01-Kinematics of A Particle-Rectilinear Motion

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Arab Academy for Science and Technology,

College of Engineering & Technology.


Dynamics
EBA 1402

Rectilinear
Motion
Eng./Mohaned Hossam
Relation Between Position, Velocity,
Acceleration
Differentiation Differentiation

Position Velocity Acceleration


• Distance from the • Rate of change of • Rate of change of
origin position relative velocity relative to
to the time the time
• 𝑣റ = 𝑑𝑆റൗ𝑑𝑡 • 𝑎(𝑡) = 𝑑𝑣ൗ𝑑𝑡

Integration M.H. Integration 2


Acceleration
If…. Kinematic relationship Integrate
v t

 dv =  a ( t ) dt
dv
a = a (t ) = a(t )
dt v0 0

v x

a = a ( x) v dv = a ( x ) dx  v dv =  a ( x ) dx
v0 x0

v t
dv dv
dt
= a (v ) v a ( v ) = 0 dt
a = a (v)
0

x v
dv
v = a (v) v dv
dx x dx = v a ( v )
M.H. 0 0
3
Problem 1
Starting from rest, a particle moving in a straight line has an
acceleration of a = (2t - 6) m/s2, where t is in seconds. What is the
particle’s velocity when t = 6 s, and what is its position when t = 11 s
Solution 𝑣 𝑡
𝑎(𝑡) = 2𝑡 − 6 𝑚/𝑠2 𝑎(𝑡) = 𝑑𝑣/𝑑𝑡 ‫׬‬0 𝑑𝑣 = ‫׬‬0 𝑎 𝑡 𝑑𝑡
𝑡
𝑣 𝑡 = ‫׬‬0 2𝑡 − 6 𝑑𝑡 = 𝑡 2 − 6𝑡 𝑣 6 = (6)2 −6 ∗ 6 = 0 𝑚/𝑠
𝑠 𝑡
𝑣(𝑡) = 𝑡2 − 6𝑡 𝑚/𝑠 𝑣(𝑡) = 𝑑𝑠/𝑑𝑡 ‫׬‬0 𝑑𝑠 = ‫׬‬0 𝑣 𝑡 𝑑𝑡

𝑡 𝑡 3ൗ 2 3
𝑠 𝑡 = ‫׬‬0 𝑡2 − 6𝑡 𝑑𝑡 = 3
6𝑡
− ൗ2 𝑠 11 = 11 ൗ3 − 3 ∗ 112 = 80.7𝑚

M.H. 4
Problem 2
The acceleration of a particle P in Rectilinear motion is given by the
equation a=4x m/s2 with initial conditions vo=2 m/s and So= -7 m.
Find v2(x)
Solution 𝑣 𝑆
𝑎(𝑥) = 4𝑥 𝑚/𝑠2 𝑎(𝑥) = 𝑣𝑑𝑣/𝑑𝑥 ‫׬‬2 𝑣𝑑𝑣 = ‫׬‬−7 𝑎 𝑥 𝑑𝑥
𝑣 𝑥
‫׬‬2 𝑣 𝑑𝑣 = ‫׬‬−7 4𝑥 𝑑𝑥
𝑣
𝑣2 2 𝑥
= 2𝑥 −7
22
𝑣2 4 𝑣2
− = 2𝑥 2 - 2(−7)2 − 2 = 2𝑥 2 - 98 𝑣 2 = 2(2𝑥 2 - 96 )
2 2 2

𝑣 2 = 4𝑥 2 − 192

M.H. 5
Important Notes

• When v=0 but a≠0, The body changes its direction (Reflection).
• When v=0 & a=0, The body is at rest.
• To Calculate the distance travelled (ST) we have to check if there is
any reflection points (v=0)
𝑆𝑇 = 𝑆2 − 𝑆1 + 𝑆3 − 𝑆2 + 𝑆4 − 𝑆3
• Average speed= 𝑆𝑇ൗ∆𝑡
• Average velocity= ∆𝑆Τ∆𝑡

M.H. 6
Problem 3
A particle moves along a straight line such that its position is defined by
s = (t2 - 6t + 5) m. Determine distance, displacement, average velocity,
average speed, and the acceleration of the particle when t = 6 s.
Solution
𝑠 𝑡 = 𝑡 2 − 6𝑡 + 5 𝑚 𝑣(𝑡) = 𝑑𝑠/𝑑𝑡 𝑎(𝑡) = 𝑑𝑣/𝑑𝑡
𝑑𝑠 𝑑𝑣
𝑣 𝑡 = = 2𝑡 − 6 𝑚/𝑠 𝑎 𝑡 = = 2 𝑚/𝑠 2
𝑑𝑡 𝑑𝑡
To Calculate the distance travelled (ST) we have to check if there is any reflection points (v=0)

𝑣 𝑡 = 2𝑡 − 6 𝑚Τ𝑠 = 0 2𝑡 − 6 = 0 2𝑡 = 6 𝑡 = 6Τ2 = 3 𝑠𝑒𝑐


Now, we have to get the position at three times:

𝑆𝑡𝑎𝑟𝑡𝑖𝑛𝑔 𝑡𝑖𝑚𝑒 𝑅𝑒𝑓𝑙𝑒𝑐𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 𝑝𝑜𝑖𝑛𝑡 𝑡𝑖𝑚𝑒 𝑅𝑒𝑞𝑢𝑖𝑟𝑒𝑑 𝑡𝑖𝑚𝑒


𝑡 = 0 𝑠𝑒𝑐 𝑡 = 3 𝑠𝑒𝑐 𝑡 = 6 𝑠𝑒𝑐
M.H. 7
Problem 3
A particle moves along a straight line such that its position is defined by
s = (t2 - 6t + 5) m. Determine distance, displacement, average velocity,
average speed, and the acceleration of the particle when t = 6 s.
Solution
𝑠 𝑡 = 𝑡 2 − 6𝑡 + 5 𝑚 𝑣 𝑡 = 2𝑡 − 6 𝑚/𝑠 𝑎 𝑡 = 2 𝑚/𝑠 2 𝑡𝑣=0 = 3 𝑠𝑒𝑐
Time Position
(sec) (m)
0 5 𝑠 0 = 02 − 6 ∗ 0 + 5 = 5𝑚
3 -4 𝑠 3 = 32 − 6 ∗ 3 + 5 = −4 𝑚
6 5 𝑠 6 = 62 − 6 ∗ 6 + 5 = 5𝑚

M.H. 8
Problem 3
A particle moves along a straight line such that its position is defined by
s = (t2 - 6t + 5) m. Determine distance, displacement, average velocity,
average speed, and the acceleration of the particle when t = 6 s.
Solution
𝑠 𝑡 = 𝑡 2 − 6𝑡 + 5 𝑚 𝑣 𝑡 = 2𝑡 − 6 𝑚/𝑠 𝑎 𝑡 = 2 𝑚/𝑠 2 𝑡𝑣=0 = 3 𝑠𝑒𝑐
Time Position t=0 sec
(sec) (m) t=3 sec t=6 sec
0 5
3 -4
6 5 s=-4 m s=0 s=5 m

Distance covered at 6 sec.=(5-(-4))+((4)+5)=9+9=18 m 𝑣𝑠𝑝𝑒𝑒𝑑 𝑎𝑣. = 𝑆𝑇ൗ∆𝑡 = 18Τ6 = 3 𝑚/𝑆


Displacement covered at 6 sec.=(5-4)+(-4+5)=0 m 𝑣𝑎𝑣. = ∆𝑆Τ∆𝑡 = 0Τ6 = 0 𝑚/𝑆

M.H. 9
Problem 4
The position of the particle is given by s = (2t2 - 8t + 6) m, where t is in
seconds. Determine the time when the velocity of the particle is zero, and
the total distance traveled by the particle when t = 3 s.
Try to Solve

M.H. 10
M.H. 11
Newton’s equation of motion

• If acceleration is constant

M.H. 12
Problem 5
If a particle has an initial velocity of v0 = 12 ft/s to the right, at s0 = 0,
determine its position when t = 10 s, if a = 2 ft/s2 to the left.

Solution
a=2 ft/s vo=12 ft/s

t=0 s t=10 s

S0=0 S=?

𝑠 = 𝑣𝑜 𝑡 + 1Τ2 𝑎𝑡 2 = 12 10 + 1Τ2 −2 10 2
= 20 𝑓𝑡

M.H. 13
Problem 6
Initially, the car travels along a straight road with a speed of 35 m/s. If the
brakes are applied and the speed of the car is reduced to 10 m/s in 15 s,
determine the constant deceleration of the car
Solution
a=? vo=35 m/s

Vat 15 sec=10 m/s

𝑣 = 𝑣𝑜 + 𝑎𝑡 = 35 + 𝑎 (15) = 10 𝑚
𝑣−𝑣0 10−35 −25
𝑎= = = = −5Τ3 𝑚Τ𝑠2 = −1.67 𝑚Τ𝑠2
𝑡 15 15

M.H. 14
Problem 7
Tests reveal that a normal driver takes about 0.75 s before he or she can react to a
situation to avoid a collision. It takes about 3 s for a driver having 0.1% alcohol in his
system to do the same. If such drivers are traveling on a straight road at 30 mph (44ft/s )
and their cars can decelerate at 2 ft/s2, determine the shortest stopping distance d for
each from the moment they see the pedestrians.
Solution
𝑑 = 𝑑′ + ∆𝑠 dN
Normal
driver

dN’ ∆S
dD
Drunk
driver

dD’ ∆S
M.H. 15
Problem 7
Tests reveal that a normal driver takes about 0.75 s before he or she can react to a
situation to avoid a collision. It takes about 3 s for a driver having 0.1% alcohol in his
system to do the same. If such drivers are traveling on a straight road at 30 mph (44ft/s )
and their cars can decelerate at 2 ft/s2, determine the shortest stopping distance d for
each from the moment they see the pedestrians.
Solution
𝑣2 = 𝑣𝑜2 + 2𝑎 ∆𝑠
= 442 + 2(−2)
dN
0 ∆𝑠 Normal
𝑣 2 −𝑣𝑜2 0−442 driver
∆𝑠 = = = 484 𝑓𝑡
2𝑎 2(−2) dN ’ ∆S

∆𝑠 = 484 𝑓𝑡
The car moves a distance d’ before he or she reacts and decelerates the car
Drunk
dD
𝑑′ = 𝑣𝑡′
driver
dD’ ∆S

𝑑 = 𝑑 ′ + ∆𝑠
M.H. 16
Problem 7
Tests reveal that a normal driver takes about 0.75 s before he or she can react to a
situation to avoid a collision. It takes about 3 s for a driver having 0.1% alcohol in his
system to do the same. If such drivers are traveling on a straight road at 30 mph (44ft/s )
and their cars can decelerate at 2 ft/s2, determine the shortest stopping distance d for
each from the moment they see the pedestrians.
Solution
𝑑′ = 𝑣𝑡′ ∆𝑠 = 484 𝑓𝑡 dN

Normal
Driver Time t’ (s) Distance d’ (ft) driver
dN ’ ∆S

Normal 0.75 33 ′
𝑑𝑁 = 44 ∗ 0.75 = 33 𝑓𝑡
Drunk 3 132 𝑑𝐷′ = 44 ∗ 3 = 132 𝑓𝑡
Drunk
dD

driver
dD’ ∆S

𝑑 = 𝑑 ′ + ∆𝑠
M.H. 17
Problem 7
Tests reveal that a normal driver takes about 0.75 s before he or she can react to a
situation to avoid a collision. It takes about 3 s for a driver having 0.1% alcohol in his
system to do the same. If such drivers are traveling on a straight road at 30 mph (44ft/s )
and their cars can decelerate at 2 ft/s2, determine the shortest stopping distance d for
each from the moment they see the pedestrians.
Solution
𝑑′ = 𝑣𝑡′ ∆𝑠 = 484 𝑓𝑡 dN

Normal
Driver Distance d’ (ft) Distance d (ft) driver
dN ’ ∆S

Normal 33 517 𝑑𝑁 = 33 + 484 = 517 ft


Drunk 132 616 𝑑𝐷 = 132 + 484 = 616 𝑓𝑡
Drunk
dD

driver
dD’ ∆S

𝑑 = 𝑑 ′ + ∆𝑠
M.H. 18
M.H. 19

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