SECTION 5 perfect tenses ® grammar summary (SIMPLE) PRESENT PERFECT: I have worked, she has worked, he hasn't worked, etc PRESENT PERFECT PROGRESSIVE: J have been working, he has begn working, ete PAST PERFECT: I had! worked, she had worked, etc perfect tenses We use the present perfect to talk about past actions with some importance now. I've written to John, 50 he knows what's happening Wie use the present perfect progressive mostly to say how long things have been going on up to now. 1 have been waiting letters since breakfast time. When we are already talking about the past, we use the past perfect to talk about an earlier time, Yesterday ! found some od letters that Kate had written to me from Germany. we © pre-test: which units do you need? Try this small test. It will help you to decide which units you need. The answers are on page 283, @ Which is correct - A, B or both? D@Yesterday I broke a cup. B Yesterday I broken a cup. >@)the postman has already come, (B)The postman has just come, 1 A You haven't drank your tea. B You haven't drunk your tea. 2. Ave Mary and her children arrived? B Have arrived Mary and her children? 3 ‘What's the problem? A ‘Tlost my keys.’ B ‘Ihave lost my keys.’ 4A When have you lost your keys? B When did you lose your keys? 5 Al bought a mountain bike last week. B I have bought a mountain bike last week, 6 A went to London twice this week, B I've been to London twice this week. 7 A Did you ever visit Dublin? B Have you ever visited Dublin? 8 A Angela has gone to Ireland, B Angela has been to Ireland. 9 A We know Julia since 1996, B We have known Julla since 1996. 10 Arve had this sweater for years. B I've had this sweater since years 11 A knew that I have seen her before. B I knew that I had seen her before. 12, A Has Bill phoned yet? _B Has Bill phoned today? 13 Allt’sraimed for hours, B It's been raining for hours. He's not her He's gone to Paris. © Look what Pve found! & “Pee already rend it ‘ive been studying English for three years, © 7present perfect: forms I have paid. Has she forgotten? REGULAR VERBS AN IRREGULAR VER have worked you have worked _he/she/it has worked etc | have seen etc | | have worked? have you worked? has he/she/lt worked? etc hhave I seen? ete IB | Ihave not worked you have not worked ete have not seen etc For contractions (I've, he's, haven’), see page 277. ‘To make the present perfect, put have/has with the past participle (worked, seen, etc). Regular past participles end in -ed, lke simple past tenses (for spelling rules, see page 42). Work-> worked hope» hoped stop» stopped try» tried With Irregular verbs, the past participle is often diferent from the simple past tense. You have to learn the forms one by one (see page 275). see—> seen speak spoken go> gone buy» bought @ write as many of the irregular past participles as you can. Check them on page 275, and learn the ones that you don’t know. ‘become ... fant break aive keep. lean make shut. think... put stand ... write affirmative (G2) or negative (E¥) present perfect sentences, > 1 (speak 3) to the boss > they (eat) anything 1 she (forget El) my address 2. (make BB) a mistake 3 you (shut i) the door ‘Alan (work Bi) very hard 1 (hear) from Mary John (learn i) anything T(GreaK BBY COP enero ‘we (remember 3) Ann’s birthday ‘The rain (stop 3) 10 1 (see B§) a newspaper today Ve “Somewhere with no iregular verbs,’ S2_ PERFECT TENSES‘We make present perfect questions with have/has + subject + past participle. STATEMENTE: You have pald, The rain has stopped. The children have gone to Dublin, QUESTION Have you paid? Has the rain stopped? Where have the children gone? © Make present perfect questions. > John / leave ? ..Sinslehun tale, > why / Mary / go home ? > where / you put the Keys? 1 we/ pay? Bill / phone ? you / hear the news the dogs / come back ? ‘what / Barbara tell the police ? why / Andy and Sarah / bring the children ? what / you / say to Mike ? Be careful when questions have long subjects ~ the word order does not change. Has Ann artived? Have Ann and her mother arrived? Have Ann and her mother and father and the others arrived? (NOT Have-arrived Ane anet her mother-ane-father-and-the-others?) © Make present perfect questions. 1 the Sunday newspapers / arrive ? 2. all those people / go home ? 3 the secretary from your father’s office / telephone ? 4 where / the family in the flat upstaits / go ? why / all the students in Mr Carter's class / give him presents ? © Look at the picture and put the words in the correct order. seen ball sony your haven't nov ‘No,finished actions: present perfect or simple past? PRESENT PERFECT: WE THINK ABOUT THE PAST AND THE PRESENT TOGETHER x When we think about the past and present together, we normaly use the present perfect. I've writen to John, so he knows what's happening now. "ve made a coke, Would you hike some? Look = I've bought a new des. FINISHED ACTION PRESENT PERFECT PRESENT letter (yesterday) ———> I've written to john, «john knows now. cake (this morning) ——» I've made a cake. Would you like some? <— I'm offering you some now. new dress (last Tuesday) —> Look ~I've bought a new dress. — i'm showing you now. SIMPLE PAST: WE THINK ONLY ABOUT THE PAST, NOT THE PRESENT. ‘When we think only about the past, we most often use the simple past aS My grandfather wrote me a lot of letters (He's dead now; 'm not thinking about the present.) |J'made a coke for the children, but they didn’t tke i ('m not talking about the present.) 1! bought a new dress forthe party last Tuesday. (Vm thinking only about last Tuesday.) @ Read the sentences and the questions, and circle the correct answers, > Ann has bought anew coat Has she got the coat now? GE) rewns > Grandma came to stay with ws. I Gandia with us now? ves RORBSENSD) 1 Imade a cup of tea. 15 there tea now? YES / PROBABLY NOT Eric has made a cake. Is there « cake now? Yes / PROBABLY NOT Jane went to France. 1s she there now? YES / DON’T KNOW ‘Alan has gone to Scotland. Is he there now? ES [ DON'T KNOW Pat and Al started a business. Is the business sil umning? YES / DON’T KNOW ‘Sue has started guitar lessons, Is she taking lessons now? YES / DON'T KNOW The cat has run away. Is the cat at home now? No / DON'T KNOW. ‘The doctor sent Bill into hospital. Is he there now? YES / DON'T KNOW Pete lost his glasses. Has he got his glasses now? No / DON'T KNOW ‘Ann has cut all her hair off. Has she got any hair now? No / DON'T KNOW We don’t normally use the present perfect with words for a finished time. ve seen Ann, OR | saw Ann yesterday, BUT NOT-ve-seen-Ann yesterday. 54 PERFECT TENSES‘® what are the people saying? Look at the pictures and complete the sentences with verbs from the box. Use the present perfect. break 7 buy cut send stop > ‘Somebody has, tral the window.” 1 John us a postcard.” 21 ahat’ 3 my finger" © Put the beginnings and ends together, and put in the present perfect verbs. break 7 forget leave lose see 1 Joe HAS BREA his leg, | A ‘Sony, Tknow bith, DUET se Bis MAME? 2 Ann can’t get into her house | B Yes, his ginrend 3 ‘Hie’ looking unhappy’ © because she 4 ‘Who's that?” DN Tess 5. ‘That’ a good film, Shall we go?” | Eso he can't go skiing ‘Note the difference between gone (te) and been (to) in present perfect sentences, ‘Where’ John?” ‘He's gone to Pars. (He's there now.) Mary's gone swimming. Shell be back at 6.00. 1Hve been to Italy lots of times (and come back) but I've never been to Spain. @ Put in been or gone. 1 ‘Where's Ann?! ‘She's .wunnnn Shopping’ 4 They're not here. They've all cums OU 2 Peter's shopping: the fridge is full, $. [haven't wrmisemn t0 the cinema for weeks. 3 Have YOu C¥€E wnsesnn tO China? 6 Joe's to live in Greece. We use the simple past, not the present perfect, in stories (see page 46). © crammar AND vocaBuLary: housework Put simple past verbs into the story. Use a dictionary if necessary. Once upon a time there was a beautiful gil called Cinderella, Her two sisters made her do all the housework, Every day she (get) ® Quon Up eat, she (sweep) D> a the floors, She (de) 1 nunesnsnnons the beds, she (polish) 2 the furniture, she (wash) and (ion) 4. the clothes, she (wash 1p) 5. all the dishes vm them away. She (tidy) 7.sneueunn all the rooms, and she (do) ‘hundreds of other jobs. @ Now put present perfect verbs into the conversation. sirens; Well, Cinderella, D> the floors? 2 the furniture? ‘them? the dishes? And 7 nnn them away? all the rooms? snow anything, I'm going to marry the Prince. Goodbye! CINDERELLA: No, 19. PERFECT TENSES $5,present perfect: news We've found oil in the garden! We often use the present perfect to give news: to tell people about new things that have happened. The Prime Minister has arrived in Washington for talks with the President. Some new people have moved into the house next door. A plone has crashed at Heathrow Airport. @ when John Wells arrived home from work, the sentences. Ann has bought a new car. family gave him a lot of news. Complete come die eat find / go steal win 3 Dad! You sn > Hello, dear. We «ic oll in the garden! lot of money in the lottery! 4 Hil Somebody. 1 Dad! The cat... your supper! 3s Surprise! Grandma ... to stay for a month! 2. Hi, John. Mary .. to Australia witha soldiet! @® Here are some sentences from radio news broadcasts. Put the correct verbs. arrive close die leave many stop > England footballers .!aye.. 1 Singer Alex Haverty .. 2. Charles Blackstock, Member of Pariament for East ChiIDUIY, so. at the age of 57. 3 Once again, bad weather 4 The Foreign Minister 5 Heavy snow w. We don’t normally use the present perfect with words for a fi .». back in Britain after their match in Rome. his long-time girlfriend Katy Bowen. the tennis final at Wimbledon, London for a two-day visit to Berlin, .. hundreds of roads in Scotland. ed time. We've found oll in the garden. eur NOT-Wetve-four-l-n-the garden-yesterday. A plane has crashed at Heothrow Airport. SUT NOT A-plane-has crashed-at 3-45-this afternoon, few days ago> always this week last week never now then today yesterday in 1990 @ correct (7) or not (9? > My father has changed his job. > Andy has gone to Scotland last week. 1 Look what Peter has given me yesterday! .. 2. Yve seen a great programme last night. 3 I think everybody has arrived now... 4 Mary has written to me three weeks ago. .. 5. Sony - Ive forgotten your name. .. 6 I've forgotten Mike's birthday last Tuesday... 7. Everybody has gone home at 10 o'clock. .. 8 There's nobody here! What has happened ?present perfect and simple past: news and details 1 When we first give news, 2 When we give or ask for more past we often use the present perfect. detail, we change to the simple past. ao (Ze ACM Aplane has crashed in Yorkshire. > Itcame down in a field outside York. The Prime Minister has met business ledders, —> They talked for four hours. Mary has gone to Austata She left last night ‘ve found your keys." > "Thanks. Where were they?’ REMEMBER: we don’t normally use the present perfect when we givé or ask about a finished time. Joe has lft home. OR joe left home last week. AUT NOT jaca eft home fat week. Have they arrived? OR When did they arive? But NOT Wher-have they-arived? ‘@ Put in present perfect and simple past verbs. D The cat As. 2Abt..u. Your Supper. She 122%... it off the table when I was out. (eat; take) VARA wn hher job at the bank, $he soncuonsnunwn Net BOSS. (leave; not like) at . a beautiful dress. 1 It at Parker's yesterday. (buy; find) 3 Cathy and Sam... _theis house. They a very good price. (sll; set) 4 "Dad se his glasses.’ ‘Where .. them? ‘Under his, pillow.’ (find; find) 5 Mrs Collins into hospital, She... to the doctor this moming, and he her straight in. (go; £6; send) an accident. He off his bike last night. (have; fall) from Jan. She... us a postcard from Peru. (ear; send) .. Your mother about us.’ What ..nincnnne SAE sesnnennnan” She Was very nice about it? (el sy) 9) Two climbers warns 9 the AIPS. ThEY sonnnsnnnn thei way in bad weather. (die; lose) 10 John and $U€ sr . yet. They the wrong train. (not arrive; take) @ Make questions to ask for more details. > ‘ve bought a new jacket.’ ‘Oh, yes? «27a. de. Was bi + (where / you /buy 1) 1 Joe's passed his exam.’ «snc (he / get / good marks) 2 ‘Cathy's moved to London! jn (when / she / go) 3 ‘Andy's lost his job.’ ‘I know.’ .... (when / he / tell you) 4 ‘My brother's been to San Francisco, a (where /he / stay) 5 Mark's sold his eat? (why /he / seit) 6 ‘Phil's bought a bike’. - (iow much fit / cost) 7 "Bob's found a new gialften (where / he / meet her) 8 ‘Ve given up smoking’. (hy / you / stop)up to now (1) How much? How often? We often use the present perfect to say how muich we have done up to now. I’ve done six different jobs since Christmas. I"ve done no work at all so far (= ‘yp to now’) today. Joe is saving €20 a week. He started 8 weeks ago. Up to now he's saved €160. Past Now @ Look at the pictures and complete the sentences, > e.washed sp MbEHY sum Glasses this morning. (wash up) = sone CUPS Of coffee today. (drink) vw letters since breakfast. (write) books this week. (read) Ailometres so far this year. (drive) v1 soosnonnom ferent houses in my life, (ive) ‘chocolates already today. (eat) We can use the present perfect to say how often things have happened up to now. That's 0 wonderful fm. 've seen it three times. Sally has only been to ireland once. We've often wanted to come and see you. We can use the present perfect to ask i things have happened up to now, or to say that they haven’t happened up to now.We often use ever and never PAST EERE in these sentences. Have you ever seen a ghost? () Now ‘She's never written to me, Has the boss phoned? ee “Nhe oH m We haven't been to Scotland this year. FORD NEVER FAA NEVER fA NEVER pd NEVER. INTO @ Make present perfect sentences. > 1 mever/ read / Shakespeare .!Y&.weve. read. Shakespeare > 1/ break / my arm / three times fe > Peter / pay / for his lessons ? tas Reter-pate ferns. essen. oe : 1 Joe / change / his job / twice this year you / ever / write / a poem ? 1 never / climb / a mountain . how often / she / ask / you for money ? 1/ often / try / to stop smoking Alex J phone / me / six times this week Chatles / speak J to you / today ? Mary / not / tell / me / her new address you J ever / break / yout leg ? 10 We / not / play / football / this year > For word order wit offer, neve et, se page 204 | | | |When we are talking about 2 finished period of time, we use the simple past to say how much happened ‘of how often things happened. Compare: | haven‘t done any work this afternoon. (Said in the afternoon.) | didn’t do any work this afternoon. (Said in the evening.) @ Read the sentences and circle the correct answers. > ‘A lot of people came to see me in haspital’ Was the speaker in hospital when he/she said this? Ayes (@No : 1 ‘Tdidn’t enjoy school.’ Was the speaker at,school when he/she said this? AYes BNo 2 ‘ve been toslep three times during the lesson.’ When did the speaker say this? A During the lesson _B After the lesson 3. ‘didn’t ravel much in December’ When did the speaker say this? ‘Aln December B Later 4 ‘My computer has crashed three times this morning.’ When did the speaker say this? Aln the moming B Later 5 “Joseph Adams macle many fiends during his life! Was Joseph Adams alive wheh the speaker said this? AYes BNo © Circle the correct answers. > Our team won [as wondtwo matches this year. 3. Carol stayed has stayed with us last week. > Our team @ has won two matches last year, 4 All my Ife I wanted / have wanted to fly a plane. 1 Did you ever g0 | Have you ever been to Wales? Thaven’t bought any clothes this year / last year. 2 Inever read have never read any of his books. 6 I worked very hard this week | last week. © Write three things that you didn’t do yesterday, and three things that you have never done. 1 Ididn't. yesterday. oo. : 4 Thave never @ crammar AND VOCABULARY: entertainments ‘Make sure you know all the words in the box. Use a dictionary if necessary. the cinema the circus the opera _the theatre a rock / Jazz / classical music concert a rock / jazz festival How often have you been to the different kinds of entertainment? Write sentences. Example: sntig Mee, Ide bern to. 0, rocks concert swviee tis. cars, DEREE-T TENSES 60already, yet and just We often use the present perfect with already (= ‘earlier than somebody expected’), Note the word order: already comes after have. ‘Newspaper?’ ‘No, thanks. I've already read it.’ You're ate. We've already started. @ complete the sentences with already and verbs from the box (present perfect). cook finish getup go /_ leave pay > Where's Pete?! He's size. Get... home,’ 3 ‘Can you wake Helen?’ ‘She : 4. ‘Shall 1 pay?! NO, Lunn sense’ “Lets ave fish.’ 2 ‘What time’s the train 5 ‘When's the film?’ It... ‘We also often use the present perfect with yet (= up to now’) in questions and negatives. Note the word order: yet usually comes at the end of a sentence. ‘Have you spoken to John yet?” ‘No, not yet. He hasn't come in yet.’ @ Make questions (ffl) and negatives (I) with yet. > my sister / phone ff .A8.my.sisterphaned, yet, > the postman / come The pastinsa,. nasi remve, Wel... 1 Bill / find a job EI 2 you / finish that book i 3 I / start work 4 you / have supper I. ‘And we often use the present perfect with just (= ‘a short time ago’). Just comes after have. ‘ve just come back from Spain. The rain has just stopped. @Do these tl (touch your ear) 1. (look atthe floor) 2 (think about your hone). 3. (move your feet) 4 (put your hand on your head) \gs, and then write sentences to say what you have just done. na ska @ itis eight o'clock in the morning. Look at the table and say what Ann has (not) done. Use Present perfect verbs with already, yet and jus. have a cup of coffee get dressed gy os do a lot of work v letters. | write letters three “mother. | telephone mother 187 Ms kitchen. clean kitchen MEWSPAPEE wovomenee | Yea Newspaper 5 cmon Some toast. | make toast 759 .. Tadio ... Listen to the radio a 60 DEREECT TENSESup to now (2) I’ve been here since Tuesday. ‘TUESDAY as Now. We use the present perfect, not the present, to say how long something has continued up to now. I’ve been here since Tuesday. (NOT-+am-here since Tuesday.) ‘ve known john for ten years. (NOT-+-know-fohn-forter-yecrs!) ‘We can say how long with since or for. ‘ We use since when: we give the beginning of the time (for example since Tuesday). We use for when we give the length of the time (for example for three days). I've been here since Tuesday. I've been here for three days. (NOT ...sinee-three-days) I’ve known Mary since 1980. I've known Mary for a very long time. ‘ve had this car since April. I've had this car for six months, @ Put in since or for. Le ssn IK WEEKS So yesterday eee aly 2 Sunday 6. breakfast time 10 .. last week 3 1996 7 alongtime 11 aday 4 ten years 8. five minutes 12 .- this morning @ How long have you known people? Write sentences. > te hnever. nia Swat ime. Saptari. 1 Yve known 2 Ye. 3. 4 @ How long have you had things? Write sentences. 1 tend hese. shoes tar six mons, 2 Ye had my 3 4 5 . since @ Make present perfect questions with How long > you /be/ in this country te > Mary / have / her job Hew. Lon 1 you / know / Mi 2 you /be/ a student 3. your brother / be / a doctor 4 Andrew / have / that dog 5 David and Elizabeth / be / together Be, know and have are non-progressive verbs (see page 28). With most other verbs, we use the present perfect progressive (see page 62) to say how long things have continued up to now. How long have you been waiting?up to now (3): present perfect progressive" Thave been working you have been working _he/she/it has been working etc hhave | been working? have you been working? has he/she/it been working? etc have not been working you have not been working etc For contractions (I've, he’, haven’t etc), see page 277. ‘We make the present perfect progressive with have/has been +..ing. We have been living here since April, John’s been working in the bank for three months. ‘We use the present perfect progressive (with most verbs) to say how long things have been continuing up to now. (For be, have and know, see page 61.) 1've been learning English for four years. I's been raining all day. Have you been veiting long? We've been travelling for six hours PAST ‘aH BWA BA TRL BARK NOW WLP @ Make present perfect progressive sentences. Use for or since (see page 61). > John started learning Chinese in February. Now it's July. (fo) elon 9s been lain, chinese, far. five. ntontls, > It started raining on Sunday. It’ still raining, (since) We beancraining sines sunday... 1. Mary started painting the house on Monday. Now it’s Friday. (for) 2. We started driving at six o'clock. Now it’s ten o' lock, (i) 3. Ann started working at Smiths in January, (since) 4 Joe started building boats when he was 20. Now he's 40. (for) 5 We started waiting for the bus at 8.30, (since) 6 Prices started going up last year. (since) @ Make questions beginning How long .. > you / study / maths Hew.long. have. yous bee 1 Jane / talk / on the phone 2. your brother / work / in Glasgow 3 Eric / drive / buses 4 that man / stand / outside 5 you / play / the piano © How long have you been learning English? Als called ‘present perfect continuous?\We don’t use present tenses to say how long things have been going on. They've been living here since 1998. (NoT Fhey-ere-iving-here-since 1998.) {ve been learning English for three years. (NOT #4r-learning-Engtish for-3-years.) @ Correct (/) or not (#)? > I'm waiting for her since this morning. 3. Sue has been talking on the phone all day. > I'm still waiting for her now. 4 Ihave been sitting in this office since 9.00. > I've been waiting for her for four hours. . —_§ ‘She's working here since 1998, 1 We have been driving for about six hours... 6 Are you studying hard these days? .. 2 How long are Ann and Peter working here? .. We often use the present perfect progressive when we say how we have been filing our time (up to now). We've been playing lot of tennis in the las few weeks. Sorry I haven't written to you ~ I've been travelling. ‘You look tired. ‘Yes, 've been working in the garden.’ © Look at the pictures and say what the people have been doing. Use the verbs in the box (present perfect progressive). play play swim teach travel ¥_ write > she. has. een travel the piano. sme football. _ letters.present perfect or present perfect progressive? We use the present perfect mostly for finished actions. We use the present perfect progressive mostly for unfinished actions continuing up to now (often when we say how long). PRESENT PERFECT: I have written ete PRESENT PERFECT PROGRESSIVE: / have been writing ete finished actions unfinished actions > now Mike has learnt how to cook spaghetti Jane has been learning Greek since August. ve written to John, s0 he knows everything The children have been writing leters all day. We use the present perfect to say how much or how often. Compare: We've travelled to nine countries this year. We've been travelling allthis year @ Circle the correct form. > How long have you leat /feen larity 4 How long have we driven | been diving now? the piano? 5 Have you ever read / been reading this book? > Look! | have Gaughty been buying a coat. 6 Hello! Ive waited / been waiting fr you for hours! 1 te has rained / been raining since Tuesday, 7 How long have you played / been playing tenis? 2 John has broken / been brenking bis leg 8 Hove many games have you played? | Been 3 He hasnt tla [been teling me his address. playing? ‘We don’t use the progressive with be, have (meaning ‘possess’, know and other non-progressive verbs (see page 28). I’ve been here since Tuesday. (NOT #ve-beer-being- How lang have you had your car? (NOT -Hew-long-have-you-been-having:..2) We've only known each other for two weeks, (NOT We've only-been- knowing.) @ Put in the present perfect or present perfect progressive. D1 havea... these shoes for a year. (have) 3 Ann .. ikiwe...2 wait) 4 John sown all day. (SNOW) § How long sw this dog for years. (have) Andrew? (know) all day. (work) I this week. (be) you We prefer the present perfect for very long, unchanging situations. Compare: He's been standing there for hours, The castle has stood on this hill for 900 years. @Circidthe best answer. (Both are correct, but one is more usual.) 1 We've lived / been living in London since January. 2 They've lived / een living in London all thet ives, 3. My father has worked / been working here for 47 years. 4 ve worked / been working here fortwo weeks. 64 PERFECT TENSESsimple past and present perfect: summary SIMPLE PAST: 1 worked/wrote/drove etc finished actions » finished actions, no connection with present My grandfather worked for a newspaper. | drove back from York last night. # with words for a finished time, like yesterday, in 1990, ago, then, when | saw Ann yesterday. (NOT Hhave-seen-Ann-yesigrday:) Bill phoned three days ago. When did you stop smoking? (NoT When-have-you-stopped-smoking?) « stories . ‘Aman walked into a café and sat dows at a table. The waiter asked 2 details (time, place ete) of news The cat has eaten your supper. She took it off the table, Bill has had an accident, He fell off his bicycle when he was going to work. (tts) presen peRr#ct: | have worked/witten/driven etc ‘Afinished actions « thinking about past and present together ve written to John, 50 he krows what's happening now. Jane has found my glasses, s0 I can see again = news plone has crashed at Heathrow airport, The Prime Minister has left fr Paris. © up to now: how much/many; how often Ive drunk six cups ofcofee today. My father has often tried to stop smoking. © up to now: things that haven't happened; questions; ever and never John hasn't phoned. Has Peter said anything to you? Have you ever seen a ghost? I've never sen one. « already, yet and just ‘Wheres Peter? ‘He's already gone home.’ Has the postman come yet? ‘Coffe? te just had some.’ © Nor with words for a finished time 1 saw Penny yesterday. She's getting marred. (NOT-+hewe-seen-Fenny yesterday) B unfinished actions continuing up to now (enly with be, have, know and other non-progressive verbs) ® to say how. long (often with since and for) How long have you been in this country? We've had our car for seven years. I've know jake since 1996, (NoT-+knew-fake-since- 1996.) ROG ee a eign aes unfinished actions continuing up to now (most verbs) = o'tey how fone Gtten With snes and fo) Hove you been waiting long? I've been learning Ena snc lost summer Vie've been driving fr tree hours =I tne for a rest DON'T use a present tense to say how long. Te been living here since January. (NOT-Hni-Hving-here since january) « to say how we have been fling our time up to now Sorry haven't written. Ive been travelling. "You ook ted, ’‘Yes, ve been woikng inthe garden,’ ¢ NOT USUALLY to talk about long, unchanging situations The cstle has stood on this il for 900 years PERFECT TENSES 65[REESE present perfect and simple past: revision exercises @ Put in the correct form (one word). DL to my brother yesterday (rt) §, WE won fOO- MUCH TS night. (eat) > Thave just tte... to my sister. (write) 6 John. __ off his bicycle yesterday. (fill) 1 The Lesson sro last week. (Deg) 7 Ym sony, ve _ your name. (forge) 2 You've wuss three cups today. (reak) 8 Tve “my address to the police. (sive) 3 ny nave youn me at? OME) 9 WE none Wha EY ‘wanted. (o0w) ‘my coffee? (drink) 10 Somebody has ... ‘my umbrella. (take) 4 Who bias @ Make questions (Ia) or negatives @ > She finished the book. fl lid fees She, boa > The rain has stopped, EI .ti8s-S 1 All those people went home. fl 2. Peter has told us everything. El 3 The postman has been. [A 44 Pat has been working all day. §§ Eric and Angela bought a new house, El. 6 Mary's boyfriend forgot her bisthday. Bd @ Make questions. > The letter arrived. (wher) > Somebody told he. (who) he. 1 Everybody has gone home, (Why) 2. Ann’s been learning Chinese. (How long) 3 George closed the door, (Why) msn =o 4 The people inthe big house have gone on holiday. (wee) ‘5. The President and his family visited Russia, (iter) fr Scotland (iow long) 6 Jan's father and mother have been taVellI0g 7 Something has happened. (what). @ somebody has just said these sentences. Read the questions and circle the correct answers. > Joe has found a new girlfriend.’ Has he got the sinfriend now? GS Peswars > rthen a cat came into the house.’ Is the cat in the house now? YES @3CBABLY NOD” yye made coffee. Is there coffee now? YES / PROBABLY NOT ‘0 Eric made soup.’ Is there soup stow? ves | DON'T KNOW Pet as started Japanese lessons! Is he taking lessons now? Yes / DON'T KNOW ‘ft and Bob opened a diving school.’ Is the schoo! stil running?” 85 J Don't KNOW | senate Pete lost his glasses.’ Has he got his glasses now? NO / DON'T KNOW ‘plan has gone to America, Is he there now? YES [ DON'T KNOW ‘We had a good time in Italy. Are they there now? ves / NO July has been a good month for business Is it stil july? ves / NO© Put in the verbs from the boxes (simple past or present perfect). notbe/ happen have lose not pass. spend Last year > WAs..00t...... a good year for Pete and Sonia. Pete 1 a car aceident and 2 ennmnemennee A month in Hospital, SONIA 3 onnnnnne her job, the children 4 their school exams, and a lot of other bad things s be buy change have open _pass, This year 6 . much better. Pete’? vue his job, and is making much more | MONEY, THEY 8 veunsmnnenn @ HW house, Sonia 9 soon a small restaurant, and it’s going | very well. They 10 vom baby. And the other children 11 all their exams this time, @ Put inthe simple past, present perfect or present perfect progressive > Where's the car? ‘Bill 805.2208 it, He AAA... it to go shopping.’ (take; need) > 1 eave, healt... tickets for the match. Do you want to come with me? (buy) > My grancifather ... to school in Ireland. (0) D How long AYE. unnunee YOU 06h. stoning, there? (stand) Flere my job’ “Why? ‘1 the hours.’ (change; not like) 2 “Look =I some money! "WhETE srw .- You (find; find) | 3) hain Serer eee hhis new watch. (already lose) 4 The company swsnsoueninonn & Jot of money last eat, (10s) s ANGEOW sssnsnnsnsn 6 ee since Sunday. (now) 7 You can have the newspaper [nun sone ts (finish) B Lan : ‘mathematics from 1996 to 1998. (study) 9 “You're looking happy.” Yes, I rurnsnoninnsnsnennnnnne MAY EXAM! (Pass) 10 HOW 100g sueueun you se .» Mary? (know) on you ever seen & poetn? (write) 12 We for the electrician all day yesterday, (wait) 13. "Where's Robert?! ‘He out.’ (just go) 14 'Do you like skiing?” ‘1 it! (not by) 15 That child . chocolate all day, (eat) | | to the boss yet? (speak) | @ Circle the correct answers. 1 > know (Giave knowitAdrian for a very long time - we ' ‘are / have been friends since our first day at school, thirty years 2 ago / before / since, He 3 came / has come round to see ‘me last night to ask for my advice. His company « did | has Deen doing very well for the last few years, and they s opened 1 have opened several new offices. They 6 just asked / have just asked Adrian to move to Scotland, to sun an office there. He 7 didn't decide | hasn’t decided what to do yet. He doesn't really want to move: he 6 never lived / has never lived outside Manchester, and he 9 bought / has bought a new house there Jast year. But the new job would be interesting, and very ‘well paid, We 10 talked / have talked / have been talking about itor a tong time last night, but of course I couldn’t tell him what to do.past perfect It had already begun when we arrived. Thadseen you had seen _he/she/t had seen ee heatseen? had you seen? had he/she/t seen? Iiddnot seen youhad nat seen he/she had not Seen eX | hed net es you'd ete; hadn't ‘Contractions: Id, ‘fo make the past perfect put had with the past participle (ser, lst etc). (or iregular past participles, see page 275.) She didn’t phone Alan because she'd Tost is number, fe was @ film that | hadn't seen before. @ Mate past perfect sentences. yr eoutdt get in because 104. Lert nu my Keys finger El > Ann wasn’t at home. Where 28am SHE ween OE 2 (go) % Ann prone wasn't working because We ARERR yon the PPO =» 1 The woman told me that she in-China a few yeas before. (Or EB 2 Beenpting in the gacden was brown because ven (ait) 3 The bathroom vas full of wate. What sn > (happen 4 [knew I..... _. that man somewhere before. (see Ea) We vere suspased to see Mark, BECAUSE WE pis letter. (get Bi 2 be) ‘After three days the dogs came back home, Where 7 ‘They gave me some money back because Tw 8 There was nothing in the fridge, I could see that Peter ‘too much. (pay I) ' the shopping. (do Ei We use the past perfect when we are already talking about the Past, ‘and want to talk about an earlier past time. a ran was ote, and we rar, to the cinema. But the film hed okeady begun. ese com 1 got out ofthe car and went into the school. It was mb. Everybody had gone home. teas ad that I had caught the cary bus. Anno wondered if anyone had told Jim. We couldn't understand why Sue hadnt locked the door @ circle the correct answers, > Girt reoghlsD/ hadn't recognised Helen, because she cit bad exer baie very short P No on tnferstood | ad understood bose the cat got / had gt Into We 2 Joe adn’ play J hadn't played in he game on Saturday because the nut / Fad Murti act. 3 When | looked | had looked in all my pockets for my Keys, 1 started | had started to get VEY worried, 4 Liz never travelled { load never travel '$ Larrved | had arrived at the shop at 5.30, & Laidn’t have / hadn't had much money after paid sted by train before she went / had gone to Europe. but it already closed / had already closed. {had paid all my bills last week.© Put in the simple past or the past perfect. > Bill idnét sel. anybody how he .s44.9¢t.... into the house. (not tell get) > Emma wet, to France last week, Before that, she .@¢. never .b¢et... outside Ireland. (0; be) 1 When thetr mother su. home, the children .- all the sweets. (ge; eat) 2. Yesterday 1 a man who .. at school with my grandmother. (meet; be) 3 Tt ernnmne t0 Fain, and Tn that 1 my window, (start; remember; not close) 41 ..-@ letter on my desk that I eVEE ns (find; open) 8 Tonnes Bob I couldn't go to the theatre, but he Sinn already . the tickets. (tell; buy) We use the past perfect after whem to show that something is completely finished. When I had watered all the flowers, | sat down and had a cool drink. When Susan had done her shopping, she went to vst her sister, @ Make sentences using the past perfect after when. > Jan finished her dinner. Then she sat down to watch TY. ‘When ie had, § a > David phoned his girlfriend. Before that he did his plano practice. avid plowed hs abrfiiend when. he had dove hs plane. 1 George ate all the chocolate biscuits. Then he started eating the lemon ones 2 1 tuned off the lights in the office. Then I locked the door and left. 3 I borrowed Karen’s newspaper. Before that she read it. 4 Mark had a long hot shower, Before that he did his exercises. 5 Barry phoned his mother with the good news. Then he went to bed.test yourself perfect tenses @ Put in the past participles. G0 DAME. break bring come dink eat forget give eave make .., stand stay... stop take think . ty @ Make affirmative (G3) sentences, questions (@) or negatives (g > She has not studied French. (Russian fg) She Mas studied rusei > Iehasn't snowed today. (rained ws, ras > They've been to Greece. (Turkey Bj) Hey. 1 We've been swimming. (walking 9)... 2 They haven't written. (phoned ff) .. 3 Thad seen her before. (spoken to I). 4 She hasn't been to New York. (Chicago 5 He hasn’t bought a motorbike. (car 9) 6 She's been studying German. (Htalian I @ Circle the correct answers. > Have you saw (Geen)this film before? 1 Our football team lost / has lst al its games this year. It lost / has lost all its games last yea too. 2. Did you ever drive | Have you evr driven a bus? 3. My brother speaks good English, but he has never had / never had lessons. 4 Dil you see | Have you seen Paul yesterday ‘No, but he just phoned | has just phoned! 5 Have you done the shopping yet / yesterday ? 6 Istarted this job for eight weeks / eight weeks ago / ago eight weeks. 7 Im / Yve been in this school for | since five years. 8 "What time does the lesson start?” ‘Its already started.’ / It already started.’ Circle the correct answers. 1 We know | We've known / We've been knowing John and Andy for since yeas, 2 I work | I'm working / Pve been working here since-last-summen,-——-—— 3 ‘Good news! John passed / has passed his exam.’ ‘Has he got | Did he get good marks?” 4 ‘Mary went / has gone to London.’ "When did she leave? | has she let? $ This house has stood / been standing here for 500 years Put in the simple past or past perfect, 1 When 1. him, 1 1 hhim before. (se; know; meet) that 2 He srs €MOUGh Money for food because he 80 many clothes. (not have; buy) 3 The meeting. - when I. (already start; arive) 4 The car — to put oil in. (break; forget) 5 Tom down because 1 -»» Mary for the frst time thirty years ago. (meet) [Bl Move autscute questions 70 PERFECT TENSES