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NOTE-TAKING STRATEGIES -How? Reading leads to construction and

1. PREVIEW accumulation forms new knowledge making it
2. ANNOTATION – Highlights, writing, direct quotation part of your Schemata/Schema
3. OUTLINING - breakdown - Schemata → complete a task and address a
4. PARAPHRASING – change sentence (but not meaning) problem
according to your own understanding READING ACADEMIC TEXTS
5. SUMMARIZING o PURPOSE:
READING-WRITING CONNECTION − Pre – identify text statement; activate prior
→ “You can’t write something you haven’t read about” knowledge
→ You should first have a background knowledge about − Reading – monitoring comprehension; make
the topic inference; organize info
ACADEMIC TEXTS − Post – use info; evaluate & summarize info
→ Uses words typical to the field o READING STRATEGY
→ Targets a certain group of readers/audience − Pre – skimming or preview the text; making
→ Written by professionals in a given field prediction
→ May be edited by author’s peers − Reading
→ Take years to publish − Post
→ Purpose is to create and disseminate knowledge READ AS A WRITER
→ Produced with a definite purpose and structured in a purpose &
specific way to clearly communicate a message to an audience

intended audience
a. PURPOSE linguistic
b. STRUCTURE – exact/specific, has pattern, follows features
rules
c. AUDIENCE
academic flow &
→ CHARACTERISTICS OR ASPECTS: lexicon syntax
text types
style
organization
1. FORMAL LANGUAGE
2. SERIOUS TONE
1. LEXICON – largons/specialized words used in
3. OBJECTIVE
professional context
4. GENRE-SPECIFIC (JARGONS)
- Concept different to that discipline
5. HIGHLY STRUCTURED (I,B,C)
2. SYNTAX – sentence indicate varying lengths &
6. CITATIONS – cites experts and scholars
grammatical complexity (depende sa study)
7. FACT-BASED
- Gaano kahaba yung sentence/text
8. KNOWLEDGE CENTERED – not focused on what
3. STYLE – conforms to what is acceptable to an area of
other’s feel; all brains no heart
study
9. LIST OF REFERENCES
- The way you present information
NON-ACADEMIC TEXTS
4. FLOW & ORGANIZATION – each type of text word has
→ May not have an identified author varying flow & organization
→ Written for the mass for public reading - Follows a definite structure
→ Published quickly ASPECTS OF ACADEMIC WRITING
→ Can be written by anyone (ordinary, enthusiast, 1. AUDIENCE
professional) − The target reader
→ Use informal, casual language, may contain slang − For whom is the text written?
→ No references available − For what type of audience is the text written?
→ May be written in serious tone yet subjective 2. PURPOSE & STRATEGY
− What is the reason/goal of the author?
1.AUTHOR To INFORM (just giving or providing information),
A – same field of study to ENTERTAIN (not comedic all the time; feels
NA -writes as a professional / lay person good),
2. AUDIENCE to PERSUADE
A – specific audience − What strategy can be used to make a successful
NA – public info display of information
3. VOCABULARY & GRAMMAR 3. ORGANIZATION & FLOW
A – technical language − How is it presented?
NA – plain language
− Does it have intro, body, and conclusion?
4. CONTENT
A -specialized knowledge − Is clear connection of ideas established?
NA – general info 4. STYLE & PRESENTATION
5. ORGANIZATION & FLOW − Is the tone serious?
A – structured format − Appropriate style considered
NA – unpredictable pattern − Is academic style applied?
6. PURPOSE − Does the paper look carefully prepared?
A – Beyond info − Does it follow specific heading or is it freestyle?
NA – public infO − FORMAL GRAMMAR STYLE
READING
› Generally avoid contractions
→ Decoding written symbols
- Process information and absorb it › Use more formed negative forms
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› Limit the use of ‘run-on’ expressions (list of PARAPHRASING
nouns/terms to at least 3) → An interpretation or restatement of the original text
› Avoid addressing the reader as ‘you’ (should into readers words and understanding
start with an noun/subject immediately; → Purpose:
what should be done) o To test comprehension
› Be careful about using direct quotations o Prepare summary about it
o To be used in research paper, concept papers
› Place adverbs within the verb
→ Just a part from the original text
− OBJECTIVITY
→ Formulating someone else’s ideas in your own words,
› Avoid personal pronouns without changing the meaning of the original text
› Avoid rhetorical questions → Just changing the words of the sentence but it is just
› Avoid emotionally laden language that the same sentence is not paraphrasing – it is
shows biases and lessen objectivity accidental plagiarism
− EXPLICITNESS → HOW TO PARAPHRASE
› Use signposts or transitional devices (ex: 1. Mental process required or successful
however, similarly) paraphrasing helps you to grasp the full meaning
− STRUCTURE or the original text
2. Use your own voice will remain dominant
› Uses of complex sentence, throughout your paper (while avoiding bias)
NOMINALIZATION (turning verbs or
3. It helps you control the temptation to quote too
adjective into noun) and PASSIVATION
much
structure reflects sophistication of academic
writing → REWORD (explain with your own words; it can be
longer than the original text but not shorter),
− CAUTION
→ REARRANGE (rearrange from main idea and
› Modals: can, could, may, might, would supporting details),
› Avoid using hedges for academic texts → REALIZE (if the interpretation is correct
› Modal adjectives: possible, probable, likely interpretation),
IDENTIFYING THE MAIN IDEA → RECHECK
→ The author’s message about the topic SUMMARIZING
→ Can be expressed directly or can be implied → Shorter version of the entire original text that also
→ 2 TYPES incorporates the reader’s understanding
1. THESIS STATEMENT – for an essay should have at → Restatement of someone else’s words in your own
least paragraph words. To summarize is to condense a text
2. TOPIC SENTENCE – main idea of paragraph 3-5 → Reconstruct the major points
sentences → Decide if it is necessary before including it
→ PARTS OF MAIN IDEA → Concise where you don’t repeat items
• TOPIC - can be an issue, technical concept, or
→ Shorter than original text
general idea; what is being talked about in the
text;
→ Should also be Coherent
• CONTROLLING IDEA - position of the writer, good → Independent – whether or not the reader will go back
or a bad thing, order of presentation of idea to the original article, he/she will understand through
NOTE-TAKING STRATEGIES the summary
→ Could be used as a ready and writer → Annotation – allowed to create analysis but it’s not
OUTLINING same with summarizing
→ A framework for presenting the main and supporting → STEPS
ideas for a particular 1. Start with author’s name
2. Use present tense
→ Could look like a complete sentence
3. Summarize to one sentence per paragraph (find
→ Can’t be a fragment, word the topic sentence)
→ TYPES → TECHNIQUES IN SUMMARIZING
a. TOPIC OUTLINE
- could have phrases what the idea is about CONCEPT PAPER
but does not include the whole info
→ Summary
- always identify the main idea
- beside are topics and under it are also topics → For proposal of a project or research paper
supporting it → To seek approval (to be allowed to continue a
b. WORD/PHRASE/SENTENCE OUTLINE: project)/funding
- should start with title and coordinating item → Focuses on the background of the problem, the
(main idea/topic statement; the one beside rationale
roman numerical); → CONCEPT PAPER VS RESEARCH PAPER
- supporting details under the coordinating CONCEPT PAPER RESEARCH PROPOSAL
item (narrations, examples, statistical data, - has the ff parts (1 - has 3 chapters
scientific data) paragraph each) - longer
→ Entire thing/original text reordered in skeletal form o rationale
→ ADVANTAGES o issue
o Creates structure for the writing process o objectives (To identify,
establish, describe,
determine, estimate PROJECT PROPOSAL
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compare, analyze, - Implementation 4. ADVERTISEMENT – paid announcement that convince
collect) - Methods in this proposal people to buy their product or services/something.
o method differs from concept (fake news are propaganda not advertisement)
- first thing to submit paper BASIC STRUCTURE
before research/project o TITLE
proposal (like topic o INTRO - establishes the territory of providing main
proposal) idea; there should always be a side
→ Includes: o BODY - provide supporting details that strengthens
o Budget, expenses the main idea
o calendar: highlight the box you’ll be planning to o CONCLUSION - remind the readers about the main
do that task ex: idea; summary
AUG SEPT ELEMENTS
Topic 1. PROPONENT – writer of the argumentative essay
questions 2. CLAIM/ARGUMENT – refers to main argument/ thesis
o references (min of 5 max of 10, 1 book only, statement provided in the introduction; can be
bonus reports) implied but no need (?)
3. COUNTER ARGUMENT/COUNTER CLAIM – opposition
→ stages writing process
or opposing side; controlling idea may be different (?)
1. PRE-WRITING – brainstorming; outlining;
4. REPUTATION – arguments of the writer that supports
planning your topic; how you will be going to
the claim or to oppose the counter claim
make you message understandable
USING EXPRESSIONS OF FACTS AND OPINIONS
2. ACTUAL WRITING – first draft/composing pre;
3. POST WRITING – revising (placing of topics) − To avoid misunderstanding the claim as opinions
/editing (grammars, spelling); should always sound objective, serious and scientific
→ Can still be changed/modified − Give more narration, descriptions from empirical data
CONCEPT PAPER or academic researches
FORM OF ARGUMENTATIVE ESSAY
→ EXPLAINING A CONCEPT
REACTION PAPER
DEFINITION
- mode of paragraph development that answers → Not same with reflection paper
the questions. What is it? What does it mean? → Requires one’s response to a prompt (usually about
What are its special features? relevant issues)
- Important because it clarifies the meaning of a → Requires thoughtful reading, researching and writing
word or a concept and it also limits the scope → Letter to the editor/opposite editorial
ofthat particular word or concept → Less opinion more facts
→ TECHNIQUES IN DEFINING → STEPS IN WRITING:
1. FORMAL DEFINITION – the term is first assumed a. Reading and studying the material
to a class or group to which it belongs and then b. Annotate the text as you read
distinguished from other terms in the class c. Ask question as you read
- ex: solar cell is a device that/which converts d. Free write
the energy of sunlight into electric energy e. Decide on your angle & determine your thesis
2. EXTENDED DEFINITION – used to define abstract f. Organize your paper
concept; allows the writer to broaden the g. Gather quotations
definition using: h. Structure your paragraph
o ANALOGY o CHARACTERISTICS - Follow intro, body, conclusion
o DESCRIPTIONS o COMPONENTS - Needs counter argument and supporting
o EXAMPLES o HISTORICAL ACCOUNT evidences
→ MODES OF DEVELOPMENT OR RHETORICAL REVIEWS
PATTERNS → Short argumentative writing which aim to provide
1. NARRATION readers with some insights about a published
2. EXPLANATION material
3. DESCRIPTION → Arguments for books, movies
4. DEFINITION → Need standards, rubrics that will tell you if is it good
5. COMPARISON AND CONTRAST
6. PROBLEM – SOLUTION
→ STEPS FOR BOOK REVIEW
7. CAUSE AND EFFECT
a. Mention it (the book, author)
8. PERSUASION ARGUMENTATION
b. “Personal Quality Rating”
ARGUMENTATIVE WRITING
c. Summarize your rating - Break into Subparts
→ Form of composition that aims to persuade or
→ SUBPARTS:
convince readers or to argue
o SUMMARY – provides a brief detail of the plot,
→ Doesn’t need to be controversial enough only to make the readers still want to
BASIC TYPES read the book
1. EDITORIALS – about one stand on certain issue o SOCIAL /HIST? – give
written by writers’ part of newspaper company o STYLE
2. OPPOSITE EDITORIALS – written by outsiders o THOUGHTS
commissioned by newspaper company and placed in
→ STEPS FOR FILM REVIEW:
the other side of editorial
a. View the film more than once
3. LETTER TO THE EDITOR – essay written by readers to
b. Express your general opinions and support them
the newspaper company; to have agreement about
with examples
what was published in the newspaper
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c. Decide your style of writing based on your
leadership profile
d. Avoid spoilers
e. Judge the story based on its different elements
f. Rate the actors
g. Rate the technical elements
CRITIQUE
→ Form of constructive criticism of an expert’s work,
based on the critical analysis and evaluation of its
strengths and weaknesses
→ Needs research and need to be cited
→ Done by experts
Reaction paper vs critique
REACTION CRITIQUE REVIEW
- Are a level - Requires - Evaluation
lower than expertise on according to
critiques the material standards
because while as well - Balance of
the former - Academic both opinion
requires the evaluation and
writer to be according to knowledge
knowledgeable accepted (educated
only of the standards opinion)
material being - Needs to be
evaluated scientific,
- Response to objective,
issue empirical
- Subjective but
intelligent