Lecture Electrostatic Devices

10/5/2019
Electromagnetics:
Electromagnetic Field Theory
Electrostatic Devices
Outline
• Laplace’s Equation
• Derivation
• Meaning
• Solving Laplace’s equation
• Resistors
• Capacitors
Slide 2
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Derivation of Laplace’s
Equation
Slide 3
Derivation of Poisson’s Equation (1 of 2)
In electrostatics, the field around charges is described by Gauss’ law

  D  v
In LI media, the constitutive relation is 𝐷 𝜀𝐸 so Gauss’ law can be written in terms of 𝐸.

 
   E  v
In electrostatics, the electric field is related to electric potential through 𝐸 ∇𝑉. This

definition can be used to put the above equation solely in terms of the electric potential.
    V     v
Slide 4
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Derivation of Poisson’s Equation (2 of 2)
The previous slides leads to Poisson’s equation for inhomogeneous media
    V     v     V      v

Poisson’s equation for inhomogeneous media
If the medium is homogeneous,  is a constant and can be brought to the righthand side of
the equation.
v v
   V     2V  
 
Poisson’s equation for homogeneous media
Slide 5
Derivation of Laplace’s Equation
In the absence of charge, v = 0 and Poisson’s equation reduces to Laplace’s equation.
    V      v     V    0
Laplace’s equation for inhomogeneous media
2 is called “the Laplacian”
v
 2V    2V  0
 Laplace’s equation for homogeneous media
Slide 6
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No Charge in Electrostatics?
+ + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + +
No charge in the region between the plates.
 2V  0
‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐
Slide 7
Notes
• Poisson’s and Laplace’s equations describe how electric potential varies throughout a volume.
• These are scalar differential equations and usually easier to solve than vector differential
equations.
• Use Poisson’s equation when there is charge and Laplace’s equation when there is not.
• Laplace’s equation is particularly important in electrostatics because it can be used to calculate
electric potential around conductors maintained at different voltages.
• Uniqueness theorem states that there exists only one solution.
Slide 8
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Meaning of Laplace’s
Equation
Slide 9
Meaning of Laplace’s Equation
Laplace’s equation is
 2u  0
 2 is a 3D second‐ A second‐order derivative But, we set the second‐
order derivative. quantifies curvature. order derivative to zero.
Functions satisfying Laplace’s equation vary linearly.
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Problem Setup
Suppose we know the value of V(x,y) at some points in space.
What does the function look like at every
other point?
Figure it out by solving Laplace’s equation.
 2V  x, y   0
11
11
Solution of Laplace’s Equation
Laplace’s equation is sort of a “number filler inner.”
Laplace’s equation fills in the numbers so
they vary linearly between known regions.
12
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Another Example
13
13
Solving Laplace’s
Equation
Slide 14
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Recipe for Solving Laplace’s Equation
Laplace’s equation is solved as a boundary value problem (i.e. partial differential equation
plus boundary conditions).
1. Choose a coordinate system that will simplify the math.
2. Solve Laplace’s equation 2V = 0 in each homogeneous region.
a. When V is a function of only one variable, use direct integration.
b. Otherwise, use separation of
variables.
3. Apply the boundary conditions at the edges of the homogeneous regions.
4. Calculate 𝐸 from V using 𝐸 ∇𝑉.
5. Calculate 𝐷 from 𝐸 using 𝐷 𝜀𝐸.
Slide 15
15
Example #1 – Voltage Between the Plates of a
Capacitor
Suppose there exists a medium with permittivity  and thickness d.
Slide 16
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Capacitor
Then apply a voltage V0 across that medium.
Slide 17
17
Capacitor
Then apply a voltage V0 across that medium, which puts charge on the plates.
Slide 18
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Capacitor
Then apply a voltage V0 across that medium, which puts charge on the plates.
Calculate the electric potential and electric field between the plates.
Slide 19
19
Capacitor
Step 1 – Choose a coordinate system.
Cartesian
Slide 20
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Capacitor
Step 2 – Solve Laplace’s equation
 2V  0 If we assume the device is uniform in the x and y
directions, Laplace’s equation reduces to
V 0  0
 2V  2V  2V d 2V
V  d   V0   0  0
x 2 y 2 z 2 dz 2
Slide 21
21
Capacitor
Step 2 – Solve Laplace’s equation
Integrate to get
d 2V
0  V  z   az  b
dz 2
Slide 22
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Capacitor
Step 3 – Apply boundary conditions.
First boundary condition…
V  0  0  V  0  a  0  b  b  0
Slide 23
23
Capacitor
Second boundary condition…
V0
V  d   V0  V  d   a  d  0  V0  a
d
Slide 24
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Capacitor
Altogether, the solution is
V0
V  z  z 0 zd
d
Slide 25
25
Capacitor
Step 4 – Calculate 𝐸 from V.
The electric field intensity is
 d d  V0  V  V Observe that 𝐸 does not
E  V  Ez   V  Ez    z   0  E   0 aˆ z
dz dz  d  d d depend on .
Slide 26
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Capacitor
Step 5 – Calculate 𝐷 from 𝐸.
Applying the constitutive relation, we get the electric flux density
   V  V
D E  D   0 aˆ z  D   0 aˆ z
d d
Slide 27
27
Resistors
Slide 28
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What is a Resistor?
A resistor is a passive two‐terminal electrical component that limits the conductivity so as to
limit current flow.
Slide 29
29
Analysis Setup
I
+
 ‐ V
S
 V
R ?
 I
J
Slide 30
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Derivation of Resistance for Uniform Conductivity
Ohm’s Law
J E
Electric Field Intensity
V
E

Electric Current Density
I V
J E 
S 
  R
V

 I
 
V
R  I S S 
S S
Slide 31
31
Derivation of Resistance for Nonuniform Conductivity
Now we must use electromagnetic analysis to derive
V and I.
Voltage across conductor
 
V   E  d 

Current through conductor
   
  I   J  ds    E  ds
 E  d 
V S S
R    
I   E  ds
S
Slide 32
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Recipe for Analyzing Resistors
1. Choose a convenient coordinate system.
2. Assume V0 as the potential difference across the
terminals of the conductor.
3. Calculate electric potential V by solving Laplace’s
equation 2V = 0.
4. Calculate 𝐸 using 𝐸 ∇𝑉.
 
I    E  ds
5. Calculate I from .
S
6. Calculate R using R = V0/I.

Note: The final equation for R should not contain V0 or I. Use this as a self‐check.
Slide 33
33
The Parallel Plate Resistor
d
S  surface area
R
S
Slide 34
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Capacitors
Slide 35
35
What is a Capacitor?
A capacitor is a passive two‐terminal electrical component
that can store and release electric energy. It supplies current
so as to keep the voltage across its terminals constant.
Slide 36
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Capacitance, C
Capacitance is defined as the magnitude of the charge on one of the plates to the potential
difference between the two plates.
We do not care about the signs to Q
calculate capacitance.
C
V0
Q
Q
Slide 37
37
Recipe for Analyzing Capacitors
1. Choose a convenient coordinate system.
2. Let the plates carry charges +Q and -Q.
3. Calculate 𝐷 using Gauss’ law.
4. Calculate 𝐸 using 𝐸 𝐷/𝜀.
 
V0    E  d 
5. Calculate V0 using .
L
C  Q V0
6. Calculate C using .
Note: The final equation for C should not contain Q or V0. Use this as a self‐check.
Slide 38
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Some Simple Capacitors
2 L
S C
C b
ln  
d a
Slide 39
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Lecture Electrostatic Devices

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10/5/2019

In electrostatics, the electric field is related to electric potential through 𝐸 ∇𝑉. This

    V     v     V      v

6. Calculate R using R = V0/I.

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