MECHANICAL PROPERTIES OF MATERIALS

The mechanical properties of materials are of great industrial importance in the design of
tools machines and structures .
These properties or structure sensitive in the sense that they depend upon the crystal
structure and it's bonding forces and especially upon the nature and behavior of the
imperfections which exist within the crystal itself for at the grain boundaries
The mechanical properties of the metals are those which are associated with the ability
of the material to resist mechanical forces and load the mean mechanical properties of
the metal
Strength Plasticity Toughness
Stiffness Ductility Brittleness
Elasticity Malleability Hardness
Formability Costability Weldability
These properties can be well understood with help of ten size test (stress and strain)
diagram
The few important and useful mechanical properties are explained
ELASTICITY.
1. It is defined as the property of a material to regain it's original shape after
defamation when the external forces are removed.
1. It can also be referred as the power of material to come back to it's original
position after defamation when the stress or load is removed
2. It is also called as the Tensile property of the material.
PROPORTIONAL LIMIT
It is defined as the maximum stress under which a material will maintain a perfectly
uniform rate of stream to stress.
Though it's value is difficult to measure yet, it can be used as the important applications
for building precision instruments, springs etc
ELASTIC LIMIT
Many metals can be put under stress slightly above the promotional limit without taking
a permanent set The greatest stress that a material can endure without taking up some
permanent state is called elastic limit Beyond this limit the metal does not regain it's
original form and permanent set occurs.
YIELD POINT
Is the load at which is solid material that is being stretched begins to flow or change
shape permanently divided by it's original cross sectional area or the amount of stress in
a solid at the onset of permanent defamation
The yield point marks the end of elastic behavior and the beginning of plastic behavior.
When stress IS less than the yield point i removed the material returns to it's original
shape
STRENGTH
Strength is defined as the ability of the material to resist the externally applied forces
without break down or yielding the internal resistance offered by a material to an
externally applied forces is stress
The capacity of bearing load by metal and to withstand destruction under the action of
external loads is known as strength
The stronger the material the greater the load it can withstand
This property of material therefore determines the ability to withstand stress without
failure. Strength varies according to the type of loading. It is always possible to assess
tensile, compressive and Shearing and torsional strengths
The maximum stress that any material can withstand before destruction is called it's
ultimate strength
The tenacity of the material is it's ultimate strength in tension
STIFFNESS
It is defined as the ability of a material to resist defamation under stress.
The resistance of a material to elastic defamation or deflection is called Stiffness or
rigidity. A material that suffers slight or very less defamation under load has a high
degree of stiffness or rigidity for instance suspended beams of steel and aluminum may
both be strong enough to carry the required load but the aluminium beam will sag or
deflect further
That means the steel beam is stiffer and more rigid than aluminium beam .
If the material behaves elastically with linear stress strain relationship on the Hookes law
it stiffness is measured by the young's modulus of elasticity the higher the value of the
young's modulus, the stiffer is the material,ln tensile and compressive stress it is called
modulus of stiffness or modulus of elasticity. In shear the modulus of rigidity and this is
usually forty percent (40%) of the value of young's modulus for commonly used
materials In volumetric distortion the bulk modulus.
PLASTICITY
Plasticity is defined as the mechanical property of a material which retains the
defamation produced under load permanently .This property of the material is required in
forging and stamping images on coins and an ornamental work. Its the ability or
tendency of material to undergo some degree of permanent defamation without a
fracture or it's failure, Plastic defamation takes place only after the last cringe of material
has been exceeded
-it such property of material is important in forming shaping extruding and many others
hot or cold working processes materials such as Clay, lead etc are plastic at room
temperature and steel is plastic at forging temperature, this property generally increases
with increase in temperature of materials.
DUCTILITY
Ductility is termed as the property of a material enabling it to be drawn into wire with the
application of tensile load. Ductile material must be strong and plastic, the ductility is
usually measured by the terms percentage elongation and percent reduction in area
which is often used as empirical measures of ductility The materials that possess more
than five percent (5%) elongation are called ductile materials. The ductile material
commonly used in engineering practice and audit of diminishing ductility are mild steel,
copper, aluminium, Nicole, zinc and lead.
MALLEABILITY
Malleability is the ability of the material to be flattened into thin sheets under
applications of heavy compressive forces without cracking by hot or cold working means.
It is a special case of ductility which permits materials to be rolled or hammered into thin
sheets. A malleable material should be plastic but it is not essential to be so strong, the
malleable materials commonly used in engineering practice in audit of diminishing
malleability ae lead, soft steel, wrought iron, copper, and aluminium.
Aluminium, copper, lead, steel etc are recognized as highly malleable metals
HARDNESS
Hardness is defined as the ability of a metal to cut another metal.
A harder metal can always cut or put impression to the softer metals by virtue of it's
hardness.. It is a very important property of the metals and has a wide variety of
meanings, it embraces many different properties such as resistance to wear,
scratching ,defamation and machine ability etc
BRITTLENESS
Its is the property of a material opposite to ductility, it is the property of breaking of
material with little permanent distortion . The materials having less than five percent 5%
elongation under loading behavior are said to be brittle materials.
Brittle materials when subjected to tensile loads snap off without giving any sensible
elongation glass, cast iron, brass and ceramics are considered as brittle material
Thus brittleness is the property of a material to snap off without giving any sensible
elongated when subjected to tensile loads
CREEP
When a metal part when is subjected to a high constant stress at high temperatures for a
longer period of time it will undergo a slow and permanent defamation in form of a crack
which me further propagate further towards creep failure called creeped out and other
words creep sometimes called as cold flow is the tendency of a solid material to move
slowly or deformed permanently under the influence of persistent mechanical stresses it
can occur as a result of long term exposure to high levels of stress that are still below
the yield strength of the material
FORMABILITY
It is the ability of a given metal work piece to undergo plastic defamation without being
damaged ,it is the property of metals which denotes the ease in it's forming into various
shapes and sizes. The different factors that affect the formability a crystal structure of
metal, grain size of metal hot and cold working alloying element present in the parent
metal.
Metals with small grain size are suitable for shallow forming while metals with size are
suitable for heavy forming. Hot working increases formability low carbon steel possesses
good formability
CASTABILITY
Is defined as the property of metal which indicates the ease with it can be casted into
different shapes and sizes cast iron, aluminium and brass possess good call stability.
WELDABILITY
It is defined as the property of the metal which indicates the two similar or dissimilar
metals are joined by fusion with or without the application of pressure and with or without
the use of filler metal welding efficiently.
Metals having weldability in the descending order are iron, steel, cast steels and
stainless steels
So we have discussed in details about the notable mechanical properties of materials if
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