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1. Analytical method
2. Graphical method

Problem - 1:

A mild steel rod 2m long &3cm diameter is subjected to an axial pull of 10kN. E for Youngs
modulus for steel is 2 x 105 N/mm2. Find the stress, strain. (Apr/May 2012)

Sol:

P
ww
Lenth (l) = 2 m = (2 1000) mm

w.E
AP
diameter (d) = 3cm, area a =

Arial pull =
asy 10KN = 10 103 N =706.5

En
R
E = 2 105 N/mm2

gin
CO

Stress = = 14.15N/mm

E = eer
in g.n
U

Strain = = 0.0000707

Problem - 2: et
ST

A steel bar 900mm long its 2ends are 40mm &30mm in diameters &the length of each rod is
200mm. The middle portion of the bar is 15mm in diameters &500mm in long if the bar is subjected
an axial tensile load of 15KN. Determine the stress in each section &total extension. Take
E=200 103N/mm2. (Nov/Dec 2008)

Sol:

To find stress at each section:

Stress at 1 section AB =

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AB =

AB = 11.94N/mm2.

Stress at section BC = 15 103

BC = 84.92N/mm2.

Stress at section CD = 15.103

P
CD = 21.23N/mm2.

ww
AP
To find total Extension (or) Elangation

w.E
SL
asy=

En
R
=

gin
CO

=
eer
0.075

Problem – 3:
in g.n
U

The following are the results of a tensile on test on a molested rod is 16 mm gaugh length is 50

et
mm, load at proportionality limit is 48.5 kN. Extension at the proportionally limit is 0.05mm. Load at
ST

yield point is 50.3 KN ultimate load is 90KN. Final length between gauge points is 64mm, dia of the
neck at fracture is 13.7 mm. Determine the young’s modules at elastic limit, Yield stress, Ultimate
Stress, % of elangation & % of reduction in area. (May/Jun 2009)

Given data:

Dia of rod d = 16mm

Dia of Fracture of rod fd = 13.7 mm

Gauge length l = 50mm

Final length L = 645 mm

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Load at yield point = 50.3KN

Load at limit = 48.5 KN

Extension of ( ) limit l = 0.05.mm

Ultimate load = 90 KN ( max load)

Solution :

i) Young’s Modules E =

P
ww
AP
E =

w.E =

asy
En
R
=

E
gin= 241340. N/mm2
CO

=
eer 2.41 103 N/mm2

ii) Yield Stress = in g.n

U

=
et
ST

= 250.29 N/mm2

= 250 N/mm2

iii) Ultimate Stress =

= 447.81 N/mm2

iv) % of elongation =
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= 28 %

–
v) % of area reduction =

= 0.2668

P
ww = 26.68 %

w.E
AP
Problem - 4:

asy
A Cylindrical pipe of diameter 1.5mm & thickness 1.5cm is subjected to an internal fluid
pressure of 1.2 N/mm2. Find the longitudinal stress & hoop stress developed in the pipe. (Apr/May

En
R
2010)

gin
CO

Solution:

Given data : eer

dia (d) = in 1.5 103 mm
g.n
U

Thickness (t) = 1.5 101 mm

et
ST

Pressure (p) = 1.2 N/mm2

Longitudinal Stress: l =

l =

Circumferential stress:

c =

= 60N/mm2

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Problem - 5:

A Cyliner of internal dia 0.5m contains air at apressure of 7 N/mm2.If the maximum
permissible stress induced in material is 80 N/mm2. Find the thickness of the cylinder . (Oct 97)

dia (d) = 0.5 103mm

(p) = 7 N /mm2

P
l = 80 N/mm2

ww
AP
t = ?

1 w.E
=

asy
En
t = = 10.93 mm
R
Problem - 6:
gin
CO

eer
Calculate change in length, change in diameters, change in volume of the thin cylinder 100cm
dia & 1cm thickness, 5m long E= 2 105 N/mm2 poisson’s ratio (1/m) (or)
pressure 3 N/mm2. (Oct 97) in =0.3 & internal fluid

g.n
U

Solution
et
ST

Given :

dia (d) = 100 cm = 1000 mm

t = 1 cm = 10mm

l = 5m = 5 x 103mm

E = 2 x 103 N/mm2

= 0.3

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p = 3N/mm2

Change in length e2 = (½- )

= 0.00015mmxl

P
= 0.75mm

ww
AP
Change in dia e1 =

w.E =

asy
En = 0.0006375mm 1000
R
gin = 0.6375mm
CO

Change in length e2
eer =

in = = 0.00015mm
g.n
U

e1 = 0.0006375mm
et
ST

Change in volume V =

= 3925000000 = 3.9L5 109mm2.

e3= = V (2e1+e2)

= 3.9x109(2 6.375 10-4+1.5 10-4)

= 5.5 106mm2

e3 = = 1.425 10-3mm

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Problem - 7:

A bar of 20mm diameter is tested in tension it is observed that when a lead of 40KN is applied
the extension measured over a gauge length of 200mm us 0.12mm&contraction in diameter is
0.0036mm. Find poisson’s ratio, young’s modulas &bulk modulas &rigiditity modulas.
(May/Jun2012)

Solution:

P
ww
Diameter D = 20mm

w.E
AP
P = 40KN

L
asy= 200mm

En 0.12mm Contraction
R
= 0.0036mm

gin
CO

Asked:

eer
in
M=? , E=? , K=? , G=? (or) C=?

g.n
U

i. Longitudinal strain =

= et
ST

= 0.6x10-3

ii. Lateral strain pd =

= = 1.810-4

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E =

= 0.212x106

= 2.12x105N/mm2

E = 2 G (1+ )

P
Modulus of Rigidity = 2 G (1+ µ)

ww
w.E
AP
G = =

= 81538.46

asy G(or)C = 0.815 105N/mm2.

En
R
Bulk modulus E
gin = 3k(1-
CO

eer
K =

in g.n
U

et
ST

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UNIT II
TRANSVERSE LOADING ON BEAMS AND STRESSES IN BEAMS

1. State the assumptions while deriving the general formula for shear stresses.
(May/June 2011)

2. Define shear stress distribution. (May/June 2013)

`

P
3. Mention the different types of beams. (May/June 2009)

asy
4. Write down the bending moment equation.
The bending equation M /I = σ/y =E/R
En
AP (May/June 2009)
R
Where,
M – bending moment
gin
CO

I – moment of inertia of the section,

σ – bending stress at that section,
y – distance from the neutral axis, eer
E – Young’s modulus of the material,
R – radius of curvature of the beam. in g.n
U

et
5. What do you understand by the term point of contraflexure? (Apr/May 2010)
The point where the shear force changes its sign or zero is called as point of contraflexure.At this
ST

point the bending moment is maximum.

6. What is the value of bending moment corresponding to a point having a zero shear
force? (May/June 2010)
The value of bending moment is maximum where the shear force changes it sign or zero.

7. Mention the types of supports. (Apr/May 2011)

Roller support
Fixed support
Hinged or pinned support

8. Define bending moment in beam. (Nov/Dec 2012)

The bending moment of the beam may be defined as the algebraic sum of the moments of the forces,
to the right or left of the section.

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9. Define shear force. (Apr/May 2008)

Shear force at any section is defined as the algebraic sum of all forces acting on either side of a
beam.

10. What is meant by Neutral axis of the beam? (Nov/Dec 2012)

It is an imaginary plane, which divides the section of the beam into the tension and compression
zones on the opposite sides of the plane.

11. What is mean by compressive and tensile force?

The forces in the member will be compressive if the member pushes the joint to which it is
connected whereas the force in the member will be tensile if the member pulls the joint to which it is
connected.

P
ww
12. How will you determine the forces in a member by method of joints?
In method of joint after determining the reactions at the supports, the equilibrium of every

w.E
AP
support is considered. This means the sum all vertical forces as well as the horizontal forces acting on a
joint is equated to zero. The joint should be selected in such a way that at any time there are only two
members, in which the forces are unknown.

asy
13. What are the benefits of method of sections compared with other methods? (April/May 2010)

En
R
1. This method is very quick

gin
2. When the forces in few members of the truss are to be determined, then the method of section is
CO

mostly used.

14. Define thin cylinder? eer

in
If the thickness of the wall of the cylinder vessel is less than 1/15 to 1/20 of its internal
diameter, the cylinder vessel is known as thin cylinder.
g.n
U

15. What are types of stress in a thin cylindrical vessel subjected to internal pressure?
2010) et (April/May
ST

These stresses are tensile and are know as

Circumferential stress (or hoop stress )
Longitudinal stress
.
16. What is mean by circumferential stress (or hoop stress) and longitudinal stress?
The stress acting along the circumference of the cylinder is called circumferential stress (or
hoop stress) whereas the stress acting along the length of the cylinder is known as longitudinal stress.

17. What are the formula for finding circumferential stress and longitudinal stress?
Circumferential stress, f1 = pd / 2t
longitudinal stress, f2 = pd / 4t

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18. What are maximum shear stresses at any point in a cylinder? (April/May 2010)

Maximum shear stresses at any point in a cylinder, subjected to internal fluid pressure
is given by (f1 –f2) / 2 = pd / 8t

19. What are the formula for finding circumferential strain and longitudinal strain?
The circumferential strain (e1) and longitudinal strain (e2) are given by

P
ww
20. What are the formula for finding change in diameter, change in length and change volume
of a cylindrical shell subjected to internal fluid pressure p?

w.E
asy
En
AP
R
gin
CO

eer
Problem - 1
in g.n
U

Draw the shear force & bending moment diagram for given cantilever. (May/Jun 2012)

et
ST

Solution :

Shear force at A = 2+10 =12KN

Shear force at B = 2KN

Shear force at C = 0KN

Shear force at D = 0

Bending moment at A = = 3KNm

Bending moment at B = = -2KNm

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Bending moment at C = 0

Bending moment at D = 0

Problem - 2

Draw the shear force diagram for given cantilever. (May/Jun 2012)

Solution :

To fine the support reaction:

P
ww
Taking moment at A = -RD 6+6 4+3 2 = 0

w.E
AP
RD 6 = -30

RD
asy = -5 KN

En
R
Upward force = Downward force

RA+5
gin= 6+3
CO

RA =
eer 4 KN

Shear Force Calculation:

in g.n
U

R.H.S

et
ST

Shear force at A = 4 KN

Shear force at B = 4-3 = 1 KN

Shear force at C = 4-3-6

= -5 KN

Shear force at D = -5 KN

L.H.S

Shear force at D = -5 KN

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Shear force at C = 6-5 = 1 KN

Shear force at B = 6+3-5

RA = B = 4 KN

To find the moment

Bending moment at A = 0

Bending moment at B = 4 2 = 8 KNm

P
ww
Bending moment at C = (4 4) – (3 2)

w.E
AP
= 10 KNm

Problem - 3
asy
En
Draw the shear force diagram for at bending moment for givern cantilever. (Nov/Dec 2012)
R
Solution :
gin
CO

To fine the support reaction:

eer
Taking moment at A = (4
in – (RE 4)

g.n
U

= 32 – 4RE

RE = 8 KN et
ST

RA + 8 = 15

RA = 7 KNS

To fine Shear force:

Shear force at A = 7 KN

Shear force at B = 7-4 = 3 KN

Shear force at C = 7-4-5 = - 2KN

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Shear force at D = 7-4-5-6 = -8 KN

Shear force at E = - 8 KN

To find bending moment

Bending Moment at A = 0

Bending Moment at B = 4 KNm

Bending Moment at C = (7 2) – (4 2)

P
ww = 10 KNm

w.E
AP
Bending Moment D = (7 3) – (4 2)

asy = 8 KNm

En
R
Bending Moment E = 0

Problem - 4
gin
CO

eer
A Beam of Total length 8m is freely supported at a left end & at a point 6m from left end. It

in
carries 2 points floats of 15KN & 18KN. In which one is at the free end and another is 3m from the

g.n
left support. Draw the shear force and bending moment diagram. Locate the point of contraflexture.
U

(Nov/Dec 2012)

et
ST

Solution :

To fine the support reactions:

Taking moment about A,

(Rc 6) – (18 3) – (10 8) = 0

6 Rc = 54+120

Rc = 174/6

Rc = 29 KN

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RA + Rc = 18+15

RA + 29 = 33

RA = 4 KN

To fine Shear force:

Shear force at D = 15 KN

Shear force at C = 29 KN +15 = -14 KN

P
ww
Shear force at B = -14+18 = 4 KN

w.E
AP
Shear force at A = 4 KN

asy
En
R
To find bending moment

Bending Moment at D =
gin0
CO

Bending Moment at C =
eer
-(15 2) = - 30 KNm

Bending Moment at B =
in
-(15 5)+(29 3)

g.n
U

Bending Moment at A = -(15 8) +(29 6)-(18 3)

et
ST

= -120-54+174

= 0

Problem-5:

The cross section of the beam is shown is beam is cantiliver type &carries a UDL of 16KN/m.
If the span of beam is 2.5m. Determine the maximum tension & Compressible stress in the beam.
(Nov/Dec 2013)

solution:

Section (1) :

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Area (a1) = l b

= 500mm2

Section(2):

Area (a2) = l b

To find the centroid distance:

y1 = 35+ = 40mm

P
wwy2 = = 17.5mm

w.E
asy
28.47mm

En
=

AP
R
To find the moment of inertia:
gin
CO

I =
eer
` =
in g.n
U

(28.47−17.5)2
et
ST

= 187409.8392mm4

To find moment (M):

M = 16 2.5

= 50KNm

w.k.t,

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The maximum compressive bending stress is the topmost layer of the beam.

The distance from y to top layer is

= 45-28.47

P
= 16.53mm

ww
AP
Compressive stress =

=
w.E
4.410 1 mm-2. KN

asy
to find the maximum tensile stress:

En
R
=
gin
CO

=
eer = 28.47

= =in 7.595 10-3KN

g.n
U

= 3
7.59 10 KN/m 2

et
ST

Problem-6:

The cast iron bracket subjected to bending has a cross section of I-shaped with unequal flanges
as shown. If the compressive force on the top of the flanges is not to exceed 17mega pa. What is the
bending moment of the section can take if the section is subjected to a shear force of 90KN. Draw the
shear stress distribution over the depth of the section. (Nov/Dec 2013)

Solution:

Area of section (1) = lb

= 250 50
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= 12750mm2

Area of section (2) = lb

= 50 250 = 12500mm2

Area of section (3) = lb

= 150 50 = 7500mm2

To find centroid distance:

P
ww y1 = 50+250+ = 325mm

w.E
AP
y2 = +50 = 175mm

asy
y3 = = 25mm

En
R
gin
= =
CO

eer
=
in = 199.076mm

g.n
U

To find moment of inertia:

et
ST

I =

3( 3)2

175)2+150(50)312 )2

= 2604166.667 + 198198080 + 65104166.67 + 7248080

+ 1562500 + 22727848

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= 501995840.7

I = 5.01 108mm4.

W.K.T,

= I

P
= 108

ww
AP
= 0.4278 108

=
w.E 42.78 108Nmm

To find shear stress: asy

En
R
shear force
gin
( ) at top of the
CO

top flange = 0
eer
shear force ( ) at bottom of the
in g.n
U

bottom flange = 0

at the bottom of the top flanges et

ST

where,

= 152- = 127mm

A-Area-12500, I-moment of inertia, B-breath

F =

= 1.14071N/mm2
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at junction of flange and web:

Where, B-breath, T-Thickness

= 1.14 = 5.7N/mm2.

at the Neutral axis:

P
= = 152- = 127

ww
w.E
AP
A = (250 50 ) + (102 50 )

asy = 1847600 = 1.8 106mm3

En
R
b = 50.

at Neutral axis:
gin
CO

= eer
= in
6.4670N/mm2.
g.n
U

To find shear stress:

et
ST

at the bottom of the bottom flange is 0.

at the top of the bottom flange

= 1.55N/mm2.

at junction of flange & web:

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= 1.55 = 4.65N/mm2.

iC = = = 0.25 radians

iD = = = 0.25 radians

P
ww
To find Centroid distance:

w.E
AP
= 1/3 x 1 = 0.33m

= 0.33m

asy
En
yC = = = 0.825m
R
gin
CO

eer
in g.n
U

et
ST

UNIT III – TORSION

1. What are the assumptions made in torsion equation? (May/June 2009)

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The material of the shaft is homogeneous, perfectly elastic and obeys Hook’s law.
Twist is uniform along the length of the shaft and
The stress does not exceed the limit of proportionality

2. Write down the expression for power transmitted by a shaft. (May/June 2013)
Power, P = 2пNT/ 60
Where,
T – Torque in kN.m
N – Speed in r.p.m.
P – Power in Kw

P
3. Define polar modulus. (May/June 2010)

ww
It is the ratio between polar moment of inertia and radius of the shaft.

w.E
AP
4. State the differences between closed and open coil helical springs. (May/June 2009)

Closed coiled helical springs Open coiled helical springs

asy
Adjacent coils are very close to each other Large gap between adjacent coils

En
It can carry only tensile loads . It can carry Both tensile and Compression
R
loads.
Helix angle is negligible
gin Helix angle is considerable
CO

shear stress in 75 N/mm²? eer

5.Find the torque which a shaft of 50mm diameter can transmit safely, if the allowable
(Apr/May 2010)
T = п / 16 x fsx d3
T = п / 16 x 75 x (50)3
in g.n
U

T = 1.840 kN.m
6. What is mean by stiffness? (Apr/May 2011)
et
ST

The stiffness of the spring is defined as the load required to product unit deflection.

7.Classify the types of springs. (Apr/May 2011)

Torsion spring and
Bending spring
8.What is meant by spring? (Apr/May 2010)
Spring is a device which is used to absorb energy by taking very large change in its form without
permanent deformation and then release the same when it is required.

9.Define torsion. (Apr/May 2008)

When a pair of forces of equal magnitude but opposite in direction acting on body, it tends to twist
the body. It is known as twisting moment or simply as torque.

10.what is meant by torsion spring? (Nov/Dec 2012)

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A spring, which is subjected to torsion or twisting moment only is known as torsion spring.

11. What is the ratio of maximum shear stress to the average shear stress in the case of solid
circular section?

Qmax is 4/3 times the Qavg.

12. What is the shear stress distribution value of Flange portion of the I-section?

P
ww Where, D- depth

AP
y- Distance from neutral axis

w.E
13. Where the shear stress is max for Triangular section?
In the case of triangular section, the shear stress is not max at N A. The shear stress is max at a
height of h/2
asy
En
R
14. Define: Mohr’s Theorem for slope

gin
The change of slope between two points of a loaded beam is equal to the area of
CO

BMD between two points divided by EI.

Slope, eer
in
15. Define: Mohr’s Theorem for deflection
g.n
U

The deflection of a point with respect to tangent at second point is equal to the first moment of
area of BMD between two points about the first point divided by EI.
et
ST

Slope,

Problem-1:
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A metal bar of 10mm dia when subjected to a pull of 23.55KN gave and elongation of 0.3mm
on a gauge length of 200mm. In a torsion test maximum shear stress of 40.71N/mm2 was measured on
a bar of 50mm dia. The angle of twist measured over a length of 300mm being 021’. Determine
poisson’s ratio. (April/May 2011)

Solution:

Given data:

dia d = 10mm

P
ww
pull P = 23.55KN

w.E
AP
elongation SL = 0.3mm

Gauge length =
asy200mm

Torsion Test
En
R
(or) =
gin 40.71 N/mm2
CO

Dia =
eer
500mm

Twist angle =
in
021’

g.n
U

length = 300 mm

et
ST

Asked

Formula

Area = = 78.5mm2

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= = 0.3N/mm2

e =

e = = 1.5 10-3

E =

= = 200N/mm2

P
ww E = 200N/mm2 E = 2G (1+ )

w.E
AP
G = =

=
asy
En
R
G =

gin
CO

=
eer G = 7.99

= 251238 1
in g.n
U

E = 2(7.997) (1+ ) (7.997)

et
ST

= 1+

= 1.250-1 (0.25)

Power Transmitted by a shaft

P = mean torgue Angle turned lsec.

= 2 w

P = . KN

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P = 1f = noof revolution/time

1Hz = 1revlsec

Problem-2:

A hollow shaft dia ratio 3/5 is required to transmit 450Kw at 1200pm, the shearing stress in the
shaft must not exceed 60N/mm2 and the twist in a length of 2.5m is not to exceed 1o. Calculate the
minimum external of the shaft. Take, C=8.0KN/mm2. (May/Jun 2010)

P
Solution:

ww
AP
Dia = = d=3, D=5

P =
w.E
450Kw = 450 103W

N = asy
120 pm

En
R
60N/mm2

gin
( =
CO

l = 2.5m =
eer
2.5 103

= 1o radi =
in 0.01745

g.n
U

C = 80KN/mm2

D min = ? et
ST

(
T =

P =

T = = 35.82 103N/mm

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= 3.0427 103N/mm

= 3.0427 103

= 3.0427 103

D3 =

D = 15.17mm

P
d
ww = 9.106mm

w.E
AP
Problem-2:

asy
What must be the length of a 5mm dia aluminium wine so that it can be twisted through 1
complete revolution without exceeding a shear of 42N/mm2. Take, G=27 GPO. (May/Jun 2010)

En
R
Solution:

gin
CO

Given data:

length (l) = ? eer

dia (d) = 5mm in g.n
U

Angle ( ) = 360o = 6.283 rod

et
ST

(fs) or ( ) = 42N/mm2

(G) = 27 103N/mm2

Solution:

T = d3

T = (42) (5)3 = 1030.3125Nmm2

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J = d4 = (5)4 = 6111.328mm2

l = .J

= = 10097.67mm

= 10.09mm

Problem-3:

P
ww
A solid steel shaft has to transmit 75Kw power at 200 pm. Taking allowable shear stress
70Mpo. Find suitable dia of shaft with the maximum torque transmitted on each revolutions exceeds

w.E
AP
by mean by 30% 1.3 times mean. (Apr/May 2010)

asy
Solution:

En
Given data:
R
P = 75Kw
gin = 75 103w
CO

N = 200rpm
eer
= 70N/mm2
in g.n
U

d = ?

et
ST

P =

mean = = 3.58 103Nm

τ mean = 1.3(3.58) = 4.65 103Nm

T = ( ) d3

d3 = =

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d = 6.969 = 69.69mm

UNIT IV

BEAMS DEFLECTION

1. List any four methods of determining slope and deflection of loaded beam? (May/Jun2012)

i)Double integration method,

ii)Macaulay’s method,

P
ww
iii)Moment area method and
iv)Conjugate beam method

w.E
AP
2. What is the relation between slope, deflection and radius of curvature of a beam?
1/R =(d2y)/(dx2) (Nov/Dec 2012)

asy
Where R =radius of curvature.
Y= deflection.

En
R
3. State two assumptions made in the Euler’s column’s theory (May/Jun 2012)

gin
i)The cross section of the column is uniform throughout its length and
CO

ii)The length of the column is very long as compared to its cross sectional dimensions.

4. State Slenderness ratio

eer (May/Jun 2011)

in
The ratio between actual length to least radius of gyration Slenderness ratio = L / k

5. Write the equivalent length of column for a column. (Nov/Dec 2012)

g.n
U

i)One end is fixed and other end is free Effective length L= 2l

ii)Both ends are fixed Effective length L= l/2
et
ST

6. State the limitations of Euler’s formula. (May/Jun 2012)

If the slenderness ratio is small, the crippling stress will be high. But for the column material, the
crippling stress cannot be greater than the crushing stress. In the limiting case, we can find the value of
slenderness ratio for which the crippling stress is equal to the crushing stress.

7. Describe the double integration method. (May/Jun 2010)

While integrating twice the original differential equation, we will get two constant C1 and C2. The
value of these constants may be found by using the end conditions.

8. Calculate the effective length of a long column, whose actual length is 4m when i)both ends are
fixed ii)one end is fixed while the other end is free? (Nov/Dec 2011)

i)Both ends are fixed Effective length L= l/2 =4/2=2m

ii)One end is fixed while the other end is free Effective length L= 2l=2x4=8m
9. Define column (May/Jun 2010)
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A structural member which is subjected to axial compressive load is known as column.

10. Define crippling load (May/Jun 2011)

The load at which the column just buckles is known as crippling load.
11. Define shear force and bending moment?
SF at any cross section is defined as algebraic sum of the vertical forces acting either side of
beam.
BM at any cross section is defined as algebraic sum of the moments of all the
forces which are placed either side from that point.

P
ww
12. When will bending moment is maximum?
BM will be maximum when shear force change its sign.

w.E
AP
13. What is maximum bending moment in a simply supported beam of span ‘L’ subjected to UDL of
‘w’ over entire span?

asy
Max BM =wL2/8

En
R
14. In a simply supported beam how will you locate point of maximum bending moment?
The bending moment is max. when SF is zero. Writing SF equation at that point

gin
and equating to zero we can find out the distances ‘x’ from one end .then find maximum
CO

bending moment at that point by taking moment on right or left hand side of beam.

eer
in
15. What is shear force and bending moment diagram?

g.n
It shows the variation of the shear force and bending moment along the length of the beam.
U

16. What are the types of beams?

et
ST

1. Cantilever beam
2. Simply supported beam
3. Fixed beam
4. Continuous beam
5. over hanging beam

17. What are the types of loads?

1. Concentrated load or point load
2. Uniform distributed load (udl)
3. Uniform varying load(uvl)

18. Write the assumptions in the theory of simple bending?

1. The material of the beam is homogeneous and isotropic.
2. The beam material is stressed within the elastic limit and thus obey hooke’s law.

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3. Each layer of the beam is free to expand or contract independently about the layer, above or
below.
4. The value of E is the same in both compression and tension.

19. Write the theory of simple bending equation?

Where,
M - Maximum bending moment
I - Moment of inertia
f - Maximum stress induced

P
y- Distance from the neutral axis

ww E - Young’s modulus
R – Radius of neutral layer.

w.E
AP
20. Define: Neutral Axis

asy
The N.A of any transverse section is defined as the line of intersection of the neutral layer
with the transverse section.

En
R
21. Define: Moment of resistance

gin
Due to pure bending, the layers above the N.A are subjected to compressive stresses,
CO

whereas the layers below the N.A are subjected to tensile stresses. Due to these stresses, the forces

eer
will be acting on the layers. These forces will have moment about the N.A. The total moment of these
forces about the N.A for a section is known as moment of resistance of the section.

22. Define: Section modulus in g.n

U

Section modulus is defined as the ratio of moment of inertia of a section about the
N.A to the distance of the outermost layer from the N.A.
et
ST

Section modulus,

Where, I – M.O.I about N.A

ymax - Distance of the outermost layer from the N.A

Problem – 1:

Determine the deflection of a given beam at the point loads. Take I = 64x10-4 mm4 & its
Young’s modulus (E) = 210x106 N/mm2. (April/May 2011)

Solution :

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To find Support reactions:

RB x 14 - 60(9.5) – 90(3) = 0

14 RB = 840

RB = 60 KN

RA + RB = 90 + 60 ; RA = 90 KN

To find deflection in Macaulays Method:

P
ww Consider x-x section at x distance from A

w.E
AP
EI. = 90x - 90(x-3) – 60(x-9.5) -------------------> (1)

asy
Integrating the equation (1)

En
R
EI = 90( - 90 ( - 60( + c1

gin
CO

= 45x2 – 45(x-3)2 – 30(x-9.5)2 + c1 -------------> (2)

eer
The above equation is a slope equation

Integrating the equation (2) in g.n

U

EI y = 45 - 45 - 30 + c1x + c2
et
ST

EI y = 15 x3 – 15 (x-3)3 – 10(x-9.5)3 + c1x +c2 ---------------> (3)

Equation (3) is a deflection equation

Boundary conditions:

x = 0 , y = 0 -------(1)

x = 14, y = 0 --------(2)

Applying x = 0 , y = 0 in equation (3)

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EI (0) = 15(0) + c1(0) + c2

c2 = 0

Applying x = 14 , y = 0 in equation (3)

EI (0) = 5(14)3 – 15(14-3)3 -10(14-9.5)3 + 14c1 + c2(0)

= 41160 – 19965 – 911.25 +14c1

14c1 = - 20283.75

P
ww c1 = -1448.83

w.E
AP
(3)=> EI y = 15x3 – 15(x-3)3 – 10 (x-9.5)3 – (1448.83)x --------------> (4)

asy
To find deflection at ‘C’:

En
R
put x = 3

(4)=> EI(y) =
gin 15(3)3 – 15(3-3)3 – 10(3-9.5)3 – 1448.83(3)
CO

=
eer
405 – 4366.49

(210x106)(64x10-4) = -
in -3941.49

g.n
U

yc = - 2.932x10-3

et
ST

= -0.002932mm

To find deflection at ‘D’:

put x = 9.5

EI y = 15(9.5)3 – 15(-3+9.5)3 – 10(9.5-9.5)3 – (1448.83)(9.5)

(210x64x102)yD = 12860.625 – 4119.375 – 13763.885

yD = - 5022.615/ (210x64x102)

= - 0.00373mm

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Problem – 2:

A steel cantilever beam of 6m long carries 2 point loads 15KN at the free end and 25KN at the
distance of 2.5m from the free end. To determine the slope at free end & also deflection at free end I
= 1.3x108mm4. E = 2x105 N/mm2 (Apr/May 2008)

Solution:

Given:

Length (l) = 6m

P
ww loads (w1) = 25KN

w.E
AP
(w2) = 15KN

I
asy = 1.3x108 mm4

En
R
= 1.3x10-4m4

gin 2x105 N/mm2

CO

E =

= eer
2x108 KN/m2

Bending moment calculation: in g.n

U

Bending moment at C = 0
et
ST

Bending moment at B = -(15x2.5) = - 37.5 KNm

Bending moment at A = -(15x6) – (25x3.5) = -177.5KNm

To find Bending moment Area:

Area of section (1) = ½ (bh)

a1 = ½ (2.5x37.5) = 46.875 m2

Area of section (2) = lb

a2 = 3.5x37.5 = 131.25m2

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Area of section (3) = ½(bh)

a3 = ½(3.5x140) = 245m2

Total bending moment area

A = a1 + a2 + a3

= 46.8 + 131.25 + 245 = 423.125m2

To find the slope at free end:

P
ww According to moment area

w.E
AP
ic = =

asy = 0.01627 radians

En
R
To find deflection at Free end (C):

gin
CO

y =

eer
in
To find : section (1) => (2.5) (or) ( (3.5) = 1.67m

g.n
U

section (2) => 2.5 + ( ) = 4.25m

et
ST

section (2) => 2.5 + (3.5 x ) = 4.83m

y = =

= yc = 0.07000m

Problem – 3:

Determine the deflection under point load.

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E = 2x105 KN/m2

I = 1x10-4 m4 . Using moment area method.

Solution:

To find support reactions:

Taking moment about A,

P
ww RB x 4 – (10x 3) – 10 = 0

w.E
AP
4RB = 40

asy
RB = 4

En
R
RA + RB = 20

RA
gin = 10
CO

RA =
eer
10KN

RB =
in
10KN

g.n
U

Bending moment calculation:

et
ST

Bending moment at B = 0

Bending moment at D = (10x1) = 10KNm

Bending moment at C = (10x3) - (10x2) = 10KNm

Bending moment at A = (10x4) - (10x3) – (10x1) = 0

To find area of bending moment:

A1 = ½(bh)

= ½(1)x10 = 5m2

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A2 = 1/2(bh) = 5m2

A3 = lxb = 10x2 = 20m2

To find slope at point load:

iC = = = 0.25 radians

iD = = = 0.25 radians

P
To find Centroid distance:

ww
AP
= 1/3 x 1 = 0.33m

=w.E 0.33m

yC = asy = = 0.825m

En
R
gin
CO

eer
in g.n
U

et
ST

UNIT-V
THIN CYLINDERS, SPHERES AND THICK CYLINDERS

1. List out the modes of failure in thin cylindrical shell due to an internal pressure.
(May/Jun 2012)
i)Circumferential or hoop stress and
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ii)Longitudinal stress

2. What do you mean by principal plane? (May/Jun 2012)

The planes which have no shear stress are known as principal planes.

3. What are assumptions involved in the analysis of thin cylindrical shells?

(April/May 2011)
The material of the cylinder is homogeneous, isotropic and obeys Hook’s law.
i)The hoop stress distribution in thin cylinder is uniform over the cross section from inner to outer
surface since the thickness of the cylinder is thin and
ii)Weight of fluid and material of the cylinder is not taken into account.

4. What are principal planes and principal stress one end is fixed and other end is free?

P
(April/May 2011)

ww
Principal stress: The magnitudes of normal stress, acting on a principal plane are
known as principal stresses. The plane which have no shear stress are known as principal

w.E
AP
planes.

5. Define Circumferential and Hoop stress. (May/June 2013)

asy
A thin cylinder shell is subjected to an internal pressure, as a result of internal pressure, the cylinder
has tendency to split up into two troughs is called circumferential stress. The same cylinder shell, subjected

En
to the same internal pressure, the cylinder also has a tendency to split in to two ieces is known as Hoop
R
stress.

gin
6. What is the use of Mohr’s circle? (May/June 2009)
CO

It is used to find out the normal, tangential, resultant and principal stresses and their
planes.
eer
in
7. What are the planes along which the greatest shear stresses occurs? (Apr/May 2008)
Greatest shear stress occurs at the planes which is inclined at 45˚ to its normal.
g.n
U

8. What is the radius of Mohr’s circle? (Apr/May 2008)

111
Radius of Mohr’s circle is equal to the maximum shear stress.
et
ST

9. In case of equal like principal stresses what is the diameter of the Mohr’s circle?
(Apr/May 2010)
In case of equal like principal stresses what is the diameter of the Mohr’s circle is
zero.
10. What is mean by position of principal planes? (Apr/May 2010)
The planes on which shear stress is zero are known as principal planes. The position of principal
planes are obtained by equating the tangential stress to zero.

11. What is solid length?

The length of a spring under the maximum compression is called its solid length. It is the product
of total number of coils and the diameter of wire.
Ls = nt x d
Where, nt = total number of coils.

12. Define spring rate (stiffness). (Apr/May 2008)

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The spring stiffness or spring constant is defined as the load required per unit deflection of
the spring.
K= W/y
Where , W - load
y- Deflection

13. Define pitch.

Pitch of the spring is defined as the axial distance between the adjacent coils in uncompressed
state. Mathematically
Pitch=free length n-1

P
14. Define helical springs.

ww
The helical springs are made up of a wire coiled in the form of a helix and are primarily
intended for compressive or tensile load.

w.E
AP
15. What are the differences between closed coil & open coil helical springs?
Closed coil spring

asy
The spring wires are coiled very closely, each turn is nearly at right angles to the axis of helix .
Helix angle is less (70 to 10o)

En
R
Open coil spring

gin
The wires are coiled such that there is a gap between the two consecutive turns. Helix angle is
large (>10o)
CO

eer
16. Write the assumptions in the theory of pure torsion.

in
1. The material is homogenous and isotropic.

2. The stresses are within elastic limit

g.n
U

et
3. C/S which are plane before applying twisting moment remain plane even after the application
of twisting moment.
ST

4. Radial lines remain radial even after applying torsional moment.

5. The twist along the shaft is uniform

17. Define : Polar Modulus

Polar modulus is defined as the ratio of polar moment of inertia to extreme radial distance of the
fibre from the centre.

18. Write the equation for the polar modulus for solid circular section

Problem -1:

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The mild steel block has cross-section of 50x50mm carries an axial load of 35KN which is
compressive in nature. Find the normal, tangential stresses across the plane through the point of 30
to the axis of the block. Also find the maximum shear stress in the block. (Apr/May 2008)

Solution:

Given data:

l = 50mm

b = 50mm

P
ww P = 35x103N

w.E
AP
= 30°

Formula:
asy
En
R
n = 0.014(cos 60°) = 10.5N/mm2

gin
CO

t = (sin 60°) = 6.06N/mm2

eer
( t)max = 7N/mm2

Problem -2:
in g.n
U

et
A member subjected to a pull of two pieces wooden frame of cross section (35x15)mm
ST

connected by bolts joints. Calculate the maximum permissible value of P which can withstand if the
permissible normal, tangential stresses is 13N/mm2 and 8N/mm2. Angle of cross section is 40 .
(Apr/May 2005)

Solution:

n = cos2

n = (cos 80°)

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P =

Pn = 11630.87x10-3

t = sin 2

8 = sin 80

P =

P
ww Pt = 8529.508N

w.E
AP
Tangential load Pt is minimum

asy
The same axial load is 8529.508N (or) 8.5K

En
R
Problem-3:
gin
CO

eer
A 5mm thick aluminium plate has a width of 300mm and a length of 600mm subjected to pull

in
of 15000N,9000N respectively in axial transverse directions. Determine the normal, tangential and
resultant stresses on a plate 50°. (May/Jun 2003)
g.n
U

Solution:
et
ST

d = 5mm

b = 300mm

l = 600mm

P1 = 15000N

P2 = 9000N

= 50°

Axial stress ( = = 10N/mm2

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Transverse stress = 3N/mm2

Normal stress =

= 5.892N/mm2

P
ww Tangential stress ( = sin 2

w.E
AP
= 3.4468N/mm2

asy
Resultant stress =

En = 6.82N/mm2
R
gin
CO

Problem – 4:
eer
in
The principle stresses at a point in the section of a heat exchanger shell are 18MPa (Tensile)
and 10MPa (Compressive). Acting mutually perpendicular to each other. Determine the normal,
g.n
U

et
shear, resultant stress on a plane whase normal is inclilned at 60° to 10MPa stress. Find also the
maximum shear stress. (Nov/Dec 2001)
ST

Solution:

= 18MPa = 18N/mm2

= -10MPa = -10N/mm2

= 60°

Normal stress =

= +

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= -3 N/mm2

Shear stress = sin 2

= 12.12N/mm2

Resultant stress =

= 12.489N/mm2

P
ww
Maximum shear stress

w.E
AP
max =

asy = 14N/mm2

En
R
gin
CO

Problem -5:

eer
A steel bar is under a tensile stress of 65N/mm2 at the same time it is accompanied by a shear

in
stress of 22.5N/mm2. Find the normal, shear stress and resultant stress across a plane at an angle of

g.n
U

45° with the axis of major tensile stress and also find the maximum shear stress. (Nov/Dec 2013)

Solution: et
ST

= 65N/mm2

q = 22.5 N/mm2

= 45°

Normal stress = (1+cos 90°) + 22.5 sin 90°

= 55N/mm2

Tangential stress = sin 2(45°) – 22.5 cos 90°

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CE8395 STRENGTH OF MATERIALS II/III MECHANICAL ENGINEERING

= 32.5N/mm2

Resultant stress =

= 63.88N/mm2

Maximum shear stress

max =

39.52N/mm2

P
=

Problem -6: ww
w.E
AP
A rectangular block of material is subjected to a tensile stress of 110N/mm2, one plate and a

asy
tensile stress of 47N/mm2 on another plate at right angle to each other and the above stress is
accomplished by a shear stress of 63N/mm2. Determine the principle stress, principle plane and

En
R
maximum shear stress. (May/June 2002)

gin
CO

Solution:

= eer
110N/mm2

= 47N/mm2in g.n
U

q = 63N/mm2
et
ST

= 45°

To find principle planes:

= +

= 148.93N/mm2

Minor principle stress:

= -

= 8.093N/mm2
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CE8395 STRENGTH OF MATERIALS II/III MECHANICAL ENGINEERING

To find principle planes:

tan 2 =

2 = 63 43’

= 31 71’

Maximum shear stress

P
ww
AP
max =

w.E = 70.43N/mm2

Problem -7: asy

En
R
Two planes AB,AC, which are right angles carries a shear stress of intensity 17.5N/mm2 while

gin
this plane also carrying a tensile stress of 70N/mm2 at a compressive stress of 35N/mm2 respectively.
CO

eer
Determine the normal tangential & resultant stress, principle planes and principle stress and also
determine the maximum shear stress. ((May/June 2012)

Solution: in g.n
U

= 70N/mm 2

et
ST

= 35N/mm2

q = 17.5N/mm2

= 9 2’

Normal stress

= cos (2 x 9 .2’) + 17.5 sin (2 x 9 .2’)

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CE8395 STRENGTH OF MATERIALS II/III MECHANICAL ENGINEERING

= 72.839 N/mm2

Tensile stress

= sin (2 x 9 .2’) + 17.5 cos (2 x 9 .2’)

= -0.0337N/mm2

Resultant stress =

72.839N/mm2

P
=

ww
Major principle stress

=
w.E
asy
+

72.839N/mm2

En
AP
R
Minor principle stress

gin
CO

eer
= -

= -37.83N/mm2
in g.n
U

Maximum shear stress

= et
ST

max

= 55.33N/mm2

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