Phatic Communication

Phatic communication
Phatic communication or Small talk is conversation for its own sake. It is an informal type

of discourse that does not cover any functional topics of conversation or any transactions that
need to be addressed. The phenomenon of small talk was initially studied in 1923 by Bronisław
Malinowski, who coined the term phatic communion to describe it. The ability to conduct small
talk is a social skill.
Purpose
In spite of seeming to have little useful purpose, small talk is a bonding ritual and a strategy for
managing interpersonal distance.[2] It serves many functions in helping to define the
relationships between friends, work colleagues, and new acquaintances. In particular, it helps
new acquaintances to explore and categorize each other's social position.[3] Small talk is closely
related to the need for people to maintain positive face-to feel approved-of by those who are
listening to them. It lubricates social interactions in a very flexible way, although the desired
function is often dependent on the point in the conversation at which the small talk occurs:[4]
1. At the beginning of a conversation
When the talkers do not know each other, it allows them to show that they have friendly
intentions and desire some sort of positive interaction. In a business meeting, it enables
people to establish each other's reputation and level of expertise. Where there is already a
relationship between the two talkers, their small talk serves as a gentle introduction
before engaging in more functional topics of conversation. It allows them to signal their
own mood and to sense the mood of the other person.
2. At the end of a conversation
Suddenly ending an exchange may risk appearing to reject the other person. Small talk
can be used to mitigate that rejection, affirm the relationship between the two people, and
soften the parting.
3. As a space filler
In many cultures, silences between two people are usually considered uncomfortable.
Tension can be reduced by starting phatic talk until a more substantial subject arises.
In some conversations there is no specific functional or informative element at all. The following
example of small talk is between two colleagues who pass each other in a corridor:
Dave : Morning, Jane.

Jane : Oh, morning, Dave, how are you?
Dave : Fine, thanks. Have a good weekend?
Jane : Yes, thanks. Catch you later.
Dave : OK, see you.
In this example, the elements of phatic talk at the beginning and end of the conversation have
merged together. The entire short conversation is a space-filler. This type of discourse is often
called chatter.
The need to use small talk depends upon the nature of the relationship between the people having
the conversation. Couples in an intimate relationship can signal their level of closeness by a lack
of small talk. They can comfortably accept silence in circumstances that would be uncomfortable
for two people who were only casual friends.[5]
Topics
The topics of small talk conversations are generally less important than their social function.
[8] The selected topic usually depends on any pre-existing relationship between the two people,
and the circumstances of the conversation. In either case, someone initiating small talk will tend
to choose a topic for which they can assume a shared background knowledge, to prevent the
conversation being too one-sided.[7]
Topics can be summarised as being either direct or indirect.[9] Direct topics include personal
observations such as health or looks. Indirect topics refer to a situational context such as the
latest news, or the conditions of the communicative situation. Some topics are considered to be
"safe" in most circumstances:[4]
 The weather
 Recent shared experiences, for example "Good party last night, wasn't it?"
 Television and films
 Sports
The level of detail offered should not overstep the bounds of interpersonal space. When asked,
"How are you?" by an acquaintance they do not know well, a person is likely to choose a simple,
generalised reply such as, "Fine, thank you." In this circumstance it would probably not be
appropriate for them to reply with a list of symptoms of any medical conditions they were
suffering from.[7] To do so would assume a greater degree of familiarity between the two people
than is actually the case, and this may create an uncomfortable situation.
Conversational patterns
A study of small talk in situations which involve the chance meeting of strangers has been
carried out by Klaus Schneider.[10] He theorises that such a conversation consists of a number of
fairly predictable segments, or "moves".
The first move is usually phrased so that it is easy for the other person to agree. It may be either a
question, or a statement of opinion with a tag question. For example, an opening line such as
"Lovely weather, isn't it?" is a clear invitation for agreement.
The second move is the other person's response. In functional conversations that address a
particular topic, Grice's Maxim of Quantity suggests that responses should contain no more
information than was explicitly asked for.[11] Schneider claims that one of the principles of
small talk contradicts the Maxim of Quantity. He suggests that politeness in small talk is
maximised by responding with a more substantial answer. Going back to the example of "Lovely
weather, isn't it?", to respond by just saying "Yes" is less polite than saying, "Yes, very mild for
the time of year."
Schneider describes that subsequent moves may involve an acknowledgement such as "I see", a
positive evaluation such as "That's nice", or what's called "idling behaviour", such as "Mmm", or
"Really?".
Gender differences
Speech patterns between women tend to be more collaborative than those of men, and tend to
support each other's involvement in the conversation. Topics for small talk are more likely to
include compliments about some aspect of personal appearance. For example, "That dress really
suits you." Small talk between women who are friends may also involve a greater degree of self
disclosure. Topics may cover more personal aspects of their life, their troubles, and their secrets.
This self-disclosure both generates a closer relationship between them, and also is a signal of that
closeness.[12]
By contrast, men's small talk tends to be more competitive. It may feature verbal sparring
matches, playful insults, and putdowns.[12] However, in a way these are also both creators and
signals of solidarity; the men are signalling that they are comfortable enough with each other's
company to be able to say these things without their being taken as insults.
Cultural differences
Small talk rules and topics can differ widely between cultures. Weather is a common topic in
regions where the climate has great variation and can be unpredictable. Questions about the
family are usual in some Asian and Arab countries. In cultures that are highly status-oriented
such as China and Japan,[13] small talk between new acquaintances may feature numerous
questions that enable social categorization of each other. In many European cultures it is
common to discuss the weather, politics or the economy, although in some countries personal
finance issues such as salary are considered taboo.

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Phatic communication

Phatic communication or Small talk is conversation for its own sake. It is an informal type

Dave : Morning, Jane.

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