© 2018 IJSRSET | Volume 4 | Issue 1 | Print ISSN: 2395-1990 | Online ISSN : 2394-4099

Themed Section : Engineering and Technology

Harmonic Mitigation using D-STATCOM with Renewable

Energy Sources for improved Power Quality using Intelligent
Controller
Dr. N. Samba Siva Rao1, Mochi Lavanya Devi Bai2
1Professor Department of Electrical & Electronics Engineering, NRI Institute of Technology, Agiripalli, Andhra

Pradesh, India
2PG Scholar Department of Electrical & Electronics Engineering, NRI Institute of Technology, Agiripalli,
Andhra Pradesh, India
ABSTRACT

In this paper, distribution static compensator is used to compensate the source currents which are affected by
the harmonics due to unbalanced and non-linear loads. Here a PV based inverter is used as a shunt active
power filter to mitigate the current harmonics. The theory of unit vector control is used to generate the three
phase reference currents. Hysteresis current controller (HCC) is used to generate the switching pulses for the
gate drives of the grid interfacing inverter. The inverter act as a shunt active power filters to inject the
compensated current to the system. The total harmonic distortion (THDs) of the source currents are reduced by
using D-STATCOM. The THDs of the distribution system with and without are compared. Further the paper
discuss about Fuzzy logic controller and impact of controller on power quality. By replacing PI with Fuzzy we
can compare the THD of source current and observed that fuzzy is having better performance than PI. The
whole work is been done in MATLAB/SIMULINK.
Keywords: Diesel Generator, D-STATCOM, MPPT, Power Quality, hysteresis current controller (HCC), total
harmonic distortion (THD), Wind Generating System (WGS).

I. INTRODUCTION much smaller scale, the temperature between land

and sea or between mountains. Wind energy is not a
Renewable Energy Sources are those energy sources constant source of energy [2].It varies continuously
which are not destroyed when their energy is and gives energy in sudden bursts.
harnessed. Human use of renewable energy requires
technologies that harness natural phenomena, such as Recently, wind power generation has attracted special
sunlight, wind, waves, water flow, and biological interest, and many wind power stations are in service
processes such as anaerobic digestion, biological throughout the world. In wind power stations,
hydrogen production and geothermal heat. Amongst induction machines are often used as generators, but
the above mentioned sources of energy there has been the development of new permanent magnet
a lot of development in the technology for harnessing generators, the improvement of the AC-DC-AC
energy from the wind. Wind is the motion of air conversion and its advantages for output power
masses produced by the irregular heating of the quality make other solutions possible [3].A recent
earth’s surface by sun [1]. These differences solution is to use a permanent magnet synchronous
consequently create forces that push air masses
around for balancing the global temperature or, on a

IJSRSET1841142 | Received : 12 January 2018 | Accepted : 29 January 2018 | January-February-2018 [(4) 1 : 610-618] 610
 generator with variable speed and a conversion stage, factors for ensuring customer loyalty in this very
which is studied in this paper. competitive and deregulated market [7]. To address
the needs of energy consumers trying to improve
Most of the more important international standards productivity through the reduction of power quality
define power quality as the physical characteristics of related process stoppages and energy suppliers trying
the electrical supply provided under normal operating to maximize operating profits while keeping
conditions that do not disrupt or disturb the customers satisfied with supply quality, innovative
customer’s processes. Therefore, a power quality technology provides the key to cost-effective power
problem exists if any voltage, current or frequency quality enhancements solutions [8]. However, with
deviation results in a failure or in a bad operation of the various power quality solutions available, the
customer’s equipment. However, it is important to obvious question for a consumer or utility facing a
notice that the quality of power supply implies particular power quality problem is which equipment
basically voltage quality and supply reliability. provides the better solution [9].
Voltage quality problems relate to any failure of
equipment due to deviations of the line voltage from II. PRINCIPLE OF D-STATCOM
its nominal characteristics, and the supply reliability
is characterized by its adequacy (ability to supply the A D-STATCOM is a controlled reactive source, which
load), security (ability to withstand sudden includes a Voltage Source Converter and a DC link
disturbances such as system faults) and availability capacitor connected in shunt, capable of generating
(focusing especially on long interruptions) [4-5]. and/or absorbing reactive power. The operating
principles of DSTATCOM are based on the exact
Power quality problems are common in most of equivalence of the conventional rotating synchronous
commercial, industrial and utility networks. Natural compensator.
phenomena, such as lightning are the most frequent
cause of power quality problems. Switching
phenomena resulting in oscillatory transients in the
electrical supply, for example when capacitors are
switched, also contribute substantially to power
quality disturbances. Also, the connection of high
power non-linear loads contributes to the generation
of current and voltage harmonic components.

Figure 1.Circuit Diagram of D-STATCOM

Between the different voltage disturbances that can
be produced, the most significant and critical power
The AC terminals of the VSC are connected to the
quality problems are voltage sags due to the high
Point of Common Coupling (PCC) through an
economical losses that can be generated. Short term
inductance, which could be a filter inductance or the
voltage drops (sags) can trip electrical drives or more
leakage inductance of the coupling transformer, as
sensitive equipment, leading to costly interruptions of
shown in Figure 1.The DC side of the converter is
production [6] .For all these reasons, from the
connected to a DC capacitor, which carries the input
consumer point of view, power quality issues will
ripple current of the converter and is the main
become an increasingly important factor to consider
reactive energy storage element. This capacitor could
in order to satisfy good productivity. On the other
be charged by a battery source, or could be recharged
hand, for the electrical supply industry, the quality of
by the converter itself. If the output voltage of the
power delivered will be one of the distinguishing

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 VSC is equal to the AC terminal voltage, no reactive B. Voltage Source Current Controlled Interfacing
power is delivered to the system. If the output voltage Inverter
is greater than the AC terminal voltage, the A voltage source current inverter is a power
DSTATCOM is in the capacitive mode of operation electronic device which is connected in shunt with
and vice versa. The quantity of reactive power flow is the system. The function of this inverter is to convert
proportional to the difference in the two voltages. For the dc voltage into a balanced three phase ac voltage.
a DSTATCOM used for voltage regulation at the PCC, If the inverter output voltage is greater than the
the compensation should be such that the supply existing system voltage then the inverter acts in
currents should lead the supply voltages; whereas, for capacitive mode. The switching device used in this
power factor Correction, the supply current should be voltage source inverter is an IGBT.
in phase with the supply voltages. The control
strategies studied in this paper are applied with a view C. Control Technique for Grid Interfacing Inverter as
to studying the performance of a D-STATCOM for Shunt Active power filter
power factor correction and harmonic mitigation. The turn ON and turn OFF instants of the inverter
switches should be such that the load and the
III. SYSTEM DESCRIPTION connected RES could be appeared as a balanced load
to the system. For this type of control, we need to
The above system consists of a photovoltaic cell as a monitor the output of dc link capacitor continuously
RES connected to the dc-link of a grid interfacing and is compared with the reference voltage Vdc*. The
inverter as shown in Figure 2. The voltage source difference between the reference and actual voltages
inverter (VSI) interfaces the renewable energy source will go through a voltage regulator, whose final
to the grid and delivers the generated power. output gives an active current component 1m. By
multiplying this peak value (1m) with three unit sine
vectors (Ua, Uh and Uc) which are in phase with the
three source voltages will generate the reference
current (la*, Ib* and Ic*). The reference grid neutral
current (In*) is set to zero being the instantaneous
sum of balanced grid currents. The synchronizing
angle (9) obtained from phase locked loop (PLL) [I] is
used to generate unity vector template as

(1)

(2)
Figure 2. Schematic diagram of renewable based
distribution system.
(3)

A. Photovoltaic Energy Panel

PV cell is an energy conversion device, which is used
to convert the solar energy into an electrical energy
and the amount of electrical energy produced
depends upon solar irradiation and temperature.

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 Figure 3. Block diagram of grid interfacing inverter Figure 4. Waveform of Hysteresis Current Control.
control.
An error signal laerr is used to control the switches in a
The reference grid currents of the three phase system voltage source inverter. The difference between the
is given as desired current la' and the current being injected by
the inverter la is taken as error. If the error exceeds
(4) the upper limit of the band, the upper switch of the
inverter is turned OFF and the lower switch is turned
(5) ON, which implies that the current starts decreasing.

(6) If the error crosses the lower limit of the band, the
The neutral current is taken as lower switch of the inverter is turned OFF and the
upper switch is turned ON, which implies that the
(7) current starts increasing and gets back into the band.
The reference grid currents (l , I and I ) are
a* b* c* The upper and maximum values of the error signal are
compared with actual grid currents (la, ,Ib and Ic) to emin and emax respectively. The range of the error signal
compute the current error as is emax - emin directly controls the amount of ripple
content in the current output from VSI.
(8)
IV. HYSTERESIS CURRENT CONTROL
(9)

(10) Hysteresis band PWM control is basically an

D. Hysteresis Current Control instantaneous feedback current control method of
In this work, the hysteresis current control operation PWM, where the actual current continuously tracks
is used to control the operation of the VSI. The gate the command current within a hysteresis band. A
control signals for the grid interfacing inverter to act reference sine wave current wave is compared with
as a shunt active filter for compensating current the actual phase current wave. When the current
harmonics is given by hysteresis current control exceeds a prescribed hysteresis band, the upper
signals. switch in the inverter bridge is turned off and the
lower switch is turned on, and the current starts to
decay. As the current crosses the lower band limit,
the lower switch is turned off and the upper switch is
turned on. The actual current is forced to track the
sine reference within the hysteresis band by back and

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 forth (or bang-bang) switching of the upper and  No fixed PWM frequency: The hysteresis
lower switches. The inverter then essentially becomes controller generates involuntary lower sub
a current source with peak-to-peak current ripple, harmonics.
which is controlled within the hysteresis band, which  •The current error is not strictly limited. The
makes the source current to be sinusoidal. signal may leave the hysteresis band caused by
the voltage of the other two phases.
The switching logic is realized by three hysteresis  •Usually, there is no interaction between the
controllers, one for each phase (figure.5). The three phases: No strategy to generate zero-
hysteresis PWM current control, also known as voltage phasors.
“bang-bang “control, is done in the three phases  •Increased switching frequency (losses)
separately. Each controller determines the switching - especially at lower modulation or motor speed.
state of one inverter half-bridge in such a way that  •Phase lag of the fundamental current
the corresponding current is maintained within a (increasing with the frequency).
hysteresis band.
Hysteresis current control is used for operation at
higher switching frequency, as this compensates for
their inferior quality of modulation. The switching
losses restrict its application to lower power levels.
Due to the independence of motor parameters,
hysteresis current control is often preferred for
stepper motors and other variable-reluctance motors.
A carrier-based modulation technique, as described in
the next subsection, eliminates the basic shortcomings
of the hysteresis PWM controller. However, when
Figure 5. Hysteresis PWM Current Control and being compared to the hysteresis PWM, an additional
Switching Logic. current control loop, calculating the reference
voltages, is required when subsequent modulation
To increase a phase current, the affiliated phase to schemes are applied to high-performance motion
neutral voltage is equal to the half dc bus voltage until control systems.
the upper band-range is reached. Then, the negative
dc bus voltage -½Udc applied as long as the lower V. WIND ENERGY BASED SYSTEM
limit is reached &c. More complicated hysteresis
PWM current control techniques also exist in practice, Wind is abundant almost in any part of the world. Its
e.g. adaptive hysteresis current vector control is based existence in nature caused by uneven heating on the
on controlling the current phasor in a α/β -reference surface of the earth as well as the earth’s rotation
frame. These modified techniques take care especially means that the wind resources will always be
for the interaction of the three phases. Obviously, the available. The conventional ways of generating
dynamic performance of such an approach is electricity using non renewable resources such as
excellent since the maximum voltage is applied until coal, natural gas, oil and so on, have great impacts on
the current error is within predetermined boundaries the environment as it contributes vast quantities of
(bang-bang control). Due to the elimination of an carbon dioxide to the earth’s atmosphere which in
additional current controller, the motor parameter turn will cause the temperature of the earth’s surface
dependence is vastly reduced. However, there are to increase, known as the green house effect. Hence,
some inherent drawbacks. with the advances in science and technology, ways of

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 generating electricity using renewable energy controller. This makes it easier to mechanize tasks
resources such as the wind are developed. Nowadays, that are already successfully performed by humans.
the cost of wind power that is connected to the grid is
as cheap as the cost of generating electricity using
coal and oil. Thus, the increasing popularity of green
electricity means the demand of electricity produced
by using non renewable energy is also increased
accordingly.

Figure 6. Structure of a typical wind energy system.

The major components of a typical wind energy

conversion system include a wind turbine, generator, VI. MATLAB/SIMULATION RESULTS
interconnection apparatus and control systems, as
shown in Figure 6. Wind turbines can be classified A. Balanced Nonlinear Load
into the vertical axis type and the horizontal axis type.
Most modern wind turbines use a horizontal axis
configuration with two or three blades, operating
either down-wind or up-wind. A wind turbine can
be designed for a constant speed or variable speed
operation generator is coupled to the rotor of a wind
turbine directly, offers high reliability, low
maintenance, and possibly low cost for certain
turbines , power electronic converters to provide a
fixed frequency and fixed voltage power to their loads.
Figure 7. Matlab/Simulink Model of balanced non-
linear load.
Fuzzy logic is widely used in machine control. The
term "fuzzy" refers to the fact that the logic involved
can deal with concepts that cannot be expressed as
the "true" or "false" but rather as "partially true".
Although alternative approaches such as genetic
algorithms and neural networks can perform just as
well as fuzzy logic in many cases, fuzzy logic has the
advantage that the solution to the problem can be cast Figure 8. Simulation results of Balanced Non-linear
in terms that human operators can understand, so that Load Source current, Load current, Inverter current
their experience can be used in the design of the and source voltage.

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 Figure 9. source voltage and current.
Figure 13. Simulation results of unbalanced Non-
linear Load Source current, Load current, Inverter
current and source voltage.

Figure 10. THD of source current before

compensation.
Figure 14. source voltage and current.

Figure 11. THD of source current after compensation.

B. Unbalanced Non-linear Load Figure 15. THD of source current before

compensation.

Figure 12. Matlab/Simulink Model of unbalanced

non-linear load.
Figure 16. THD of source current after compensation.
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 load conditions. The power quality problems like
current harmonics, current unbalance due to
B. Unbalanced Non-linear Load with fuzzy logic unbalanced and non linear load connected to the PCC
controller: is compensated effectively by using shunt active
power filter (APF). The hysteresis current controller
is used to generate the switching pulses for the gate
drives of grid interfacing inverter. The proposed
scheme is superior compared to the other
conventional controller technique in terms of energy
saving and dynamic performance. The PQ theory
control with hysteresis loss current control algorithm
based D-STATCOM has the ability for good
compensation characteristics. By using this
compensation strategy the THD (Total Harmonics
Distortion) is reduced. Fuzzy logic controller gives
Figure 17. Simulation results of unbalanced Non-
better quality than conventional pi controller and
linear Load Source current, Load current, Inverter
THD is reduced.
current and source voltage.

VIII. REFERENCES

[1]. K. Bala Nikilesh, P. Nageswara Rao' Harmonic

Compensation using D-STATCOM in
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