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    Ch8:L1 Solutions and Other Mixtures

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    Lara Amin
    This document contains a chemistry worksheet on mixtures and solutions for an 8th grade class. It includes three sections: 1. Types of mixtures including heterogeneous mixtures (suspensions, colloids, and emulsions) and homogeneous mixtures (solutions). Solutions can be miscible, immiscible, non-water based, or other states of matter. 2. How substances dissolve in water, which is affected by surface area, stirring, temperature, and like dissolving like. Dissolving solutes changes water's physical properties. 3. Solubility, concentration, saturated, unsaturated and supersaturated solutions. Gas solubility increases with lower temperature and higher pressure. Molarity is used to

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    Ch8:L1 Solutions and Other Mixtures

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    Lara Amin
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    This document contains a chemistry worksheet on mixtures and solutions for an 8th grade class. It includes three sections: 1. Types of mixtures including heterogeneous mixtures (suspensions, colloids, and emulsions) and homogeneous mixtures (solutions). Solutions can be miscible, immiscible, non-water based, or other states of matter. 2. How substances dissolve in water, which is affected by surface area, stirring, temperature, and like dissolving like. Dissolving solutes changes water's physical properties. 3. Solubility, concentration, saturated, unsaturated and supersaturated solutions. Gas solubility increases with lower temperature and higher pressure. Molarity is used to

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    This document contains a chemistry worksheet on mixtures and solutions for an 8th grade class. It includes three sections: 1. Types of mixtures including heterogeneous mixtures (suspensions, colloids, and emulsions) and homogeneous mixtures (solutions). Solutions can be miscible, immiscible, non-water based, or other states of matter. 2. How substances dissolve in water, which is affected by surface area, stirring, temperature, and like dissolving like. Dissolving solutes changes water's physical properties. 3. Solubility, concentration, saturated, unsaturated and supersaturated solutions. Gas solubility increases with lower temperature and higher pressure. Molarity is used to

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    © All Rights Reserved
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    40 views10 pages

    Ch8:L1 Solutions and Other Mixtures

    Uploaded by

    Lara Amin
    This document contains a chemistry worksheet on mixtures and solutions for an 8th grade class. It includes three sections: 1. Types of mixtures including heterogeneous mixtures (suspensions, colloids, and emulsions) and homogeneous mixtures (solutions). Solutions can be miscible, immiscible, non-water based, or other states of matter. 2. How substances dissolve in water, which is affected by surface area, stirring, temperature, and like dissolving like. Dissolving solutes changes water's physical properties. 3. Solubility, concentration, saturated, unsaturated and supersaturated solutions. Gas solubility increases with lower temperature and higher pressure. Molarity is used to

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    Department : Science Grade Level : 8

    Chemistry Final Revision Worksheet


    Subject :
    Ch8 : (L1 – L3 )
    Name : -------------------------------- Date : ----------------------

    Summary

    Ch8:L1 Solutions and Other Mixtures


     Types of mixtures:

    1) Heterogeneous Mixture:

     Definition:

    It is a mixture in which its components don’t have a fixed composition throughout the whole mixture as

    fruit salad, granite, dirt from garden & salad dressing.

     Examples of Heterogeneous Mixture:

     Suspension: Mixture in which particles of material are more or less dispersed throughout a liquid or gas.

    Properties of suspension:

    1. Particles settle down when the mixture is allowed to stand.


    2. Particles are large enough to be filtered.
    3. Suspension should be shaken well before use.

     Colloid: Mixture consists of tiny particles that are intermediate in size between solution and suspension and
    can be suspended in liquid, solid or gas.

    Properties of colloid:

    1. Particles in colloid are bigger in size than particles in solution & smaller than particles in suspension.
    2. Particles can pass easily through filters.
    3. Particles of colloid have Tyndall effect: The scattering of light when it pass through colloid.
    Examples: latex paint, gelatin, whipped cream, marshmallows, fog & smoke.

     Emulsion: Mixture of two or more immiscible liquids in which one is dispersed in the other.

    Composition of emulsion:

    1. Two Immiscible Liquids.


    2. Emulsifier: substance that stabilizes the emulsion by coating the particles of one of the liquids and
    allows it to be mixed with the other one. E.g Egg yolk.
    Examples: mayonnaise & bile salts in intestine

    2) Homogenous Mixture:

    Definition:

    - It is a mixture in which its components are uniformly distributed throughout the whole mixture as

    lemon Juice & slat water.

    - All homogenous mixtures are solutions.

    - Any solution is made up of solute & solvent.

    - Types of solutions:

    1.Miscible Solutions :

    - Two or more liquids that form single layer when mixed as vinegar & water.

    - Miscible liquids are separated by Distillation

    - Distillation is a process that separate miscible liquids that have different boiling point

    2.Immiscible Solutions :

    - Two or more liquids that are not mixed as oil & water.

    - Immiscible liquids are separated by Decanting.

    - Decanting is a process of pouring less dense liquid.


    3. Non water based Solutions:
    - Solution that don’t contain water.
    - Examples: Finger nail polish remover & Paint strippers.
    4. Solution made up of other states of matter:
    - Examples:
     Carbonated drink: Gas dissolved in water.
     Air freshener: Vapor with air.
     Amalgam: Mercury + Silver.
    Alloys:
     Homogenous solid or liquid mixture of 2 or more metals.
     Properties: Alloys have properties that individual metals donnot have.
    - Examples:
     Brass: Zinc + Copper.
     Bronze: Tin + Copper.

    Ch8:L2 How Substances Dissolve

    - Water is a universal solvent that can dissolve many substances.


    - Water made up of 2 Hydrogens + 1 Oxygen
    - Electrons are more attracted to Oxygen than Hydrogen, so Oxygen is partially negative &
    Hydrogen is partially positive.
    - Water dissolves both ionic compounds & molecular compounds:
    Ionic compound:
     By the attraction of –ve & +ve sides of H2O to the +ve & -ve sides of the ionic compound.
     Substance dissolves when:
    Attraction between solute molecules & solvent molecules is more than attraction between
    solute molecules
    Molecular compound:
    By forming hydrogen bonding between water & the molecular compound.
    - Important rule: Like dissolves like ( polar solvent dissolves polar molecules & nonpolar solvent
    dissolves non- polar molecules)

    - Factors Affecting The Rate Of Dissolving:

    1. Surface area of solute: increasing surface area increase rate of dissolving.


    2. Stirring increase rate of dissolving.
    3. Temperature: increasing temperature increase rate of dissolving.

    - Adding solute affect the physical properties of the solution:


     Increase boiling point of water.
     Decrease freezing point of water.

    Ch8:L3 Solubility & Concnetration

     Solubility:
    - Is the maximum mass of solute that can dissolve in 100 g solvent at certain temperature &
    standard pressure.
    - Solubility of closely related compounds can vary.
     Concentration:
    - Quantity of solute that is dissolved in a given volume of solution.
    - Solutions can be :
     Concentrated: large amount of solute in the solution.
     Diluted: Small amount of solute in the solution.
    - Both terms concentrated & diluted are not quantitative.
     Saturated solution are classified to :
     Saturated solution: Solution that cannot dissolve any more solute.
     Unsaturated solution: Solution that contains less solute than saturated solution does & is able to
    dissolve more solute.
     Supersaturated solution: Solution that holds more dissolved solute than is required under certain
    temperature. If a single crystal of solute is added to supersaturated solution
    it will quickly crystalline.
    .
     Gas Solubility:
     Gas solubility increase when temperature decrease & pressure increase.
    E.g Soda drinks fizzes when bottle is opened because the pressure decreased so solubility of
    CO2 gas decreased so it comes out of the solution

     Molarity:
     Concentration unit of a solution expressed in mole of solute dissolved per liter of solution.
    Moles of solute
    Molarity =
    Liters of solution
    Q1) Choose the correct answer:

    1. What type of mixture separates upon standing?


    a) Suspension.
    b) Emulsion.
    c) Colloid.
    d) Solution.

    2. What type of mixture that particles are larger than those in solution but not heavy enough to settle
    out?
    a) Suspension.
    b) Emulsion.
    c) Colloid.
    d) Solution.

    3. Which of the following mixtures is homogenous?


    a) Salad.
    b) Soil.
    c) Salt water.
    d) Vegetable soup.

    4. Gases is more soluble in liquids when the pressure is ----------- and temperature is ------------
    a) High, High.
    b) High, Low.
    c) Low, Low.
    d) Low, High.

    5. To dissolve a substance, a solvent must attract particles of the substance more strongly than the ----
    ---------------------- attract each other.
    a) Solvent particles.
    b) Water molecules.
    c) Ions.
    d) Solute particles.

    6. The boiling point of a solution of sugar in water is -------------------- the boiling point of water.
    a) Higher than.
    b) Lower than.
    c) The same as.
    d) Not related to.
    7. A teaspoonful of table salt is added to cool salt water solution, and stirred until ALL of the salt is
    dissolved. This solution is --------------------
    a) Saturated.
    b) Unsaturated.
    c) Super saturated.
    d) Concentrated.

    8. ----------------- is the solution that dissolves more solute than is required under certain temperature.
    a) Saturated.
    b) Unsaturated.
    c) Super saturated.
    d) Concentrated.

    9. Which of the following is NOT an example of colloid?


    a) Fog.
    b) Smoke.
    c) Mayonnaise.
    d) Whipping cream.

    10. Which of the following will not help in increasing solubility of sugar in water?
    a) Increasing water temperature.
    b) Stirring.
    c) Used crushed sugar instead of cubes.
    d) Decrease sugar concentration.
    Q.2 ) What is the molarity of the following solutions:

    a) 1.0 grams of potassium fluoride (KF) is dissolved to make 0.10 L of solution.

    1. Molarity = Moles 2.Moles = Mass


    Volume Molar Mass

    Molarity = Moles Moles = 1.0


    0.1 Molar Mass

    3. Molar Mass of KF =
    K =1 x 39.09 = 39.09
    F = 1 x 18.99 = 18.99

    So : Molar mass = 58.08 g/mol


    : Moles = 1.0 / 58.08 = 0.017 mol
    : Molarity = 0.017 / 0.1 = 0.17 M

    b) 952 grams of ammonium carbonate (NH4)2CO3 are dissolved to make 1750 mL of solution.

    1. Molarity = Moles 2.Moles = Mass


    Volume Molar Mass

    Molarity = Moles Moles = 952


    1.75 Molar Mass

    3. Molar Mass of (NH4)2CO3 =


    N =2 x 14= 28
    H = 8 x 1.008 = 8.064
    C = 1 x 12 = 12
    O = 3 x 15.99 = 47.97

    So : Molar mass = 96 g/mol


    : Moles = 952 / 96 = 9.91mol
    : Molarity = 9.91 / 1.75 = 5.6 M
    c) 9.82 grams of lead (IV) nitrate Pb(NO3)4 are dissolved to make 465 mL of solution.
    1. Molarity = Moles 2.Moles = Mass
    Volume Molar Mass

    Molarity = Moles Moles = 9.82


    0.465 Molar Mass

    3. Molar Mass of Pb(NO3)4 =


    Pb =1 x 207.2 = 207.2
    N = 4 x 14 = 56
    O = 12 x 15.99 = 192

    So : Molar mass = 455.2 g/mol


    : Moles = 9.82 /455.2 = 0.02 mol
    : Molarity = 0.02 / 0.465 = 0.04 M
    d) 0.5 g of sodium chloride NaCl is dissolved to make 0.05 L of solution.
    1. Molarity = Moles 2.Moles = Mass
    Volume Molar Mass

    Molarity = Moles Moles = 0.5


    0.05 Molar Mass

    3. Molar Mass of NaCl =


    Na=1 x 22.89 = 22.89
    Cl =1 x 35.45 = 35.45
    So : Molar mass = 58.34 g/mol
    : Moles = 0.5 /58.34 = 0.008 mol
    : Molarity = 0.008 / 0.05= 0.17 M
    e) To make a 4.00 M solution, how many moles of solute will be needed if 12.0 liters of solution are
    required?
    Molarity = Moles
    Volume

    4 = Moles
    12
    Moles = 4 x 12 = 48 mol

    f) What is the molarity of a solution of HNO3 that contains 12.6 grams HNO3 in 1.0 L of solution?
    1. Molarity = Moles 2.Moles = Mass
    Volume Molar Mass

    Molarity = Moles Moles = 12.6


    1 Molar Mass

    3. Molar Mass of HNO3 =


    H=1 x 1.008 = 1.008
    N=1 x 14 = 14
    O = 3 x 15.99 = 47.97
    So : Molar mass = 62.978 g/mol
    : Moles = 12.6 /62.978 = 0.2 mol
    : Molarity = 0.2 / 1= 0.2 M

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