Chapter 1-Some Basic Concepts of Chemistry - Copy-1

Some basic
concepts of
chemistry
chapter-1
Laws of chemical combination
Law of conservation of mass:-
“Law of conservation of mass
states that matter can neither
be created nor be destroyed
in a chemical reaction.”
Law of definite
❖ “A
proportions
given compound always
contains the same elements
combined together in the
same proportion by mass.”
Law of multiple proportions
❖ “If two elements can combine to
form more than one compound,
the masses of one element that
combine with a fixed mass of the
other element, are in the ratio of
small whole numbers.”
Gay lussac’s law of gaseous
❖
volumes
“When gases combine or are
produced in a chemical reaction
they do so in a simple ratio by
volume provided all gases are at
same temperature and pressure.”
Avogadro's law
❖ “Equal volumes of all gases
contain equal number of
molecules at the same
temperature and pressure.”
Dalton’s atomic theory
❖ According to Dalton's atomic theory,
1)Matter consists of indivisible atoms.
2)All the atoms of a given element have identical

properties including identical mass. Atoms of
different elements differ in mass.
3)Compounds are formed when atoms of different

elements combine in a fixed ratio.
4)Chemical reactions involve reorganisation of

atoms. These are neither created nor destroyed in a
chemical reaction.
Atomic and molecular
❖ masses
One atomic mass unit is
defined as a mass exactly
equal to one- twelfth the
mass of one carbon - 12 atom
and 1 amu = 1.66056×10–24 g .
❖ Today, ‘amu’ has been

replaced by ‘u’ which is
known as unified mass.
Molecular mass and formula
❖
mass
Molecular mass is the sum of
atomic masses of the elements
present in a molecule. It is
obtained by multiplying the
atomic mass of each element
by the number of its atoms and
adding them together.
❖ Formula unit mass is the

empirical formula of the
compound.
Mole concept
❖ One mole is the amount of a
substance that contains as
many particles or entities as
there are atoms in exactly 12 g
of the 12C isotope.
❖ 1 mol of atom = 6.022×1023

atoms.
❖ The mass of one mole of a

substance in grams is called its
molar mass.
EMPERICAL FORMULA AND MOLECULAR FORMULA
❖ EMPERICAL FORMULA represents the simplest whole

number ratio of various atoms present in a compound.
❖ MOLECULAR FORMULA is the exact number of different

types of atoms present in a molecule of a compound.
❖ From the mass %, EF can be calculated.

Determining Empirical Formula
Element Mass % At. mass No: of moles Relative Simplest
ratio ratio
C 24.27% 12.01 24.27/12.01= 2.021/2.021 1

2.021 =1
H 4.07% 1.008 4.07/1.008 4.04/2.021 2

= 4.04 =2
Cl 71.65% 35.453 71.65/35.453 2.021/2.021 1

=2.021 =1
❖ Emperical formula= CH2Cl
❖ Molecular Formula= n x Emperical formula
❖ n= Molar mass/ Emperical formula mass
= 98.96g/49.48g( 12.01+ 2x 1.008 + 35.453)
=2
Molecular formula= 2 x CH2Cl
= C2H4Cl2
Limiting reagent
❖ When any reaction is carried out,
if the reactants are not present in
the amounts as required by a
balanced chemical reaction, one
reactant is in excess over the
other. The reactant which is
present in the lesser amount gets
consumed after sometime and
after that no further reaction takes
place whatever be the amount of
the other reactant present.
❖ Hence, the reactant which gets

consumed, limits the amount of
product formed and is, therefore,
called the limiting reagent.
1. Calculate the mass of 1 molecule of water.
2. Calculate the number of moles in the following
a) 7.85 g of iron
b) 7.9 mg of Ca
3. Calculate the number of atoms
a) 52 moles of Ar
b) 52 u of He
c) 52 g of He
4. Calculate the volume at STP occupied by
a) 14 g of nitrogen
b) 1.5 moles of CO2
c) 10 21 molecules of oxygen
❖ An organic compound is found to have the following
composition. Calculate the molecular formula with the
assumption that all the hydrogen in the compound are present in
combination with oxygen as water of crystallization.(Molecular
mass is 322)
Na 14.3%, S 9.97%, H 6.22 %, O 69.5%

Stoichiometric calculation
❖ To measure the amount of reactant or product

formed
❖ Oxygen is prepared by the decomposition of

potassium chlorate as per the following equation.
2KClO3 🡪 2KCl + 3O2. If 2.4 moles of oxygen is
needed for an experiment, how many moles of
potassium chlorate must be decomposed?
Mass percentage
❖ Mass % of a compound is
given by the formula
❖ Mass percentage is used by

only binary solutions
❖ It is used for calculation of

very small quantities
Mole fraction
❖ It is defined as the ratio of number of
moles of a particular component to
the total number of moles of the
solution. If a substance ‘A’ dissolves in
substance ‘B’ and their number of
moles are nA and nB respectively; then
the mole fractions of A and B are
given as XA and XB
❖ Mole fraction is a dimensionless

quantity
Molarity
❖ It is the most widely used unit and
is denoted by M. It is defined as the
number of moles of the solute in 1
litre of the solution. Therefore
❖ molarity of a solution depends

upon temperature because volume
of a solution is temperature
Molality
❖ It is defined as the number
of moles of solute present
in 1 kg of solvent. It is
denoted by m.
❖ molality of a solution does

not change with
temperature because mass
of a solution is
temperature independent
Two main concentrations
of solutions
molarity molality
❖ It is the most widely used ❖ It is defined as the
unit and is denoted by M. number of moles of
It is defined as the solute present in 1 kg of
number of moles in solvent. It is denoted by
solute upon volume of (m).
solution in litres(L).
❖ Molarity= no of moles in ❖ Molality= no of moles in

solute/volume of solution solute/ mass of solvent in
in litres. kg.
❖ Depends on temperature ❖ Independent of

temperature
Concepts in molarity
❖ In some cases to find the mass of a certain
compound volume of a compound , mass of the
second compound and volume of the second
compound will be given in that case we apply the
formula :-
❖ Another very important formula used in molarity is finding
molarity using density.
The formula is
M = Mass% x d x10
Molar mass(solute)
Revision questions
❖ Q1. Calculate the percentage of Nitrogen in NH3 (1 M)
% N = Total weight of N/Molecular wt. of NH3 x 100
=
14/17 x 100 = 82.3%
11 10
Q2. Boron occurs in nature in the form of two isotopes B
and B in the (1 M)
ratio of 81% and 19% resp. Calculate its average atomic mass.
Average atomic mass = 11X81 + 10X 19 = 10.81
100
Q3.How many grams of KClO3 must be decomposed
to prepare 3.36 litres of oxygen at STP? (2 M)
Solution: 2KClO3 → 2KCl+ 3O2
2*122.5=245g of KClO3 gives 3*22.4L of O2
3.36L of O2 is liberated from 245/3*22.4*3.36
=823.2/67.2=12.25g of KClO3
Q4 Calculate the molality of 2 M solution of sodium nitrate. The density of solution is
1.25g/cm3.
Molality = no of moles of solute ×1000
Weight of solvent(g)
Molar mass NaNO3=23+14+48=85
Mass of NaNO3 in 1 L solution=2x85=170g
Mass of 1 L solution=1000x1.25=1250g Therefore, Mass of water = 1080g
Molality=2/1.08=1.85m
Q.5 In an experiment, 1.375g of CuO was reduced by
heating in a current of hydrogen and the weight of
copper that remained was 1.098g. In another
experiment, 1.179g of Cu was dissolved in nitric acid
and the resulting Copper(I) nitrate converted into
CuO by ignition. The weight of CuO that was formed
was 1.476g. Show that these results illustrate the law
of constant proportions and also state the law. (3 M)
Q 6 Commercially available sulphuric acid contains
93% by mass and has has a density of 1.84 g/cm3 .
Calculate the molarity of the solution and the
volume of concentrated acid required to prepare
2.5L of 0.50 M of H2SO4. (3 M)
M = % x d x10
Solution:
mass
=93*1.84*10/98
= 17.46M
Q 8.
a) A compound on analysis gave the following

percentage composition: Na = 14.31%, S = 9.97%,O
= 69.5%
Calculate the molecular formula of the

compound.All the Hydrogen in the compound is
present as water of crstallisation. Molecular mass of
the compound is 322. (3M)
Element % At. mass No. of Simple Simplest
moles ratio whole no.
ratio
Na 14.31 23 14.31/23=0. 0.62/0.31=2 2
62
S 9.97 32 9.97/32= 0.31/0.31=1 1

0.31
H 6.22 1 6.22/1= 6.22/0.31=2 20

6.22 0
O 69.5 16 69.5/16= 4.34/0.31=1 14

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Some basic

1)Matter consists of indivisible atoms.

2)All the atoms of a given element have identical

3)Compounds are formed when atoms of different

4)Chemical reactions involve reorganisation of

❖ Today, ‘amu’ has been

❖ Formula unit mass is the

❖ 1 mol of atom = 6.022×1023

❖ The mass of one mole of a

❖ EMPERICAL FORMULA represents the simplest whole

❖ MOLECULAR FORMULA is the exact number of different

❖ From the mass %, EF can be calculated.

C 24.27% 12.01 24.27/12.01= 2.021/2.021 1

H 4.07% 1.008 4.07/1.008 4.04/2.021 2

Cl 71.65% 35.453 71.65/35.453 2.021/2.021 1

❖ Molecular Formula= n x Emperical formula

❖ n= Molar mass/ Emperical formula mass

= 98.96g/49.48g( 12.01+ 2x 1.008 + 35.453)

Molecular formula= 2 x CH2Cl

❖ Hence, the reactant which gets

2. Calculate the number of moles in the following

b) 1.5 moles of CO2

Na 14.3%, S 9.97%, H 6.22 %, O 69.5%

❖ To measure the amount of reactant or product

❖ Oxygen is prepared by the decomposition of

❖ Mass percentage is used by

❖ It is used for calculation of

❖ Mole fraction is a dimensionless

❖ molarity of a solution depends

❖ molality of a solution does

❖ Molarity= no of moles in ❖ Molality= no of moles in

❖ Depends on temperature ❖ Independent of

% N = Total weight of N/Molecular wt. of NH3 x 100

Average atomic mass = 11X81 + 10X 19 = 10.81

Solution: 2KClO3 → 2KCl+ 3O2

2*122.5=245g of KClO3 gives 3*22.4L of O2

3.36L of O2 is liberated from 245/3*22.4*3.36

Molality = no of moles of solute ×1000

Molar mass NaNO3=23+14+48=85

Mass of NaNO3 in 1 L solution=2x85=170g

Mass of 1 L solution=1000x1.25=1250g Therefore, Mass of water = 1080g

a) A compound on analysis gave the following

Calculate the molecular formula of the

S 9.97 32 9.97/32= 0.31/0.31=1 1

H 6.22 1 6.22/1= 6.22/0.31=2 20

O 69.5 16 69.5/16= 4.34/0.31=1 14

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2122.5=245g of KClO3 gives 322.4L of O2

3.36L of O2 is liberated from 245/322.43.36