Filters Only
Filters Only
Filters Only
Vo = A Vin
A typical op-amp has very high gain, very high input
impedance (Zin is in the range of M ) and very low
output impedance (Zout is less than 100 ).
Below is a simple block diagram of an op-amp. The
differential amplifier takes two inputs and amplifies
the difference, the gain stage contains many
amplification stages to achieve high gain of the op-amp
and the output stage (a class B amplifier) provides high
current gain with low output impedance.
To analyze circuits using op-amps, the ideal op-amps are used
to simplify the process. Some characteristics of the ideal op-
amp are:
Inverting Amplifier:
The inverting amplifier is an important op-amp
circuit.
The inverting amplifier uses negative feedback to
stabilize the overall voltage gain of the amplifier
because the open-loop gain of the op-amp is too
high and the circuit will be unstable to be used
without some forms of feedback.
The circuit is analyzed as below using the ideal op-
amp characteristics.
The plot of the inverting amplifier gain versus
frequency is shown below. The op-amp has an open
loop gain, A(OL), and an open loop cutoff frequency
f2(OL). For the feedback configuration, the amplifier has
a close loop gain, A(CL), and a close loop frequency
f2(CL). When the gain is 0dB (i.e., gain=1=unity), the
amplifier has a frequency f (unity).
Differential Amplifiers
A differential amplifier is a dual input amplifier that amplifies
the difference between two signals, such that the output is the
gain multiplied by the magnitude of the difference between
the two signals. One signal is fed to the negative input of the
op-amp and the other signal is fed to the positive input of the
op-amp. Hence the signals are subtracted before being
amplified. Figure below shows a basic differential voltage
amplifier. The output voltage is given by
Passive Active
Response of the band-pass RC filter as
a function of the frequency
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