Boiling Point, and Melting Point
Boiling Point, and Melting Point
Boiling Point, and Melting Point
Learning Outcomes:
• Describe and differentiate the types of Intermolecular Forces (IMFs)
• Predict the IMFs possible for a molecule
• Explain the effects of IMFs on these properties: surface tension, viscosity, vapor pressure,
boiling point, and melting point
(Note: Heating curves, Types of Solids, and Phase Diagram are not included in the exam.)
Problems
Identify the dominant type of IMF present in the following substances.
1. CBr4 It is nonpolar so the only IMF present is Dispersion force.
2. CaF2 (aq) CaF2 is an ionic compound. Notice that there is a symbol (aq) beside it
which means that it is dissolved in water. An ionic compound + water has
Ion-dipole force.
3. NCl3 NCl3 is a polar molecule because its shape is trigonal pyramidal. There is
no H bonded to N, O, or F, so the IMF is Dipole-dipole.
6. KBr + H2O KBr is an ionic compound which is mixed with water. An ionic compound +
water has Ion-dipole force.
9. CH3OCH3 CH3OCH3 is a polar molecule with a bent shape. The Hs here are
connected to C only so there is no H-bonding. The IMF is Dipole-dipole.
10. NH3 NH3 is a polar molecule because its shape is trigonal pyramidal. H is
bonded to N here, so the IMF is H-bonding.
From the 2 substances given, underline the one that correctly applies the description and briefly
justify your answer.
1. greater pressure [H2O, H2] – H2 has greater pressure because its IMF is dispersion. H2O has H-
bonding. Dispersion is weaker than H-bonding. The weaker the IMF of the substance, the faster it is
to form vapor pressure.
2. higher boiling point [CH4, C2H6] – both have dispersion forces because they are nonpolar
molecules but C2H6 has higher boiling point because its molar mass is greater.
O
C
3. stronger surface tension [CH3OH, H H ] – both are polar molecules; CH3OH has H-bonding
while the second molecule has dipole-dipole force. The stronger the IMF, the stronger the surface
tension. CH3OH has stronger surface tension because H bonding is stronger than dipole-dipole.
4. more viscous [rubbing alcohol, honey] – The stronger the IMF, the more viscous the substance.
Honey is more viscous than alcohol because honey has many H bondings while rubbing alcohol has
only one.
Learning Outcomes:
• Describe the different types of solutions
• Express concentrations of solutions in terms of mass %, molarity, molality, mole fraction, and
parts per million
• Differentiate the colligative properties of nonelectrolyte and electrolyte solutions
(Note: Colligative properties calculations -- vapor pressure lowering, freezing point depression,
boiling point elevation, and osmotic pressure -- are not included in the exam)
% by mass:
% by volume:
% by mass- volume:
Molarity:
Molality:
Mole fraction:
• Colligative properties arise from the number, not the type, of solute particles.
• Compared to pure solvent, a solution has lower vapor pressure (Raoult’s Law), elevated boiling point,
and depressed freezing point, and it gives rise to osmotic pressure
• Calculating colligative properties of electrolyte solutions requires a factor (i), called van’t Hoff factor,
that adjusts for the number of ions per formula unit.
For covalent compounds/nonelectrolytes, i = 1
For ionic compounds/electrolytes, i depends on the number of ions present
For example, sucrose (C12H22O11) is a covalent compound/nonelectrolyte, i =1
magnesium chloride (MgCl2) is an ionic compound/electrolyte, i = 3 because there are 3
ions present – 1 Mg2+ and 2 Cl-
Problems
1. What is the molarity of an 85.0 mL ethanol (C2H5OH) solution containing 1.77 g of ethanol?
(MC2H5OH = 46.08 g/mol)
2. How many grams of potassium dichromate (K2Cr2O7) are required to prepare a 250. mL solution
whose concentration is 2.16 M? (MK2Cr2O7 = 294.20 g/mol)
Since mass is related to mole, derive the formula first to find moles:
Required: % by mass
Solution:
= 1.66 g x 100
1.66 g + 200. g
% by mass = 0.823%
4. What is the molality of a solution prepared by dissolving 32.0 g of CaCl2 in 271 g of water? (MCaCl2
= 110.98 g/mol)
Solution:
Where mole solute = 32.0 g CaCl2 x 1 mol = 0.288 mol
110.98 g
5. A sample of rubbing alcohol contains 142 g of isopropyl alcohol (C 3H7OH) and 58.0 g of water.
What are the mole fractions of alcohol and water? (Misopropyl alcohol = 60.09 g/mol ; Mwater = 18.02
g/mol)
Solution:
Problems
1. A system receives 875 J of heat and delivers 540 J of work. Calculate the change in the internal
energy, E, of the system.
Plan: Define system and surroundings, assign signs to q and w and calculate ΔE. The verbs used in
the sentence describe the individual process as endothermic (+) or exothermic (-).
3. Calculate q when 28.6 g of water is heated from 22.0C to 78.3C. The specific heat capacity of
water is 4.184 J/g·oC
mironcironΔTiron = – mwatercwaterΔTwater
miron = – mwatercwaterΔTwater
cironΔTiron
= – (28.6 g) (4.184 J/g·oC) (42.0oC – 20.0oC)
(0.451 J/ g·oC) (42.0oC – 500.0oC)
miron = 12.7 g
5. Calculate the Hrxn from Hf for the following reaction: H3AsO4(aq) + 4H2(g) → AsH3(g) + 4H2O(l)
Solution:
Horxn = n (Hof) products - n (Hof) reactants
= [1 mol (66.4 kJ/mol) + 4 mol (-285.8 kJ/mol)] – [1 mol (-904.6 kJ/mol) + 4 mol (0 kJ/mol)
= -1076.8 kJ – (-904.6 kJ)
Horxn = -172.2 kJ
Learning Outcomes:
• Describe how various factors influence the rate of a reaction
• Write the mathematical relationship between the rate of a reaction and concentrations of the
reactants
1 C
RateC = + (the rate of appearance/formation of substance C)
c t
1 D
RateD = + (the rate of appearance/formation of substance D)
d t
• The negative sign means that the concentration of the reactants decreases as the reaction
proceeds
Problems
1. Express the rate of the reaction below in terms of the formation of dinitrogen pentaoxide:
4NO2(g) + O2(g) → 2N2O5(g)
Answer:
1 N2O5
RateN2O5 =
2 t
2. Given the reaction: 4NO (g) + O2 (g) → 2N2O3 (g), how fast is [O2] decreasing when [NO] is
decreasing at a rate of 1.60x10-4 mol / L·s?
Answer:
[O2 1 [NO
Rate = - = - 4 t
t
[O2 1 [NO
- = - t
4
t
substitute the given rate of [NO] as a negative value (-1.60x10-4 mol / L·s) into the expression
[O2 1
- = - 4
(-1.60x10-4 mol / L·s )
t
[O2
- t
= 4.00x10-5 mol / L·s
Note: This service is not intended for secure transactions such as banking, social media, email, or purchasing. Use at your own risk. We assume no liability whatsoever for broken pages.
Alternative Proxies: