ECS2602
ECS2602
ECS2602
Calculate the income gap between the current level of output and income and the full
employment level of output and income. Formula & calculation.
Government spending can be used to reach full employment in the goods market. By how
much should the government spending change? Show your calculations and indicate the
direction of the change in government spending.
Taxes can be used to reach full employment in the goods market. By how much should
taxes change? Show calculations and indicate the direction of the changes in taxes.
Use the goods market model (axes below) to present the above economy graphically.
Clearly indicate the following on the diagram
The multiplier effect in the economy results from the behaviour of households. Briefly explain
why.
The multiplier effect refers to the increase in final income arising from any new injection
of spending. ... Marginal propensities show the proportion of extra income allocated to
particular activities, such as investment spending by UK firms, saving by households,
and spending on imports from abroad.
Taxes are part of autonomous spending in the goods market model. Briefly explain why a
decrease in taxes increase the demand for goods and shifts the demand for goods curve
upwards in the goods market, equal to c(T) and not T.
Explain briefly in words why the net effect of an equal increase in government spending and
taxes (in other words, the balanced budget) will still have a stimulatory effect on the level of
output and income.
Identify the three factors that impact on the nominal wage in the wage-setting relationship.
Any factor, other than the unemployment rate, that increases the bargaining power of
workers will cause the wage-setting relationship to change. Expected price level, institutional
factorsuu
Briefly explain why it is possible for labour to increase the real wage through nominal wage
bargaining
List the components of the “domestic demand for goods”. Give an example which would lead
to an increase in the domestic demand for goods
The determinants of C, I and G are the same factors that were explained in learning units 2
and 4. Consumption (C) is a function of disposable income (YD); investment (I) is a function
of the level of output and income (Y) and the real interest rate (r); and government spending
(G) is regarded as exogenous.
Use the following diagram to illustrate and explain in words why an explain in words why an
expansionary monetary policy causes a decrease in the interest rate in the financial market
Uses the IS-LM model and chain of events (or words) to illustrate and explain how negative
impact of a budget deficit reduction on the level or output and income can be counteracted
by monetary policy. Clearly indicate the variables measured on the axes below.
Use the following two diagrams (given the initial equilibrium level Y1) to show graphically
((illustrate) the impact of the following two events on the level of output and income and on
the trade balance
(i) An increase in the “domestic demand for goods” Diagram A
(ii) An increase in the “demand for domestic goods” in Diagram B
Compare the impact on the level of output and income and on the trade balance
Use the following diagram to show graphically (illustrate) and to explain the impact of
depreciation of the R/$ exchange rate of the level of output and income and on the trade
balance.
By using the following diagram to illustrate on the diagram and briefly explain in words why a
decrease in the level of output and income causes a decrease in equilibrium interest rate.
Study the following diagram which represents an IS-LM model for an open economy and
answer the questions that follow:
- What cause the shift of the LM curve in the above diagram? Clearly indicate the
change in the direction of the factor
- Use the above diagram to explain the possible impact of the shift of the LM curve on
the (i) interest rate, (ii) the financial account of the balance of payments, (iii) the
exchange rate, (iv) the trade balance and (v) the level of output and income
Study the AS-AD model below and answer the questions that follow
- List one factor that will shift the AD curve to AD1. Clearly indicate the change in the
direction of the factor.
- Identify the short run and the medium to long run equilibrium positions in the above
diagram..
- Study the movement from point a to point b. The change in three variables are
summarised in the table below. Explain the reason for the change in these variable
- Study the movement from point b to point c. The changes in three variables are
summarised in the table below. Explain the reason for the change in these variables
By using the two diagrams below show the difference between a decrease in investment
spending and a decrease in the marginal propensity to consume on the equilibrium output
and income level in the goods market model.
Use an IS-LM model to illustrate on the diagrams below and to compare the impact of a
contractionary fiscal policy with that of an expansionary monetary policy.
Use the following IS-LM model for an open economy to explain the possible impact of a
decrease in government spending on the goods market, the financial market, the exchange
rate and the trade balance
You can use a chain of events or words to explain the impact
Use the following diagram to answer questions a, b and c
List one factor that will shit the AS curve upwards in the AS-AD model. Clearly indicate the
change in the direction of the factor
Study the following diagram. At point a (the short run) the actual price level is lower than the
expected price level. Explain the adjustment process from the short run (point a) to the
medium run (label the medium run point c on the diagram). Clearly indicate on the diagram
the shift of and/or movement along the curve(s) to reach the medium run
Use the following IS-LM model to illustrate graphically and explain by using chain of events
how a combination of fiscal and monetary policies can be used to counteract the negative
impact on the economy of low growth to increase the output and income level and to reach
the full-employment level. Clearly indicate the full-employment level on the diagram.
b) Explain by using a chain of events what the impact of the combination of monetary
and fiscal policies needed to reach the full employment level of output and income
will be on the equilibrium interest rate
Using the following diagrams, indicate what happens to the level of output and income and
the trade balance if
(i) Exports increase
(ii) Government spending increases
(iii) Compare the results in (i) and (ii) above regarding the level of output and income
and the trade balance.
Clearly indicate the shifts of and/or movements along the curves on the diagrams
Explanation
Draw a diagram of the IS-LM model for an open economy in the space below to indicate
what will happen to the nominal exchange rate if a contractionary monetary policy is applied.
Explain the impact of this policy on the financial market, the goods market, the exchange
rate and the balance by using chain of events and/or words.
Explanation
Assuming that the rightward shift of the AD curve from AD to AD1 is caused by an increase
in government spending. Explain the impact of this action on the goods market, the financial
market and the labour market in the medium to long run (the movement from point b to c)
Which of the following statements with regards to the consumption function C = c0 + cYD
are correct?
a) A change in the marginal propensity to consume will result in a change in
consumption
b) A change in income will change in the marginal propensity to consume
c) A change in consumption will cause a change in disposable income
d) c0 and c are exogenous variables in the consumption function
e) YD is the endogenous variable in the consumption function.
i. Only a, d and e
ii. Only b, d and e
iii. Only a, b d and e
iv. Only a and d
v. A, b, c, d and e
The following question is based on the following information regarding a goods market
model for a closed economy with a government sector
The multiplier is equal to ______ and the equilibrium level of output and income is equal to
_____
1. 6 5640
2. 25 2500
3. 4 3840
4. 6 5400
5. 25 2350
The impact on the equilibrium interest rate of an increase in income with simultaneous
expansionary open market operations by the central bank is
1. A lower equilibrium interest rate
2. A higher equilibrium interest rate
3. Uncertain (the equilibrium interest rate can be higher, lower or the same)
Which one of the following policy actions in the IS-LM model is appropriate if the objectives
are to decrease the budget deficit and decrease the interest rate?
1. An expansionary fiscal policy and an expansionary monetary policy
2. An expansionary fiscal policy and a contractionary monetary policy
3. A contractionary fiscal policy and a expansionary monetary policy
4. An expansionary fiscal policy and a contractionary fiscal policy
5. It is not possible to achieve the policy objectives
From the perspective of South Africa, an increase (appreciation) in the nominal exchange
rate will cause the following to happen
1. The Rand becomes less expensive to foreigners
2. Foreign goods are more expensive to South Africans
3. Foreign currency is more expensive to South Africans
4. South African goods are more expensive to foreigners
5. Imports are more expensive
The following question is based on the following information. Country ABC is facing a
recession and an unacceptable budget deficit. To deal with the budget deficit taxes are
raised and to deal with the recession the money supply is increased
Which of the following statements is/are correct?
a) The IS curve will shift to the right and the LM curve will shift downwards
b) The IS curve will shift to the left and the LM curve will shift downwards
c) The results of these policy actions are that the interest rate increases, a capital inflow
occurs, the domestic currency appreciates and the trade balance worsens
d) The results of these policy actions are that the interest rate declines, a capital outflow
occurs, the domestic currency depreciates and the trade balance improves
i. A and d
ii. B and d
iii. A and c
iv. B and c
v. Only b
The neutrality of money refers to the impact of a ______________ policy which means that
only ___________ variables changes in the AS-AD model in the medium to long run
1. Contractionary monetary nominal
2. Contractionary monetary real
3. Expansionary monetary nominal
4. Expansionary monetary real
5. Expansionary fiscal nominal
Which of the following statements is/are correct?
A) The GDP is the total value of all final and intermediate goods and services produced
within the boundaries of a country during a particular period
B) An increase in nominal GDP will always lead to an increase in real GDP
C) Given a population growth rate of 3% per annum in South Africa, a real economic
growth rate of between 2% and 3% is needed for the real GDP per capita to increase
D) The so-called “jobless growth” refers to a situation where employment stays the
same or even declines during periods of positive economic growth
a. A, b, c, and d
b. Only a, b, and c
c. Only b and c
d. Only a and d
e. Only d
The net effect of the budget balance on the level of output and income is
1. Equal to 0 (zero)
2. An increase of 1 000
3. An increase of 200
4. An increase of 100
5. A decrease of 40
The impact on the equilibrium interest rate of an increase in income with simultaneous
expansionary open market operations by the central bank is
1. A lower equilibrium interest rate
2. A higher equilibrium rate
3. Uncertain (the equilibrium interest rate can be higher, lower or the same)
Which one of the following combinations are endogenous variables in the IS-LM model?
1. Y0 part of the consumption function and the marginal propensity to consume (c)
2. Autonomous investment spending (I) and government spending (G)
3. The supply of money (M*) and taxation (T)
4. The part of investment (I) that is dependent on income and the interest rate as well
as the part of the demand for money (M0) that is determined by the interest rate and
the level of output and income.
In the IS-LM model for an open economy fiscal contraction implies that the
a) IS curve will shift to the left and the interest rate decreases
b) IS curve will shift to the right and the interest rate increases
c) Nominal exchange rate decrease and a depreciation of the domestic currency takes
place
d) Nominal exchange rate increases and an appreciation of the domestic currency takes
place
i. A and d
ii. B and d
iii. A and c
iv. B and c
Comparing the impact of a contractionary monetary policy with an expansionary fiscal policy
in the IS-LM model for an open economy on the exchange rate and trade deficit the results
are that
1. In both cases the exchange rate appreciates and the trade deficit decreases
2. In both cases the exchange rate appreciates while the trade deficit for fiscal policy
increase and for monetary policy it decreases
3. For fiscal policy the exchange rate depreciates and the trade deficit increases while
for monetary policy the exchange rate appreciates and the trade deficit decreases
4. For fiscal policy the exchange rate appreciates and the trade deficit decreases while
for monetary policy the exchange rate depreciates and the trade deficit increases
5. In both cases the exchange rate appreciates and the trade deficit increases
According to the price-setting relation which one of the following will increase the price per
unit?
1. An increase in the unemployment rate
2. An increase in the markup of firms
3. An increase in the expected price level
4. An increase in the output and income level
An upward shift of the aggregate supply curve (AS curve) can be presented by the chain of
events as follows
Which of the following variable are endogenous in the goods market model?
1. The level of output and income and investment spending.
2. Marginal propensity to consume and the level of output and income.
3. The level of output and income.
4. Investment spending.
The difference between expenditure on the gross domestic product and gross domestic
expenditure (GDE) is that …
1. expenditure on the gross domestic product includes both imports and exports, while GDE
includes exports and excludes imports.
2. expenditure on the gross domestic product includes exports and excludes imports, while
GDE includes both imports and exports.
3. expenditure on the gross domestic product includes exports and excludes imports, while
GDE includes imports and excludes exports.
4. expenditure on the gross domestic product includes imports and excludes exports, while
GDE includes exports and excludes imports.
In South Africa, grants such as the Old Age Pension and the Child Support Grant are
termed:
1. Transfer payments and they are a part of government’s final consumption expenditure.
2. Transfer payments and they are excluded from government’s final consumption
expenditure.
3. Donations and they are a part of government’s final consumption expenditure.
4. Donations and they are excluded from government’s final consumption expenditure.
The biggest contributor to gross fixed capital formation in South Africa is:
1. General government
2. The foreign sector
3. Private business enterprises
4. Public corporations
The demand for goods is influenced by the following factors:
1. a, b and c
2. Only a and b
3. Only a and c
4. Only b and c
5. None of the options 1 to 4 is correct
a. autonomous consumption.
b. induced consumption.
c. disposable income.
1. a, b and c
2. Only a and b
3. Only a and c
4. Only b and c
5. Only c
a. An increase in the marginal propensity to consume will change the vertical intercept of
the consumption function.
b. Autonomous consumption decreases if the availability of credit decreases.
c. The equilibrium level of output and income will decrease if the marginal propensity to
save decreases.
1. a, b and c
2. Only a and b
3. Only a and c
4. Only b and c
5. None of the options 1 to 4
The following is based on the following diagrams. Consider the consumption functions of
country A and country B
1. a, b, c, d and e
2. Only a, b, c and d
3. Only b, c, d and e
4. Only a, b, d and e
5. Only a, b and c
1. b and c
2. a and b
3. c and d
4. a and c
5. b and d
1. a, b, c and d
2. Only a, b and d
3. b, c and e
4. Only a, c and d
5. Only c and d
a. G↑ → Z↑ → Y↑ → YD↑ → C↑
b. I↑ → Z↑ → Y↑ → YD↑ → C↑
c. T↓ → Z↑ → Y↑ → YD↑ → C↑
d. c0↑ → Z↑ → Y↑ → YD↑ → C↑
e. The ZZ curve will shift upwards if autonomous investment spending increases.
1. a, b, c, d and e
2. Only a, b and c
3. Only a, b, d and e
4. Only b, c and d
5. Only a, c and d
Which of the following are correct in terms of the goods market model?
1. a, b, c and d
2. Only a, b and d
3. Only b, c and d
4. Only a, b and c
5. Only a, c and d
1. R138.75 million
2. R2 640 million
3. R2 220 million
4. R416.25 million
5. R2 580 million
Based on the following data for the country PORTHOS for 2017
Marginal propensity to consume = 0.5
Autonomous consumption = R600 million
Investment spending = R40 million
Government spending = R280 million
Taxes = R300 million
Which of the following statements are correct?
a. The value of the multiplier is equal to 2.
b. The budget surplus is R20 million.
c. The equilibrium level of output and income is R1 540 million.
d. Total consumption is R1 220 million.
1. Only a, b and c
2. Only a, b and d
3. Only b, c and d
4. Only a, c and d
5. a, b, c and d
Based on the following data for the country PORTHOS for 2017
Marginal propensity to consume = 0.5
Autonomous consumption = R600 million
Investment spending = R40 million
Government spending = R280 million
Taxes = R300 million
An economist, Dr Alfred Khumalo, calculated that the gap between the current level of
output and income and the full employment level of income is R110 million.
Which of the following will ensure that the equilibrium level of output and income is equal
to the full employment level of output and income?
a. An increase in government spending of R80 million which will result in a budget deficit
of R10 million.
b. A decrease in taxation of R160 million which will result in a budget deficit of R90
million.
c. An increase in government spending of R40 million and a decrease in taxation of R80
million which will result in a budget deficit of R50 million.
1. Only a
2. Only b
3. Only c
4. a and b
5. None of the options 1 to 4
Based on the following data for the country PORTHOS for 2017
Marginal propensity to consume = 0.5
Autonomous consumption = R600 million
Investment spending = R40 million
Government spending = R280 million
Taxes = R300 million
The President of the country Mr Cold Water is not interested in full employment. He is
only interested in winning the general elections during the current fiscal year and
decided to cut taxes by R150 million.
By how much will the level of output and income increase if taxes are cut by R150
million?
1. R150 million.
2. R300 million.
3. R75 million.
4. R50 million.
Based on the following data for the country PORTHOS for 2017
Marginal propensity to consume = 0.5
Autonomous consumption = R600 million
Investment spending = R40 million
Government spending = R280 million
Taxes = R300 million
Which of the following statements is/are correct referring to the balanced budget?
a. A balanced budget is one where the change in government spending alone will lead to
a change in the level of output and income.
b. Assume that c = 0.8. The government increases its spending by 200 and taxes
increase also by 200, then the increase in the level of output and income will be 400 due
to the increase in government spending and the decrease in the level of output and
income will be 200 due to the increase in taxes. The net effect is an increase of 200 in
the level of output and income.
c. Assume that c = 0.6. The government increases its spending by 300 and taxes
increase also by 300, then the increase in the level of output and income will be 750 due
to the increase in government spending and the decrease in the level of output and
income will be 450 due to the increase in taxes. The net effect is an increase of 300 in
the level of output and income.
d. The net effect of a balanced budget, in other words where ↑G = ↑T will be expansive.
e. The balanced budget multiplier is equal to one; that is for every 1 unit increase in
government spending which is matched by a simultaneous 1 unit increase in taxes,
output and income increase by 1 unit.
1. a, b, c, d and e
2. Only a, b, c and e
3. Only b, c, d and e
4. Only b, c and d
5. Not option 1, 2, 3 or 4
Based on the following data for the country PORTHOS for 2017
Marginal propensity to consume = 0.5
Autonomous consumption = R600 million
Investment spending = R40 million
Government spending = R280 million
Taxes = R300 million
Based on the following data for the country PORTHOS for 2017
Marginal propensity to consume = 0.5
Autonomous consumption = R600 million
Investment spending = R40 million
Government spending = R280 million
Taxes = R300 million
If government spending and taxes increase by the same amount (R500 million), the
effect on the ZZ curve will be:
The following is based on the following diagram. Assume that G and T increase by R100
Which of the following statements is/are correct?
a. The multiplier is 4.
b. If government spending increases by R100, the equilibrium level of output and income
will be R1 500 and the Z curve will shift to Z1.
c. If taxes then increase by R100, cT will be R80, the equilibrium level of output and
income will be R1 100 and it will be represented by point a in the above diagram.
d. The above diagram and questions imply the working of the balanced budget multiplier.
e. Although there is an increase of R100 in taxes, there will still be an expansionary net
effect of R500 on the equilibrium level of output and income.
1. a, b, c and e
2. b, c, d and e
3. Only a, c and e
4. Only b and d
5. Not option 1, 2, 3 or 4
A ________ relationship exists between the demand for money (M d) and the interest
rate, an increase in the interest rate will cause a _______ .
1. The demand for money to increase and the M d curve will shift to the right.
2. The demand for money will decrease and the M d curve will shift to the left.
3. The demand for money will increase and there will be an upward movement along the
Md curve.
4. The demand for money will decrease and there will be a downward movement along
the Md curve
1. as the interest rate increases the money supply will also increase.
2. the supply of money is determined by the demand for money and the interest rate.
3. money supply is determined by the central bank.
4. money demand is determined by the central bank.
5. the money supply curve is perfectly elastic.
Based on the following diagram which represents changes in the supply of money. The
horizontal axis represents millions of rand
Based on the following diagram which represents changes in the supply of money. The
horizontal axis represents millions of rand
1. expansionary monetary policy where the central bank buys treasury bills on the open
market and consequently the interest rate increases.
2. expansionary monetary policy where the central bank sells treasury bills on the open
market and consequently the interest rate increases.
3. contractionary monetary policy where the central bank sells treasury bills on the open
market and consequently the interest rate increases.
4. contractionary monetary policy where the central bank buys treasury bills on the open
market and consequently the interest rate increases.
Assuming that the face value of a treasury bill is R150 000, the price paid for the bill is
R138 000 and the date to maturity is one year, the rate of return is …
1. 7.14% and it will decrease if the price paid for the treasury bill decreases to
R135 000.
2. 7.14% and it will increase if the price paid for the treasury bill decreases to R135 000.
3. 8.70% and it will decrease if the price paid for the treasury bill increases to R145 000.
4. 8.70% and it will increase if the price paid for the treasury bill increases to R145 000.
Assuming that the face value of the treasury bill is R250 000 and the date to maturity is
one year. Which of the following statements is/are correct?
(The rate of return is rounded off to one decimal point.)
a. If the price paid for the treasury bill is R245 000 the rate of return is 2.0%.
b. If the price paid for the treasury bill is R243 000 the rate of return is 2.9%.
c. If the price paid for the treasury bill is R242 750 the rate of return is 3.0%.
d. If the price paid for the treasury bill is R210 000 the rate of return is 19.0%.
1. Only a, b and c
2. Only a, b and d
3. Only b, c and d
4. Only a, c and d
5. a, b, c and d
a. An increase in income shifts the demand for money curve to the right.
b. An increase in the interest rate is represented by an upward movement along the
demand for money curve.
c. The money supply is determined by the central bank and is represented by a
horizontal line, because it is not a function of the interest rate.
1. a, b and c
2. Only a and c
3. Only a and b
4. Only b and c
5. Only a
1. a, b and d
2. Only c
3. Only a and c
4. Only b and d
5. Only b
1. demand for money curve to the left and the money supply curve to the left.
The equilibrium interest rate is indeterminate.
2. demand for money curve to the right and the money supply curve to the left.
The equilibrium interest rate is higher.
3. demand for money curve to the left and the money supply curve to the right.
The equilibrium interest rate is indeterminate.
4. demand for money curve to the right and the money supply curve to the left.
The equilibrium interest rate is lower.
Which of the following are fully exogenous variables in the IS-LM model?
1. a and b
2. b, c and e
3. b, c and d
4. a and e
5. Only c and e
a. To derive the IS curve, we change the interest rate to determine the effect on the level
of output and income.
b. To derive the IS curve, we change the level of output and income to determine the
effect on the interest rate.
c. The IS curve represents combinations of output and income levels and interest rates
where the financial market is in equilibrium, given that all autonomous variables are
unchanged.
d. The IS curve represents combinations of output and income levels and interest rates
where the goods and financial markets are in equilibrium, given that all autonomous
variables are unchanged.
1. Not a, b, c or d
2. Only a
3. Only b
4. Only c
5. a and d
1. Not a, b or c
2. Only a
3. Only b
4. Only c
5. a and b
1. a, b, c and d
2. Only a, c and d
3. Only b, c and d
4. Only c and d
5. Only b and c
In deriving the LM curve, we assume that an increase in income in the financial market
…
1. shifts the Ms curve to the right causing the interest rate to increase.
2. shifts the Ms curve to the left causing the interest rate to decrease.
3. shifts the Md curve to the right causing the interest rate to increase.
4. shifts the Md curve to the left causing the interest rate to increase.
Following question is based on the following diagram
1. the money supply in the economy decreases causing the interest rate to increase.
2. an increase in the level of output and income increases the money supply and the
interest rate decreases.
3. an increase in the level of output and income increases the demand for money and
the interest rate increases.
4. an increase in the interest rate decreases investment spending in the economy.
5. the money supply in the economy increases causing the level of output and income to
increase.
1. a, b and c
2. d and e
3. a and d
4. Only b and c
5. Only a
1. a, b, d and e
2. b, c, d and e
3. Only b, d and e
4. Only b and d
5. Only c
a. If the marginal propensity to consume changes from 0.5 to 0.8 the size of the
multiplier will increase and the greater the impact of a given change in government
spending (G) on the level of output and income (Y) will be.
b. The greater the interest sensitivity of investment spending and the greater the output
and income sensitivity of investment spending, the more effective an increase in
government spending will be in increasing the level of output and income.
c. The steepness of the IS curve depends on the interest sensitivity of investment
spending and the output and income sensitivity of investment spending.
d. If a small change in the interest rate leads to a great impact on investment spending it
means that investment spending is very sensitive to a change in the interest rate.
Consequently this greater impact on investment spending will have a greater impact on
output and income and the IS curve will be flatter.
1. a, b, c and d
2. Only a, b and c
3. Only c and d
4. Only a, c and d
5. Only a and d
When comparing a contractionary fiscal policy with an expansionary monetary policy in the IS-
LM model the results regarding the interest rate and investment spending are as follows:
Answer 1
In the IS-LM model, which one of the following policy actions will cause a decline in the
budget deficit without a corresponding decline in the level of output and income given
that the relative shifts of the IS curve and the LM curve are the same?
1. Only c and d
2. b, c and d
3. a, b, d and e
4. c, d and e
5. Only b and c
a. R1 = $0.30 to R1 = $0.25
b. R1 = $0.25 to R1 = $0.30
c. R1 = $0.50 to R1 = $0.55
d. $1 = R8 to $1 = R7
e. $1 = R7 to $1 = R8
1. a and c
2. Only b and c
3. a and e
4. b, c and d
5. b and e
An increase in the nominal exchange rate between RSA and the USA implies that …
1. more rands must be paid for a dollar, leading to higher imports and possibly a trade
deficit.
2. fewer rands must be paid for a dollar, leading to lower imports and possibly a trade
surplus.
3. fewer rands must be paid for a dollar, leading to lower exports and possibly a trade
deficit.
4. more rands must be paid for a dollar, leading to lower exports and possibly a trade
surplus.
An increase in the real exchange rate implies that …
a. SA goods are now relatively cheaper than the goods produced in the rest of the world.
b. SA goods are now relatively more expensive than the goods produced in the rest of
the world.
c. exports will increase.
d. exports will decrease.
1. a and c
2. b and c
3. a and d
4. b and d
5. Only d
Which of the following statements are correct regarding the current account of the South
African balance of payments?
a. The money spent by tourists who visit South Africa is included in service receipts.
b. A trade balance deficit indicates that exports exceeded imports.
c. Income receipts refer to income earned by South African residents in the rest of the
world, while income payments refer to income earned by non-residents in South Africa.
d. To calculate the trade balance net gold exports is included.
e. The rand value of net gold exports is included in the merchandise exports figure.
1. a, b and d
2. a, c and d
3. b and c
4. Only a and d
5. b and e
a. The “domestic demand for goods” and the “demand for domestic goods” are the
same.
b. Part of domestic demand falls on foreign/imported goods.
c. Foreign demand for domestic goods is also known as exports.
d. Domestic demand for foreign goods is also known as imports.
1. a, b, c and d
2. Only a, b and c
3. Only b and d
4. Only c and d
5. Only b, c and d
a. Y↓ → X↓
b. Y*↓ → X↓
c. Y*↑ → X↓
d. ε↑ → X↑
e. ε↑ → X↓
1. a and e
2. a and d
3. b and e
4. b and d
5. c and e
1. a, b, d and e
2. b, c and d
3. Only d and e
4. a, c and d
5. Only a, d and e
a. The goods market is in equilibrium when domestic output is equal to the demand for
domestic goods.
b. The goods market is in equilibrium when domestic output is equal to the domestic
demand for goods.
c. Equilibrium output is associated with a trade deficit only.
d. Equilibrium output is associated with a trade surplus only.
e. Equilibrium output can be associated with a trade deficit or a trade surplus.
1. a and c
2. b and c
3. a and d
4. b and d
5. a and e
1. Y↑ → IM↑ → NX↓
2. Y↓ → IM↓ → NX↓
3. Y↑ → X↑ → NX↓
4. Y↓ → X↑ → NX↑
5. Y↓ → IM↓ → NX↑
Give the equilibrium level of output and income position in the following diagram, what
happens to the level of output and income and the trade balance if government spending
decreases?
1. The level of output and income decreases and the trade deficit decreases as imports
decrease.
2. The level of output and income decreases and the trade deficit decreases as exports
decrease.
3. The level of output and income increases and the trade deficit increases as imports
increase.
4. The level of output and income decreases and trade balance is reached as imports
increase.
1. G↑ → Z↑ → Y↑ → IM↑ → NX↓
2. G↓ → Z↓ → Y↓ → IM↓ → NX↓
3. G↓ → Z↓ → Y↓ → IM↓ → NX↑
4. G↓ → Z↓ → Y↓ → X↓ → NX↑
5. G↓ → Z↓ → Y↓ → X↑ → NX↓
1. imports increase.
2. exports increase.
3. investment spending declines.
4. consumption spending declines.
5. government spending declines.
An increase in exports …
Which of the following factors will shift the NX curve to the left?
a. A decrease in imports.
b. A decrease in exports.
c. A decrease in government spending.
d. An increase in domestic demand for foreign goods.
e. A decrease in foreign demand for domestic goods.
1. a, b, c and d
2. b, c and e
3. Only a, c and d
4. Only b and e
5. Only d
Given the goods market equilibrium in the following diagram, what would the likely
impact of a depreciation of the domestic currency be?
1. The domestic level of output and income will increase and there will be a trade deficit.
2. The domestic level of output and income will decrease and there will be a trade
surplus.
3. The domestic level of output and income will decrease and there will be a trade deficit.
4. The domestic level of output and income will be unchanged and there will be a trade
surplus.
5. The domestic level of output and income will increase and there will be a trade
surplus.
a. An increase in foreign demand and an increase in domestic demand will shift the
demand curve ZZ1 upwards and the level of output and income increases in both
instances.
b. An increase in foreign demand will shift the NX curve to the right while an increase in
domestic demand will cause a downward movement along the NX curve.
c. An increase in foreign demand will shift the NX curve to the right while an increase in
domestic demand will cause an upward movement along the NX curve.
d. In the case of an increase in foreign demand the trade balance will improve and in the
case of an increase in domestic demand the trade balance worsens.
e. In the case of an increase in foreign demand a trade surplus occurs and in the case of
an increase in domestic demand a trade deficit occurs.
1. a, b, c, d and e
2. Only b, c and d
3. Only b, d and e
4. Only a, b, d and e
5. Only b and e