Our Lady of the Pillar College- San Manuel Inc.

District 3, San Manuel, Isabela

College Department
School Year 2022-2023

Module
In
Introduction to Transportation
HMPE1

PREPARED BY:

GERLIE MAE ALBANO GOMEZ

Instructor

Various approaches have been taken in defining tourism within the

academic literature as well as by both national and international institution
and organizations. International examples include definitions by the
Committee of Statistical Experts of the League of Nations, the International
Union of Official Travel Organizations (IUOTO), and the Organization for
Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD), Well-known national
examples include definitions from the US Senate’s National Tourism Policy
Study, the Travel Industry Association of America (TIA), or the National
Tourism Resources Review Commission from the USA; the Canadian Travel
Survey from Canada, the National Tourist Boards of England, Scotland and
Northern Ireland from the UK, or the Australian Bureau of Industry
Economics (see Cooper et al., 2005; Page and Connell, 2006; Wall and
Mathieson, 2006; Goeldner and Ritchie, 2011). Cooper (2012) highlights that
tourism has not only been defined from both a demand and supply side
perspective, but that both conceptual and technical approaches have been
taken. While conceptual supply side definitions of tourism exist, the diverse
and fragmented nature of tourism makes it difficult to define and hence
measure. More specifically, tourism is not only seen as an amalgamation of
industries (including transportation, accommodation, food and beverage
services, recreation and entertainment, and travel retail) but the degree to
which companies cater to tourists or other consumers also varies extensively.
The United Nations developed the Tourism Satellite Accounts (TSA) in order
to try and standardize the measurement of these goods and services (making
them comparable between countries as well as with other internationally
recognized economic statistics) (see United Nations, 2010; Robinson et al.,
2013). A well-known and often quoted supply side definition is offered by the
UNWTO where issues of technical measurement such as length of stay and
purpose of visit have been addressed for legislative measurement objectives:

A visitor is a traveler taking a trip to a main destination outside his/her

usual environment, for less than a year, for any main purpose (business, leisure or
other personal purpose) other than to be employed by a resident entity in the
country or place visited. These trips taken by visitors qualify as tourism trips.
Tourism refers to the activity of visitors.

This definition includes three important parameters: change of

environment (which is composed of frequency and distance dimensions),
length of stay and purpose. Furthermore, the UNWTO distinguishes between
three basic forms of tourism (UNWTO. 2010a, p. 15).

 Domestic tourism: comprises the activities of a resident visitor within the

country of reference, either as part of a domestic tourism trip or part of an
out bound tourism trip.
Domestic  Incoming/inbound tourism
 Internal National - Comprises the activities of a non-
Tourism Tourism resident visitor within the country of
reference on an inbound tourism trip.
 Outgoing/outbound tourism
International - Comprises the activities of a
Tourism
resident visitor outside the country of
Incoming/Inbound Outgoing/Outbound reference, either as part of an outbound
Fig. 1.1 Categorization of tourism (based on UNWTO, 2010b) tourism trip or as part of a domestic tourism
trip.
As can be seen in Fig. 1.1, these three forms of tourism can then be combined
into three further categories:
 Internal tourism: comprises domestic tourism plus inbound tourism,
that is to say, the activities of resident and non-resident visitors within
the country of reference as part of domestic or international tourism
trips.
 National tourism: comprises domestic tourism plus outbound tourism,
that is to say, the activities of resident visitors within and outside the
country of reference, either as part of domestic or outbound tourism
trips.
 International tourism: comprises inbound tourism plus outbound
tourism, that is to say, the activities of resident visitors outside the
country of reference, either as part of domestic or outbound tourism
trips and the activities of non-resident visitors within the country of
reference on inbound tourism trips.

Tourism Transportation
We have ascertained that transport is an inherent part of tourism.
Now it must be noted that either it can play a functional or utilitarian role,
such as the transport between origin and destination (flight on a leisure
carrier, for example) or within the destination (such as an itinerary trip on a
local bus) where the travel is merely a means to an end; or it can play a key
role in the holiday experience itself. Those roles can range from the
transportation type as a tourist attraction (such as biking, hiking or hot-air
ballooning, for example) to providing the essential component of the tourism
product where the transportation type is the actual holiday setting (such as in
a cruise vacation or travelling along scenic and/or historic routes) (Lumsdon
and Page, 2004,2009; Lohmann and Duval,2011).
Lohmann and Duval (2011) illustrate the functional form of tourism
transport between the origin and the destination, within the various
destinations visited, and between the different destinations visited during a
holiday trip in Fig. 1.3.
Furthermore, Lumsdon and Page (2004) Address the different tourism
transport experiences based on their level of intrinsic value. They describe a
tourism transport continuum in terms of its level of intrinsic value as a
tourism experience, where travel using a taxi, urban bus or metro system is
classified as having low intrinsic value compared with a walking or cycling
holiday or a heritage railway vacation which is classified as having high
intrinsic value. A similar differentiation is made by Page (2009)
 Transportation for tourism, where it is means to an end being very
utilitarian, and the level of satisfaction is related to cost and speed of
travel, so the mode of travel has no direct intrinsic value in itself […]

The different means of transport are used to different degrees by both

tourists and non-tourist consumers. Hence, usually tourists use leisure
flights to holiday regions, sightseeing buses, and cruise ships, while city
buses, trans and scheduled flights are more likely to be used to different
extents by both non residents and local residents (Page, 2009).

A look at the historical development of transportation modes shows

that the proliferation of many new forms of passenger transport also
spurred the leisure demand. Examples include bicycles or motorcycles as
recreational equipment, or the encouragement of early tourism
development in the Alps through rack/cog railways and cable cars.

However, recreation and tourism are not only pioneers of new

Fig. 1.2 Classification of transport means
transportation forms, but also prevent some transportation forms from
dying out. For example, many historical modes of transport, including
horses, horse-drawn carriages, balloons, canoes, sailboats, trolleys, or
even rafts, have survived as recreational pastimes or are utilized as a
tourism product although they are no longer used as an everyday or
regular mode of passenger transport. Moreover, through technological
advances and innovations some recreational forms of transport have in
fact enjoyed a revived interest and use. Examples include powered
sailboats or mountain bikes (Heinze and Kill, 1997).

Tourism transportation means can be classified using several criteria:

domestic or international, public or private, or whether they are land,
water or air based, for example (see Fig 1.3).
 Figure 1.3. Transport linking to, from and within destinations. From
Lohmann and Duval, 2011, p.5

ADVANTAGES AND DISADVANTAGES OF TOURISM TRANSPORT

Modes of Transportation and Their Advantages and Disadvantages:

The term ‘modes of transportation is utilized to differentiate between

various ways of Transportation or transporting goods or people. The
multiple modes of transport include water, air, rail, road, and pipeline.

The field can be parted into vehicles, operations, and infrastructure.

Modes of Transportation are essential as it facilitates commerce between
people, which is crucial for the progress of the human civilization

Mode of Transportation, also called transportation mode, alludes to

different ways by which individuals or goods are transported from one
district location to another through air, sea, or land. There are also other
available modes which include pipelines (for oil or gas transportation),
space (satellite), and cable (energy supply, internet).

Each mode of transportation has primarily different technological

solution, and some need a different environment. Each method has its
transport in India operators, infrastructure, vehicles, and operations.

ADVANTAGES OF MODES OF TRANSPORTATION

Each mode of Transportation has its advantages, so we have added a few

benefits of the four primary methods of Transportation
ROAD TRANSPORTATION
1. FLEXIBLE SERVICE – For road transportation, timings and routes
can be tuned and changed to suit individual requirements easily,
this gives road Transportation a great advantage over all different
vehicles.
2. DOOR-TO-DOOR ASSITANCE – The best benefit of road
transportation that makes it the salvation of the transport industry
is its character to offer door-to-door services from destination to
destination or warehouse to warehouse.
3. SERVICE IN RURAL AREAS – It is most adaptable and flexible with
reach into the most remote areas that are not accessible by rail,
air, or water.
RAIL TRANSPORTATION
1. HIGH-SPEED COVERING HUGE RANGES – Its speed over long
ranges is higher than any distinct modes to transport (aside from
airways). Therefore, it is the best choice for long-distance traffics.
2. DEPENDABLE – It is the most reliable mode of transport as it is
least affected by weather conditions compared to other methods.
3. SUITABLE FOR HEAVY AND BULKY GOODS – It is economical,
and faster, and best suited for bulky and heavy goods
transportation over huge distances.
WATER TRANSPORTATION

1. HELPFUL IN DEFENCE – For the vigorous defense of the

country, the development of shipping is vital as it is known as
the second line of defense.
2. ESSENTIAL FOR FOREIGN TRADE – Water transportation plays
a critical role in foreign trade as many countries depend mainly
on water transportation for foreign trading, such as India.

AIR TRANSPORTATION

1. RAPID SPEED – Among all the modes of transportation, air

transportation is the fastest.
2. UNBROKEN JOURNEY – Air transportation offers an unbroken
journey over sea and land, due to which it can take you from one
distinct destination to another quickest.
 3. CAN OPERATE FOR EMERGENCY SERVICES – It can operate
even when every other means of transport can’t due to floods or
other natural calamities. So at that time, it is the only mode of
Transportation that can be employed to do the relief work and
offer the essential commodities of life.

PIPELINE

1. LOW MAINTENANCECOST – Both the maintenance and

operation cost is meager.
2. LESS ENERGY REQUIREMENT – The consumption of energy is
deficient.
3. LESS RATE OF DELAYS – The losses of carrying mineral oil and
natural gas and delays are minimized with a pipeline system.

DISADVANTAGESOF MODE OF TRANSPORTATION

Each mode of transportation has its disadvantages, so we have added few

drawbacks to the five primary methods of Transportation.

ROAD TRANSPORTATION

1. ACCIDENTS AND BREAKDOWNS – There are a high risk of

breakdowns and accidents in the instance of road transport, due
to which it is not a safe or predictable option.
2. VULNERABLE TO SEASON AND WEATHER – It is very
susceptible to weather conditions and seasonal changes or, in
the case of natural calamities such as floods or heavy rains.
3. NOT BEST FOR HEAVY CARGO AND LONG DISTANCES – It is
not very appropriate for transporting heavy cargo over long
distances, which is a considerable drawback.

RAIL TRANSPORTATION

1. HUGE CAPITAL OUTLAY – Rail transportation needs a

considerable investment of capital. The funds for building,
sustaining, and hanging expenses are enormous compared to
other modes of Transportation.
2. CENTRALLY ADMINISTRATED – Being the public utility service,
rail transportation has a monopoly, and there is centralized
administration, so the authorities fail to meet the personal needs
of the people as compared to roadways.
 3. NO RURAL SERVICES – It cannot be operated economically in
rural areas due to substantial capital needs and traffic, which
causes much inconvenienced to the people living in rural areas.

WATER TRANSPORTATION

1. RISKIER – It is more dangerous than other modes of transport as

there is always the danger of sinking boats or ships.
2. SLOW SPEED – It is a quiet mode of transport. Failure of
monsoon might result in the fall of rivers’ water level, making
navigating the ship or boat difficult.

AIR TRANSPORT

1. VERY EXPENSIVE – It is the costliest mode of Transportation.

The fare of transport is very high, which is difficult to afford for
the ordinary person.
2. UNRELIABLE AND UNCERTAIN – Air transport is not very
reliable and is unsure as it is controlled mainly by weather
conditions. Fog, snow, or other unfavorable weather conditions
might cause suspension of air service or cancellation of
scheduled flights.
3. SPECIALIZED SKILLS NEEDED – Air transportation requires a
specialized skill and a high degree of training for its operation.

PIPELINE

1. LEAKAGE – If there is a leakage, the repairing has to be done as

soon as possible, so you can’t desert leakage.
2. HIGH INITIAL COST – The cost of construction and laying of
pipelines is high.
3. SECURITY – The security of pipeline transportation is complex.

THE ROLE OF TRANSPORTATION IN TOURISM DEVELOPMENT

Transportation has been an integral part of the tourism industry,
transportation links tourists with various tourist attractions. There is a
general agreement that tourism expands more with better transportation
systems. In many parts of the world, tourism has been underperforming
compared to the natural heritage the country is endowed with. One of the
things mentioned as underperformance is poor transportation systems.
 Transportation needs for tourism promotion and tourism
development, among others, are the maintenance of the existing roads,
construction of more roads/rail track/sea and air transportation, construction
of local airports, and enhancement of local flight operations. And established
that security and safety in transportation systems are not bad though tourists
consider transportation costs high. Tourism development could be even
bigger if more could be done in various elements of transportation systems.
All its stakeholders need to take part to develop tourism in their regions. (The
government and other stakeholders of tourism).

The tourism sector is one of the main important sectors of the

economy. Many countries take advantage of covering the budget deficit with
the help of profits coming from tourism. That is why tourism sometimes is
called a factory without a chimney. But tourism has its unique features that
differentiate this sector from the others. Like in the other service industries,
in tourism, the customers, that is, the tourists, come to the destination where
the tourism services are provided. It isn't easy to think of the tourism sector
without transportation. Transportation is the main means to carry
passengers, that is, the tourists, to the actual site where tourism services are
performed.

The development of transportation, vehicles, infrastructure and using

new technologies in this sector speed up tourism development. If we pay
attention to the statistics of the World Tourism Organization, we may see that
the tourism dynamics have changed and increased rapidly between 2005 and
2015. In 2010 international tourist arrivals rose to 940 million. This, in turn,
brought the economies $980 billion. Different factors can explain this trend.
But the main important factor here is the rapid development of the
transportation sector and the application of technological innovations which
enable the tourists to reach many destinations of the world.

Whether transportation plays an important role in enriching the travel

experience of a tourist depends on the mode of transport and the frequency
of use. Carrier can turn into a separate tourist attraction element; cruising,
Orient Express trains, boat trips along the river, etc., are the best examples of
tourist attractions. The effective factors in choosing the transportation mode
in tourism are given below (Westlake and Robbins 2005, 463):

o Time limit
o Distance
o Status
o Comfort
o Security
 o Benefit
o Price
o Geographical position
o Competition

An increase in traffic due to world tourism growth puts pressure on

transportation facilities, which can have adverse effects. Those negative
effects are as follows (Goeldner and Ritchie 2012, 96).

• Congestion – means delays which leads to waste of time and energy. Serious
congestions may have a negative effect on transportation modes, especially
on airports and roads during peak times.

• Safety and security – ensuring that the transportation mode is safe and
secure is a basic and important requirement for tourism.

• Environment – an increase in traffic may have a disastrous effect on the

environment if that area does not have the carrying capacity for additional
tourists.

• Seasonality – seasonal patterns of travel demand create overcrowding at

certain times. Adversely low occupancies and load factors will occur at other
periods.

AIR TRANSPORTATION – One of the most important transportation

modes in tourism is air travel. Air travel has made significant changes in
people's minds concerning time and distance. Airlines spend billions of
dollars and apply new technological innovations to meet the demand, which
increases every day. With a matchless role in long distances, the air travel
industry develops rapidly. The world's airline industry numbers 1,629
airlines, 27,271 aircraft, 3,733 airports, 29.6 million scheduled departures a
year, and carries 2.7 billion passengers a year. The major airliner is making
companies that share the market Airbus and Boeing.

AUTOMOBLE TRANSPORTATION – In short distances, automobile

transportation comes forward regarding other modes of transportation.
Automobile transportation makes it easy to see local culture and nations. It
presents great flexibility in contrast to different modes of transportation
(Oter, 2007). The importance of this mode in tourism is also very important.
Compared with the prices in air transportation, this mode of transportation is
frequently used by tourists because of low prices. But the main factor
affecting this choice is time and distance.
 RAILWAY TRANSPORTATION – The other mode that affects tourism
is railway transportation. This type of transportation is considered the oldest
one. In the 19th century, railways were frequently used. But nowadays
application of technology and technological innovation gave birth to fast
trains, which compete with air and automobile transportation modes.
Currently, in many countries, railways are used to transport loads. The
reason for this is tourist choice of air or automobile transportation. But there
exist such railroads that have been included in touristic packages. For
example, we can give Orient Express railways.

SEA TRANSPORTATION – Here may include cruise travel, boat travel,

yachting, ferry travel, etc. Cruise travel has a special place in tourism. In
table 3, we can see the world and North America's growing trend for cruise
travel. We can infer that cruise travel has been much more developed in
North America from the table. The cruise ships named sailing hotels provide
tourists with indispensable travel opportunities. While travelling by cruise
ship, the tourists can see several countries at a time. This type of
transportation is one the most expensive because a cruise ship's price
exceeds $100 million. More than thousands of employees work in a cruise
ship at a time, may see that in cruise travel from North/south Americans to
Asia, Europe and Middle East companies gained great successes.

All the stated issues prove the importance of transportation in

tourism. As mentioned above, the tourist's travel experience starts and ends
with the vehicle. In this sense, if the countries want to gain sustainable
development of the tourism sector, they must pay attention to the
transportation sector, reduce monopoly in this sector, provide good
competition opportunities for the companies.

To sum up, to develop and increase the role of transportation in tourism

the countries should pay attention to the following points:

 The transportation modes specific to the regions must be developed

 The transportation costs must always be kept competitive
 The passengers must be attracted to sea and railway modes of
transportation
 New embarkation ports must be established to develop cruise travel
 New fast train lines must be established, and new fast trains must be
bought, and foreign experience must be applied
 The distance from stations must be kept less
 New coaches must be brought to the country
 New technologically advanced aircraft must be put into airlines
 The personnel must be trained
  The governments should allocate financial support for the
development of transportation

CHAPTER 2:
AIR TRANSPORTATION
Objective of the Chapter:
 To familiarize the history and origins of air transportation
 To classify the different modes of air transportation used worldwide
 To familiarize the different flight and aviation terminologies
 To familiarize on the role of IATA and ICAO
 To determine the classification and codes of airline in the Philippines

A. HISTORY OF AIR TRANSPORTATION

Many cultures and civilizations have designed devices that pass

through the air, from the primitive projectiles used in ancient battlefields
such as stones and spears to more complicated, stylish, and buoyant
aerodynamic appliances such as the mechanical pigeon of Archytas, Greece.
History is awash with stories of early human flight such as the breathtaking
stories of Icarus and the 12th century winged air flights of Eilmer of
Malmesbury (“Aviation,” 2009; Lane, 1986). To put the ball rolling, the
developments that man has been able to achieve in air transportation have
been informed by desires and inventions such as the 1783 hot air balloon
developed by Montgolfier brothers and the more recent Wright Brothers
heavier-than-air flight of 1903. This report sets out to critically analyze the
history of air transportation and how it has served to revolutionize
international trade.

The fascination and dreams held by man regarding flying was not
extinguished upon the demise of the Wright Brothers. On the contrary, man
got obsessed with the notion of developing better aircrafts, an idea that has
held on from generation to generation to bring us the latest state-of-the-art
airplanes. Today, airplanes have evolved into major transportation carriers
responsible for delivering humans and shipments from one point to the
other (Martins, 2009). Although the journey has been long, the achievements
have inarguably made the world to become a global village. International
trade has indeed undergone a complete metamorphosis for the better due to
the ease of movement of both civilian and cargo traffic.

According to aviation history, the first practical demonstration of air

freight was initiated in November 1910 when a cargo of silk was airlifted from
Dayton to Columbus, Ohio (Siddiqi, 2007; Martins, 2009). A story appearing in
a local daily noted that the air shipment reached its destination much faster
than it could have if conventional railroad express had been used to transport
the consignment. According to Trani (2005), the first airmail service for the
US army was documented in 1916. Nine years from the first practical
demonstration of airfreight, the American Railway Express undertook to
airlift 1,100 pounds of cargo from Washington D.C. to Chicago using a
rehabilitated Handley-Page bomber plane. However, a frozen radiator
compelled the freight carrier to terminate its journey prematurely.

1920’s- 1940’s: Period of Unprecedented Growth

The US became successful in airmail transportation in the 1920’s; with

passenger and freight transportation following in 1930’s and 1940’s
respectively. During the 1920’s, the freight carriers catered for intra-country
businesses only, stimulating economic growth due to fast delivery of
merchandize to the businesses and shortened time of concluding
transactions (Alaz, 2005). According to Trani (2005), the Kelly Act was passed
in 1925 to allow private operators conduct business in the air mail service. In
1926, the first Air commerce Act was signed into law by President Coolidge.
This particular legislation formalized the budding air transportation in the
US by initiating air traffic rules and establishing aids to assist in air
navigation. The act also made provisions for airmen certification.

The first known airlines to operate in the US airspace as air freight

carriers included TWA, American airlines, United, and Eastern (Martins,
2009). According to Trani (2005), the 1926 legislation by President Coolidge
made it possible for other freight carriers, mainly from Latin America, to do
business in the US. The carriers that tried their luck in the US airspace
included KLM, Pan AM, Varig, and Lufthansa. The first airlines emerged in
Europe and the US in the late 1920’s. Between 1927 and 1931, the volume of
airfreight increased significantly in quantity and size to reach almost a
million pounds, up from a meager 45,859 pounds recorded in 1927 (Martins,
2009; Triani 2005).

The above monumental growth of airfreight in the late 1920’s and early
1930’s coincided with the introduction of the Fokker Trimotor air carrier that
had been developed using aluminum and monocoque, and could cruise at an
improved speed of 175 Kph. In the 1930’s, the first air traffic control facility in
the US was commissioned at Newark, New Jersey to streamline air transport
operations (Trani, 2005). On December 23, 1940, United Airlines launched
what some historians in the aviation industry believe was the foremost all-
cargo service in the country’s airline history. In this historical shipment,
United used a Douglas DC-4 aircraft to transport airmail from New York City
to Chicago (Siddiqi, 2007).

World War II and Post War Period

According to Alaz (2005), the Second World War completely altered the
statistical distribution and the quantity of airfreight traffic. During this
period, freight gained an upper hand over airmail mainly because of the
military activities occasioned by the war. Military cargo needed to be
transported to the battlefields. Siddiqi (2007) concurs that airfreight and
passenger traffic had indeed remained sidelined at the expense of airmail
until early 1940’s. However, the situation changed dramatically in March 14,
1941 when United Airlines, American Air, TWA, and Eastern came together
to form Air Cargo, Inc. The mandate given to the new company was to deliver
freight, a duty it carried in earnest from December 1941 until the end of
WW2. The last regular flight made by Air Cargo was recorded in November
1944 (Siddiqi). Immediately after the war, the airlines that had initially
formed Air Cargo started their own independent operations (Taft, 1986). 
 Landmark achievements in the air transportation industry took place
during this period. In 1938, President Roosevelt inaugurated the Civil
Aeronautics Authority (CAA). Between 1939 and 1945, the U.S. developed
hundreds of low-cost airports around the country for use as training grounds
by pilots.

According to Trani (2005), massive aircraft development witnessed

during this period bore fruits with the introduction of Douglas D-6 aircraft in
1946. The aircraft, which utilized the piston powered engine technology,
became the mainstay of commercial aviation as it was able to cruise at 550
Kph with 45-65 passengers aboard. The fact that primary radar systems were
developed during this period cannot escape mention. The radar technology
heralded an era of efficient and secure air operations due to the aircraft
surveillance offered by the device. According to Trani, the first radar
equipped aircraft control tower was commissioned in 1945 in Indianapolis,
U.S. This was closely followed by the enactment of the Federal Airport Act
(FAA) of 1946.

Airlines continued to flourish in the US and other continents such as

Europe and Latin America due to increased volumes of airfreight. Indeed,
the airfreight business during the 1940’s and 1950’s was lucrative business,
occasioning an upsurge of operators – from small plane owners to other
seasonal airlines such as Slick Airways and California Eastern. However,
large operators such as the Air Cargo group were increasingly getting
worried about the small operators’ ability to undermine commercial aviation
sector through their unscheduled flights and low rates (Siddiqi, 2007). By
1951, the U.S. commercial aviation carriers made up 61.6% of the total global
traffic in passengers. The American carriers also transported 48.5% and
58.1% of the world’s total traffic in freight and mail respectively (Alaz, 2005).
In the same year, the British inaugurated their first commercial aircraft –
Comet 1.

By early 1950’s, a triple-thronged wrangle sprout up between the

small-time operators, the established airlines, and the regulatory board –
Civil Aeronautics Board (CAB). The board had been formed in 1939 after the
uneventful split of CAA (Trani, 2005). The bone of contention was on how to
effectively set the rates for freight transport and handling of contracts. CAB
came to the rescue of the small-time operators in August 1945 when it
permitted Slick Airlines, United States Airlines, Frying Tiger, and Airnews to
operate (Siddiqi, 2007). However, the survival of two of the airlines – US
Airlines and Airnews – was short-lived due to a series of incurring huge
losses, bankruptcies, and air accidents. Slick Airways and Flying Tiger
survived the onslaught of stiff competition propagated by large airlines such
American. Indeed, by the late 1940’s, Slick had left an indelible mark on the
air transportation industry by becoming the most flourishing all-airfreight
operator in the country.

However, Slick’s shine to glory was short-lived due to stiff competition

from airlines that offered both passenger service and all-airfreight
operations. Combining both services gave some carriers an upper hand since
they could effectively lower the costs of transporting cargo without incurring
losses (Siddiki, 2007; Alaz, 2005). Unsure about their survival due to the stiff
competition, Slick and Flying Tiger came together in 1954 to try and effect a
merger. However, structural and labor problems watered down their efforts.
Due to the hardships, Slick Airlines continued to operate in an on-and-off
environment until it was eventually suspended by CAB in 1965 (Taft, 1986).

Flying Tiger soldiered on, fuelled by its business acumen of

diversifying into both armed forces and civilian markets. The airline
performed exemplary well to curtail competition from established passenger
airlines due to both diversification and favorable CAB Judgments. Due to its
sharp business acumen, Frying Tiger signed cooperative agreements with
some rail corporations to transport freight on their behalf. By mid-1960s,
Frying Tiger had become the biggest air cargo airline in the US, making an
annual profit of around $20 million. Despite the promising results achieved
by Flying Tiger in the airfreight business, the freight component remained
far behind in growth compared to the other components of air traffic.
Operators who tried to break the jinx plaguing airfreight business often
found themselves incurring massive losses (Siddiqi, 2007). However, major
operators such as United Airlines continued to make headlines both in
passenger and freight operations. In March 1964, the airline was in the
headlines again for pioneering the first non-stop international all-cargo air
service.

The 1960’s Towards Contemporary Times

This was an exciting period for the industry as far as development is

concerned. The approach lighting systems, Instrument Landing System, and
the Very High Frequency Omni-directional Range and Finding equipment
were all conceived in the early 1960’s (Trani, 2005). During the 60’s, Boeing
and Douglas developed efficient four-engine, turbojet and piston propelled
aircrafts with a cruising speed of 900 Kph and a passenger capacity of 140-
165. This definitely stimulated the growth of passenger service in the
industry. Most world’s famous airports were also conceived during this
period. Some of the airports include Newark, Washington Dulles, San
Francisco, and Chicago International airports. The Concorde, with a cruising
speed of 2400 Kph and a passenger capacity of 90-110, was introduced by
BAC/Aerospatiale in 1968. This marked the beginning of the supersonic era.
Boeing introduced its 747-100 series in 1969.

The airfreight business had its own movers. A young entrepreneur by the
name of Fred smith seized the opportunity to develop airfreight business to
another level with the establishment of Federal Express in Memphis,
Tennessee. He wanted to separate freight traffic from passenger traffic since
the two components shared very little in route patterns (Siddiqi, 2007). His
decision to create the new outfit was also based on the fact that cargo delivery
was being unnecessarily delayed by passenger traffic. Starting its maiden
cargo flight in April 1973, the company performed exemplary well to record
revenues of $1 billion in 1982. Federal Express acquired another cargo airline
– Tiger international – in August 1989 to become the world’s leading full-
service all-freight airline. In 1994, the airline changed its operating logo to
FedEx. During this period, markets had already been consolidated for both
commuter and cargo traffic (Trani, 2005).

Air transportation continued to achieve considerable developments in the

two fronts – passenger and cargo. Consolidations continued to take place
with the introduction of the mega-carriers in the domestic scene in the late
1980’s, and later internationally in 1990’s (Trani, 2005). Growth in the air
transportation industry was further propelled by the European liberalization
in 1993. By the late 1990’s Boeing and Airbus had successfully introduced
long-range, twin-engine state-of-the-art aircrafts, with a cruising speed of 985
Kph and a carrying capacity of 270 passengers. Global Positioning System
(GPS) was introduced in 1993, an innovation that was bound to bring millions
of dollars to the operators in savings.

Meanwhile, FedEx had received another competitor in freight business by

the name of United Postal Service (UPS). To date, the competitor has been
able to maintain an immense presence in the air transport industry,
specifically in airfreight and airmail markets. Surprisingly, UPS had started
its operations as a bicycle-based delivery service in early 1900’s (Siddiqi,
2007). In 1950’s, UPS diversified its operations to include package delivery to
both private and commercial customers. UPS received the license to operate
its own airline from the regulating authority – FAA – in 1988. The airline has
continued to register impressive results since then. By 2001, it was the ninth
largest carrier in the country.

Today, air transport and travel have experienced the most intensive
growth in the fundamentally important transport industry. To exemplify the
importance of the sector, the scheduled passenger services, for instance,
remain critically regulated the world over. Although some relaxation has
been observed in a number of countries, the services still remain subject to
over 3500 bilateral agreements and regulations (Hubner & Sauve, 2006). Of
late, the industry has been overly affected by terrorist infiltrations, especially
after the September 2001 attacks. The terror attacks coupled with successive
economic recessions, global pandemic outbreaks, and massive increases in
fuel prices have caused the growth of air transport to stagnate during the first
eight years of this century. However, air transportation remains one of the
most preferred modes of transportation the world over. For example, the
passenger base in the US has expanded from around 170 million passengers
in early 1970’s to a staggering 741 million in 2006. This monumental growth
represents an average increase of 4% per year (Bureau of Labor Statistics,
2008).

B. TYPES OF AIR TRANSPORT

1. Commercial airplanes
2. Helicopters

3. Private Planes

4. Blimps

5. Gliders

6. Hang Gliders

7. Zeppelin

8. Parachute

Commercial airplanes
These are the common ways in which people travel through the air,
the commercial planes provide a fast means of transportation compared to
other modes of transport such as road transport, rail transport and water
transport. Airplanes are capable of carrying hundreds of people from on
location to another at a time; the seating is sometimes divided into two or
four classes. For instance, most domestic flights usually have two classes
which are: (1) First Class and (2) Economy Class. While international flights
may have up to four classes such as (1) First Class, (2) Club Class, (3) Business
Class, (4) Premium Economy and Economy Class.
Helicopters
Helicopters are another fast means of air transport; these move people

through the air. Helicopters when compared with commercial airplanes are

much more limited when it comes to passengers’ space and can only

transport a few people at a time, whereas some commercial airplanes can

transport hundreds of people at a time.

Private planes
Private planes are made to provide transportation service for a single

person or at most five (5) people at a time. Private planes range from the

smallest Cessna to luxury jets such as the Citation CJ1, which carries up to

five people in leather-seated comfort. These planes provide comfort and

privacy during the trip and these could travel from one location to another

for a business purpose or for pleasure.

Blimps
Blimps and hot air balloons are used to transport people for

recreational purposes. They cover a limited area that enables tourists to see a

location on a larger scope than if they tried to view the area from the ground.

Blimps used to be a form of commercial transport but are no longer used for

that.

Glider
A glider, which is also called sail plane, is a type of glider aircraft used

in the sport of gliding or for recreational activity. Sailplanes are

aerodynamically streamlined and are capable of gaining altitude when flown

in rising air. Some modern gliders are made of an aluminum, alloy or

composite frame covered with synthetic sail-cloth which forms the wings.
Rocket
A rocket is any vehicle that uses a rocket engine; it includes a missile,

spacecraft, aircraft or other vehicle. Rockets have been used at least since the

13th century for small-scale military applications and recreational displays.

Rockets work more in space than in the atmosphere, the engines work by

action and reaction of pushing the rockets forward simply by expelling their

exhaust in the opposite direction at high speed, and can therefore work in

the vacuum of space.

Zeppelin
A Zeppelin was a type of rigid airship named after the German Count

Ferdinand von Zeppelin, it consists of a cigar-shaped, trussed, and covered

frame supported by internal gas cells. Count Ferdinand von Zeppelin

designed Zeppelin in the early 20th century. Zeppelins almost look like

blimps but they differ by two points: Zeppelins have a metal skeleton with a

rigid covering, and they use hydrogen gas to float. These two elements made

zeppelins larger when compared to blimps.

Parachute
This is a cloth canopy that is filled with air and allows a person,

package or a heavy object attached to it to descend slowly when dropped

from an aircraft, or which is released from the rear of an aircraft on landing

to act as a brake. Back then, the military developed parachuting technology

as a way of saving aircrews from emergencies aboard balloons and aircraft in

flight, and later as a way of delivering soldiers to the battlefield. Nowadays,

parachuting is performed as are creational activity and as a competitive sport

in various places.

C. CATEGORIES OF AIR TRANSPORT

 Within aviation, airlines are generally grouped into three categories:

- Legacy (network) airlines

- Low-Cost Carries (LCCs)

- Ultra-Low-Cost Carries (ULCCs)

Ultra-low-cost airlines like Allegiant, Spirit and Frontier have the goal of

offering the lowest ticket price possible. Their tickets can be described as “no
frills” and things like bags, seat selection, and onboard food and drinks
generally cost extra. They are extremely cost-responsible in their operations
and management, which allows them to offer the lowest airfares. By not
including the cost of a bag, snacks, drinks, in-flight entertainment, and other
amenities in the ticket price, these airlines can often offer extremely low
fares and high value. ULCC’s generally cater to people going on vacation or
enjoying other forms of leisure travel, but each one does so differently.
Frontier and Spirit almost exclusively fly between very large markets, with at
least one roundtrip flight per day, and they don’t mind adding routes that
other airlines already fly. Allegiant’s core model is to fly from small- or mid-
sized communities (just like us) to very popular leisure destinations a few
times per week. Many consider this a relatively new airline business model,
but it’s more or less a refining of the low-cost carrier model that some
airlines have been using since the 1970s.

When we say “low-cost carrier” the first airline that pops into your mind
could very well be Southwest Airlines, as they’ve been flying since 1971 and
touting low fares and friendly service as they’ve grown into the nation’s
largest domestic airline in terms of the number of passengers carried. These
days, however, the LCC category has become a bit less defined than it once
was. The term actually has more to do with an airline’s operating costs than
with its ticket prices, which are simply a result of the low operating costs.
Frontier and Spirit were once LCCs but transitioned to become ULCCs. Other
airlines in this category like JetBlue and Virgin America are regarded as low-
cost carriers by some and not by others. Some would say that the traditional
LCC’s like Southwest and JetBlue have slowly transformed into carriers
whose fares aren’t always “low” but are never “high” and include some
amenities in their ticket price. As these airlines have matured, they’ve grown
into having large networks with far more connecting traffic and have added
passenger comforts like in-flight entertainment, which raises the cost to
operate.

Last but not least, the network airlines are the mega-brands that have
been around in one form or another since the dawn of commercial aviation.
American, Delta, and United are the three U.S. network airlines. These are
the most “evolved” airlines and have global route networks, huge hubs, huge
fleets and multiple types of aircraft. With aircraft ranging from 50 to nearly
400 seats, network airlines can get you from Asheville to Shanghai, often in
just one stop. They carry a wide array of passengers, including leisure and
business passengers traveling domestically or internationally.  They have
sophisticated products that cater to business and international travelers.
First-class cabins, club lounges, in-flight entertainment and Wi-Fi have
become core products for this group of airlines. They’ll happily connect you
to Florida for vacation, as well as London or Boston on a last-minute business
venture.

As the industry and the consumer both continue to evolve, so do the

airlines. Throughout history, airlines of all types and sizes have come,
grown, evolved, changed and gone. Once mighty legacy airlines like Pan Am
have gone under and others like Piedmont have become part of the lineage of
today’s airlines through mergers. The only constant is that regardless of your
budget and destination, there will almost always be an airline built to cater to
you.

 Types of Airlines

Different types of airlines come in different shapes and sizes and have
different business models. Some airlines privately owned, meaning that the
goal is to make a profit and a few are Government owned or subsidized,
meaning that they are supported by the Government and operates as more of
a service to the people as opposed to a profit-making enterprise (although
they may still make a profit).

The airline industry is also made up of airlines that operate in various

regions are of various sizes.

Major Airlines/International Airlines typically operate on a large scale

internationally. They usually make the biggest profit and hire the most
employees. Examples include Emirates, Singapore Airlines and Qantas to
name but few.

National Airlines are airlines that represent the nation. These may also be
major airlines. Examples include Air China, British Airways and TAP

Regional Airlines operate only in particular region, this could be a continent,

a part of the world or perhaps just across a select few countries.

There are 3 types of airlines that we typically encounter in the

commercial aviation industry. Whilst each airline is slightly different,
airlines will typically fit into one of the following categories:

I. Scheduled airline
II. Charter Airline
III. Budget Airline

Schedule Airline
The first category is the scheduled airline. A scheduled airline is an

airline that works to a specific schedule. Just like a bus, a scheduled airline

will work to a timetable. Seats will be sold to passengers and the flight should

operate as planned regardless of how many seats are sold.

 Of course, there are always circumstances when a flight may be

cancelled or when schedules may be changed, but as a general rule, this type

of airline will operate as planned.

Many scheduled airlines are national carriers that represent a

particular country. They may be private organizations or they may be owned

by the Government.

Scheduled airlines traditionally provide an inclusive package that

includes a seat, baggage and meals, although in recent years many airlines

have been unbundling their products and selling each of these elements

separately. 

Scheduled airlines may also be referred to as full-service carriers.

Charter Airline
The second type of airline is a charter airline. A charter airline is an

airline that works on an adhoc basis. A bit like a taxi service, charter airlines

only operate when they are required. As such, if there is not the demand to

warrant the flight operating, the flight will not take off.

Charter airlines will often change flight times or change the number of

flights that they operate based on demand. The more people that want to take

the flight, the more flights that they will likely operate and visa versa.

Charter airlines are often associated with holiday companies. Some

tour operators own charter airlines. Many people who book a package

holiday will travel to their destination via a charter airline.

Charter airlines may require passengers to pay extra for food and baggage.

Budget Airline
 The third type of airline is the budget airline. Budget airlines, also

commonly known as low-cost airlines, low-cost carriers or no frills airlines

are airlines that operate on a budget.

A budget airline will typically sell seats for lower prices than

scheduled and charter airlines. However, these seats often have less leg room

and are less comfortable.

Budget airlines make their money by selling ancillary products to

passengers. This includes anything in addition to the seat, such as extra leg

room, baggage, in-flight entertainment, insurance, in-destination excursions,

credit card fees and more.

Budget airlines have grown considerably in the past couple of decades

and they have revolutionized the aviation industry. Budget airlines are some

of the most profitable types of airlines.

TYPES OF AIRLINES IN THE PHILLIPINES AND THEIR

CLASSIFICATION ASWELL AS THEIR ROUTES

Air transportation in the Philippines goes back to the early days of

aviation prior to World War II, during the American colonial period of the

Philippines. Currently, the Philippines has several registered airline

companies, but they are mostly chartered. There are two main domestic

airline groups doing business as Philippine Airlines and Cebu Pacific, with

AirAsia Philippines competing on some international routes. The domestic

market is dominated by the Cebu Pacific group which has a 61% market

share, followed by the Philippine Airlines group which has 29%, followed by

AirAsia, having a 9% share.

This list of airlines enumerates local airlines in the Philippines which

have a current air operator's certificate issued by the Civil Aviation Authority.
 Note: Destinations in bold indicate primary hubs, those in italic indicate
secondary hubs, while those with regular font indicate focus cities.

SCHEDULED AIRLINES
Mainline

Airline Images IATA ICAO Callsig Hubs and Founded Notes

n focus cities

Cebu 5J CEB CEBU Manila 1988 Founded as Cebu

Pacific Cagayan de Air and
Oro commenced
Cebu operations in
Clark 1996 as Cebu
Davao Pacific
Iloilo
Kalibo
Zamboanga
Pan 8Y AAV ASTRO- Cebu 1973 Founded as
Pacific PHIL Clark Astro Air
Airlines Kalibo Philippines and
commenced
operations in
2017 as Pan
Pacific Airlines

Philippine PR PAL PHILIP Manila 1930 Founded as

Airlines PINE Cebu Philippine Aerial
Clark Taxi Company
Davao and commenced
Kalibo operations in
1941 as
Philippine Air
Lines, then 1970
as Philippine
Airlines
Philippine Z2 APG COOL Manila 2010
AirAsia RED Cebu
Clark
 REGIONAL
Airline Images IATA ICAO Callsign Hubs and Founded Notes
focus cities

Air Juan AO AIR JUAN Puerto 2012

Princesa

AirSWIFT T6 ATX AIRSWIFT Manila 2002 Founded as

El Nido Island
Transvoyager.

Alphaland BIC BALESIN Clark 2015

Aviation Manila

Cebgo DG SQR BLUE JAY Cebu 1995 Founded as South

Manila East Asian
Zamboanga Airlines. Operates
as Cebu Pacific
PAL 2P GAP AIRPHIL Manila 1995 Founded as Air
Express Cebu Philippines and
Clark commenced
Davao operations in
Zamboanga 1995. Operates as
Philippine Airline
Royal Air RW RYL DOUBLE Clark 2002 A former
Philippine GOLD chartered airline,
s Royal Air started
regular scheduled
services under
new management
since July 2017
using three
AVRO146-RJ100
jets.
Sky Jet M8 MSJ MAGNUM Manila 2005 Commenced
Airlines AIR operations in
2012
Sky Pasada SP WCC SKY Manila 2010
PASADA
 CHARTER AIRLINES
Airline Images IATA ICAO Callsign Hubs and Founded Notes
focus cities

Air Link Manila 1983

International
Airways

Asian Manila 1996

Aerospace
Corporation

Cyclone Cauayan 1996

Airways
INAEC Manila 1993
Island SOY SORIANO Manila 2003
Aviation Inc.

Lionair Manila 2011

Northsky Air Tuguegara 2010

o
Pacificiar GX PFR Manila 1974
Pacific Global Manila 2011
One Aviation
Company
Inc.
Platinum Manila 2017
Skies
PhilJets Aero Manila 2012
Services Inc.
SEAir XO SGD AIR BLUE Clark 2012 Founded as a spin
International Manila out from South
East Asian
Airlines.Now
called SEAir
International and
operates as
Charter and cargo
Airline
Subic Subic
Seaplane
Sunlight Air ST SEA BLUE Clark 2020
HUMAN

Airline Image IATA ICAO Callsign Hubs and Focus cities Founded Notes

PSI Air 2007 PHP SKYPOWER Clark International 2016

Airort

2GO PR BOI ABAIR Ninoy Aquino 1988

International
Airport

3 Types of Air Service

Express Air Service

Express air service means your cargo is hoping on a flight straight to

its destination. No funny business in-between. Essentially, with express air

service you are guaranteed that your air cargo will be loaded on a plane that

will only be making one stop – the destination airport.

There are obviously huge benefits to this. Your cargo is being handled

less, meaning it is less likely to suffer from damage. Also, since it is on a

direct flight to its destination, it will get there significantly faster than other
modes of shipping, so this is an incredibly beneficial type of air shipping for

companies that need to get there products overseas as fast as possible.

Standard Air Service

While on occasion, a standard air service may fly direct to destination,

it usually includes one or two stops along the way. These stops are meant for

sake of deconsolidating and reconsolidating cargo. While Standard air

service tends to be a bit slower than express air service, it’s still a fast mode

of shipping.

The most obvious benefit to standard air service is that usually rates

will be reduced a fair amount. This means lower freight bills for near-same

performance delivery.

Deferred Air Service

The last, and cheapest type of air service is “deferred air service”. As

you might imagine, deferred air service is the same thing for more stops.

This is convenient for air carriers as they can count on large bulks of air

cargo shipments being shipped from main airports to their various smaller

airports. This keeps airport congestion low at their main airport and defers

the work to smaller cargo aircrafts down the line.

Deferred air shipping is the cheapest type of air transportation, but it’s

almost always the case that LCL will still be cheaper than most air shipping

modes!

AIR TRANSPORT ORGANIZATION

Transportation organization means any political subdivision or any

mass transportation or port authority or airport authority now or hereafter

organized under the law of Pennsylvania or pursuant to an interstate

compact or otherwise empowered to render transportation service, contract

for the rendering or assist in the rendering of transportation service in the

Commonwealth of Pennsylvania, even though it may also render

transportation service in adjacent states, or any combination of two or more

of such entities. (Def. amended Oct. 17, 1980, P.L.1083, No.183)

International Transport Organizations play an important role in trade

facilitation, as they represent their members in trade facilitation negotiations

and are often instrumental in promoting trade facilitation measures and in

implementing trade facilitation tools and solutions amongst their

communities.

There are different organization that belongs in main international

Transport Organization, but this lesson will only focus on AITA and ICAO.

IATA (International Air Transport Association)

Is a non-governmental organization representing the airline industry,

with members covering some 241 airlines comprising 84% of total air traffic.

IATA provides a standard approach for cargo facilitation to comply with

government regulations requiring the provision of cargo information.

Key Features:

Type of Organization: Private (non-profit) standard-setting organization

Charter/Constitution: Act of Incorporation by a Special Act of the Canadian

Parliament, www.iata.org/about/Documents/chapter-1-english-%20aol.pdf

Membership:

 Nature: Airline companies

 Number: 281 members

Year of establishment: 1945

Headquarters: Montreal, Canada

Executive offices: Geneva (Switzerland)

Regional offices: Amman (Jordan), Beijing (People’s Republic of China),

Madrid (Spain), Miami (United State), and Singapore

Country offices: in 60 countries

Secretariat staff: 1,500 (2014)

Total budget: N/A

Type of activity: Standard setting, financial settlement, advocacy,

environmental stewardship, data collection and analysis, consulting,

commercial services.

Website: www.iata.org

International Air Transport Association (IATA), is the trade association

for the world’s airlines. It supports many areas of aviation activity and helps

formulate industry policy on critical aviation issues. It is the prime vehicle

for inter-airline co-operation in promoting safe, reliable, secure and

economical air services for the benefit of the world’s consumers.

IATA aims to be the force for value creation and innovation driving a

safe, secure and profitable air transport industry that sustainably connects

and enriches the world. IATA’s mission is to represent, lead, and serve the

airline industry.

IATA has developed Dangerous Goods Regulations (DGR) to prepare

and document dangerous shipments. Such as;

 IATA’s Live animals Regulation (LAR) is a standard for

transporting live animals.

  The Convention on International Trade in Endangered Species

(CITES), recommends in its Resolution for Transport of Live

Specimens (CONF. 10.21) that all parties dealing with the

preparation and transport of live animal’s specimens follow the

instruction provided by the LAR and incorporate them in their

national legislation.

 IATA’s Perishable Cargo Regulations (PCR) is a reference guide

for all parties involved in the packaging and handling of

perishables for air transportation. CITES recommends that all

parties dealing with the preparation and transport of live plant

specimens follow the instructions of the PCR and incorporate

them in their national legislation.

For electronic communication, IATA has developed solutions through

e-freight, which aims to remove paper from the air cargo supply chain and

replace it with cheaper, more accurate and more reliable electronic

messaging. Both traditional EDI messages through IATA’s CARGO-IMP

standards and XML messages are used

ICAO (International Civil Aviation Organization)

Is an intergovernmental specialized agency associated with the United

Nations (UN). Established in 1947 by the Convention on International Civil

Aviation (1944), which had been signed by 52 states three years earlier in

Chicago, the ICAO is dedicated to developing safe and efficient international

air transport for peaceful purposes and ensuring a reasonable opportunity

for every state to operate international airlines. The organization’s

permanent headquarters are in Montreal.

The ICAO, whose membership includes virtually every state in the

world, has several component bodies:

 1) An Assembly of delegates from all member countries that meets every

three years

2) A Council of representatives from 33 member states, elected by and

responsible to the Assembly, that sits in continuous session at ICAO

headquarters

3) An Air Navigation Commission appointed by the Council for

addressing technical matters, and

4) Various standing committees, including a Committee on Joint Support

of Air Navigation Services and a Finance Committee.

The ICAO’s Secretariat is headed by a secretary-general selected by the

Council for a three-year term. The five main sections of the Secretariat—the

Air Navigation Bureau, the Air Transport Bureau, the Technical Co-operation

Bureau, the Legal Bureau, and the Bureau of Administration and Services—

provide technical and administrative assistance to the various national

representatives.

AIRPORTS IN THE PHILIPPINES

The Philippines is an island country in Southeast Asia, heavily

influenced by both Anglo-European and Asian culture. Due to more and

more travelers exploring the country’s numerous islands, airline traffic keeps

increasing each year.

Currently, there are over 70 Philippines airports handling

international, domestic, and charter flights.

INTERNATIONAL AND MAJOR DOMESTIC AIRPORTS

Manila Ninoy Aquino Airport – IATA Code – MNL

- 47.000.000 passengers
 - Manila International Airport or informally known as NAIA Airport, is

the largest of all airports in the Philippines. The airport is located

about 12 km south of downtown Manila, between the cities of Pasay

and Parañaque.

- As a main point of entry for most travelers, NAIA airport has regular

flights by the biggest carriers like Philippines Airlines and Cebu

Pacific, as well as low-cost airlines like Philippines AirAsia.

- If you’re planning to visit Metro Manila, this airport is an obvious

choice. Also, getting to the city is fairly easy, with public buses,

shuttles and trains available.

Mactan-Cebu Airport – IATA Code – CEB

- 12.500.000 passengers

- Mactan-Cebu International Airport is the second busiest among

Philippines airports, located in Lapu-Lapu city on Mactan Island.

Airport serves Cebu City and its surrounding area.

- There are 2 terminals at the airport, for domestic and international

flights. Several airlines operate at the airport – Cebgo, Cebu

Pacific, PAL Express and Philippines Airlines among them.

- If you’re travelling to Cebu area, but also some outlying cities

like Oslob and Moalboal, you should look into this airport.

Iloilo Airport – IATA Code – ILO

- 2.400.000 passengers

- Iloilo International Airport is an airport serving the Iloilo province,

located 20 km north of Iloilo City. The airport is also known by its

other names – Cabatuan Airport and Santa Barbara Airport, due to its

close proximity to cities of the same name.

 - ILO airport is the main hub for Cebu Pacific airline, but also handles

flights by Cebgo and PAL Express.

- Apart from Iloilo City, the airport is a good choice when going

to Guimaras Island and Gigantes Islands.

Davao Airport – IATA Code – DVO

- 2.300.000 passengers

- Davao International Airport is an airport serving Davao City, also

known by its other name Francisco Bangoy Airport. DVO airport is the

hub for several airlines, such as Cebu Pacific, PAL

Express, Philippines Airlines and Philippines AirAsia.

- Located about 32 km NW of the city, getting to and from the airport is

possible by both jeepneys and taxis.

- The airport is an optimal choice for anyone travelling to Davao del Sur

Region and locations like Tagum City and Digos City.

Clark Airport – IATA Code – CRK

- 2.100.000 passengers

- Clark International Airport, located 5 km from the Clark Freeport

Zone is another airport serving the Manila Metropolitan area and

Central Luzon Region.

- The airport serves domestic and international flights, with focus

on low-cost airlines like Cebu Pacific and Philippines AirAsia.

- Due to its location, Clark Airport is a common choice for anyone

travelling to Angeles, Mabalacat and Guagua City.

Puerto Princesa Airport – IATA Code – PPS

- 2.100.000 passengers
 - Puerto Princesa International Airport is the airport serving Puerto

Princesa City, along with its neighboring area. The airport is the hub

for domestic airline Air Juan, as well as Philippines AirAsia.

- Getting to Puerto Princesa center shouldn’t be a problem, as the

airport is located only 5 km from the city.

- This Philippines airport is the usual choice for people travelling

to Palawan Island.

Laguindingan Airport – IATA Code – CGY

- 2.000.000 passengers

- Laguindingan International Airport is the primary airport serving the

city of Cagayan de Oro. The airport is located about 40 km northwest

of the city, with airport shuttles and taxis at passenger’s disposal.

- CGY airport is 5th busiest among Philippines airports, with most

passengers coming from CebuAir and Philippines AirAsia airlines.

- The airport is the main gateway for travelers going to Iligan, Cagayan

de Oro and other cities in Northern Mindanao.

Bacolod-Silay Airport – IATA Code – BCD

- 1.700.000 passengers

- Bacolod–Silay Airport is the airport serving the Bacolod Metropolitan

area. The airport is located about 17 km north of the city center, and

can be reached by shuttle vans, jeepneys and taxis.

- Philippines Airlines, national air carrier, is the main airline flying to

and from the airport. Bacolod Airport is the closest one to all

destinations on Negros Island, and cities like Sipalay and Dumaguete.

Tacloban City Airport – IATA Code – TAC

 - 1.500.000 passengers

- Tacloban City Airport is another among international airports in

Philippines, also known as Daniel Z. Romualdez Airport.

- The airport is located some 13 km southeast of Tacloban, but it’s also

convenient when visiting other locations on Leyte Island.

- AirAsia, Cebu Pacific and Philippines Airlines all have regular flights

from and to the airport. The cities of Ormoc, Naval and Tanauan are

among the closest destinations from TAC airport.

Kalibo Airport – IATA Code – KLO

- 1.400.000 passengers

- Kalibo International Airport serves the city of Kalibo, as well as

Boracay Island. Airport is located reasonably close to Kalibo, about 5

km away. Budget airlines like Cebu Pacific and Royal Air operate

regularly at the airport.

- Kalibo airport is a common choice for travelers going to the northern

part of Panay Island and destinations like Roxas City and Pandan

Island.

Zamboanga Airport – IATA Code – ZAM

- 1.200.000 passengers

- Zamboanga International Airport is among the busiest domestic

Philippines airports. Although named “international”, the airport

handles mostly domestic routes via PAL Express and

Cebu Pacific airlines.

- Located about 3 km from Zamboanga city, it is also a usual flying spot

for passengers visiting Basilan Island.

Bohol-Panglao Airport – IATA Code – TAG

 - 1.000.000 passengers

- New Bohol International Airport is an airport in Bohol province,

opened in 2018. Airport replaced the former Tagbilaran airport and

now serves as a main gateway to Bohol and Panglao Island.

- Philippine Airlines, Cebu Pacific and Philippines AirAsia all use TAG

airport for daily flights. Airport is located about 20 km south of

Tagbilaran City, and can be used when visiting sights like Alona

Beach and Carmen City.

General Santos Airport – IATA Code – GES

- 1.000.000 passengers

- General Santos International Airport is the airport serving the

SOCCSKSARGEN region. The airport is located 20 kilometers from

General Santos city.

- Apart from domestic flights, the airport handles several international

routes via AirAsia. Koronadal City, Digos City and Lake Sebu are all

fairly close to the airport.

Boracay Airport – IATA Code – MPH

- 1.000.000 passengers

- Boracay Airport is another of international Philippines airports,

located in Aklan region, also known by its other names Caticlan

Airport and Godofredo P. Ramos Airport.

- The airport primarily serves Malay municipality, but it’s also an

optimal option when visiting Boracay Island, both of which are about

20 minutes away. AirAsia and Philippines Airlines have the most

frequent flights to the airport.

DOMESTIC PHILIPPINE AIRPORTS

Bancasi Airport / Butuan Airport (BXU)

Passengers: 750.000

Airline(s): Cebu Pacific, Philippine Airlines

Nearby city(s): Surigao, Gingoog, Bayugan

Sibulan Airport / Dumaguete Airport (DGT)

Passengers: 700.000

Airline(s): Cebu Pacific, Philippine Airlines, Philippines AirAsia

Nearby city(s): Siquijor, Dumaguete, Bais

Francisco B. Reyes Airport / Busuanga Airport (USU)

Passengers: 670.000

Airline(s): Cebu Pacific, Philippine Airlines, Air Juan

Nearby city(s): Coron

Legazpi Airport (LGP)

Passengers: 570.000

Airline(s): Cebgo, PAL Express

Nearby city(s): Sorsogon, Donsol, Mayon Volcano Natural Park

Tuguegarao Airport (TUG)

Passengers: 380.000

Airline(s): Cebu Pacific

Nearby city(s): Isabela, Santa Ana

Labo Airport / Ozamiz Airport (OZC)

Passengers: 330.000

Airline(s): Cebgo, PAL Express

Nearby city(s): Pagadian City

Sayak Airport / Siargao Airport (IAO)

Passengers: 330.000
Airline(s): Cebgo, PAL Express

Nearby city(s): General Luna, Dapa, Sugba Lagoon

Roxas Airport (RXS)

Passengers: 300.000

Airline(s): Cebgo, PAL Express

Nearby city(s): Bancal Port, Kalibo

Cotabato Airport / Awang Airport (CBO)

Passengers: 290.000

Airline(s): Cebgo, PAL Express

Nearby city(s): Asik Asik Falls, Midsayap

Dipolog Airport (DPL)

Passengers: 280.000

Airline(s): Cebu Pacific, PAL Express

Nearby city(s): Dakak Beach Resort, Dapitan City

Cauayan Airport (CYZ)

Passengers: 220.000

Airline(s): Cebu Pacific

Nearby city(s): Tuguegarao, Santiago

Pagadian Airport (PAG)

Passengers: 190.000

Airline(s): Cebgo, PAL Express

Nearby city(s): Ozamiz City

Laoag Airport (LAO)

Passengers: 150.000

Airline(s): PAL Express

Nearby city(s): Vigan, Pagudpud, Fort Ilocandia

Basco Airport (BSO)

Passengers: 150.000

Airline(s): Cebgo, PAL Express, SkyJet

Nearby city(s): Ivana Port, Sabtang Island

Sanga-Sanga Airport (TWT)

Passengers: 120.000

Airline(s): Cebu Pacific, PAL Express

Nearby city(s): Tawi-Tawi

SMALLER PHILIPPINE AIRPORTS

Naga Airport – IATA Code – WNP

San Jose Airport – IATA Code – SJI

Antique Airport – IATA Code – EUQ

Calbayog Airport – IATA Code – CYP

Camiguin Airport – IATA Code – CGM

Catarman Airport – IATA Code – CRM

Marinduque Airport – IATA Code – MRQ

Virac Airport – IATA Code – VRC

Surigao Airport – IATA Code – SUG

Masbate Airport – IATA Code – MBT

San Vicente Airport – IATA Code – SWL