SIR VISHVESHWARAIAH INSTITUTE OF SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY

Approved by AICTE, New Delhi & Affiliated to JNTUA,Ananthapuramu

Madanapalle – 517 325, Chittoor Dt., A.P.

DEPAERTMENT OF ELECTRICAL AND ELECTRONICS ENGINEERING
Academic Year: 2020-21 [Even Semester]

Course Name: Engineering Electromagnetics(19A02402)

Year & Semester : II Year EEE II Semester
Course Instructor : Mr. P. Reddaiah

QUESTION BANK WITH ANSWERS (2 MARKS)

1.What is potential gradient?

Ans: The rate of change of potential with respect to the distance is called “potential
gradient”. In other words, it represents the slope along which potential is
changing.Potential - The potential between 2 points can be defined as the
difference between the electric potential energies between the 2 points.
2.Write any four applications of Poisson’s and Laplace’s equations.
Ans: Poisson’s and laplace’s equations are useful for determining the electrostatic
potential V in regions whose boundaries are known.
When the region of interest contains charges poissons equation can be used to find
the potential. When the region is free from charge laplace equation is used to find
the potential.

3.Discuss about conductors & insulators.

S.No Conductors Insulators

1. conductor allows current to Insulators don’t allow current to flow
flow easily through it. through it.
2. Electric charge exists on the Electric charges are absent in insulator.
surface of conductors
3. Conductors don’t store Insulators store energy when kept in a
energy when kept in a magnetic field
magnetic field
4. Thermal conductivity ( heat Thermal conductivity of an insulator is
allowance) of a conductor is very low
very high
5. The resistance of a The resistance of insulator is very high
conductor is very low
6. Copper, Aluminium, and Wood, paper and ceramic are some
Mercury are some insulators
conductors
7. Conductors are used in Insulators are used in insulating
making electrical equipment. electrical equipment for safety purpos
4.Describe briefly about the Ohm’s law in point form.
Ans:The current density J at any point inside the conductor is directly
proportional to the electric field E at that point known as Ohm's law.
It shows that the constant proportionality relating to the potential difference to the
current is called the resistance .

Ohm's law in point form in field theory can be

expressed as J = σE

5.Define Electrostatics.
Ans: Electrostatics, the study of electromagnetic phenomena that occur when there
are no moving charges—i.e., after a static equilibrium has been established.
Charges reach their equilibrium positions rapidly, because the electric force is
extremely strong.

6.What is magnetic dipole and dipole moment?

Ans: A vector quantity associated with the magnetic properties of electric current
loops or, more generally, magnets. It is equal to the amount of current flowing
through the loop multiplied by the area encompassed by the loop, and its direction
is established by the right hand rule for rotations.

7.Describe the right hand screw rule.

Ans:The right hand rule states that: to determine the direction of the magnetic
force on a positive moving charge, point your right thumb in the direction of the
velocity (v), your index finger in the direction of the magnetic field (B), and your
middle finger will point in the direction of the the resulting magnetic force (F).
Negative charges will be affected by a force in the opposite direction.
he right-hand screw rule, also known as corkscrew rule, associates the direction of
an electric current with the direction of the magnetic force lines circling the
current,

8.Describe about mutual inductance.

Ans: Mutual induction is defined as the property of the coils that enables it to
oppose the changes in the current in another coil. With a change in the current of
one coil, the flow changes too thus inducing EMF in the other coil. This
phenomenon is known as mutual induction.

9.Define vector magnetic potential.

Ans: The Vector magnetic potential is defined as ,whose curl of it’s gives magnetic
flux density B.
B = ∇ × A.
Where A = Vector magnetic potential Wb/M

10.Write short notes on skin depth.

Ans: When an AC current is applied to a conductor, the current concentrates near
the surface of the conductor and its strength decreases as you go towards the
center of the conductor. The depth till which current flows in a conductor is called
as Skin Depth.

The Skin Depth is dependent on the frequency of the current/signal and the
resistivity of the material. It inversely proportional to the frequency and directly
proportional to the resistivity.
The Skin Depth can be calculated using the following formula:

11.What is statically induced EMF?

Ans: The emf which is generated when the conductor is stationary This type of
EMF is generated by keeping the coil and the magnetic field system, stationary at
the same time; that means the change in flux linking with the coil takes place
without either moving the conductor (coil) or the field system.

12.Define dipole and write the torque equation due to dipole.

Ans:An electric dipole is defined as a couple of opposite charges q and –q separated
by a distance d. By default, the direction of electric dipoles in space is always from
negative charge -q to positive charge q. The midpoint q and –q is called the centre
of the dipole. The simplest example of an electric dipole is a pair of electric
charges of two opposite signs and equal magnitude separated by distance.

13.Define electrified intensity and develop relationship with force and

charge.
Ans:The electric field intensity at a point is the force experienced by a unit positive
charge placed at that point. Electric Field Intensity is a vector quantity. It is
denoted by 'E'. Formula: Electric Field = F/q.

14.Define polarization.
Ans: The dipole moment per unit volume is called polarization.
Polarization occurs when an electric field distorts the negative cloud of electrons
around positive atomic nuclei in a direction opposite the field. This slight
separation of charge makes one side of the atom somewhat positive and the
opposite side somewhat negative.

15.Describe about energy density in a static electric field.

Ans: the energy stored per unit volume is called energy density in the electric field.
Energy Density is defined as the total amount of energy in a system per unit
volume. Regarding electromagnetic waves, both magnetic and electric field are
equally involved in contributing to energy density. Therefore, the formula of energy
density is the sum of the energy density of the electric and magnetic field.

16.Define magnetic flux and magnetic flux density.

Ans: Magnetic flux is a measurement of the total magnetic field which passes
through a given area. It is a useful tool for helping describe the effects of the
magnetic force on something occupying a given area. The measurement of
magnetic flux is tied to the particular area chosen.

Magnetic Flux Density is amount of magnetic flux through unit area taken
perpendicular to direction of magnetic flux. Flux Density (B) is related to Magnetic
Field (H) by B=μH. It is measured in Webers per square meter equivalent to Teslas
[T].

17.Write the statement of Stoke’s theorem.

Ans: Stoke’s theorem statement is “the surface integral of the curl of a function over
the surface bounded by a closed surface will be equal to the line integral of the
particular vector function around it.”
Stokes theorem gives a relation between line integrals and surface integrals.

18.Define scalar magnetic potential.

Ans: Scalar magnetic potential is analogous to scalar potential in electric fields (i.e.
voltage). The magnetic field vector is the negative gradient of scalar magnetic
potential, just as the electric field vector is the negative gradient of electrostatic
potential.

19.What is toroid?
Ans: A toroid is shaped like a solenoid bent into a circular shape such as to close
itself into a loop-like structure. The toroid is a hollow circular ring, as can be seen
in the image shown below, with many turns of enameled wire, closely wound with
negligible spacing between any two turns.

20.Write short notes on intrinsic impedance.

Ans: Intrinsic Impedance refers to the impedance of a plane TEM (Transverse
Electro-Magnetic wave) travelling through a homogeneous medium. The impedance
of the wave everywhere in space is equal to the intrinsic impedance. It can also be
defined as the ratio of the electric field to the magnetic flux density.

The intrinsic impedance of the free space is the ratio of the permittivity to the
permeability. For air medium, the value is 120π or 377 ohm.

21.What is dynamically induced EMF?

Ans: Dynamically induced emf means an emf induced in a conductor when the
conductor moves across a magnetic field. The Figure shows when a conductor
“A”with the length “L” moves across a “B” wb/m2.

22.State Gauss’s law.

Ans: Gauss's law states that the electric flux through any closed surface is equal to
the net charge enclosed by the surface divided by permittivity of vacuum. i.e ϕ=ϵ0
Qen

23.Distinguish between electric dipole and dipole moment.

Ans: An electric dipole is defined as a couple of opposite charges q and –q
separated by a distance d. By default, the direction of electric dipoles in space is
always from negative charge -q to positive charge q. The midpoint q and –q is called
the centre of the dipole. The simplest example of an electric dipole is a pair
of electric charges of two opposite signs and equal magnitude separated by
distance.

Dipole moment is defined as the product of the distance separating charges of

equal magnitude and opposite sign, with the magnitude of the charges. Molecules
having zero dipole moment are said to be non polar molecules.
24.Why there is no electric field inside a conductor?
Ans: Electric field is zero inside a charged conductor. For a charged conductor, the
charges will lie on the surface of the conductor.So, there will not be any charges
inside the conductor. When there is no charge there will not be electric field.

25.Write the expression for ohm’s law in point form.

Ans: The current density J at any point inside the conductor is directly
proportional to the electric field E at that point known as Ohm's law , which shows
that the constant proportionality relating to the potential difference to the current
is called the resistance .
Ohm's law in point form in field theory can be expressed as J = σE

26.State Biot-Savart law.

Ans: The Biot-Savart law states how the value of the magnetic field at a specific
point in space from one short segment of current-carrying conductor depends on
each factor that influences the field.

27.Write the expression for Lorentz force equation.

Ans: Lorentz force, the force exerted on a charged particle q moving with velocity v
through an electric field E and magnetic field B. The entire electromagnetic force F
on the charged particle is called the Lorentz force equation.
and is given by F = qE + qv × B.

28.Write the vector Poisson’s equation.

Ans: the vector Poisson’s equation is

29.Differentiate between self and mutual inductances.

Ans: The difference between Self and Mutual Inductance are

Self induction Mutual induction

Self inductance is the

Mutual inductance is the
characteristic of the coil
characteristic of a pair of coils.
itself.

The induced current The induced current developed in

opposes the decay of the neighboring coil opposes the
current in the coil when decay of the current in the coil
the main current in the when the main current in the coil
coil decreases. decreases.

The induced current The induced current developed in

opposes the growth of the neighboring coil opposes the
current in the coil when growth of current in the coil when
the main current in the the main current in the coil
coil increases. increases.

30.Define displacement current.

Ans: Displacement current is the rate of change of electric displacement field. You
can understand it well when explained through Maxwell’s Equation.
The equation for displacement current is given by,

ID = JDS = S (∂D/∂t)

31.State the significance of Poynting theorem.

Ans: The Poynting vector S describes the energy flow associated with an
electromagnetic wave. The direction of g is along the direction of propagation and
the magnitude of S is the rate at which electromagnetic energy crosses a unit
surface area perpendicular to the direction of S .

The Poynting vector, S = E×H, represents the rate of flow of electromagnetic energy
per unit area per unit time.

32. State Coulomb’s law.

Ans: Coulomb's law states that "The magnitude of the electrostatic force of
attraction or repulsion between two point charges is directly proportional to the
product of the magnitudes of charges and inversely proportional to the square of
the distance between them.

33.Write the expression for Laplace’s and Poisson’s equations.

Ans: Laplace's equation follows from Poisson's equation in the region where there
is no charge density ρ = 0. ... But Poisson's equation ∇2V = −ρ/ǫ0 < 0 gives
negative sign indicating maximum of V . • For an assemble of negative charge ρ < 0
to be stable, it must be at maximum of potential i.e. ∇2V < 0.

34.Define polarization.
Ans: The dipole moment per unit volume is called polarization.
Polarization occurs when an electric field distorts the negative cloud of electrons
around positive atomic nuclei in a direction opposite the field. This slight
separation of charge makes one side of the atom somewhat positive and the
opposite side somewhat negative.

35.Write the expression for capacitance of a parallel plate capacitor.

Ans:The expression for capacitance of a parallel plate capacitor C=ϵoA/d.

36.State Ampere’s circuital law and list its applications.

Ans: The ampere's law definition states that ‘the line integral of a magnetic field
intensity along a closed path is equal to the current distribution passing through
that loop’.

The Applications of Ampere’s circuital law are :1.MFI due to 1.solenoid 2.Straight
wire 3.Thick wire

37.Distinguish between magnetic dipole and dipole moment.

Ans: A vector quantity associated with the magnetic properties of electric current
loops or, more generally, magnets. It is equal to the amount of current flowing
through the loop multiplied by the area encompassed by the loop, and its direction
is established by the right hand rule for rotations.
Magnetic dipole moment defined as a vector linking the aligning torque on the
object from an outside applied a magnetic field to the field vector itself. The
relationship is written by

tau=m×B

38.List the properties of vector magnetic potential.

Ans: The curl of the magnetic vector potential is the magnetic field.
B ⃗ = ∇ × A ⃗. The magnetic vector potential is preferred when working with the
Lagrangian in classical mechanics and quantum mechanics.

39.Write the expression for energy stored in the magnetic field.

Ans: The formula for the energy stored in a magnetic field is E = 1/2 LI2.
The energy stored in a magnetic field is equal to the work needed to produce a
current through the inductor.

40.Differentiate between conduction and displacement currents.

Ans:1. Conduction current obeys ohm's law as V =I R but displacement current
does not obey ohm's law.
2. Conduction current density is represented by Jc = E ,whereas
displacement current density is given by

3. Conduction current is the actual current whereas displacement current is the

apparent current produced by time varying electric field.

41.What is intrinsic impedance?

Ans: Intrinsic Impedance refers to the impedance of a plane TEM (Transverse
Electro-Magnetic wave) travelling through a homogeneous medium. The impedance
of the wave everywhere in space is equal to the intrinsic impedance. It can also be
defined as the ratio of the electric field to the magnetic flux density.

42.State Gauss law.

Ans: Gauss's law, also known as Gauss's flux theorem, is a law relating the
distribution of electric charge to the resulting electric field. The Gauss's law states
that: The net outward normal electric flux through any closed surface is
proportional to the total electric charge enclosed within that closed surface.

43.Define dielectric strength of a material mention the same for air.

Ans: Dielectric strength, also known as dielectric breakdown strength (DBS), is the
maximum electrical potential that a material can resist before the electrical current
breaks through the material and the material is no longer an insulator

44.Define electric field intensity.

Ans: The electric field intensity at a point is the force experienced by a unit positive
charge placed at that point. Electric Field Intensity is a vector quantity. It is
denoted by 'E'. Formula: Electric Field = F/q.
45.State Ampere’s circuital law.
Ans: Ampere's circuital law states that the line integral of magnetic field (→B)
around any closed path or circuit is equal to μ0(absolute permeability of free
space) times the total current (I) encircling the closed circuit. This is the
mathematical expression of the Ampere's circuital law.

46.Define self and mutual inductance.

Ans: Self-inductance: usually just called inductance, is the ratio between the
induced voltage and the rate of change of the current. Thus, inductance is a
property of a conductor or circuit, due to its magnetic field, which tends to oppose
changes in current through the circuit.

Mutual inductance:Mutual induction is defined as the property of the coils that

enables it to oppose the changes in the current in another coil. With a change in
the current of one coil, the flow changes too thus inducing EMF in the other coil.
This phenomenon is known as mutual induction.

47.State Coulomb’s law and its limitations.

Ans: COULOMB'S LAW:
It is the law that the force (attraction/repulsion) between two charges is equal to
the product of their charges and inversely proportional to the square of distance
between them.
LIMITATIONS OF COULOMB'S LAW:
1)Applicable only in cases when inverse law works.
2)Applicable For Point Charges at Rest
3)It is Difficult to apply Coulomb's Law,when charges are in arbitrary shape.

48.Define dipole moment.

Ans: An electric dipole is a separation of positive and negative charges.
The electric dipole moment is the product of the magnitude of the charge and the
distance between the centres of positive and negative charges.
μ=Q×r
where, Q is charge and r is the distance.

49.State Laplace equation for scalar magnetic potential.

Ans: Laplace's equation is valid only outside the magnetic sources and away from
currents. Magnetic field can be calculated from the magnetic scalar potential.

50.State Poynting theorem.

Ans: Poynting theorem states that the net power flowing out of a given volume V is
equal to the time rate of decrease of stored electromagnetic energy in that volume
decreased by the conduction losses.

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