Research Article

Advances in Mechanical Engineering

2019, Vol. 11(4) 1–8
Ó The Author(s) 2019
Some exact solutions of DOI: 10.1177/1687814019831893
journals.sagepub.com/home/ade
two-dimensional Navier–Stokes
equations by generalizing the
local vorticity

Tanvir Akbar and Qazi Muhammad Zaigham Zia

Abstract
This article is proposed to discuss the solutions of two-dimensional equations of motion for viscous fluid. Different situa-
tions for the solution have been investigated while employing inverse solution methods. On assuming the stream func-
tions in a certain form without prescribing boundary conditions, the expressions for streamlines and velocity
components are explicitly presented. Moreover, a series of graphical results for streamlines and velocity components are
plotted.

Keywords
Unsteady flow, inverse solutions, viscous fluid, streamlines

Date received: 2 August 2018; accepted: 2 November 2018

Handling Editor: Jiin-Yuh Jang

Introduction found to satisfy the complete equations for some special

geometrical designs. Although such exact solutions are
Navier–Stokes equations describing the physical inter- very few, yet they are important as they serve as accuracy
ests of scientific and engineering research are considered checks for experimental, numerical, and asymptotic
to be worthwhile. These equations are mainly used to results.
deal with weather forecasting, ocean currents, water Attempts to investigate exact solutions of Navier–
flow in a pipe, and air flow around a wing. Moreover, Stokes equations revolve around linearizing them. In
the structural design of aircraft and cars, the study of this regard, Taylor11 was the first to succeed by assum-
blood flow, the design of power stations, and the analy- ing the vorticity to be proportional to stream function.
sis of pollution are very closely related to Navier– This idea was subsequently generalized by Kovasznay,12
Stokes equations. Furthermore, the study of magneto- Lin and Tobak,13 Wang,14,15 Hui,16 James,17 and others.
hydrodynamics is based on the coupling of Maxwell’s They all obtained exact solutions of some interesting
equations and Navier–Stokes equations. Since their problems by assuming vorticity to be related to stream
introduction, different physical models have been function c with the relation r2 c = K(c  Uy), where K
exploited in literature to deal with assorted physical
situations.1–10
In mathematical sense, these equations are a challen- Department of Mathematics, COMSATS University, Islamabad, Pakistan
ging system of nonlinear equations in the presence of vis-
cous flows. No general analytical method exists for Corresponding author:
Tanvir Akbar, Department of Mathematics, COMSATS University
attacking this system for an arbitrary viscous flow prob- Islamabad, Islamabad Campus, Park Road, Islamabad 45550 Pakistan.
lem. However, exact but particular solutions have been Email: tanvir.akbar@comsats.edu.pk

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open-access-at-sage).
2 Advances in Mechanical Engineering

 
and U are real constants. In continuation with such p
∂b ∂u
+r  vv = mr2 u ð5Þ
studies, Kovasznay,12 for example, studied the down- ∂x ∂t
stream flow of a two-dimensional grid, and Lin and
Tobak13 discussed the reversed flow above a flat plate and
with suction.  
p
∂b ∂v
In this article, we investigate the exact solutions +r + uv = mr2 v ð6Þ
while generalizing the local vorticity to satisfy the ∂y ∂t
following expression r2 c = K(c + ax + by), where where
a( 6¼ 0) and b are real constants. Under this assumption,
the intention is focused to obtain solution for two- ∂v ∂u
dimensional steady and unsteady flow of an incompres- v=  ð7Þ
∂x ∂y
sible viscous fluid. By assuming a prescribed vorticity
function, we obtain exact solutions which may be use- and
ful for the comparison of results obtained numerically.
1  2 
We have given explicit expressions for streamlines and ^p = p + r u + v2 ð8Þ
velocity components. Some of these results are pro- 2
vided graphically. Equations (4) to (6) are three partial differential
The article is organized as follows. In the equations for three unknown functions u, v, and ^p of
‘‘Mathematical formulation’’ section, problem is for- the variables (x, y, t). Once u, v, and ^p are obtained, the
mulated, whereas the ‘‘Acquisition of solution’’ section pressure p can be calculated from equation (8). On
presents inverse solutions for different cases along with cross-differentiating equations (5) and (6) and then
graphical discussion. The key findings of the article are using integrability condition ^pxy = ^pyx , we obtain the
concluded in the ‘‘Concluding remarks’’ section. vorticity equation as follows
   
∂v ∂ ∂
Mathematical formulation r + u +v v = mr2 v ð9Þ
∂t ∂x ∂y
The basic equations governing the motion of an incom-
whereas on introducing the stream function c(x, y, t) by
pressible fluid are equations of continuity and momen-
tum, given as ∂c ∂c
u= , v=  ð10Þ
∂y ∂x
divV = 0 ð1Þ
we find that the continuity equation is satisfied identi-
and
cally, and equation (9) yields
 
∂V ∂ 2 
r + ðV  rÞV = divT ð2Þ r c  c, r2 c = nr4 c
∂t ∂t
where r is the constant density, V is the velocity, where n = m=r is the kinematic viscosity, r2 is the
T =  pI + mA1 is the Cauchy stress tensor in which usual Laplacian, and
pI is the indeterminate part of the spherical stress, m
is the dynamic viscosity, and A1 = rV + (rV)T is the  ∂c ∂r2 c ∂c ∂r2 c
c, r2 c =  ð11Þ
first Rivlin–Ericksen tensor. ∂x ∂y ∂y ∂x
For the motion of an unsteady incompressible
Newtonian fluid, the velocity is described in Cartesian For universal use, we nondimensionalize the last
coordinates by equation by using the following scaling

Vðx, y, tÞ = ½uðx, y, tÞ, vðx, y, tÞ, 0 ð3Þ c  u v xV

c = , u = , v = , x = ,
n V V n
ð12Þ
where u and v being the velocity components in x- and yV  tV 2

y-directions, taken, respectively, horizontally and verti- y = , t =

n n
cally. Making the use of equation (3) into equations (1)
and (2), the system of equations reduces to where V is some characteristic velocity, and dropping
the asterisk, we get
∂u ∂v
+ =0 ð4Þ ∂ 2 
∂x ∂y r c  c, r2 c = r4 c ð13Þ
∂t
Akbar and Zia 3

 2 
In this case, the length scale is of the order of Reynolds  2  2Kb 0 K  Ka2
a + b2 g00 ðjÞ + g ðjÞ + g ðj Þ = 0 ð22Þ
number and flow remains stable for the low Reynolds num- a a2
ber as discussed by Marner et al.18 In the sequel, we obtain
whereas the auxiliary equation is
solutions of equation (13) while using inverse method.
 
a2 a2 + b2 m2 + 2Kabm + K 2  Ka2 = 0
Acquisition of solution and the roots of this equation are
Let us assume that pffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffi
Kb 6 a K ða2 + b2 Þ  K 2
m1, 2 = ð23Þ
r2 c = K ðc + ax + byÞ ð14Þ aða2 + b2 Þ
where K, a, and b are real constants, with K 6¼ 0. On Here, three cases arise depending upon the sign of
substituting equation (14) in equation (13), it is found K(a2 + b2 )  K 2 .
that
Case I. (a2 + b2 ).K.0
∂c ∂c ∂c
b + a  K ðc + ax + byÞ = 0 ð15Þ
∂t ∂x ∂y
In this case, the solution of equation (22) is given by
Letting
g ðjÞ = A1 expfm1 jg + A2 expfm2 jg
C = c + ax + by ð16Þ
and stream function and the velocity components are
we obtain obtained as follows
r2 C = KC ð17Þ
K
c = ax  by + exp y
Substituting equation (16) in equation (15), we have a
½A1 expfm1 ðax + byÞg + A2 expfm2 ðax + byÞg
∂C ∂C ∂C
b +a  KC = 0 ð18Þ ð24Þ
∂t ∂x ∂y
 K  
K a + m1 b A1 expfm1 ðax + byÞg
Setting u = b + exp y
a + Ka + m2 b A2 expfm2 ðax + byÞg
j = ax + by, h=y ð19Þ ð25Þ
n o
we find that v = a  exp K y A1 m1 a expfm1 ðax þ byÞg
a  ð26Þ
∂ðj, hÞ þ A2 m2 a expfm2 ðax þ byÞg
= a 6¼ 0
∂ðx, yÞ
For a\0, the obtained solution (equation (24)) rep-
In view of equation (19), equation (18) reduces to resents a uniform stream u = b and v = a with a per-
turbation part which decays exponentially as y
∂C ∂C increases.
+a  KC = 0 ð20Þ
∂t ∂h As can be visualized from Figure 1(i-iii), for a = 4
and 4 ł b ł 9, the number of spillways increases from 3
to 8, whereas for a = 4 and 10 ł b ł 200, the number
Steady flow of spillways decreases from 7 to 1, and flow becomes
smooth. However, for a = 4 and b.200, flow remains
For steady flow, putting ∂C=∂t = 0 in equation (19), we
smooth. For b = 3 and 4 ł a ł  1, there are no
have
spillways and the flow is smooth.
∂C K
 C=0 Case II.
∂h a
which on integrating with respect to h yields If K = (a2 + b2 ) and therefore K.0, then equation (22)
has solution of the form
K
C = g ðjÞ exp h ð21Þ b
a gðjÞ = ðB1 + B2 jÞ exp j ð27Þ
a
where g(j) is an arbitrary function.
Substituting equation (21) in equation (17), we and, as before, the stream function and velocity compo-
obtain nents are, respectively, given by
4 Advances in Mechanical Engineering

Figure 1. Streamline flow pattern of equation (24).

Figure 2. Streamline flow pattern of equation (28).

c =  ax  by + ðB1 + B2 ðax + byÞÞ expfay  bxg

ð28Þ
u =  b + ½B2 b + afB1 + B2 ðax + byÞg expfay  bxg
ð29Þ

and

v = a  ½B2 a  bfB1 + B2 ðax + byÞg expfay  bxg

ð30Þ

where B1 and B2 are arbitrary constants.

If a = b and 1 ł a ł 4(1 ł b ł 4), the number of
spillways increases from 5 to 7, whereas for a = b and
5 ł a ł 45, 5 ł b ł 45, the number of spillways remains
8. The streamlines pattern is shown in Figure 2(i-ii).

Case III. K(a2 + b2 )  K 2 \ 0 Figure 3. Streamline flow pattern of equation (32).

This case is further categorized in two ways: (1) 1. Let K . (a2 + b2 ) and K . 0, then equation
K . 0 and (2) K\ 0. (22) has solution of the form
Akbar and Zia 5

Figure 4. Streamline flow pattern of equation (48) for K = 9, t = 2, u = p=3.

Figure 5. Streamline flow pattern of equation (48).

K ðay  bxÞ
Kb u = b + exp
gðjÞ = exp j ½C1 cos mj + C2 sin mj a2 + b2
aða2 + b2 Þ "  C Ka  # ð33Þ
a2 + b2 + C2 mb cos mðax + byÞ
1

ð31Þ  2 Ka 
+ aC2 + b2  C1 mb sin mðax + byÞ
where
and
pffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffi
K 2  K ða2 + b2 Þ K ðay  bxÞ
m= v = a + exp
ða2 + b2 Þ a2 + b2
"  C Kb  # ð34Þ
a2 + b2  C2 ma cos mðax + byÞ
1
Thus, the stream function and the velocity compo-
 2 Kb 
nents are, respectively, given by + aC2 + b2 + C1 ma sin mðax + byÞ

K ðay  bxÞ where C1 and C2 are arbitrary constants.

c= axby+ exp
a2 + b2 ð32Þ
½C1 cos mðax+byÞ+C2 sin mðax + byÞ 2. Now, let K\0 and K\(a2 + b2 ), then equation
(22) has solution of the form
6 Advances in Mechanical Engineering

∂C K
 C=0 ð40Þ
K1 b ∂h a
g ðjÞ = exp j ½D1 cos nj + D2 sin nj ð35Þ
aða + b2 Þ
2
Solving the above equation, we get
where
K
pffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffi C = g ðY , jÞ exp h ð41Þ
K12 + K1 ða2 + b2 Þ a
n= , K =  K1 , K1 .0
ða2 + b2 Þ
where g(Y , j) is a function to be determined. Now,
Thus, the stream function and the velocity compo- differentiating equation (41) twice partially with
nents are, respectively, given by respect to x and y, and substituting in equation (17),
we have
K ðay  bxÞ  
c = axby+ exp ½D1 cos nj + D2 sin nj   ∂2 g ∂2 g ∂2 g 2K ∂g ∂g
a2 + b2 a2 + b2 + + 2b + b +
ð36Þ ∂j2 ∂Y 2 ∂Y ∂j a ∂j ∂Y
 2 
K
K ðay  bxÞ +  K g=0
u = b + exp a2
a2 + b2
"  D Ka  # ð37Þ ð42Þ
a2 + b2 + D2 nb cos nðax + byÞ
1

 2 Ka  Let
+ aD2 + b2  D1 nb sin nðax + byÞ
g ðY , jÞ = GðX1 Þ, X1 = Y cos u + j sin u ð43Þ
and
When u = p=2, the problem reduces to steady case.
K ðay  bxÞ Substitution of equation (43) in equation (42) yields
v = a + exp
a2 + b2
"  D Kb  # ð38Þ   
a2 a2 + b2 sin2 u + cos2 u + b sin 2u G00
a2 + b2  D2 ma cos nðax + byÞ
1

 Kb  + 2aK ½b sin u + cos uG0

+ aD2 + ð44Þ
b2 + D1 ma sin nðax + byÞ
2

+ K 2  Ka2 G = 0
where D1 and D2 are arbitrary constants. The stream-
line pattern for equation (32) is depicted in Figure 3. where prime denotes differentiation with respect to X1 .
Now, the characteristic equation (44) is given as
Unsteady flow   
a2 a2 + b2 sin2 u + cos2 u + b sin 2u m2
In this case, equation (20) can be rewritten as + 2aK ½b sin u + cos um ð45Þ

+ K 2  Ka2 = 0

and the roots of which are

qffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffi

K ðb sin u + cos uÞ 6 Ka2 ða2 + b2 Þ sin2 u + cos2 u + b sin 2u  K 2 a2 sin2 u
m1, 2 =  ð46Þ
a ða2 + b2 Þ sin2 u + cos2 u + b sin 2u

Now, according to the sign of

Ka2 ½(a2 + b2 ) sin2 u + cos2 u + b sin 2u  K 2 a2 sin2 u,
∂C ∂C the following three cases arise.
+a  KC = 0 ð39Þ
∂t ∂h
Case I.
Setting Y = h  at, we find that
If K.0 and
∂ ðY , h Þ (a2 + b2 ) sin2 u + cos2 u + b sin 2u.K sin2 u, then
=  a 6¼ 0
∂ðy, tÞ equation (44) has solution of the form

and equation (39) reduces to GðX1 Þ = A1 expfm1 X1 g + A2 expfm2 X1 g ð47Þ

Akbar and Zia 7

  
where m1 , m2 are given by equation (46). b sin u + cos u
v = a  B2 a sin u  ðB1 + B2 X1 Þ
Then, the stream function and the velocity compo- sin u
nents are, respectively, given by ( )
K K ðb sin u + cos uÞX1
3 exp y 
K a a ða2 + b2 Þ sin2 u + cos2 u + b sin 2u
c = axby+ exp y ½A1 expfm1 X1 g+A2 expfm2 X1 g
a ð54Þ
ð48Þ
where
K
u =  b + exp y
a X1 = ðy  atÞ cos u + ðax + byÞ sin u
"   #
K
aA1 + A1 m1 ðb sin u + cos uÞ exp

fm1 X1 g Here, in the expression of G(X1 ), B1 and B2 are arbi-
+ Ka A2 + A2 m2 ðb sin u + cos uÞ expfm2 X1 g trary constants. When u = p=2, equations (53) and (54)
ð49Þ reduce to the steady flow solutions given by equations
(29) and (30). The streamline pattern for equation (52)
and is shown in Figure 5(i-ii).
n o
v ¼ a  exp K y ½A1 am1 sin u expfm1 X1 g Case III.
a
þA2 am2 sin u expfm2 X1 g: ð50Þ
If K.0 and (a2 + b2 ) sin2 u + cos2 u + b sin 2u
X1 ¼ ðy  atÞ cos u þ ðax þ byÞ sin u: \K sin2 u, then solution of equation (46) is given by
Here, A1 and A2 are arbitrary constants. If u = p=2, GðX1 Þ = ½C1 cos mX1 + C2 sin mX1 
then equations (49) and (50) reduce to the steady flow ( )
solutions given by equations (25) and (26). Figure 4(i- K ðb sin u + cos uÞX1 ð55Þ
3 exp 2

ii) describe the streamline pattern for equation (48). 2 2 2
a ða + b Þ sin u + cos u + b sin 2u

Case II. where

qffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffi
If (a2 + b2 ) sin2 u + cos2 u + b sin 2u = K sin2 u, m= K 2 a2 sin2 u  Ka2 ða2 + b2 Þ sin2 u + cos2 u + b sin 2u
then solution of equation (52) is computed as
Hence, the stream functions and velocity compo-
GðX1 Þ = ½B1 + B2 X1  exp nents are, respectively, given by
( )
K ðb sin u + cos uÞX1 ð51Þ
 c = ax  by+ exp
a ða2 + b2 Þ sin2 u + cos2 u + b sin 2u
K K ðb sin u + cos uÞX1
y ð56Þ
and the stream function is a a½ða + b2 Þ sin u + cos2 u + b sin 2u
2

3 ½C1 cos mX1 + C2 sin mX1 

c =  ax  by + ½B1 + B2 X1 
( ) u =  b + exp
K K ðb sin u + cos uÞX1 ( )
3 exp y 
a a ða2 + b2 Þ sin2 u + cos2 u + b sin 2u K K ðb sin u + cos uÞX1
y 
ð52Þ
a a ða2 + b2 Þ sin2 u + cos2 u + a sin 2u
2 Ka2 sin2 uC1
! 3
and the velocity components are a½ða2 + b2 Þ sin2 u + cos2 u + b sin 2u cos mX1 7
6
6 + C2 mðb sin u + cos uÞ 7
6 7
u =  b + ½B2 ðb sin u + cos uÞ + aðB1 + B2 X1 Þ 36 ! 7
6 2
Ka2 sin uC2 7
( ) 4  sin mX1 5
+ ½ a ða 2 + b2 Þ sin2 u + cos2 u + b sin 2u

K K ðb sin u + cos uÞX1

3 exp y  C1 mðb sin u + cos uÞ
a a ða2 + b2 Þ sin2 u + cos2 u + b sin 2u
ð57Þ
ð53Þ
and
and
8 Advances in Mechanical Engineering

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