JOURNAL OF MATHEMATICAL ANALYSIS AND APPLICATIONS 19, 282-290 (1967)

The Two-Dimensional Vertical Jet under Gravity

WILLIAM E. CONWAY

Department of Mathematics, University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona

Submitted by Garrett Birkhofl

INTRODUCTION

Potential flows under gravity with free surfaces have been somewhat
neglected in classical hydrodynamics. We shall concern ourselves with the
potential flow through an aperture in the lower plane of a channel bounded by
two horizontal planes. We suppose the fluid flows from sources of eiual
strength at opposite ends of the infinite channel through the aperture then
downward into a sink at infinity. This free surface flow with the channel
height infinite, neglecting gravity, was proposed and solved by Kirchhoff [l]
1868. A previous communication [2] deals with a channel of finite height
when gravity is neglected. Professor Milne-Thomson considered the effects
of gravity on this type of flow, assuming the height of the channel to be
infinite. Using his method of tangent flows [3, pp. 307-3101, an expression
for the free streamlines was obtained. However, the exact form of the bound-
aries is unknown. To prevent the apparent paradox of infinite hydrostatic
pressure on the lower plane when gravity is acting and the channel height
is infinite, the distance between the horizontal planes is assumed to be finite.
The purpose of this paper is to discuss this latter flow.
Consider the two-dimensional irrotational steady flow of an incompressible
inviscid fluid under gravity between two horizontal planes. When an aperture
is made in the lower plane, the fluid will issue as a jet bounded by free stream-
lines along which pressure is constant. The velocity of a particle after passing
through the aperture is assumed to increase as the distance of the particle
from the aperture increases. We suppose gravity to act vertically downward.
The situation is shown in the z-plane diagram in Fig. 1. The distance
between the walls is h, the width of the aperture is b, and the origin is taken
at B. We suppose the flow in the channel to result from two uniform opposite
streams V at A, and A; . The flow is symmetrical about the vertical line
DC,. It is shown in [4] that the free streamlines are asymptotic to this
vertical line, and therefore meet at infinity. In other respects the form of the
free streamlines is unknown. However, we map these unknown curves on the
282
 2-DIMENSIONAL VERTICAL JJ3T UNDER GRAVITY 283

circumference of the unit semicircle in the c-plane of Fig. 1, while the region
occupied by the fluid in the z-plane maps onto the interior of this semicircle.
In the two planes corresponding points are denoted by the same letter. If
5 = reix, we have x = 0 on DB.

D
A, Ab
T
*-A-J;, - b ’ A’,
\ ,’ 8’
\ /
\ I
\
I I
I 1
I I
CW

,--plane

C
/ //- --\
. \
// \\
/
// \
I \
\
\
: x I
L
B’ A’ D A B
c-plane

FIG. 1

The complex potential for the flow in the b-plane resulting from the flow
in the s-plane is obtained by the circle theorem [3] as

w = - 2m In (t2 - a2) - 2m In (la - f) + 4m In (C2+ l), (1)

where 0 < a < 1 and m = Vh/2?r. By differentiation we find the complex

velocity in the z-plane to be

dw 4m(a + l/a)’ CCi2- 1) . dt;

U--v=-2z= (42 - 9) ((2 - l/as) (P + 1) dz * (2)
284 CONWAY

Since u - iv is continuous at 5 = 1, a corresponding to B and A, , which

are not stagnation points, the product

is continuous and nonvanishing there. It is shown in [4] that u - iv is

asymptotic to i( - 3gw)lls near infinity on the jet which corresponds to 5 = i.
Therefore by (l), the product

(12 + l)(- lnw)iiB$

is continuous at 5 = i. Thus we may write

dz (1 - t;%%3
-=
d’ (t2 + 1) (t2 - aa) [- In w]l”

wheref([) is holomorphic and has no zeroes inside or on the unit semicircle.

From (3) we have the mapping function given by
I (1 - t2)fW
.Z= dt
I l (p - a2) (t2 + 1) [- In -1”’

and from (2) we have the velocity at any point of the fluid given by

4m(a+32q-lnqq’3
u-iv= (5)
(f - 52)m -

Now (l/a” - [*)f([) is ho1omorphic and never vanishes inside or on the

unit semicircle. Thus we write

(6)

where B is holomorphic and D = w + iq. Since the complex velocity

u - iv = qemse,where q is the speed and 8 is the inclination of the velocity
vector to the horizontal, putting 5 = reix in (5) gives

q(r, x) = 4m(a + We r Wr, xl

hphx)
 Z-DIMENSIONAL VERTICAL JET UNDER GRAVITY 285

and
e(r, x) = 71(r)x) - d@, x> - x- (8)
where

5’ + 1 U3
HeQ = - In T] .
[

On the free streamlines 5 = eix, 0 < x < r. For notational simplification

we let functions with argument (1, x) be the same functions with argument (x).
Then from (3) and (6) we have

dZ J&(X) eQ(X)+ihlx)
-=
4 H(x) e'@(x) '

where

e”x tan x
R(x) @lx) = -
(e2iX- aa) (e2i.X_ l/*2) ’

Also on the free streamlines the pressure is constant and Bernoulli’s Theorem
becomes q(x)* + 2gy = constant. Hence by differentiation and the imaginary
part of (9)

4(x12_ - 2ghR(x) e”(x)

sin [Y(X)+ s(x)l,
dx H(X)
where
Y(X) = h(X) -4(x).
By (7) when r = 1 the above equation can be written as

i lH(xj3e-3w(x))
= 16m2i yl la)4R(x)sinb(x)+ dx>l’
Integrating from 0 to E introduces the negative parameter

Solving for W(C)and differentiating gives

d44
-=---
de
H’(e)
H(4
1
3
1 ++(t)
44 sin bk) + d41
sin b(t) + Ml dt
.1 w
286 CONWAY

Since f is holomorphic and nonxero, it has a power series expansion in 4

with a nonvanishing constant term. Since v = 0 on the real t-axis, corre-
sponding to the horizontal fixed boundaries and u = 0 on the imaginary
c-axis, corresponding to the vertical line of symmetry, the expansion has the
form

f (5)= f a2dZ2n
n=o
with a,, > 0 and asn real for n = 1, 2, 3,... . Equation (6) becomes

exp (Q) = [*] [l + b252 + b4P + . ..I.

where b,, = ao/a2 and b,, = (a,, - a2a2,-,)/a, for rz = 1, 2, 3,... . Putting
5 = retx and taking logarithms we get

w(r, x) = f c2nr2ncos 2nx (13)

?Z=O

and
m
q(r, x) = C c2nr2nsin 2nx, (14)
n-1

where c,, is real for fz = 0, 1,2,... and is known in terms of a,, for
n = 0, 1, 2 ,... . Taking r = 1 and differentiating (13) we have

-d4x) = - :, 2mc2, sin 2rnx. (15)

dx

Now by (15)

-- 2 u sin 2nx sin 2ne &O(E)

F de = czll sin 2nx.
7r s 2n

Thus when r = 1 in (14) we see that

sin 2ne sin 2nx dw(e) do

2n -- de

Since the flow is symmetrical about the line DC, in the s-plane of Fig. 1,
 2-DIMENSIONAL VERTICAL JET UNDER GRAVITY 287

we need to consider only the left-hand portion bounded by A,BC,DA, ,

i.e., 0 < x < 7-r/2in the c-plane. Hence (12) gives

q(x) = - ; j;” L(E, x) $$$ de

9 (16)
1+tLj'w sinb(t) + ~(91dt
0

and 0 < x ,( rr,l2.

After some algebraic simplification we have

H(E) = [(In y)' + $]l", c#J(~)= f tan-l---&

In 2

and

tan E
R(E) = h(c) = - E,
a2+l/a2-2cos2~’

where 0 < E < 42. Thus from (8) and (10) we get y(x) + q(x) = e(x)
where 0(x) is the direction of flow on the free streamlines. The integral
equation (16) becomes

a2 + 1,~~:~MS2~ sin [A') + +)I do (17)

x 1 +&z+ $5 cos 2t sin b(t) + 7tt)l dt

40911912-6
288 CONWAY

where 0 < x < 7~12.In this equation p and a are independent parameters,
and 7 is an unknown function. Suppose for particular values of p and a, a
solution r] is known for this nonlinear integral equation. With r = 1 in (14)
integration yields c, , cp , c, ,... . Putting (r, x) = (a, 0) and q(a, 0) = V in (7),
c, is found. When r = 1 (13) and (14) give Q(x). Using Q(x) and 5 = & in (9)
and integrating we get b/h and the free streamlines x/h and y/h. From (11)
v”/g/r is determined. Hence the parameters p and a together determine the
flow.
For numerical purposes we change the form of the integral equation by
putting

P(x) = G(x) sin [Y(X)+ 7(x)1. (18)

Equation (16) becomes P = pM[P], where

x) -- P(4 - - 3fw

1I
M[P] = R(X) sin y(x) + & /:“L(s, de
1 + I’ P(t) dt w *
0

M is determined when the parameter a is fixed. In a related problem

Bueckner [5] found that holding /I fixed, the procedure P,, = pM[P,-,]
proved unsatisfactory for numerical purposes. Following his method we
determine ~1after each step by least squares, i.e.,

Then the form of iteration is

Pn= tdWPn-11. (19)

The equations for the free streamlines are given by (9) and (18) as

and

y
-=- 1 Xew’t’
h /.L s 0 H(t) P@) dt.

Numerical calculations were performed using (19) for various values of a

and initial guesses PO and pa . The solutions were found to depend on these
initial conditions. The initial guesses for P were determined by taking
 2-DIMENSIONAL VERTICAL JET UNDER GRAVITY 289

corresponding guesses 0, for the direction of flow 0, which varies between 0

and - 742 as x varies between 0 and ~12. In this way different functions y(x)
and values of p satisfying the integral equation could be found for each
value of a. When such a solution is found, all the properties of the corre-
sponding flow are known.
In a specific problem b, g, h, and 1’ would be given; these yield values of
the two independent dimensionless parameters b/h and the Froude number
P2/gh. One must determine values of a, p, and r](x) satisfying the integral
equation, which correspond to the given values of b/h and P/gh. In practice
this will usually involve a considerable amount of calculation.
Two results obtained by numerical computation with a = .25 are given.
The free streamlines obtained for p,, = - 1, 0, = - ((77/2)’ ,#I* are plotted
in the dimensionless form x/h and y/h in Table 1. In Table 2 a table is given
for the free streamlines where

/Lo = - 10, 60 = - 3 + ((T)’ (q - x))1’8.

Additional results are given in [6].

T
h

TABLE 1

CELWNELAIWFREESTREAMLINES

(p = -1.00, b/h = .84, V*/gh = .55, h = 2 cm)

Left Free Streamline Coordinates

x/h .03 .04 .05 .08 .11 .I5 .17 .I8 20 .22
-y/h .Ol .02 .03 .06 .ll .26 A0 .56 94 1.13
290 CONWAY

TABLE 2

LEFT FREE STREAMLINE COORDINATES

(p = -7.30, b/h = .82, V*/gh = .09)

x/h .03 .05 .07 .ll .13 .15 .I8 .22 .24 .25

--r/h .Ol .02 .04 .09 .I3 .17 .27 55 .80 .95

ACKNOWLEDGMENT

The author is indebted to Professor L. M. Mime-Thomson for his advice and

encouragement.

1. G. KIRCHHOFF. Zur Theorie Freier Flussigkeitsstrahlen. J. Crelle, LXX (Berlin,

1869), 289-298.
2. W. E. CONWAY. The two dimensional jet. Proc. Can&i&e Phil. Sot., 62 (1966),
519-521.
3. L. M. MILNE-THOMSON. “Theoretical Hydrodynamics,” 4th. ed. Macmillan,
New York, 1960.
4. D. S. CARTER. Local behavior of plane gravity flows II. Infinite jets on fixed
boundaries. -I. Math. Mech. 13 (1964), 329-352.
5. H. F. BUECKNER. Proceedings of Rome Symposium. “Symposium on the Numerical
Treatment of Ordinary Differential Equations.” Basel/Stuttgart: Provisional
International Computation Centre, 1960, pp. 613-643.
6. W. E. CONWAY. “The Two-Dimensional Jet Under Gravity From An Aperture
In The Lower Of Two Horizontal Planes Which Bound A Liquid.” Ph. D. Disserta-
tion, University of Arizona, 1965.