1.

Chapter 2 Change of Matter

-state of matter 5. Chapter 4 Periodic Table 8. Chapter 6 Acid and Bases
-type of particles -differentiate monoprotic and diprotic acid (etc : HCl vs
-freezing + melting point 6. Chapter 7 Rate of Reaction H2SO4)
- 7.1 determining rate of reaction -definition of acid and alkali
2. Chapter 4 Periodic Table -fast and slow reaction
-group 1 /7/8 -definition of ROR 9. Chapter 5 Bonding
-average ROR -covalent bond
3. Chapter 3 Chemical Equation -calculation + graph -ionic bond
-cation / anion -catalyst (definition + function) -hydrogen bond
-exothermic 散热+endothermic 吸热 reaction -comparison
4. Chapter 3 Empirical Formula -ionic equation
-definition 10. Chapter 6 Acid Base and Salt
-calculation 7. Chapter 8 -heating salt ( colour / gas released )
-chemical formula -alloy (compare characteristics of alloy and pure metal) -confirmatory test for CO2, H2, O2, HCl(g)
-crucible (tb pg 62) -glass (4 types of glass)
-less reactive -composite 11. Rate of Reaction
- matter : an object that has mass and occupies space Heat absorbed is used to overcome attraction force -physical properties of group 17 element :
between particles Dull surface
-solid : Solid changes to liquid Do not conduct electricity
closely packed, in an orderly manner Low melting / boiling point
Very strong attractive force -group 1 : alkali metal
Least kinetic energy -group 2 : alkaline metal -When moving down group17 :
Cannot be compressed -group 3-12 : transition metals Melting / boiling point ↑
Fixed volume / shape -group 17 : halogen Molecular size ↑
-group 18 : inert gas Van der Waals Force of Attraction ↑
-liquid : More heat is needed to overcome .......
closely packed but not in an orderly manner -Group 1 Elements :
Strong attractive force Li, Na, K, Rb, Cs, Fr -Group 18 Elements :
High kinetic energy He, Ne, Ar, Kr, Xe, Rn
Can be compressed -EXPERIMENT group 1 chemical equation :
Fixed volume / unfixed shape 2X + 2H2O → 2XOH + H2 -physical properties of group 1 element :
4X + O2 → 2X2O Colourless and odourless gases
-gas : X2O + H2O → 2XOH Insoluble in water
far apart Do not conduct electricity
Weak attractive force -physical properties of group 1 element : Low boiling point + density
Very high kinetic energy Grey solid with shinny surface
Unfixed volume / shape Conduct heat -When moving down group1 :
Conduct electricity Proton number ↑
-type of particles : Low density Occupied shell ↑
atom ( Carbon, C ) Low melting/boiling point Atomic radius ↑
Molecule ( Oxygen, O2 )(Water, H2O ) Van der Waals Force of attraction ↑
Ion ( Sodium chloride, Na+Cl- ) -When moving down group1 : Boiling point ↑
Melting point / boiling point ↓ Density ↑
-freezing point : a constant temperature when a Metallic bond ↓ Atomic size ↑
substance changes it’s form from liquid to solid Density ↑ -empirical formula : simplest whole number ratio of an
-melting point : a constant temperature when a Less heat energy is required to overcome attraction atom, element and compound
substance changes it’s form from solid to liquid force Element Sn Cl
Mass (g) 11.9 14.2
-when freezing occur : -Group 17 Elements : No. of Moles in 11 .9 14.2
No decrease in temperature F, Cl, Br, I, At an atom (mol)  0.1  0 .4
Heat lost to the surrounding is balanced by heat 119 35.5
released Mole Ratio 0.1 0.4
-EXPERIMENT group 17 chemical equation : 1 4
Particles attract each other to form solid X2 + H2O ↔ HX + HOX 0.1 0.1
X2 + 2NaOH → NaX + NaOX + H2O Simplest Ratio 1 4
-when melting occur : 2Fe + 3X2 → 2FeX3 Empirical Formula = SnCl4
No increase in temperature
-element suitable for crucible method: -Average ROR SiO2 + CaCO3
Magnesium, Mg TotalVolum e V 1  0
TimeTaken

t1  0
Low melting point
Calcium, Ca Common glass
Aluminium, Al -Calculation Easy to mold
Zinc, Zn
-Fused Silica Glass
-purpose of rubbing with a sand paper SiO2
To rub off the oxide layer on the coil High melting point
High purity/clarity
-Why the lid is open at intervals Lens
To allow oxygen enter for complete combustion
-Borosilicate Glass
-Why the lid is closed when the ribbon starts to burn -Catalyst B2O3
To prevent white powder of MgO escaping into the air Chemical substance that alter ROR without undergoing High melting point
To improve accuracy any changes at the end of reaction Low density
Presence of positive catalyst √ → provide alternative Laboratory glassware
-Why it is repeated a number of time path with lower activation energy Ea
To improve accuracy -Lead Crystal Glass
To ensure Mg react completely with O2 -Exothermic Reaction PbO
Reaction that release heat energy to the surrounding High refractive index
-Rate of Reaction : changes in the quantity of the -Endothermic Reaction Low melting point
reactant/product per unit time Reaction that absorb heat energy from the surrounding Prism

-Unit : -Traditional Ceramic

Solid-- g s-1 Clay
Gas-- cm3s-1 Kaolin 陶瓷
Molarity-- mol dm-3 s-1 -Advanced Ceramic
Brake disc
-Fast reaction Cutting disc
-alloy : mixture of pure metals with impurities/foreign
Fireworks
particles
Ignition of matches -Reinforced Concrete
Combustion of gases Concrete: high compression
-characteristic :
Neutralisation Steel Bar: high tension force
Stronger/harder
Used in building/bridges/road
Improve appearance
-Slow reaction
Improve corrosion
Respiration -Glass Fibre
-benefits of alloy
Food decay Glass: hard
Impurities disturb proper arrangement of pure metal
Photosynthesis Fibre : plastic
Prevent sliding between layers of particles
Corrosion of metal Used in helmet/canoe
-Soda-lime glass
-Optical Fibre Mass No in solid, yes Electrical no
Plastic: n↓ Volume in aqueous conductivity
Glass : n↑
*n=refractive index -Molarity : number of mole of solute found in 1 dm-3 Confirmatory gas test
Used for internet connection solution
NumberOfMo le -Oxygen Gas (pg191)
-Acid: Chemical substance which ionises completely in Volume Place a glowing wooden splinter into the test tube fill
water to produce hydrogen ion with the gas. The glowing wooden splinter rekindles
-Alkali : Chemical substance which ionises completely in -MMC
water to produce hydroxide ion Molarity × Molar Mass = Concentration -Carbon Dioxide Gas (pg191)
Flow the gas produced into limewater. The limewater
-Monoprotic Acid : -Number of Moles, n turns cloudy
An acid which produces one hydrogen ion when one MV
n
molecule of acid ionises in water 1000 -Hydrogen Gas (pg191)
Etc: HCl / HNO3 Place a lighted wooden splinter near the mouth of the
-Diprotic Acid : -Decomposition test tube fill with hydrogen gas. A pop sound is
An acid which produces two hydrogen ion when one Carbonate salt → metal oxide + CO2 produced
molecule of acid ionises in water XCO3 → XO +CO2
Etc: H2SO4 / Nitrate Salt → metal oxide + NO2 + O2 -Hydrochloride Gas (pg192)
2X(NO3)2 → 2XO + 4NO2 + O2 Dip a glass rod into concentrated ammonia solution and
pH   log[ H  ] place it near the mouth of the test tube. A white fume is
pOH   log[OH ] -Covalent Bond : chemical bond formed through the produced.
sharing of electrons between two non metals atoms to
pH  pOH  14 archive stable octet electron arrangement -Calcium Carbonate CaCO3 →white
-Zinc Carbonate ZnCO3 →Yellow(cold), White(hot)
-concentration of acid ↓, pH ↑ -Ionic Bond : chemical bond with strong electrostatic -Lead(ii) Carbonate PbCO3 →Brown(cold), Yellow(hot)
-concentration of acid ↓, concentration of H+ ↓ force of attraction between oppositely charged ions -Copper(ii) Carbonate CuCO3 →Green(cold), Black(hot)
through transfer of electron from metal element to -metal are GREY except
-Chemical Properties of acid and alkali atoms of non-metal elements Copper Cu→Brown
Acid + Base → Salt + Water
Acid + Reactive Metal → Salt + H2 -Hydrogen Bond : attraction force between hydrogen -metal oxide are WHITE except
Acid + Metal Carbonate → Salt + H2O + CO2 atom that has bonded with an atom of high Copper(II) Oxide CuO →Black
electronegativity Iron(III) Oxide Fe2O3 →Brown
Alkali + Acid → Salt +Water Zinc Oxide ZnO →Yellow(hot), White(cold)
Alkali + Ammonium Salt → Salt + H2 Ionic Compound Covalent Lead(II) Oxide PbO →Brown(hot), Yellow(cold)
Alkali + Metal ion → insoluble metal hydroxide + cation Compound
from alkali High Melting and Low -CuSO4 / CuCl2 / Cu(NO3)2 → Blue
Boiling Point
-Concentration : mass of solute found in 1 dm-3 solution Soluble Solubility in Insoluble -Gas Produced and Inference
Water Limewater turns cloudy → Carbonate Salt
Brown and Acidic → Nitrate Salt
Pungent and Alkaline → Ammonium Salt
Rekindles glowing wooden splinter → Nitrate
Salt/Ag2CO3

-Temperature
Temperature ↑
Kinetic Energy ↑
Particles vibrate ↑
FOC ↑
FOEC ↑

-Concentration
Concentration ↑
No. Of mol per unit volume ↑
FOC ↑
FOEC ↑

-Total Surface Area

TSA ↑
Exposed surface area ↑
FOC ↑
FOEC ↑

-Catalyst
Presence of positive catalyst √
Provide alternative path with lower activation energy Ea