UNIT 6 & 61 Information questions 1 What and which can be followed by a noun, What colour are your eyes? What size shoes do you take? What sort of music do you like? Which part of town clo you live in? Which way do we go? Which one do you want? We use which when there is limited choice. Which ome do you want, the red one or the blue one? Which restaurant shall we go to? We use what when there i (almost unlimited choice. What language do they speak in Brazil? What car do you drive? Sometimes there is no difference What/Which newspaper do you read? What/Which channel is tie football on? 2 Whose can be followed by a noun. Whose book is this? Whose is this book? 3 How canbe followed by an adjective or an adver’, How tall are you? How big isthe memory? How far sit tothe station? How often do you go 10 the cinema? How long does it take you to get ready? 4 Hiow can be followed by much or many, How many rooms are there? ‘How much money do you have? & 62 What... like? How... | What. lke? asks about the permanent nature of people and things. Itasks fora general description, What's Indian foo liket Really tasty, What’ Pete like? Hes a great guy. 2 How ..7asks about the present condition of something. This condition can change, Hows work these days? How was the trafic this morning? To ask about the weather, we can use both questions, How's the weather What the weather like 3. How ...?asks about people's health and happiness. How Peer? Hes fine 4 Horr...? asks about people’ reactions and feelings How’ your meal? How's your new job? 1s better tha last year I was worse than usual where you are? & 6.3 Relative clauses 1 Relative clauses identify which person or thing we are talking about. ‘They make it posible to give more information about the person or ching. ‘The boy has gone tothe beach. (Which boy?) ‘The boy who lives next door has gone to the beac. ‘The book is very good. (Which book?) The book that I bought yesterday s very good. There is a photo of the hotel. (Which hotel?) There isa photo of the hotel where we stayed. 40 Grammar Reference 61-72 2 Weuse who/that to refer to people and which/tha to refer to things. “This book is about a gel who marries a millionaire What was the name ofthe horse that won the race? 3 When who or that isthe abject ofa teative clause, i can be left out ‘The person you need to talk 10 iso hold. ‘The film I watched lat night was very good. But when who or that isthe subject ofa relative cause it must be included, Tike people who are kind and considerate, Twant a computer that's easy to use 4 Which can be used to refer to the whole previous sentence or idea I passed my driving test onthe frst attempt, which was a surprise. Jane can't come tothe party, which ia shame. 5 Weuse whose to refer to someone’ possessions That's the man whose wife won the lotery That’ the woman whose dog ran avay. © We can use whore fo refer to places. The hotel where we stayed was right on the beach. We went back to the place where we frst met & 64 Participles Participles afer a noun def relative clauses, ‘That woman driving the red Porsche is my aunt ‘The men seen outside were probably the thieves ye and identify in the same way a¢ UNIT 7 & 71 THE PRESENT PERFECT 1 ‘The same form (have + past participle) exists in many European languages, but the uses in English are different. In English, the Present Perfect links past and present. It expresses the effect of the past on the presen. 2 Present Perfect means ‘completed before now: ‘The Present Perfect ddoes not express when an aetion happened. I'we say the exact time, wwe use the Past Simple. ‘In my lif, have travelled to al seven continens. | travelled around Africa i 1998. ‘Shes lived in London. He hasn't lived here long ‘They haven’ bought their flat How long have they known Peter? How long has she been married? Short answer Have you always lived in Budapest? Yes, Thave/No, | haven't.Use ‘There are three main uses ofthe Present Perfect. 1. Unfinished past “The Present Perfect expresses an a still continues. i've lived in the same house for 25 years How long have you known cach other? ‘They've been married for 20 years. @ Be careful! Many languages express this idea with a present tense, but in English this is wrong. 3 that began in the past and Jans has been a nurse for ten years. NOT Jartiesensmeforten years ‘Time expressions [Notice the time expressions that ate common with this use two years 1970 amonth August for | a fewminutes since | 800 halfan hour was. child ages Christmas ‘We use for with a period of time and since with a point in time. 2 Experience ‘The Present Perfect expresses an experience that happened at some ‘time in one’s life. The action is finished, but the effects ofthe action, are sil fl ‘ve been tothe United States. I stil remember) Have you ever had a operation? (at any time in your life) How many times has he been married? (in his life) tly when the action happened is not important. Questions and answers about definite times are expressed inthe Past Simple. When did you go 10 the United States? 1 broke my leg once. ‘Time expressions ‘The adverbs ever, never, and before are common with this use Have you ever been to Australia? Tvenever tried burg jumping haven’ tried sus before. 3. Present result ‘The Present Perfect expressesa past action that has a present result ‘The action is usually inthe recent past ‘The taxi hasu't arrived yt. (Were still waiting for it) What have you done to your lip? (Its bleeding.) ‘We often announce news inthe Present Perfect Have you heard? The Prime Minister has resigned, Susan's had her baby! Details will bein the Past Simple, ‘She resigned because she lost a vote of no confidence. sa boy. He weighed 3.5kg. Time expressions ‘The adverbs yet, alroady, and just are common with this use. haven't done my homework yet. (negative) Has the postman been yet? (question) ve already done my homework, She's just ad some good news. @ Be careful with been and gone. ‘He’ been to the United States. (experience — he isnt there now) SheS gome 1 the United States. (present result - she’ there nov) i 73 Present Perfect or Past Simple? 1 “The Present Perfect can express unfinished actions. "The Past expresses completed actions, nple Present Perfect Past Simple Te lived in Texas for st years. I lived in Texas for six years, (stil ive there.) (Now Ilive somewhere else.) Tue written several books. Shakespeare wrote 30 plays. (can sill write some more.) (He cant write any more) 2 The Present Perfect refers to indefinite time. The Past Simple refers to definite time, Notice the time expressions used with the wo tenses Present Perfect ~indefinite Past Simple - definite fora long time yesterday, Tedoneit | since fay last week. before, ‘wo days ago recently did it | at eight o¢lock, in 1987. ve already done it ‘hen T was young, Thaverit done it yet. fora long time. © Be careful with this morning/afternoon, etc. Have you seen Amy this morning? (Its still morning) Did you see Amy this morning? (Its the afternoon or evening.) B 74 Present Perfect Simple passive Form hhashave been + past participle Mt | hasbeen sold. They | have been Use The uses are the same in the passive asin the active. ‘Two million cars have been produced so far this year (unfinished past) Has she ever been made redundant? (past experience) “Have you heard? Two hundred homes have been washed away by a tidal wave (present importance) Be 75 Present Perfect Continuous Form hhasshave + been ing She's been studying for three years. They haven't been working here long. Hove long have they been living there? Use ‘The Present Perfect Continuous expresses 1 an activity that began inthe past and is continuing now, ve been studying English for three years How long have you been working here? Sometimes there is no difference between the simple and the continuo {ve played the piano since I was a boy. ve been playing the piano since I was a boy. “The continuous can express a temporary activity while the simple ‘expresses a permanent state {ive been living inthis house fr the past few months (temporary) Tye lived ere all my life (permanent) @ Remember: State verbs are rarely used inthe continuous (ee 2.4 p134) Pye had this book for ages. Poe always loved sunny days. Grammar Reference 72-75 1412 apast activity that has caused a present result. ve been working all da. (I'm tired now.) Have you been crying? (Your eyes are red.) Rogers ben eutting the gras. (Lean stellt) The past activity might be finished ot might not, The context usually makes this clear, Look out of the window! I's been snowing! (thas stopped snowing nov.) Ive been writing this book fortwo years (It stil srt finished.) {Tm covered in paint because I've been decorating the bathroom. (At might be finished oi might not, We doxit know.) & 76 Present Perfect Simple or Continuous? 1 The simple expresses a completed action Ire painted the kitchen, and now Tin doing the bathroom ‘The continuous expresses an activity over a period of time, ‘ve got paint in my hair because ve been decorating We use the simple ifthe sentence has a number or quantity, because the simple expresses completion. The continaovs ist posible. Tye been reading al ay. I've rea ten chpter. Shek been eating ever since she arrived. She'eaten ten biscuits already 2 Some verbs have the idea of long time for exannple, wai, work, play, try, learn rain These verbs are often fond inthe con Tye cut my finger. (One short ation.) ‘ve been euting firewood. (Perhaps over several houts) Some verbs don't have the idea of lng time, fr example find, star, buy, di, lose, break, stop. These verbs are more usually found inthe simple ve lost my passport, Have you started your Chrstras shopping yet UNIT 8 b Verb patterns The infinitive 1 The ainitive sted ater some verbs, Wee decided to move bru Iman foge home Timtryng to phone Pet Sha lont meetyou 2. Some verb ae allowed by person he inate They ated me to el them Tt you try harder Hetld me to apply for ihejoh 3 Makeand tar flioned by peica «the live without, Shell make you fel welcome Tet you know when in coming 4 “Theinfnitve ued ser some ects, Hmpoabeto sve money, Ign toseyoe Pleased o meet you Iw good to hear our nv ‘The sing form 1 The =ing form is used aftr some verb. enjoy reading history books. ‘Hes finished washing the car 1 don't mind helping you We ike walking He goes fishing at weekends 142. Grammar Reference 75-92 2 Some verbs are followed by an object + ing Thate people telling me wisat do You can’t stop me doing what I want Jean hear someone calling. 3 The-ing form is used ater prepositions. in good at finding things. Hes afaid of being mugged, Wet thinking of going to Sweden, Tn looking forward to meeting you. D> Verb patterns ps8 UNIT 9 # 91 CONDITIONALS There are many diferent ways of making sentences with fis Important to understand the difference between sentences that express possible conditions = frst conditional Improbable conditions = second conditional impossible conditions = third conditional no candition = zero conditional Possible conditions {see Dave, tell hia to cal you This isa sentence about reality. Ise Dave. = areal possibility 1M tll hin to call you, =the result ofa possible situation Improbable conditions If Thad the money, 1d buy a Mercedes Tis is sentence which is contrary to reality. If Thad the money... = not impossible. The reality is | don’ have the money. = the result ofan improbable situation Pl buy a Mercedes. Impossible conditions If Td known you were coming, Td have cooked you a meal This isa sentence about an impossible situation. It didnt happen, ancl ‘now its too late to change the resul If had known .. impossible, because I didn't know. Td have cooked the result of an impossible situation, No conditions If get a headache, I ake an aspirin, ‘metal is heated, it expands these ae sentences that are always true. They’ refer tll tims} and are called zero conditionals. Ifmeans when or whenever. 92 Second conditional Form ‘f+ Past imple, would + verb Positive If won some money, Id go around the world [My father would kill me ihe could see me now. Negative 1 give up my jb if ide’ like it If saw a ghost, I woulds’t tlle to it. Question What would you do if you save someone shoplifing? you needed help, who would you ask?