THERMODYNAMICS LABORATORY

L01: PERFECT GAS

CLO 3: Organize appropriately experiments in groups according to the Standard Operating Procedures.

POLITEKNIK IBRAHIM SULTAN

MECHANICAL ENGINEERING DEPARTMENT
DIPLOMA IN MECHANICAL ENGINEERING

THERMODYNAMICS LABORATORY
L01. PERFECT GAS

CLO3: Organize appropriately experiments in groups according to the Standard Operating

Procedures. (P4, PLO 5)

COURSE CODE : DJJ 20063

COURSE : THERMODYNAMICS

NAME : REGISTRATION NO:

PRACTICAL DATE : SUBMISSION DATE :

CLASS :

LECTURER :

PREPARED BY: CHECKED /

APPROVED BY:
(KP DKM)

PLO 5: Apply appropriate techniques, resources, and modern engineering and IT tools to
well-defined engineering problems, with an awareness of the limitations (DK6)
CLO 3: Organize appropriately experiments in groups according to the Standard
Operating Procedures
CLS 3c: Digital and numerical skills
ITEM MARKS
A. Objective & procedure /10
B. Data (Graph) /20
C. Calculation /30
D. Discussion /30
E. Conclusion /10
TOTAL MARKS /100

EXCELLENT VERY GOOD GOOD FAIR UNSATISFACTORY

Skills/ Aspect MARKS
(5) (4) (3) (4) (5)

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 THERMODYNAMICS LABORATORY
L01: PERFECT GAS

CLO 3: Organize appropriately experiments in groups according to the Standard Operating Procedures.

The objectives of The objectives The objectives The objectives of The objectives of
the practical task of the practical of the practical the practical task the practical task
are very task are very task are clear are clear and are clear but
clear and clear and and fairly followed the unfollowed the ( x
A.Objective follows the followed the followed the standard standard 2 =
and standard standard standard procedure but procedure. /10)
procedure procedure procedure. procedure.
completely. with a small
mistakes.

Data/result is Inconsistent
All data/result is Most data/result Data/result is
present data/result ( x
presented in a is presented in present but
complete but and not 5 =
B. Data manner that is a manner that is incomplete and
not well organized /25)
organized and organized and not organized
organized
easy to read. easy to read.
Data includes Data includes
tables, graph, tables, graph,
measures, etc. measure, etc.

Completely Know to Know to

Know to Moderately
know to calculate calculate
calculate know to
calculate the value the value
the value required calculate
the value required with required with
with the correct the value ( x
C. required with the the correct the correct
formula and required with the 5 =
Calculation correct formula and formula and
detail steps and correct /25)
formula and steps and sketch steps and sketch a
sketch a graph formula and
detail steps a graph graph
detail steps and
and sketch a but has but has some
sketch a graph
graph small mistake mistake

Well written Written Moderately

Written
discussion by discussion by written Written
discussion by
using using discussion by discussion which
D. lack of using ( x
observation observation and using not related to
Discussion observation and 6 =
and data to data to create observation and observation and
data to create /30)
create well supported data to create data
supported
supported statement. supported
statement
statement. statement

Well written, Very clear Moderately clear

very clear written written Conclusions of Conclusions of ( x
E. the practical task the practical task 2 =
conclusions of conclusions of conclusions of
Conclusion are vague are very vague /10)
the practical the practical the practical
task task task
%

TOTAL
RUBRIC CLS 3c: DIGITAL AND NUMERICAL SKILLS

COURSE LEARNING OUTCOME:

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THERMODYNAMICS LABORATORY
L01: PERFECT GAS

CLO 3: Organize appropriately experiments in groups according to the Standard Operating Procedures.

Air conditioning laboratory unit A575

1.0 Lab:
Measurements of Flow Rate and Specific Heat of Air

2.0 Objective:
To determine flow-rate and the specific heat of air

3.0 Apparatus:
P.A. Hilton’s Air-conditioning unit model A575

Fig.1:- Apparatus for Air Conditioning Laboratory Unit A575

3.0 Safety and Health:

General precautions

While worked in the lab, you must be calm and relaxed

The work area must be clean

Be sure about the locations of the fire extinguishers and first aid kits in
the lab.

5.0 Theory:

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THERMODYNAMICS LABORATORY
L01: PERFECT GAS

CLO 3: Organize appropriately experiments in groups according to the Standard Operating Procedures.

We know from the First Law of Thermodynamics, that heat (energy) rate ‘Q’ supplied to a
system (air) while flowing through a control volume (duct) will increase the system enthalpy:

Q = m(hout - hin) = mCP(Tout - Tin),

Where,

ṁ is the air mass flow rate,

CP is the air specific heat at constant pressure,

(Tout - Tin) is the air temperature difference after (at outlet) and before (at inlet) of
the heating section.

(hout - hin) is the enthalpy different between before and after heating

In this experiment, the air flows through the apparatus, heated by electrical heaters with known powers
(specified by the manufacturer).

We will measure the temperature of the flowing air before (Tin) and after the heater(s) (Tout).

The air mass flow rate is measured by a custom-made orifice flowmeter at the end of the duct.

An inclined differential manometer is used to measure the pressure difference across the orifice

Using the corresponding formula we calculate the mass flow rate of air through the duct:

√ [ ]
0.5 1.5
∆P kg m
ṁ=ρ air C 1 A1 =C 2 √∆ h. ρair Where C2 =0.0504
ρ air s ( mm H 2 O )
0.5

i .e ,if ∆ h ( mm H 2 O ) ∧ρair
( mkg ) ,then m will be∈( kgs )
3

In the above equation C2 is the over-all flowmeter coefficient obtained by calibration (and supplied by
the manufacturer), Once the temperature difference, heating and mass flow rates are known, the
specific heat is easily calculated:

Q
C p=
[ ṁ ( T out −T ¿ ) ]

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THERMODYNAMICS LABORATORY
L01: PERFECT GAS

CLO 3: Organize appropriately experiments in groups according to the Standard Operating Procedures.

We will assume the air is an ideal gas and use the ideal gas equation and standard reference table for
property evaluation, except for the specific heat which will be used as reference against which our
measurement values will be compared.

6.0 Procedure:

As follows:-

1. Connect the apparatus to the power outlet.

2. Check, and if necessary adjust, the horizontal level of the

manometer.

3. Zero the manometer and/or note down its initial reading (mm of
Water) for correction.

4. Switch ON the apparatus by turning the main yellow switch

clockwise by 90 degrees.

5. Set the fan control knob at low setting.

6. Wait 5-10 minutes or so for the system to stabilize and note down
the thermometer readings at points A, B and C. Since the heaters are
OFF, the thermometers should indicate the same air temperature
except for the measurement errors. Record the readings and use any
consistent discrepancy for corresponding corrections later.

7. Turn the fan control knob at about 25% of the scale. For higher
settings the manometer reading may go out of range and its liquid
may spill out.

8. Switch ON the Air Pre-Heaters (1000 W each) and wait for about 10
minutes or until the system comes to a steady state.

9. Note down the manometer and the thermometer readings

NOTE: The manometer scale is graduated in mm H 2O for a manometric fluid of S=0.784 specific gravity.
However, since we use water instead (S=1), the manometer reading, the difference between the final
and initial readings, has to be divided by 0.784 correction factor.

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THERMODYNAMICS LABORATORY
L01: PERFECT GAS

CLO 3: Organize appropriately experiments in groups according to the Standard Operating Procedures.

7.0 Result:

Reference cross Temperature

section 25% 35% 40% 45%
O
Fan Inlet (A) T1(in) ( C)

After Pre-Heater T2(out) (OC)

(B)
Temperature ΔT (OC)
different(T2 – T1)
Heating Power Q=∑ P ( Watt )

Manometer (mm H2O) in

reading before
pre-heating
Manometer (mm H2O)out
reading after pre-
heating
Different Δh: (mm H2O)
Manometer
Reading
Mass flow rate (ṁ
) ( kgs )
Specific heat Cp
capacity

8.0 Discussion:

Plot graph Cp against ṁ from experiments result and standard air values. Determine the value of ṁ at
the Cp value is 1.005 kJ/kgK according to Air Standard calculation, using the equation produced from
graph model. Discusses the value obtained from the model.

9.0 Conclusion:-

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THERMODYNAMICS LABORATORY
L01: PERFECT GAS

CLO 3: Organize appropriately experiments in groups according to the Standard Operating Procedures.

APPENDIX 1

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THERMODYNAMICS LABORATORY
L01: PERFECT GAS

CLO 3: Organize appropriately experiments in groups according to the Standard Operating Procedures.