Module 2

Prepared by: Engr. Zandhra Bandong

 Stress-
Simple Axial Shearing Statically Thermal
Strain
Strain Deformation Deformation Indeterminate Stress
Diagram
 ε 𝛆=
𝜹
=
𝜟𝑳
𝑳 𝑳𝒐
The concept of normal strain is illustrated
by considering the deformation of a
δ = deformation (shortening/elongated)
prismatic bar (Fig. 1.9a). The initial length
of the member is 𝐿. After application of a L = initial length
P
load 𝐹, the length increases an amount 𝛿
P
(“delta”) (Fig. 1.9b). Defining the normal
+δ -δ
strain 𝜀 (“epsilon”) as the unit change in
length, we obtain.
A positive sign applies to elongation, a
negative sign to contraction.

P P
Tensile Compressive
Elastic limit
– material can no longer go back to
its original shape after the removal
of load
Yield point
– applicable deformation even
without
σ∝ε ; σ = kε
k: constant EB(modulus of elasticity)
σ = Eε
𝑷 𝛅 𝑷 𝑬𝛅
σ= ; 𝛆= ; =
𝑨 𝑳 𝑨 𝑳
𝑷𝑳
δ=
𝑨𝑬
(applicable only for uniform cross sections)
Many structural materials, including
most metals, wood, plastics, and
ceramics, behave both elastically and “𝛿– delta is Axial deformation.
linearly when first loaded. 𝜀 – epsilon is normal strain.”
Consequently, their stress-strain
curves begin with a straight line
passing through the origin. An
example is the stress-strain curve for “𝛿𝑆– delta is Shearing deformation.
structural steel (Fig. 2.1), where the 𝛾– gamma is shearing strain.”
region from the origin O to the
proportional limit (point A) is both
linear and elastic.
 Solution:
1000𝑁
Given: 100 KN 100𝑘𝑁( 1𝑘𝑁 )(2000𝑚𝑚)
𝑃𝐿
E = 200 GPa a. δ = =𝛱
𝐴𝐸 50𝑚𝑚 2 (200𝐺𝑃𝑎)(1000𝑀𝑃𝑎)
4 1𝐺𝑃𝑎
Required: = 0.509mm
a. ε 2m
b. δ 𝛿 0.509𝑚𝑚
b. 𝜀 = =
𝐿 2000𝑚𝑚
= 2.55x10-4
50 mm
Given: 100 KN Solution:
E = 150 GPa 𝑃𝐿
δ=
𝐴𝐸
Required: 1m 1000𝑁
100𝑘𝑁( )(1000𝑚𝑚)
δ =𝛱
1𝑘𝑁
1000𝑀𝑃𝑎
602 −402 (150𝐺𝑃𝑎)( )
4 1𝐺𝑃𝑎

40 mm = 0.424mm
60 mm
 30 KN 5 KN 10 KN
15 KN 50 mm
A B C D
30 KN 5 KN 10 KN
50 mm 1.5m 2m 1.2m
A B C D Segment BC:
1.5m 2m 15 15 𝑃𝐿 15000N(2000mm)
1.2m
T
10 δ= =Π
T 𝐴𝐸 50mm 2 (150000MPa)
4
Given: 0
C 0
-15 = 0.102mm
E = 150 GPa

Required: Segment AB: Segment CD:

Deformation of each segment 𝑃𝐿 − 15000N(1500mm) 𝑃𝐿 10000N(1200mm)
δ = =Π δ= =Π
𝐴𝐸 50mm 2 (150000MPa) 𝐴𝐸 50mm 2 (150000MPa)
4 4

= 0.076mm = 0.041mm
 Solution:
Required: δc = δs
PcLc PsLs
(The block must maintain its AcEc
=
AsEs
No need to convert
(all units cancels out)
horizontal position) Pc(1.6m) Ps(2m)
= 1500mm2(200000𝑀𝑃𝑎)
1000mm2 (140000𝑀𝑃𝑎)
Safe mass of the block ΣFv = 0
Ps + 2Pc = W
M=? Pc = 0.585Ps
1.714Pc + 2(70000) = W
Ps = 1.714Pc
W = 259980 N
W
Copper Steel Copper Pc Ps M=
L = 1.6m L = 2m σc = σs = g
A = 1500mm2
Ac As 259980
A = 1000mm2 Pc Ps =
σ = 70MPa σ = 120MPa 70MPa = 120MPa = 9.81
1000mm2 1500mm2
E = 140GPa E = 200GPa = 26501.529 kg

If Pc = 70000 N If Ps = 180000 N Checking:

Ps = 119980 N Pc = 104940 N δc = δs
Pc Pc
(safe) (not safe) 70000N(1600mm) 119980(2000)
Ps =
1000mm2 (140000) 1500mm2 (200000)
0.8mm = 0.8mm
 Solution:
For Wself
δ = ρg
20 KN Load Weight δ = 7850 kg/m3(9.81m/s2)
20KN 3.465 KN δ = 77008.5 N/m3

W
+
δ =Vol
=
W = δVol
150000
= 77008.5 N/m3(300mm2)( )
10003
A = 259.875KNm A = 3000KNm = 3465.38 N
20 KN 20 KN = 3.465 KN

Aload
Given: Required: δT = AE
ρ = 7850 kg/m3 Total deformation 3259.875kNm(
1000mm 1000N
)( 1kN )
E = 200 GPa =
1m

A = 300 mm2 300mm2 (200000𝑀𝑃𝑎)

δT = 54.33mm
 T 𝟏𝟑
T
𝟏𝟑
𝟐 𝟐

W
13
1. ∑Fv=0
1.5m 2 1.5m
1.5(T)
2( √13
)=0
Steel Cable=50mm∅ Vertical
2 1m disp
𝑘𝑁 γ
1.664T = 10 (2m) γv
W=10KN/m 𝑚

E=200GPa T = 12.019 kN
(1500mm + γv)2 + 1000mm2 =
2m PL TL 13000𝑚𝑚
2. γ = = ( + 0.055mm)2
Required: AE AE 2

Vertical displacement of the 13

12.019kN( 2 )(10002 ) γv = 0.661mm
block γ= π
(502 )(200000MPa)
4
γ = 0.055mm
- deformation due to change in temperature

1. δT = ΔT∝L
δT = deformation
ΔT = (Tf – Ti) or standard temperature
∝ = coefficient of thermal deformation (m/m°C)
L = initial length
𝜹
2. 𝜺 =
𝑳
3. σ = Eε
 Solutions:
1. Tf
A 20mm ∅ steel rod has an δT = ΔT∝L
elongation of 2mm. The length of the
rod is 1.5m, ∝=11.6x10-6m/m C and 2mm =(Tf-24°C)(11.6x10-6m/m°C)(1500mm)
initial temperature is 24°C Tf = 138.94°C

Required:
2. σ = Eε
1. Final temperature = 200000 MPa (1.333x10-3)
2. Thermal stress (σ) = 266.67 MPa
3. Strain (ε)
δ
3. ε =
𝐿
2mm
=
1500𝑚𝑚
= 1.333x10-3
▪ An element subjected to shear
undergoes a change in shape not
change in length
▪ Shearing forces causes a shearing
deformation, just as axial forces Shear strain, δT
causes elongations/contraction, but
with an important difference. An 𝜸𝑮
element subject to tension δT =
undergoes an increase in length; an 𝑳
element subject to shear does not τ =𝜸G
change the length of its sides, but it
undergoes a change in shape from a
rectangle to a parallelogram, as G=modulus of rigidity
shown.
▪ The action may be visualized for the present as equivalent to
the infinitesimal sliding of infinitely thin layers past each other,
thereby resulting in the total shearing deformation 𝛿𝑆 in the
length 𝐿.
▪ The average shearing strain is found by dividing 𝛿𝑆 by 𝐿, this
defines tan𝛾=𝛿𝑆/𝐿. However, since the angle 𝛾 (“gamma”) is
usually very small tan𝛾≈𝛾. And we obtain
▪ More precisely, the shearing strain is defined as the angular
change between two perpendicular faces of a differential
element.
 δ
a. ε =
𝐿
But: δ = L – L’

δ = 248.018 -250
Solution:
δ = -1.982
B τ C 3mm 3mm
−1.982mm
2mm εAB =
250𝑚𝑚
250-2=248mm
250mm γ
εAB = -7.928x10-3

A D 3
τ L’ = 2482 + 32 b. tan γ =
248
𝜋
L’ = 248.018 γ= 0.069 x
180
Required: γ = 0.012 rad τ = γG
a. Normal strain AB or τ = 0.012(83000MPa)
3
b. Shearing stress if G = 83GPa γ= τ = 996 MPa
248
γ= 0.012 rad
 Y 𝛆𝒚
Solution:
𝑃𝐿 Ѵ=-
P
δ= 𝛆𝒙
P = 50 KN 𝐴𝐸 −εy
L = 1m 50000N(1000mm) 0.30 =
=Π 3.54x10−4
30mm 2 (200000MPa)
4 δy
Given: εy =
𝐷
= 0.354mm δy
ѵ = 0.30 -1.062x10-4 =
30𝑚𝑚
E = 200 Gpa δy = -3.18x10 -3
δx
D = 30mm εX =
𝐿
0.354𝑚𝑚 D’ = 30 - δy
Find: = D’ = 29.997mm
1000𝑚𝑚
Final ∅ (D’) = 3.54x10-4
 FOR ANY QUESTION/S:
zibandong@uc-bcf.edu.ph