Introduction

DDPCE – CHE 3251
DESIGN AND DRAWING OF CHEMICAL

PROCESS EQUIPMENT
[1 3 3 5]
• Every Monday : 10.30 to 12.30 pm
• Every Thursday : 4 to 6 pm
Evaluation Pattern:
• Theory 80%
• two sessional exams 30% + 50% end
semester exam
• (AutoCAD)Lab 20 %
• only internal evaluation
How different from other
subjects….????
------- Syllabus
Process Design & Mechanical Design……
• Introduction to design of equipment (4)
• (Mechanical) Design of Pressure Vessels (9+9)
– Internal pressure
– External pressure
• Heat Exchangers (10)
– Design of shell and tube heat exchangers
• Condenser Design (2)
• Evaporator Design (10)
– Design of single & triple effect evaporators
Text / Reference Books
• “Chemical Engineering Design, Vol. 6” by J.M. Coulson,
J.F. Richardson, and R.K. Sinott, Pergamon Press.
• “Process Equipment Design” by M.V. Joshi
• Indian Standard Code for unfired pressure vessel, BIS 2825-

1969
• Indian Standard Code for Heat Exchangers, BIS 4503-1967
• Chemical Engineer’s Handbook by Perry.

Constraints!!!!
• To achieve the objective the designer will be constrained by
many factors, which will narrow down the number of possible
designs;
• External constraints:
• fixed, invariable and the designer has no control on them.
• include the following:
– Time will be a constraint (time available for completion of a
design will usually limit the no. of alternative designs that can
be considered)
– Economic considerations are obviously a major constraint on
any engineering design: plants must make a profit
– government regulations, and standards.
• Internal constraints:
• less rigid, and capable of relaxation by the designer as part

of his general strategy in seeking the best design.
• the designer has some control; such as,
• choice of process,
• choice of process conditions,
• materials,
• equipment
• The stages in the development of a design, from the
initial identification of the objective to the final
design, are shown diagrammatically in Figure 1.2
• Figure 1.2 shows design as an iterative procedure

STANDARDS AND CODES
• The terms STANDARD and CODE are used
interchangeably.
• These STANDARDS and CODES books cover:
– Materials, properties and compositions.
– Testing procedures for performance,
compositions, quality.
– Preferred sizes; for example, tubes, plates,
sections.
– Design methods, inspection, fabrication.
– Codes of practice, for plant operation and safety.
– Government legislations
Some examples
• Most of the industrially advanced countries have a code of their
own.
• UK– British Standards Institution (BSI )
• USA – American National Standards Institute (ANSI)
– American Petroleum Institute (API)
– American Society of Testing Materials (ASTM )
– American Society of Mechanical Engineers (ASME)
• India
– Indian Standards 2825, Unfired Pressure vessels – IS 2825
– Indian Standards 4503,Shell & Tube heat exchangers – IS 4503
FACTOR OF SAFETY (DESIGN FACTORS)
• Design is an inexact art;
• errors and uncertainties will arise from uncertainties in

the design data available and in the approximations
necessary in design calculations.
• To ensure that the design specification is met, factors

are included to give a margin of safety in the design;
• safety in the sense that the equipment will not fail to

perform satisfactorily, and that it will operate safely:
will not cause a hazard.
Material of Construction
• The process designer will be responsible for recommending materials
that will be suitable for the process conditions. (stainless
steel/plastic/wood???)
• the ability to resist corrosion.
• material selected
– must have sufficient strength and
– be easily worked.
• The most economical material that satisfies both process and
mechanical requirements should be selected;
• this will be the material that gives the lowest cost over the working life
of the plant, allowing for maintenance and replacement.
• Other factors, such as product contamination and process safety must

also be considered.
CONTAMINATION
• the prevention of the contamination of a process stream, or a product,
by certain metals, or the products of corrosion, overrides any other
considerations when selecting suitable materials.
• For instance, in textile processes, stainless steel or aluminium is often

used in preference to carbon steel to avoid iron staining (any slight
rusting will mark the textiles)
• With processes that use catalysts, care must be taken to select materials
that will not cause contamination and poisoning of the catalyst.
• In a citric acid fermentation where the pH may be 1 to 2 it will be

necessary to use a stainless steel with 3-4% molybdenum (AISI grade
317) to prevent leaching of heavy metals from the steel which would
interfere with the fermentation.
COMMONLY USED MATERIALS OF
CONSTRUCTION
• Iron and steel
• Low carbon steel (mild steel) is the most

commonly used engineering material.
• Cheap
• available in a wide range of standard forms and
sizes
• can be easily worked and welded.
• NOT resistant to corrosion
Stainless steel
• most frequently used corrosion resistant
material
• to impart corrosion resistance the Cr > 12%
• higher the Cr content, the more resistant is
the alloy to corrosion
• Nickel is also added to improve the corrosion
resistance
Types of Stainless steel
• A wide range of stainless steels is available, with
compositions tailored to give the properties required
for specific applications.
• They can be divided into three broad classes

according to their microstructure:
• 1. Ferritic: 13 – 20 % Cr, < 0.1 % C, with no nickel

• 2. Martensitic: 10 – 12 % Cr, 0.2 to 0.4 %C, up to 2% Ni
• 3. Austenitic: 18 – 20 %Cr, > 7 % Ni
Installation of a batch, 765-bbl beer fermenter made of stainless steel

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DDPCE – CHE 3251

DESIGN AND DRAWING OF CHEMICAL

• “Process Equipment Design” by M.V. Joshi

• Indian Standard Code for unfired pressure vessel, BIS 2825-

• Indian Standard Code for Heat Exchangers, BIS 4503-1967

• Chemical Engineer’s Handbook by Perry.

• less rigid, and capable of relaxation by the designer as part

• the designer has some control; such as,

• choice of process conditions,

• Figure 1.2 shows design as an iterative procedure

• errors and uncertainties will arise from uncertainties in

• To ensure that the design specification is met, factors

• safety in the sense that the equipment will not fail to

• Other factors, such as product contamination and process safety must

• For instance, in textile processes, stainless steel or aluminium is often

• In a citric acid fermentation where the pH may be 1 to 2 it will be

• Low carbon steel (mild steel) is the most

• They can be divided into three broad classes

• 1. Ferritic: 13 – 20 % Cr, < 0.1 % C, with no nickel

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