term because the former provides higher levels of
While there are significant efforts to increase support. To sustain broad-based green hydrogen
deployment of green hydrogen, there is also development and direct it to toward targeted
significant uncertainty in the future of green sectors, the United States and India should
hydrogen. Much of the sector is currently fossil fuel cooperate to harmonize green hydrogen policies.
based and the technology for and production of Forums such as the U.S.-India Hydrogen Task Force
green hydrogen must scale dramatically from provide avenues for cooperation.56
current levels at lower costs to reach policy targets.
Consequently, hydrogen will likely play a role in the
energy transition for both the United States and
India, but it will not be a silver bullet solution
capable of replacing fossil fuels in every sector.

Hydrogen will likely play a role in the energy

transition for both the United States and India,
but it will not be a silver bullet solution
capable of replacing fossil fuels in every sector.

11 U.S. – INDIA ENERGY MONITOR // THE HYDROGEN ISSUE

 INDIA-U.S. ENERGY TRADE

INDIAN EXPORTS TO THE U.S. (MILLION $)

CATEGORY OCTOBER 2022 NOVEMBER 2022 DECEMBER 2022

Fossil Energy 412 140 368

Renewable Energy 45 8 21
Electrical Infrastructure 24 22 22
Thermal Power 19 18 19
Battery Supply Chain 17 21 13
Civil Nuclear - - -

800

600
Category
Indian Exports (Million $)

Battery Supply Chain

Electrical Infrastructure

400 Fossil Fuels

Renewable Energy
Thermal Energy
Civil Nuclear
200

0
1
8

2
2

6
5

7
1

-1
-0

-1

-1
-0

-0

-0
-0

-0

-0

-0

-0

22
22

22

22

22
22

22

22
22

22

22

22

20
20

20

20

20
20

20

20
20

20

20

20

Month

Source: U.S. Census Bureau57, U.S. International Trade Administration58

12 U.S. – INDIA ENERGY MONITOR // THE HYDROGEN ISSUE

 U.S.-INDIA ENERGY TRADE

U.S. EXPORTS TO INDIA (MILLION $)

CATEGORY OCTOBER 2022 NOVEMBER 2022 DECEMBER 2022

Fossil Energy 1,840 1,778 1,022

Renewable Energy 17 0 0.07
Electrical Infrastructure 9 8 10
Thermal Power 5 23 8
Battery Supply Chain 29 62 57
Civil Nuclear 0.09 0.06 0.004

1500
Category
U.S. Exports (Million $)

Battery Supply Chain

Electrical Infrastructure
1000
Fossil Fuels
Renewable Energy
Thermal Energy
Civil Nuclear
500

0
1
1

2
-1
-0

-0

-0

-0

-0

-0

-0

-0

-0

-1

-1
22
22

22

22

22

22

22

22

22

22

22

22
20
20

20

20

20

20

20

20

20

20

20

20

Month

Source: U.S. Census Bureau59, U.S. International Trade Administration60

13 U.S. – INDIA ENERGY MONITOR // THE HYDROGEN ISSUE

 ENDNOTES

1
Dickie, “COP27.” 30
“Global Hydrogen Review 2022.”
PIB Delhi, “India Submits Its Long-Term Low Emission
Department of Energy, “DOE Establishes Bipartisan
31
Development Strategy to UNFCCC.”
Infrastructure Law’s $9.5 Billion Clean Hydrogen Initiatives.”
2
Nandi, “India Updates Its NDC to Tackle Climate Crisis.”
Offutt, “Hydrogen Hubs and Demonstrating the Hydrogen
32
3
Dickie, “COP27.” Energy Value Chain.”
4
“Parliament Passes Bill to Promote Non-Fossil Energy Satyapal, “2022 AMR Plenary Session”; Arjona, “PEM
33

Sources and Carbon Credit Trading.” Electrolyzer Capacity Installations in the United States.”
5
Baruah, “Voluntary Carbon Trades to Start in 2023.” Arjona, “PEM Electrolyzer Capacity Installations in the
34

United States.”
6
Singh and Narayan, “India to Bolster Carbon Trading Market
with Stabilisation Fund.” U.S. Department of Energy, “DOE National Clean Hydrogen
35

Strategy and Roadmap.”

7
Del Bello, “India Gets Ready to Launch a National Carbon
Market,” October 18, 2022. 36
“Hydrogen.”
8
Del Bello, “India Gets Ready to Launch a National Carbon 37
“Global Hydrogen Review 2022.”
Market,” October 18, 2022; Emma and Adragna, “What’s 38
Petroleum Planning & Analysis Cell, “Natural Gas Consumption.”
in and What’s out of Congress’ $1.7T Spending Bill.”
39
Hall et al., “The Potential Role of Hydrogen in India.”
9
Pontecorvo, “Renewables Are Growing — but a Backlog of
Projects Is Holding up a Greener Grid.” 40
“The Future of Hydrogen.”
Cooban, “‘Not How You Treat Friends.’ Biden’s Climate Plan
10 41
Hall et al., “The Potential Role of Hydrogen in India.”
Strains Trade Ties with Europe.” 42
Hall et al.
11
Ha, “IRA and the EV Tax Credits.”
Hall et al.; Petroleum Planning & Analysis Cell, “Natural
43

Fischer, “Canada Introduces Major Investment Tax Credits

12
Gas Consumption.”
for Clean Energy.” 44
Hall et al., “The Potential Role of Hydrogen in India.”
Van Gaal, “Will a Green Industrial Arms Race with the
13

US Spur EU’s Energy Transition?” Department of Fertilizers, “Annual Report 2020-2021”;

45

Radowitz, “EU to Ease State Aid Rules for Green Energy “Energy Map of India.”
as US IRA ‘Could Lead to Unfair Competition.’” 46
Hall et al., “The Potential Role of Hydrogen in India.”
14
Hall et al., “The Potential Role of Hydrogen in India.” Manna et al., “Opportunities for Green Hydrogen
47

15
Leachman, “The Colors of Hydrogen.” Production in Petroleum Refining and Ammonia Synthesis
Industries in India.”
16
Zapantis, “Blue Hydrogen.” 48
“National Green Hydrogen Mission.”
17
“The Future of Hydrogen.” 49
“National Green Hydrogen Mission.”
18
“Hydrogen Basics.”
Raj, Lakhina, and Stranger, “Harnessing Green Hydrogen:
50
19
Leachman, “The Colors of Hydrogen.” Opportunities for Deep Decarbonisation in India.”
20
“Global Hydrogen Review 2022.” 51
Hall et al., “The Potential Role of Hydrogen in India.”
U.S. Department of Energy, “Hydrogen Production:
21 52
Hall et al.
Natural Gas Reforming.” 53
Hall et al.
22
“Global Hydrogen Review 2022.”
Raj, Lakhina, and Stranger, “Harnessing Green Hydrogen:
54

Fuel Cell and Hydrogen Association, “Roadmap to a

23
Opportunities for Deep Decarbonisation in India.”
U.S. Hydrogen Economy.” 55
Hall et al., “The Potential Role of Hydrogen in India.”
24
“Global Hydrogen Review 2022.” 56
“U.S.-India Hydrogen Task Force.”
25
“Global Hydrogen Review 2022.”
“International Trade (Annual 2005 - Present, Monthly
57

U.S. Energy Information Administration,

26
2013-Present).”
“Petroleum Refineries.” 58
“U.S. Energy Trade Dashboard.”
“Global Hydrogen Review 2022”; U.S. Department
27

of Energy, “Hydrogen Pipelines.” “International Trade (Annual 2005 - Present, Monthly

59

2013-Present).”
28
“Global Hydrogen Review 2022.” 60
“U.S. Energy Trade Dashboard.”
Hamburg and Ocko, “For Hydrogen to Be a Climate Solution,
29

Leaks Must Be Tackled.”

14 U.S. – INDIA ENERGY MONITOR // THE HYDROGEN ISSUE

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