AIR MOBILITY COMMAND

AIRCRAFT INDUSTRIAL
SUPPORT FACILITIES

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DESIGN GUIDE

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AMC aircraft maintenance facilities must provide excellent envi-
ronments for our people to perform their vitally important work. To
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have a quality force that turns out quality products
consistently, our maintenance facilities must give positive evidence
that people are our most valuable resource.
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This guide provides the means for planning, programming, and

designing facility projects that provide quality backshop facilities
needed to produce and repair aircraft parts and put them in the
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hands of our maintainers when they need them. Use this guide as
a blueprint for developing a facility investment program that will
bring aircraft maintenance industrial facilities up to AMC stan-
dards. The result will be improved morale and productivity for our
people and greater mission capability of the Air Mobility
Team.

“The Air Mobility Team...Responsive Global Reach for America...Every Day!”

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Table of Contents
Chapter 1
Introduction 1
A. Purpose . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1
B. Project Development . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1
Chapter 2
Exterior Elements 3
A. General. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3

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B. Site Design/Improvements . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3
Chapter 3
Common Functional Areas 5

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A. General. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5
B. Administration Areas . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5
C. Support Areas . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6
Chapter 4
Aircraft Maintenance Shops (AMS) Functional Areas
A.
B.
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General. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9
Metals Technology Shops . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12
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C. Structural Maintenance Shops . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14

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D. Nondestructive Inspection Shop. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 18
E. Electro-Environmental Shop. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 20
F. Survival Shop . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 22
G. Pneudraulics Shop . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 24
H. Wheel and Tire Shop . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 26
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I. Aero Repair/Crash Recovery Shop . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 28

Chapter 5
Alternate Mission Equipment (AME -21) Functional Areas 29
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A. General. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 29
B. Shop Administration Areas . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 30
C. Equipment Maintenance Areas. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 30
D. Equipment Storage Areas . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 31
E. Aircraft Specific Parts Storage . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 33
Chapter 6
Interior Standards 37

A. General . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 37
B. Finishes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 37
C. Color Concepts . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 38
D. Specialties/Accessories . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 38
E. Building Systems . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 39
F. Communications . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 39
References 43

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Chapter 1

Introduction
A. Purpose in the AMC inventory. AME -21 facilities are involved in
the day-to-day mission assignments of all aircraft types in

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This design guide provides the basic criteria to organize, the AMC inventory.
evaluate, plan, program, and design Air Mobility
Command (AMC) Aircraft Industrial Support Facilities This guide is for use by commanders, logistics
(AISF). It applies to the design of all new construction and personnel, base civil engineers, headquarters staff,

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renovation projects. The information presented is design architects and engineers, and others involved
intended to make commanders and their staff aware of in AISF design and construction. It is intended to
important design considerations and to aid them in project help participants better understand facility requirements
and design criteria so they can effectively participate in
development. Quality facilities will improve the IV
maintenance specialists efficiency and ability to service
and repair equipment and encourage pride of ownership in
their workspace.
the project development process. Use this guide
to supplement other Air Force and Department of
Defense policies, instructions, and standards.

B. Project Development
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AISF includes both Aircraft Maintenance Shops
(AMS) and Alternate Mission Equipment (AME -21)
maintenance and storage facilities. AMS, also known as The key elements to successful facility delivery are
General Purpose Maintenance Shops or Backshops, are an planning, programming, design, and construction.
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essential component of aircraft operations. They provide Planning and programming for AISF facilities should
facilities for manufacturing (both light and heavy), consider all aspects of the operation, as well as
inspection, repair, and recovery to support all aircraft types maintenance, service, repair, and storage of various
equipment types.
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F FIRST TIER SECOND TIER

L AME -21 Facility AMS Facilities
I ◆ Seat Storage ◆ Seat Maintenance
G ◆ Rail Storage ◆ Rail Maintenance
◆ Machine Shop ◆ Nondestructive
Inspection Shop
H ◆ Comfort ◆ Winch & Exit
◆ Welding Shop ◆ Electro-Environmental Shop
T Pallet Storage Light Storage and
Shops ◆ Sheet Metal Shop ◆ Survival Shop
L ◆ Corrosion Control Shop ◆ Pneudraulics Shop
I AMS Facility ◆ Fiberglass/ ◆ Wheel & Tire Shop
N ◆ Aero Repair/Crash Recovery Shop
Composites Shop
◆ Administrative Offices
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Figure 1-A AISF Organizational Diagram.
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INTRODUCTION

1. Planning development, is found throughout this guide. Included

Effective planning will establish and support the overall are space criteria, overall facility size, and special
objectives for AISF facilities. It should also lead to a factors for consideration in estimating costs.
timetable for project completion. Planning must be
long term. 3. Design
Design includes concept development, design reviews,
The siting of AISF facilities is important. AMS and construction documents. It is important for
facilities require access to the flightline, but do not need civil engineering and the user to actively
to be located on the flightline. Due to the diverse communicate throughout the design process to bring
nature of the shops included in the AMS facility, about a successful project. A high quality design will
multiple buildings may provide the most effective maximize effective use of available space and

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solution to site utilization. Many functions are easily provide efficient AISF facilities. Throughout the
located together, but those most suitable for a separate entire design process give preference to the use of
building include the survival shop, the electro- environmentally friendly materials as described in Air
environmental shop, the nondestructive inspection Force Environmentally Responsible Facilities Guide.

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shop, the corrosion control shop, and the
fiberglass/composites shop. Compliance with all applicable building codes is
mandatory. Life safety code requirements take
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Locate AME -21 facilities on the flightline, preferably
near the center of the aircraft parking apron where the
aircraft are serviced. This will minimize travel time to
and from aircraft being prepared for a mission.
priority over other facility improvement requirements.
All areas should be barrier free and accessible to the
disabled in accordance with the Americans with
Disabilities Act (ADA) and Uniform Federal
Accessibility Standards (UFAS).
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The sites must be large enough to accommodate the
intended functions and allow reasonable access to all Prepare a comprehensive interior design (CID) package
functional areas. Whenever possible, allocate space for for the AISF facility in conjunction with any major
facility expansion in order to adapt to future base design project. The CID package addresses interior
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mission reassignments or additional aircraft capacity. finishes, artwork, signs, and furnishings. It ensures that
Local weather conditions, soil analysis, and utility even minor upgrade projects meet the design objectives
availability are other variables to consider in site for the entire facility. Refer to the AMC Interior
selection. Design Guide for an expanded discussion of interior
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design.
When planning a new facility, initial site selection must
be accomplished prior to completing DD Form 1391, Integration of infrastructure, engineering, architectural,
Military Construction Project Data. Additional and interior design issues throughout the design process
requirements identified during the DD Form 1391 will result in a well coordinated design. Analyze an
phase may require an alternate site selection. existing facility’s structural, mechanical, electrical, and
communications systems prior to planning renovation
2. Programming projects. Refer to DoD, Air Force standards and
Programming includes determining user requirements, technical orders, Industrial Standards, and Aircraft
developing solutions, identifying funding sources, and Manufacturer’s recommendations for maintenance
forwarding programming documents to the appropriate requirements. Include infrastructure improvements
review and approval authorities. Each programmed concurrently with interior finish work.
project should be consistent with the base
comprehensive plan for new and existing facilities. 4. Construction
Work is classified as maintenance, repair or Quality reviews of the contractor’s submittals by
construction. Information required during preparation project engineers and daily on-site inspections by civil
of the DD Form 1391, which initiates project engineering construction management personnel and
the user will help ensure that design goals are achieved.
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Chapter 2

Exterior Elements
A. General B. Site
Design/Improvements
The exterior elements of the project significantly

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contribute to the overall appearance of the facility. 1. Access
This chapter addresses the concept site plan, Provide access to the AISF facilities from the flightline,
parking areas, entrances, building materials/design, base roadways and personnel parking lots. Access is also
landscape, signs, utilities, lighting and outside storage required for delivery of bench and shop stock to the various

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areas. The Architectural Compatibility Guide for each maintenance shops, and for hazardous material pick-up.
base will assist in the design of these elements. The
overall complex should present a cohesive architectural
image. Buildings and shops can be grouped as local
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Figure 2-A Concept Site Plan.

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EXTERIOR ELEMENTS

2. Parking 5. Landscape
Provide all AISF facilities with parking areas for visitors, Landscape elements help create an attractive facility.
personnel and official vehicles. Locate visitor and These elements define the site, add visual interest,
handicapped parking close to the main entrance. enhance the main entrance, and visually screen
Provide separate customer parking spaces for the utilitarian areas (mechanical/electrical equipment,
Survival Shop fabrication section and for the NDI dumpsters, etc.). Landscape elements include earth
Shop’s oil analysis drop-off area. Allow a minimum of berms, trees and shrubs, pavement materials, site
35 square yards per vehicle for planning of parking areas. amenities, screen walls, fences, signs, and lighting.
This allowance includes maneuvering and circulation Provide low maintenance landscape and select only
space in addition to parking space. Provide 90 degree base-approved, native plant materials. Refer to the

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parking whenever practicable. AMC Landscape Design Guide for specific information.

3. Entrances 6. Signs
The facility entries and entry paths should be easily Exterior signs include facility, directional, parking, and

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identifiable to the first-time visitor. Design the main flammable code signs and must comply with the AMC
entrance to provide protection from the weather sign standards. See AFM 91-201, Explosives Safety
whenever practicable. Place the customer service Standards, to determine if fire symbol signs are required
entrance for the Survival Shop and the NDI Shop near on the outside of buildings.

loading/unloading doorways of adequate size to permit

delivery of large equipment and components such as
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the point-of-service area inside the facility and with
easy access from customer parking. Provide for vehicle 7. Utilities and Lighting
Whenever possible, locate utility lines underground to
avoid visual “clutter,” and overhead obstructions to the
life rafts and aircraft subassemblies. movement of large equipment. Provide photo-cell
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Provide separate personnel and customer entrances.

4. Building Materials/Design controlled lighting for safety and security at all parking
Construct new facilities with building materials areas, walkways and entrances. Install additional light-
in context with the base’s architectural theme. ing as required for night operations. Use high-intensity
Select materials that are durable and require discharge light sources for all exterior illumination.
minimal maintenance. Comply with the airfield Provide exterior engine warming receptacles as needed
clearance requirements for building height and in severe cold weather climates for equipment as well as
setbacks in accordance with AFJM 32-1013, government owned vehicles (GOV) and private
Airfield and Helicopter Planning and Design. owned vehicles (POV).

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Chapter 3

Common Functional Areas

A. General Shop supervisors are generally Senior Non-
Commissioned Officers or civilians. These personnel
This chapter presents criteria for designing areas require private offices that are efficient in design

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which are common to both the AMS and the and contain durable, easily maintained furniture and
AME -21. Design considerations are given to finishes suitable for the industrial nature of the function.
indicate the use and basic requirements of each Locate these offices adjacent to each respective
functional area. Equipment, storage, and special work area. Acoustically treat the offices to minimize

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utility requirements are also discussed. These noise levels produced by shop activities.
recommendations may be modified to reflect
mission requirements.

B. Administration Areas
1. General
This section addresses administrative space
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requirements for the facilities as a whole and also
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administrative space requirements within each shop
area. The general administrative spaces for all of the
shops can be consolidated, thereby conserving
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overall building space for use by specific functional

areas.

2. Entrance/Lobby
The public entrance to the facility should be readily
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discernible from the parking lots. Provide an air-lock

type vestibule with an independent heating system. In
the lobby area, provide a public telephone, drinking
fountain, and a visitor reception/waiting area.

3. Staff Offices
The staff is accommodated in two areas. The general
administrative staff offices consist of the command
structure of the unit and the support staff
necessary for the day-to-day tracking of materials and
personnel. Furnish these staff areas with open-office
type systems furniture. Provide private offices with
suitable furniture for the unit commander and
senior supervisors.

Figure 3-A: Functional Area Relationships.

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COMMON FUNCTIONAL AREAS

4. Air Reserve Technician (A.R.T.) Office

At certain installations, Air Reserve Technician
personnel require a private office. Provide a lockable
office area with a secured storage closet.

5. Roll Call/Break Room

The roll call/break room contains a space large enough
to assemble personnel from the various shops for
staff meetings. It also functions as the work-break/
lunch room for personnel. Equip this room with a
refrigerator, ice maker, microwave, coffee maker and

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sink with hot/cold water and a garbage disposer. Provide
wall and base cabinets with countertop to assist in
food preparation and storage. Allow space for
vending machines with water hookups if necessary.

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Optional accessories include a television, radio, and Roll call/break rooms are utilized for various activities.
bulletin board. Locate this room near conference
and training rooms to support group activities.

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Provide a multi-purpose space for conducting staff
briefings, meetings, and technical training. Design
the space to provide overhead, slide, and video
projection. Also, include ample wall space for
chalk/marker/tack boards and projection screens.
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Provide multiple switching and dimming controls
to obtain appropriate, quality lighting levels. Locate
an outlet in the floor for convenient electrical
connection of equipment. Provide an acoustical rated
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operable partition to divide the room allowing

simultaneous conferences and training sessions. Furnish
the conference/training room with durable, easily Conference/training rooms are used for ongoing educational
maintained tables and chairs. Provide multiple unit classes and meetings.
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level training booths/rooms furnished with special

equipment to fit the training criteria. library area for technical manuals with easy access to
all shop areas. Provide computer stations as required
to access data. Include material storage areas at each
C. Support Areas individual shop for ease of access.
1. General 3. Rest Rooms/Locker Rooms
Support areas include storage areas, supply/copy room, Locate rest rooms within the facility to serve both
rest rooms, locker rooms, janitor’s closet, mechanical administrative and technical staff. Provide separate
rooms, and electrical/communication rooms. Provide men’s and women’s facilities. Each should have direct
drinking fountains in convenient locations. access to appropriate lockers and showers. Use
electronic sensor faucet and wash stations to control
2. Storage Areas on and off water flow.
Storage areas include tool cribs, bench stock, technical
order (T.O.) library and material storage. Centrally 4. Janitor’s Closet
locate tool cribs and bench stock areas to provide Include a mop sink, a small counter, storage shelves,
support for all shops in the facility. Include a T.O. and hooks for cleaning supplies and maintenance
equipment.
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 COMMON FUNCTIONAL AREAS

5. Mechanical Room 6. Electrical/Communications Room

The mechanical room should include adequate space for Provide an area for electrical service, to include
the HVAC and fire detection/prevention/alarm distribution equipment, wiring, receptacles, grounding,
equipment. Locate this room away from administrative interior and exterior lighting, controls, emergency
areas and provide sound insulation to prevent noise lighting, security and fire alarms, commercial telephone
from disrupting activities. Include a double service door service, and Local Area Network (LAN). Wall-mount
to the exterior and a concrete ramp for the convenient power and telephone distribution equipment and
moving of large equipment and parts into the room. floor-mount the LAN computer file server. Install a
system of conduits (or raceways) for telephone and

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computer wiring with a central feed to this room.
Locate conduits and raceways for accessibility. Size the
conduit and provide nylon pulling lines to facilitate
future additions or modifications to wiring systems.

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Functional Space Requirements for Administration and Support Areas(1)
Functions Net Square Feet
IV Net Square Meters(2)
Entrance/Lobby 200 19
Reception/Waiting 300 28
Commander's Office 200 19
Staff Offices(3) 900 84
Open Office(4) 2,700 250
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A.R.T. Office/Storage(5) 400 37
Roll Call/Break Room(6) 1,500 139
Conference Room(7) 500 46
Training Room(7) 500 46
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Supply/Copy Room 300 28

Tool Crib/Bench Stock 1,400 130
T.O. Library 350 33
Rest Room/Locker/Shower Rooms 1,300 121
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Janitor’s Closet 80 7
Mechanical Room(8) 1,100 102
Electrical/Communications Room(8) 350 33
Subtotal 12,080 1,122
Walls & Circulation (20%) 2,420 225
TOTAL 14,500 1,347
Table 3-A: Functional Space Requirements for Administration and Support Areas.

Legend for Table 3-A.

(1) Example is based on 1 Air Mobility C-17 Wing and a facility that contains Metals Technology and Structural Maintenance Shops.
(2) Square Meters = .0929 x Square Feet (All measurements are rounded).
(3) Allow 144 SF per person.
(4) Square Footage is based on 25 pre-wired work stations @ 108 SF each.
(5) A.R.T. requirements vary by base and mission.
(6) Square Footage is based on 75 seats at 15 SF per seat, plus vending area.
(7) Square Footage is based on 25 seats at 20 SF per seat.
(8) Allocate approximately 10% of the total area for mechanical, electrical, and communications room.

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COMMON FUNCTIONAL AREAS

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Figure 3-B: Concept Floor Plan for the Administration and Support Areas.

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Chapter 4

AMS Functional Areas

A. General Shops include metals technology (machine and
welding), structural maintenance (sheet metal,
This chapter presents criteria for designing areas corrosion control, and fiberglass/composites),
which are contained in the Aircraft Maintenance nondestructive inspection, electro-environmental,

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Shops (AMS) function of the AISF. Design survival, pneudraulics, wheel and tire and aero
considerations are given to indicate the use and repair/crash recovery shops.
basic requirements of each functional area.

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Equipment, storage, and special utility requirements Provide overhead doors, of sufficient size, to permit
are also discussed. These recommendations may delivery of large parts or assemblies to the shops.
be modified to reflect mission requirements. Locate doorways to coordinate with overhead crane
AMS shops provide facilities for manufacturing, travel routes inside the building.
inspection, repair, and recovery to support all of
the aircraft at any particular base.
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Figure 4-A1: Functional Area Relationship for the AMS Facilities Campus.

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AMS FUNCTIONAL AREAS

Minimum Space Requirements for Aircraft Maintenance Shops(1)

Gross Area
Mission Type
Square Feet Square Meters
1 Air Mobility Wing (C-17) 107,000 9,940
1 Tanker Wing (KC-135) 91,000 8,454
1 Air Mobility Wing (C-5) 107,000 9,940

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1 Air Mobility Wing (C-5/KC-10) 118,000 10,962
Table 4-A1: Minimum Space Requirements for Aircraft Maintenance Shops.

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Aircraft Maintenance Shops Minimum Space Requirements(1)
Gross Area
Aircraft Type
Function
Squadron Administration and Support(3)
IV C-17(2)
SF SM
14,500 1,347 12,500
KC-135 C-5 C-5/KC-10
SF SM SF SM SF SM
1,161 14,500 1,347 16,500 1,533
Machine Shop 8,500 790 8,500 790 9,000 836 10,000 929
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Welding Shop 5,500 511 5,500 511 5,500 511 6,000 557
Sheet Metal Shop 10,000 929 10,000 929 15,000 1,394 20,000 1,858
Corrosion Control Shop 8,500 790 9,000 836 9,500 883 10,000 929
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Fiberglass/Composites Shop 8,500 790 8,000 743 8,000 743 8,500 790
Nondestructive Inspection(4) 4,000 372 4,000 372 4,000 372 4,000 372
Electro-Environmental Shop 12,500 1,161 9,000 836 9,000 836 9,000 836
Survival Shop 14,000 1,300 10,500 975 13,500 1,254 13,500 1,254
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Pneudraulics Shop 7,500 697 4,000 372 5,000 465 6,000 557
Wheel and Tire Shop 7,500 697 6,000 557 6,500 603 7,000 650
Aero Repair/Crash Recovery Shop 6,000 557 4,000 372 7,000 650 7,000 650

TOTAL AMS 107,000 9,940 91,000 8,454 107,000 9,940 118,000 10,962
Table 4-A2: Aircraft Maintenance Shops Minimum Space Requirements.

Legend for Table 4-A1 and 4-A2.

SF = Square Feet SM = Square Meters =.0929 x Square Feet (All measurements are rounded).
(1) Space requirements are based on a Wing and Type of Aircraft. 1 Wing = 4 Squadrons = 48 Aircraft.
(2) See C-17 Aircraft Manufacturer Facility Recommendations for additional information.
(3) Squadron Administration Area will vary based on number of authorized personnel. Allow 162 SF (15 sm) per
occupant. Squadron Administration includes office, administration support and special purpose spaces.
(4) Area requirements for NDI per T.O. 33B-1-1.

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 AMS FUNCTIONAL AREAS

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Figure 4-A2: Concept Plan for the AMS Facilities.

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AMS FUNCTIONAL AREAS

B. Metals Technology Shops cabinets in the welding shop suitable for small items and
ready use welding supplies. Local manufacturing needs
1. General may require additional welding shop storage space.
Metals Technology Shops include the machine shop and
the welding shop. A well-equipped machine shop is
vital to the overall mission of aircraft maintenance and
repair. Aircraft component parts ranging in size from
small brackets weighing a few ounces to large structural
components are manufactured and/or repaired in these
shops. Use sound attenuating construction materials

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and systems to reduce ambient noise levels in the shops.

The welding shop supports both the machine shop and

the sheet metal shop and performs welds on all types of

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metals using various welding methods.

IV Install point source fume exhaust systems in the welding shop.

4. Special Equipment
Provide a 2 ton bridge crane spanning the material
storage and work areas and 1 ton hoists at strategic
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locations in the machine shop. Furnish a 1 ton
capacity monorail system with two, 1/2 ton hoists for
handling parts in the welding shop. Computer aided
drafting/computer aided manufacturing (CAD/CAM)
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equipment will be required to provide design parameters

to CNC machines for automatic part fabrication. When
CAD/CAM equipment is utilized, include a separate
room to house the computer terminal. This room can be
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Provide adequate working and safety clearance around each piece

of equipment in the machine shop. adjacent to other administrative functions but must be
near enough to the CNC machines to allow efficient
2. Shop Equipment cabling between the two spaces.
Equipment required in the machine shop varies
depending on the functions performed, but will 5. Special Utility Services
generally include lathes, drill presses, band saws, Maintain regulated temperature and humidity condi-
grinders, and computer numeric control (CNC) tions to prevent CNC/CAM equipment failures,
multi-function tools. Equip the welding shop with corrosion of equipment and machined parts, and to
welding curtains, welding machines, grinders, and assure accuracy of machined parts. Point source exhaust
material handling devices. systems must be installed at welding stations to
eliminate welding fumes with general filtration used
3. Material Storage throughout shop to eliminate airborne smoke and
The machine shop requires a material storage rack for cutting fluid mists. The metals technolgy shop requires
bar stock, plate stock, and other large pieces of various a 150 psi high volume shop air source for specialized
metals used in fabricating aircraft parts. Provide storage equipment and for general hand tool operations.
Industrial equipment may require 480 and 240 volt,
3 phase electricity.
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 AMS FUNCTIONAL AREAS

Functional Space Requirements for the Metals Technology Shops(1)

Gross Area
Functions
Square Feet Square Meters(2)
Machine Shop
Shop Administration 150 14
Shop Area 7,250 673
CAD/CAM Room 200 19
Support Areas(3) 900 84

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Subtotal 8,500 790
Welding Shop
Shop Administration 150 14
Welding Booths 850 79

E
Shop Area (3) 3,600 334
Support Areas 900 84
Subtotal 5,500 511
TOTAL IV 14,000
Table 4-B: Functional Space Requirements for the Metals Technology Shops.

Legend for Table 4-B.

1,301

(1) Example based on 1 Air Mobility C-17 Wing.

H
(2) Square Meters = .0929 x Square Feet (All measurements are rounded).
(3) See Chapter 3, Section C, for description of Support Areas.
Note: If the Welding Shop and Machine Shop are in a stand alone building, then space for
Bench Stock, Tool Crib, Technical Order Library, and Rest Rooms should be provided.
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Figure 4-B: Concept Floor Plan for the Metals Technology Shops.

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AMS FUNCTIONAL AREAS

C. Structural Maintenance 2. Shop Equipment

Equipment required in the sheet metal shop will vary
Shops depending on the tasks performed, but will generally
1. General include shears, breaks, punches, cutters, drill presses,
Structural maintenance shops include the sheet metal and grinders. Provide adequate space for each piece of
shop, the corrosion control shop, and the fiberglass/ authorized shop equipment. Ensure that the working
composites shop. and safety zone around each piece of equipment is
considered.
The sheet metal shop provides essential repair and
manufacture of aircraft components ranging from flight Sand and/or bead blasting is used to prepare surfaces to

D
control surfaces and skin sections to brackets and receive paint. A small enclosure with a self-contained
equipment housings. A well-equipped sheet metal shop bead-blast system is adequate for many components.
promotes aircraft readiness and is vital to the overall Provide a large sealed area for preparation of oversized
parts. The sand/bead blasting area also supports the

E
mission of aircraft maintenance and repair. Use sound
attenuating construction materials and systems to metals technology shops. Provide for clean/dirty room
reduce ambient noise levels in the shops. operations in this shop.

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Provide isolated foundations for heavy machinery in the sheet metal A typical pre-engineered paint booth equipped with lighting and
shop. filter systems.

A corrosion control shop is necessary to prolong the The paint booth must be large enough to accommodate
useful life of components and equipment. By so doing, the largest component that will be processed on a
it will promote morale by presenting a professional regular basis. It should have a paint filtration
appearance, and enable working personnel to be more system.
efficient by having clean, well functioning equipment to
utilize in their daily duties. A paint mixing room, separate from the paint booth, is
required to isolate any hazardous fumes from the
Aircraft parts, such as composite surfaces and remainder of the corrosion control shop. This room will
components, aircraft skin sections, toilets and contain paint mixing equipment, fume hood and a daily
galleys, are repaired and manufactured in the use paint locker for temporary storage of hazardous
fiberglass/composites shop. materials such as paints and thinners.

14
 AMS FUNCTIONAL AREAS

Work tables in the fiberglass/composites shop must

be large enough to accommodate the components
being worked on and still allow personnel to easily
access all sides of the component. Provide a
containment area at floor level to capture drips and
spillage from work tables. This room also contains
storage areas for the various cloths and fabrics utilized.

Provide a woodworking shop for creating molds

D
for manufacturing fiberglass and plastic components.
Equip the woodworking shop with a table saw, a
band saw, a miter saw, a drill press, various sanding
machines, and possibly a planer and a joiner. Provide

E
for powered hand tools as dictated by local needs. Include a sawdust collection system in the woodworking shop.

3. Material Storage
The sheet metal shop requires a material storage rack
IV
for sheet stock of various metals used in fabricating
aircraft parts. A movable rack storing the sheet stock
on edge will facilitate stock selection. The composites
shop requires refrigerators to store sheet adhesives
utilized in composite component manufacture and
H
repair. Paint and chemicals storage should also be
provided.
C

Provide an exterior hazardous materials storage facility.

Locate it within easy access from both the corrosion
control shop and the fiberglass/composite shop. This
will allow hazardous materials to be stored in a nearby An example of a sheet metal and bar stock storage system.
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secure location, in quantities adequate enough to allow

personnel to respond to customer demand.
If enclosed, this storage facility must maintain
temperatures between 10˚C (50˚F) and 27˚C (80˚F),
and meet all federal, state, and local requirements.

4. Special Equipment
Equip the sheet metal shop with a 1 ton bridge crane
spanning the material storage area and the majority of
the work area. Also install 1/2 or 1/4 ton jib cranes at
strategic locations required for material handling.

Provide a fenced and covered hazardous material storage facility in

accordance with environmental laws and regulations.

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AMS FUNCTIONAL AREAS

Provide a paint booth with an integral filtration system sawdust collection system. Prevent direct sunlight
in the corrosion control shop. Furnish clothing lockers penetration, through exterior windows, as ultraviolet
sized to store protective suits. light affects the work and curing process.

Special equipment required in the fiberglass/composite 5. Special Utility Services

shop includes ovens for curing completed projects and a Maintain regulated temperature and humidity condi-
monorail system with a 1/2 ton hoist for moving large tions to prevent CNC/CAM equipment failures,
items within the shop. corrosion of equipment and manufactured parts, and
to aid in sealant/bonding agent curing. Structural
Provide the fiberglass/composites shop with a specialized maintenance shops require high volume 150 psi shop air
ventilation system, which exhausts fumes to the for specialized equipment and general hand tool

D
outdoors. Preheat the air intake, or filter exhaust air operation. Equipment may require 480 and 240 volt,
for re-circulation. The woodworking shop requires a 3 phase electricity. Corrosion resistant drains may
be required.

Functional Space Requirements for the Structural Maintenance Shops(1)

E
Gross Area
Functions (2)
Square Feet Square Meters
Sheet Metal Shop
Shop Administration
Shop Area (3)
Support Areas
IV 400
7,500
2,100
37
697
195
Subtotal 10,000 929
H
Corrosion Control Shop
Shop Administration 300 28
Paint Booths 2,400 223
Paint/Solvent Storage 300 28
C

Paint Mixing Room 200 19

Preparation Area 1,800 167
Shop Area (3) 2,000 186
Support Areas 1,500 139
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Subtotal 8,500 790

Fiberglass/Composites Shop
Shop Administration 500 46
Preparation/Repair Area 3,900 362
Layup/Curing Room 2,000 186
Walk-in Freezer 100 9
Spray Booth (3) 800 74
Support Areas 1,200 111
Subtotal 8,500 790
TOTAL 27,000 2,508
Table 4-C: Functional Space Requirements for the Structural Maintenance Shops.

Legend for Table 4-C.

(1) Example based on 1 Air Mobility C-17 Wing.
(2) Square Meters = .0929 x Square Feet (All measurements are rounded).
(3) See Chapter 3, Section C, for description of Support Areas.

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 AMS FUNCTIONAL AREAS

E D
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Figure 4-C: Concept Floor Plan for the Structural Maintenance Shops.

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AMS FUNCTIONAL AREAS

D. Nondestructive 2. Shop Equipment

Shop equipment includes fluorescent penetrate and
Inspection Shop magnetic particle testing machines, portable ultrasonic
and eddy current machines, and X-ray and darkroom
1. General
equipment.
The nondestructive inspection (NDI) shop consists of
testing facilities, administration, and laboratory 3. Material Storage
space for housing the various nondestructive testing Provide free-standing cabinets and drawers for NDI
methods conducted at different bases. These methods shop testing materials.
include ultrasonic, fluorescent penetrate, magnetic

D
particle, eddy current, radiography (X-ray), and, at some 4. Special Equipment
bases, spectrometric oil analysis. The eddy current and An NDI lab requires a 1 ton capacity monorail with two
ultrasonic methods require storage cabinets for 1/2 ton capacity hoists servicing both the X-ray
their particular equipment.

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shielded room and the room containing the fluorescent
penetrate and magnetic particle testers. Provide silver
The other methods require more space and/or recovery equipment in the darkroom.
special equipment. T.O. 33B-1-1 Technical Manual
Nondestructive Inspection Methods describes and IV
illustrates a fully operational NDI shop. Refer to this
T.O. for a detailed facility layout and additional
requirements.
5. Special Utility Services
Provide air conditioning for storage of X-ray film and
operation of the oil analysis spectrometers. The NDI lab
requires 150 psi shop air, corrosion resistant drains and
480 volt, 3 phase electricity.
H
Locate fluorescent penetrate and magnetic particle
testing in the same area. Both testing methods require
a room long enough to accommodate their testing
platforms.
C

The radiography (X-Ray) testing function requires a

fully shielded room sized to completely enclose the
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largest single component that is routinely tested. The

shielded room should have a fully shielded
overhead or sliding exterior door. X-ray testing of
extremely large components may require special
shielding procedures,and should be implemented on a
case-by-case basis. Portable X-ray equipment is also
utilized at sites remote from the testing lab. The use of
X-rays requires a separate darkroom for developing
exposed film.

Some bases are authorized to perform spectrometric

oil analysis under the Joint Oil Analysis Program
(JOAP). This testing procedure requires a special
machine that burns oil samples to identify foreign
material that may be present in the oil sample,
and requires a gas vent flue. Locate the JOAP function
in an administrative area, in a separate room.

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 AMS FUNCTIONAL AREAS

Functional Space Requirements for the Nondestructive Inspection Shop(1)

Gross Area
Functions
Square Feet Square Meters(2)
Shop Administration 500 46
Exposure Room (X-Ray) 450 41
Film Processing Room 200 19
Control Room 40 4
Light Trap 10 1

D
Film Interpretation/File Room 200 19
Ultrasound 200 19
Work Room 200 19
Penetrant Magnetic Room 1,400 130

E
Spectrometric Oil Analysis 400 37
Support Areas(3) 400 37

TOTAL 4,000 372

IV
Table 4-D: Functional Space Requirements for the Nondestructive Inspection Shop.

Legend for Table 4-D.

(1) Example based on 1 Air Mobility C-17 Wing.
H
(2) Square Meters = .0929 x Square Feet (All measurements are rounded).
(3) See Chapter 3, Section C, for description of Support Areas.
C
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Figure 4-D: Concept Floor Plan for the Nondestructive Inspection Shop.

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AMS FUNCTIONAL AREAS

E. Electro-Environmental Shop 2. Shop Equipment

Shop equipment in the ELEN shop will include
1. General battery charging equipment for both Ni-Cad and
The electro-environmental (ELEN) flight maintains all lead acid batteries, electronic testing equipment,
of the electrical items (except avionics) and environ- and servicing equipment for bottled gases.
mental items for personnel on an aircraft. The
GOX/LOX/NIT servicing area will require a sound 3. Material Storage
proof and explosion proof room for storage and Provide storage space for electronic equipment awaiting
maintenance of this equipment. repair and/or pickup. Storage space is also required for
serviceable batteries to be recharged and unserviceable

D
The wire maintenance function is performed within the batteries to be discarded.
ELEN shop to maintain and rebuild all of the wire
harnesses contained within the aircraft. Provide an area 4. Special Equipment
large enough to permit effective use of the wiring The wire maintenance area requires plywood wiring

E
harness make-up boards routinely employed in harness make-up boards for each type of wiring harness
rebuilding and repairing wiring. manufactured. Wire-dispensing cabinets provide
both storage of wire spools, as well as, an efficient
Testing and repair of electronic items is typically method of gathering the proper wire gauges and
IV
performed in a separate room on work benches lined
with testing equipment. Furnish this room with task
lighting and supply it with adequate electricity to
support all test equipment.
lengths for various harness.

The sound-proof room will contain the generator

test equipment, and a 1/4 ton hoist to manipulate
heavy components.
H
Include a battery servicing room to recharge and
perform minor maintenance on batteries. When both 5. Special Utility Services
Ni-Cad and lead acid batteries are serviced, two separate The ELEN shop requires 150 psi shop air and 480 volt,
rooms are necessary to prevent cross-contamination 3 phase electricity. The lead acid battery shop, and
C

of fumes produced by the two battery types. The rooms gaseous nitrogen and oxygen rooms, require light
may be adjacent if adequate precautions are taken to fixtures and electrical devices that are explosion proof.
prevent cross-contamination. Both rooms require an
emergency shower and eyewash station complete with
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an alarm system to notify other building occupants

when the shower/eyewash system is activated. All
equipment in the lead acid charging area must be
explosion proof. Utility rooms enclosed in or accessed
from the charging room are included in this
requirement.

A sound-proof room is required to house the test stand

equipment for generators and constant speed drive
(CSD) equipment. This room requires penetration
resistant walls to protect building occupants in case of
catastrophic failure of the component being tested.
Oxygen bottles and life raft bottles (carbon dioxide
cartridges) are serviced in a separate area within the Equip the lead acid battery shop with safety shower and eyewash.
shop. Functions include weighing to determine charge
status, valve replacement, and bottle recharge.

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 AMS FUNCTIONAL AREAS

Functional Space Requirements for the Electro-Environmental Shop(1)

Gross Area
Functions
Square Feet Square Meters(2)
Shop Administration 700 65
Electrical Shop Area 3,500 325
Generator/CSD Test Room 1,000 929
Control Room 200 19
Wire Maintenance Area 1,500 139

D
Environmental Shop Area 1,500 139
Gaseous Nitrogen Room 500 46
Oxygen Room 500 46
Lead Acid Battery Room 600 56

E
Ni-Cad Battery Room 500 46
Support Areas(3) 2,000 186

TOTAL 12,500 1,161

Legend for Table 4-E.

IV
Table 4-E: Functional Space Requirements for the Electro-Environmental Shop.

(1) Example based on 1 Air Mobility C-17 Wing.

H
(2) Square Meters = .0929 x Square Feet (All measurements are rounded).
(3) See Chapter 3, Section C, for description of Support Areas.
C
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Figure 4-E: Concept Floor Plan for the Electro-Environmental Shop.

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AMS FUNCTIONAL AREAS

F. Survival Shop 3. Material Storage

Parachutes awaiting inspection/repacking or pick-up
1. General for re-issuance are temporarily stored in this facility.
Survival shop personnel maintain/repair parachutes,
flotation equipment and manufacture fabric items. In the flotation section, cargo nets and survival kits
require storage space awaiting inspection or pick-up
2. Shop Equipment for re-issuance. Flare inspection and repair requires a
The parachute section inspects and maintains personnel fire/explosion proof room.
parachutes and, in some cases, deceleration/drone
parachutes. Provide a parachute washing room, and Provide storage space in the fabrication section for
drying tower, and a large room equipped with long tables fabric bolts and rolls utilized in the repair and

D
for inspecting and repacking parachutes. manufacture of various items. This space must
allow for easy retrieval of all the different fabrics
Include a flotation room for the inspection, inflation, required. A system of cubbyholes or drawers is

E
and repacking rubberized survival equipment and needed to store flight suits awaiting repair
accessories. Provide sufficient overhead clearance to or customer pick-up.
permit an inflated raft to be turned over by the repair
staff. Locate an adjacent room with specialized
ventilation for using chemicals to glue rubberized
items, repair anti-exposure suits, and clean parachute
components.
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Provide electric extension cord reels in the fabrication section.

4. Special Equipment
Special equipment required in the survival shop
includes parachute packing tables, heavy duty sewing
Include compressed air for inflation of rafts in the flotation section. machines, a parachute washing machine, and a vacuum
system for deflating flotation devices.
The fabrication section consists of a sewing room with
space for repair and manufacture of fabric, canvas, and 5. Special Utility Services
leather survival equipment. At some installations, The survival shop must maintain regulated temperature
repair of flight suits, manufacture of aircraft insulation and humidity conditions, and 150 psi shop air and
panels and other locally manufactured products is 480 volt, 3 phase electricity. The flare inspection &
performed. repair room requires explosion proof light fixtures
and electrical devices.

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 AMS FUNCTIONAL AREAS

Functional Space Requirements for the Survival Shop(1)

Gross Area
Functions
Square Feet Square Meters(2)
Shop Administration 800 74
Flight Clothing 200 19
Parachute Washing Room 400 37
Parachute Drying Tower 600 56
Parachute Packing Room 2,100 195

D
Fabrication Room 1,900 177
Cargo Net 400 37
Glue & Adhesive Room 200 19
Flotation Room 4,800 445

E
Survival Kit Inspection 500 47
Flare Inspection & Repair 100 9
Support Areas(3) 2,000 186
TOTAL IV
Table 4-F: Functional Space Requirements for the Survival Shop.

Legend for Table 4-F.

14,000 1,300

(1) Example based on 1 Air Mobility C-17 Wing.

H
(2) Square Meters = .0929 x Square Feet (All measurements are rounded).
(3) See Chapter 3, Section C, for description of Support Areas.
C
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Figure 4-F: Concept Floor Plan for the Survival Shop.

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AMS FUNCTIONAL AREAS

G. Pneudraulics Shop 3. Material Storage

This shop requires storage for various types and sizes of
1. General hydraulic tubing. Ideal storage containers for tubing are
The pneudraulics shop provides repair and manufacture multiple PVC pipes, each approximately 20 feet long
of aircraft components related to pneumatic and and 4 inches in diameter, with caps on each end.
hydraulic systems. Design rooms to accommodate large Provide secure storage area for equipment and
components such as a KC 135 refueling boom, or shop components that are, due in for maintenance (DIFM).
equipment such as tube benders. Provide for other storage requirements through the
use of the bench stock and tool bin areas.
2. Shop Equipment
Shop equipment includes hose cutting and fitting 4. Special Equipment

D
machines, a landing gear test stand for specific aircraft, Install a 1 ton bridge crane or monorail servicing the
a self-contained parts cleaning system (jet washer) with majority of the work area and 1/4 ton jib cranes
non-foaming detergent, and a hydraulic test stand for at strategic locations for material handling. Work tables
performance evaluation of hydraulic components.

E
require different top surfaces depending on the
Certain shop equipment, such as the “jet washer” will component being repaired. Provide easily cleaned
require a sound proof room. aluminum work surfaces for handling parts containing
hydraulic fluid. Use vinyl covered work surfaces to help
The hydraulic test stand requires a separate room
large enough to allow proper access to the equipment.
This room must be sound proof, explosion proof,
and include windows for visibility, emergency eye wash
and shower stations, and alarm systems.
IV protect delicate components.

5. Special Utility Services

The pneudraulics shop requires 150 psi shop air and
480 volt, 3 phase electricity.
H
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The C-5 landing gear test stand requires a high bay for maintenance and testing activities.

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 AMS FUNCTIONAL AREAS

Functional Space Requirements for the Pneudraulics Shop(1)

Gross Area
Functions
Square Feet Square Meters(2)
Shop Administration 150 14
DIFM/Stage Storage 600 56
General Shop 2,700 250
Hydraulic/Pneumatic Testing 2,300 214

D
Support Areas(3) 1,750 163

TOTAL 7,500 697

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Table 4-G: Functional Space Requirements for the Pneudraulics Shop.

Legend for Table 4-G.

(1)
(2)
(3)
IV
Example based on 1 Air Mobility C-17 Wing.
Square Meters = .0929 x Square Feet (All measurements are rounded).
See Chapter 3, Section C, for description of Support Areas.
H
C
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Figure 4-G: Concept Floor Plan for the Pneudraulics Shop.

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AMS FUNCTIONAL AREAS

H. Wheel and Tire Shop repacking the bearings with lubricant and wrapping
them in appropriate paper.
1. General
Wheel and tire shop personnel provide replacement tire 2. Shop Equipment
service for all aircraft types located at any particular Shop equipment in the wheel and tire shop includes
base. They receive tires and wheels from the flightline, large tire break-down machines, tire inflation cages, an
remove the old tires; clean, inspect, and repaint the oven for heating wheels, a freezer for cooling bearing
old wheels; clean, inspect, repair, and repack the races, an arbor press, and a jet washer.
associated bearings; and install new tires on the
refurbished wheels. 3. Material Storage

D
Material storage includes wheel and tire assemblies
Provide a hard rubber floor coating in the tire break- awaiting service and repair or pick-up. Provide storage
down/assembly area to avoid damage to the wheels racks sufficient for this requirement. Use automated
during operations performed in the shop. A seamless vertical storage to free up floor space.

E
floor coating will keep fluid spills from seeping through
cracks and creating maintenance problems. Provide 4. Special Equipment
walls and ceilings with appropriate sound insulation Provide a 1/4 ton monorail hoist for moving large
to reduce noise. wheels.

Wheel bearings require inspection and repacking when

tires are replaced. The bearing/solvent room contains
a jet washer, with non-foaming detergent, for cleaning
IV 5. Special Utility Services
The wheel and tire shop requires 150 psi shop air
and 480 volt, 3 phase electricity. It also requires
bearings. Provide and equip an area suitable for corrosion resistant floor drains.
H
C
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The wheel and tire shop includes a parts washer, an overhead monorail, storage racks, a tire inflation cage and hard rubber flooring.

26
 AMS FUNCTIONAL AREAS

Functional Space Requirements for the Wheel and Tire Shop(1)

Gross Area
Functions
Square Feet Square Meters(2)
Shop Administration 300 28
Tire Breakdown/Assembly Area 2,100 196
Incoming Wheel and Tire Storage 1,900 176
Outgoing Wheel and Tire Storage 1,900 176
Bearing/Solvent Room 300 28

D
Support Areas(3) 1,000 93
TOTAL 7,500 697
Table 4-H: Functional Space Requirements for the Wheel and Tire Shop.

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Legend for Table 4-H.
(1) Example based on 1 Air Mobility C-17 Wing.
(2) Square Meters = .0929 x Square Feet (All measurements are rounded).
(3) IV
See Chapter 3, Section C, for description of Support Areas.
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Figure 4-H: Concept Floor Plan for the Wheel and Tire Shop.

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AMS FUNCTIONAL AREAS

I. Aero Repair/Crash 3. Material Storage

Recovery Shop Provide a paved area adjacent to the facility for the parking
of transportation trailers and other heavy equipment. In
1. General extreme cold climates provide indoor, heated storage.
The aero repair/crash recovery (A/R) element removes and
replaces large parts and/or pieces from aircraft and recovers 4. Special Equipment
aircraft in the event of a crash. After a part or piece is The A/R shop contains equipment for transporting
removed from the aircraft, this element transports it to the various aircraft parts from the aircraft to the repair
proper repair facility then returns it or a replacement to the facility and back again. This equipment is most often
aircraft and reinstalls it. in the form of specialized trailers but aircraft jacks

D
are also part of the required equipment.
2. Shop Equipment
Provide access to a test stand for aircraft jacks and to a 3 5. Special Utility Services
ton hoist for disassembling struts. The hoist can be in The A/R shop requires 150 psi shop air and 480 volt,

E
either the A/R facility or nearby. 3 phase electricity.

IV
Functional Space Requirements for the Aero Repair/Crash Recovery Shop(1)
Gross Area
Functions
Square Feet Square Meters(2)
H
Shop Administration 200 18
Support Equipment & Shop Areas 4,000 372
Support Areas(3) 1,800 167
C

TOTAL 6,000 557

Table 4-I: Functional Space Requirements for the Aero Repair/Crash Recovery Shop.
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Legend for Table 4-I.

(1) Example based on 1 Air Mobility C-17 Wing.
(2) Square Meters = .0929 x Square Feet (All measurements are rounded).
(3) See Chapter 3, Section C, for description of Support Areas.

Figure 4-I: Concept Floor Plan for the Aero Repair/Crash Recovery Shop.

28
Chapter 5

AME -21 Functional Areas

A. General These shops provide facilities for inspecting, repairing,
servicing, and storing alternate mission equipment. This

D
This chapter presents criteria for designing areas which are includes passenger seats for airbus configuration, jump seats
contained in the AME -21 function of the AISF. Design for airborne troop deployments, wind breaks and jump
considerations are given to indicate the use and basic platforms, cargo rails, winches, emergency lighting, and
requirements of each functional area. Equipment, storage, comfort (and other type) pallets. AME -21 operations

E
and special utility requirements are also discussed. These occur 24 hours per day, seven days a week. Space
recommendations may be modified to reflect mission requirements for AME -21 facilities are determined on a
requirements. case-by-case basis, depending on aircraft type serviced,
number of squadrons, and mission types supported.
IV
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Figure 5-A: AME -21 Functional Area Relationships.

29
AME -21 FUNCTIONAL AREAS

B. Shop Administration
Areas
1. General
Provide a drive-through configuration where trucks can be
easily loaded and unloaded.

Provide a centrally located dispatch and library room to

monitor all aircraft, equipment, and personnel. It should
accommodate all administrative staff on the largest shift.

D
2. Administration Area Equipment
Equipment in the dispatch and library room will generally
be standard office-type equipment which includes

E
Provide adequate clearance for work benches and wheeled storage racks
computers, telephones, and a fax machine. in the rail maintenance shop.

3. Material Storage

for each aircraft type assigned to the base.

4. Special Equipment
IV
Provide storage space for all AME -21 technical manuals

Special equipment required in the dispatch and library

H
room includes a base radio and aircraft and personnel
status boards.

5. Special Utility Services

C

Provide standard utilities necessary to support a typical

administrative area environment.

C. Equipment Maintenance
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Areas
1. General Furnish the troop (red) seat maintenance shop with work benches and
These shops are visual inspection, removal and repair storage cabinets.
shops. Provide anti-fatigue mats at all work areas where
personnel stand for extended periods of time. In extreme
climates, provide plastic strip doors and/or air curtains at
overhead doors. Size overhead doors to permit large pieces
of equipment and forklifts to enter the building.

Provide floor space and work benches for maintenance

of passenger and troop seats. Depending on specific con-
figuration, maintenance can be performed at one end of
a seat pallet storage platform.

30
 AME -21 FUNCTIONAL AREAS

Maintenance of cargo rails is performed in a room D. Equipment Storage

dedicated to that purpose. Naphtha and MEK solvents
used to clean the rails require special ventilation. Areas
Incorporate a drive through configuration when rail
1. General
trailers are used. Maintenance is performed on various
Contact Air Force Material Command (AFMC) for
winch types used in aircraft assigned to the base.
additional guidance and information pertaining to
Winch cable inspection and replacement requires a 300
material handling systems.
foot long runout area. A series of pulleys will shorten
this distance considerably but the cable must not be
Depending on the types of aircraft assigned to the

D
coiled under any circumstance. Include additional
base, two types of seats are stored in this facility:
space for maintenance and testing of personnel warning
passenger seats (blue seats), similar to commercial
lights.
airline seats, and sling type troop seats (red seats).
Space requirements for storage depend on the type and

E
2. Shop Equipment
Provide for hand and pneumatically driven power tools number of aircraft assigned to the base. If the blue seats
in the AME -21 maintenance shops. are mounted on pallets, provide a raised platform or
racking system to permit more efficient storage. When
3. Material Storage IV
Material storage in the AME -21 maintenance shops is,
generally, limited to small bench stock items.
an elevated platform method is used, the space under
the platform can be used for war readiness material
(WRM) storage. Red seats are folded and stored in a
series of wall cabinets or shelves.
4. Special Equipment
H
Use pneumatically driven power tools in the rail
maintenance shop to reduce sparking hazard. Also,
provide a work bench with a notched work surface
which allows both sides of the rails to be accessed at the
C

same time. Install tool compartments below the work

surface.

Provide an overhead crane or use portable hoist to

AR

manipulate the winches during the repair process.

Provide a workbench within the winch maintenance
area for servicing personnel warning lights. Include
bench stock below and an electrical testing board
mounted on the wall above the work bench.

5. Special Utility Services A typical truck bed height storage platform.

The AME -21 maintenance shop requires 150 psi shop
air and 208/120 volt, 3 phase electricity. Some Work flow is an important design consideration for
industrial equipment may require 480 volt, 3 phase cargo rail storage. When rails are stored on trailers,
electricity. Supply a minimum of one electric and one provide a drive through configuration.
pneumatic drop per work bench. Provide an exhaust
system for the removal of fumes produced in the process
of cleaning rails. Locate floor drains in areas where
vehicles may have access. Connect all floor drains
to an oil/water separator.

31
AME -21 FUNCTIONAL AREAS

2. Shop Equipment
Allocate space for shop equipment required by
AME -21 operations.

3. Material Storage
Utilize industrial shelving and high density storage
systems to maximize the use of available space. Allow
ample clearances for maneuverability. Clearly label and
identify storage areas to facilitate the selection of parts.

E D
An example of cargo rail and winch storage racks.

Winch storage requirements are determined by the type

and number of aircraft served. Provide a portable hoist
to move and store these winches.
IV
Provide storage and maintenance space for conference
H
room, sleeping room, comfort, galley and other
specialized pallets.

Design the loading dock to accommodate truck bed height and

C

permit direct drive-in access.

AR

Provide quality lighting for comfort pallet maintenance.

32
 AME -21 FUNCTIONAL AREAS

E. Aircraft Specific Parts

Storage
1. C-5
◆ Bench Stock
◆ Winch storage
◆ Parachute spoiler doors and jump
platforms

D
◆ ADS Kits
◆ Airbus seat storage rack
20’x60’x20’high contains 54 pallets
of 10 seats

E
2. C-17
Provide adequate floor area for storage of air drop spoiler doors.
◆ Bench Stock
◆ Test Equipment for rail locks
◆ Armor plate storage bins
(one per aircraft 4’x4’x4’)
IV
◆ Distinguished Visitors Material Storage
(four aircrafts require 15’ x 4’)
H
3. KC-135
◆ Bench Stock
◆ Drogue Storage
◆ Wall mounted panel cutter
C

◆ Storage for plywood luggage bins

◆ Storage for equipment that is taken off of
the aircraft when it goes to depot
AR

(6’x6’ per aircraft)

◆ Escape Slides
◆ Protective Engine Covers

33
AME -21 FUNCTIONAL AREAS

Space Requirements Per Assigned Aircraft Squadron(1)

Gross Area(2)
C-5 C-17(3) KC-135
Mission Type
SF SM SF SM SF SM
2 or Less Squadrons 7,500 697 1,850 172 4,000 372
3 or More Squadrons 5,600 520 1,375 128 3,000 279
Gross Square Footage Calculation Example
Assume: 4 assigned C-5 Aircraft Squadrons (1 Wing)

D
Example: 4 C-5 Squadrons x 5,600 SF/Squadron = 22,400 SF (2,080 SM)
Table 5-A: Space Requirements per Assigned Aircraft Squadron.

E
Functional Space Requirements for Administration Area(4)(5)
Net Area
Mission Type
NCOIC/OIC’s Office
SF
C-5
SM
IV SF
C-17
SM
150
SF
14
KC-135
SM
150 14 150 14
Dispatch 150 14 150 14 150 14
H
Administration 300 28 200 19 200 19
Training/Conference Room/Library 200 19 150 14 150 14
Roll-Call/Break Room 200 19 150 14 150 14
Subtotal 1,000 93 800 75 800 75
C

Table 5-B: Functional Space Requirements for Administration Area.

AR

Functional Space Requirements for Support Area(4)(5)

Net Area
C-5 C-17 KC-135
Mission Type
SF SM SF SM SF SM
Rest Rooms/Lockers/Showers 650 60 500 46 500 46
Janitor’s Closet 40 4 40 4 40 4
Mechanical Room 200 19 150 14 150 14
Electrical Room 70 7 70 7 70 7
Communications Room 40 4 40 4 40 4
Subtotal 1,000 93 800 75 800 75
Table 5-C: Functional Space Requirements for Support Area.

34
 AME -21 FUNCTIONAL AREAS

Functional Space Requirements for Equipment Maintenance Areas(4)

Net Area
C-5 C-17 KC-135
Mission Type
SF SM SF SM SF SM
Tool Crib/Bench Stock 500 46 700 65 500 46
Passenger Seat Shop 1,400 130 100 9 150 14
Troop Seat Shop 300 28 100 9 150 14
Cargo Rail Shop 1,100 103 400 37 100 9
General Purpose Shop 700 65 400 37 700 65

D
Subtotal 4,000 372 1,700 158 1,700 158
Table 5-D: Functional Space Requirements for Equipment Maintenance Areas.

Functional Space Requirements for Equipment Storage Areas(4)

E
Net Area
C-5 C-17 KC-135
Mission Type
Passenger Seat Storage
Troop Seat Storage
SF SM
IV SF SM
2,500
600
SF SM
232
56
100
100
9
9
400
200
37
19
Cargo Rail Storage 1,000 93 600 56 100 9
H
General Purpose/Aircraft Specific Storage 8,500 790 700 65 6,000 557
Subtotal 12,600 1,171 1,500 139 6,700 622
Table 5-E: Functional Space Requirements for Equipment Storage Areas.
C

Functional Space Requirements for Alternate Mission Equipment (AME -21)(4)

Net Area
Mission Type C-5 C-17(3) KC-135
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Function SF SM SF SM SF SM
Administration Area (See Table 5-B) 1,000 93 800 75 800 75
Support Area (See Table 5-C) 1,000 93 800 75 800 75
Equipment Maintenance Areas (See Table 5-D) 4,000 372 1,700 158 1,700 158
Equipment Storage Area (See Table 5-E) 12,600 1,171 1,500 139 6,700 622
Subtotal 18,600 1,727 4,600 427 10,000 929
Walls and Circulation (Approximately 20%) 3,800 353 900 84 2,000 186
TOTAL AME -21 Facility 22,400 2,080 5,500 511 12,000 1,115
Table 5-F: Functional Space Requirements for AME -21.
Legend for Tables 5-A through 5-F.
SF = Square Feet SM = Square Meters = .0929 x SF (All measurements are rounded).
(1) 1 Squadron = 12 Aircraft. Minimum space requirements are listed.
(2) Areas may be adjusted to meet specific base and mission requirements.
(3) Gross Area for C-17 is based on Aircraft Manufacturer’s Recommendation.
(4) Areas are based on 1 Wing (4 Squadrons).
(5) See Chapter 3 for description of Administration and Support Areas.

35
AME -21 FUNCTIONAL AREAS

E D
IV
H
C
AR

Figure 5-B: Concept Floor Plan for the Alternate Mission Equipment -21 Facility.

36
Chapter 6

Interior Standards
A. General 3. Support Areas
In personnel support areas, select materials which
Quality interiors create an environment which improves promote cleanliness and ease of maintenance. Use
job performance, conveys professionalism, and main- ceramic wall tile in rest rooms. Painted concrete block

D
tains security and safety in the workplace. Use and metal siding are suitable finishes in the shop and
qualified professional interior design services to establish storage areas. A water-resistant gypsum board ceiling
and coordinate finish materials and furnishings. Select works well with water-resistant paint finishes in rest
finishes for anticipated use, durability, life cycle rooms. Painted exposed roof structure is adequate in

E
maintenance, cost effectiveness, fire and life safety the shop and storage areas.
requirements, and appearance.

B. Finishes
1. Administrative Areas
IV
Design administrative areas to resemble a typical office
environment. Consider carpet tile for high-use areas
such as corridors, waiting areas, and training rooms.
H
Avoid stripes and linear designs that are hard to line
up with walls in corridors, vestibules, or irregularly
shaped areas. Select multi-colored or solid color carpet
in darker shades for offices and roll call/break rooms.
C

Use vinyl and/or acoustic wallcovering, paint finishes,

and special coating for ease of maintenance and to
present a less institutional appearance. Use suspended
acoustical ceiling tile with a revealed edge finish in Industrial area with clean, light colored painted surfaces and
AR

quality lighting provides an ideal work environment.

the administration areas. A standardized 2’ x 2’ tile is
recommended as the consistent module throughout the
facility.

2. Maintenance Areas
Finishes within the maintenance and storage areas are
constantly subject to traffic, cleaning and abrasion.
Floor finishes may require a slip/chemical resistant
coating system. Use concrete block walls for impact
resistance and massing to reduce sound transmission.
Hollow metal doors should be used for durability.
Exposed roof structure is desired to maximize overhead
clearance above the maintenance bays. It should be
painted white, or other light color to increase light
reflectance.

Provide adequate clearance between parachute tables.

37
INTERIOR STANDARDS

C. Color Concepts Systems furniture includes interchangeable wall

panels, panel hung desks, and storage modules
Designers should give special attention to color which are combined to form office work stations.
selection and provide a timeless color scheme. Use These stations allow for a reconfiguration of
accent colors sparingly to complement a neutral color office areas. Use systems furniture that easily
scheme. integrates computer hardware.

Select neutral colors for industrial flooring, carpets, Systems furniture should incorporate integrated

D
wallcoverings, and systems furniture wall panels. electrical and communications service to hide unsightly
Incorporate accent colors in upholstery, graphics, wires and cables. Sound absorbent fabric panels will
borders, accessories, and artwork for design scheme reduce background noise and provide a quiet work area.
consistency. Finish work surfaces in plastic laminate or wood.

E
D. Specialties/Accessories Use systems furniture in all staff offices, except the
commander’s area. Integrate systems and free standing
IV
In the administration areas, vertical blinds and
mini-blinds filter daylight and allow outdoor views.
Use lined draperies to block daylight in the
conference and operations/training rooms for
furniture during comprehensive interior design
development.

visual presentations. These rooms can be divided into

H
multiple rooms with fabric covered acoustical rated,
operable partitions.

In the administrative areas, framed artwork, wall

C

murals, and live or professional quality silk plants

complement the interior finishes and reinforce the
design scheme. Choose only professionally framed
pictures, paintings, and awards that contribute to the
AR

facility’s decor. Provide space for a display

case for awards, trophies, and other forms of
recognition.
Modular systems furniture offers flexibility for administrative areas.
Develop an interior sign plan as part of the
comprehensive interior design. See AFM 91-201,
Explosives Safety Standards, to determine if fire
symbol signs are required on the inside of
the building. Use professionally made signs,
appropriately sized for the viewing distance, and
compatible with the facility design scheme.

38
 INTRODUCTION

E. Building Systems 4. Lighting

Natural and artificial lighting are important factors in
1. Structural creating a quality and productive environment.
Select a cost effective framing system based on size, Lighting affects the perception of space, as well as the
project requirements, availability of materials, and local color of interior finishes. Design lighting to enhance
labor. Factors to consider when designing a structural the design scheme. Provide lighting intensities in
building system include: accordance with the Illuminating Engineering Society
(IES) Lighting Handbooks.
◆ Facility size and type
◆ Soil conditions
Use energy efficient light fixtures throughout the

D
◆ Imposed conditions such as wind, snow,
facility. Avoid the use of incandescent lighting due to
and seismic loads
its inefficiency and frequency of maintenance. Provide
◆ Clear span distance and clear height
fluorescent lighting for general illumination of
requirements
administrative and support areas. Use metal-halide

E
◆ Special equipment loading
lighting in interior service and maintenance areas.
2. Mechanical Include control systems to provide flexibility of lighting
Design all heating ventilation, and air conditioning levels.
(HVAC) to comply with the ASHRAE, Handbooks
and ACGIH, Industrial Ventilation, A Manual of
Recommended Practice.
IV Consider natural lighting as a supplement to artificial
lighting whenever possible. Windows and clerestories
are preferred types of natural lighting elements. Due to
Perform a life-cycle cost analysis of available energy maintenance and weather tightness factors, avoid the
H
sources, including consideration of passive solar design use of skylights. Some areas that benefit from natural
applications. Design the facility to meet federal energy lighting include the entrance, lobby, office areas, and
conservation standards defined in 10 CFR (Code of service bays.
C

Federal Regulations) Energy Conservation Voluntary

Performance Standards for New Buildings. F. Communications
Provide mechanical air circulation at all areas. Provide telephone and computer wiring to support
AR

Introduce outside fresh air at rates specified by code. voice, data, security, and fire detection/alarm
Where authorized, provide air conditioning in the systems. Equip the facility with the capability for
administrative areas. Provide zone controls to maintain on-base and off-base phone lines, facsimile lines,
different environmental conditions in all functional intercom, public address system, and local area
areas. Include hook-ups for the base energy network (LAN).
monitoring and control system (EMCS).
The designer should contact the base civil engineer and
3. Fire Protection the base communications unit for specific and/or
Provide a fire protection system in accordance with additional requirements before undertaking major
MIL-HDBK 1008B. Install an automatic sprinkler building upgrades or modifications. Incorporate these
system through-out the facility, except in the internal and external requirements in building design
mechanical room. In addition, a fire detection and modification specifications.
and alarm system is also required. Furnish fire
extinguishers per NFPA 10. Construct facilities
out of noncombustible construction. Contain
hazardous or combustible supplies within a fire-rated
enclosure.
39
INTERIOR STANDARDS

FLOORS BASE WALLS CEILING

g
Coatin

e
ructur
ock
istant
ic Tile ion Tile

Tile
rd
Wallco Board

Painte ypsum Boa

Ceram Concrete Bl

sed St
vering
r Tile
Sealed Paver Tile

eiling
al Res

sum
Slip/C oncrete
osit

Painte ating
ic Pave

d Expo
tical C
Acous ile
ic Tile

d Gyp
hemic
Comp

ic T

dG
Co
C
ic

d
t
Ceram

Ceram
Ceram

Painte
Coved
Ceram

Painte

D
Carpe
Vinyl

Vinyl
Vinyl
Administration Area:
Entrance/Lobby ◆ ◆ ◆ ◆ ◆

E
Reception/Waiting Area ◆ ◆ ◆ ◆
Commander’s Office ◆ ◆ ◆ ◆
Staff Offices ◆ ◆ ◆ ◆
Shop Administration/Offices ◆ ◆ ◆ ◆
A.R.T. Office
Roll-Call/Break Room
Conference Room
IV ◆

◆
◆
◆
◆
◆
◆
◆

◆
◆
◆
◆
Training Room ◆ ◆ ◆ ◆
H
Support Areas:
Tool Crib/Bench Stock ◆ ◆ ◆
T.O. Library ◆ ◆ ◆
Material Storage Areas ◆ ◆ ◆
C

Rest Rooms/Locker Rooms ◆ ◆ ◆ ◆

Janitor’s Closet ◆ ◆ ◆
Mechanical Rooms ◆ ◆ ◆
AR

Electrical/Communication Room ◆ ◆ ◆
Table 6-A: Finish Schedule for Administration and Support Areas.

40
 INTERIOR STANDARDS

FLOORS BASE WALLS CEILING

g
Coatin

e
ructur
ock
istant
ic Tile ion Tile

Tile
rd
Wallco Board

Painte ypsum Boa

Ceram Concrete Bl

sed St
vering
Coved Paver Tile
Sealed Paver Tile

eiling
al Res

sum
Slip/C oncrete
osit

Painte ating

d Expo
tical C
Acous ile
ic Tile

d Gyp
hemic
Comp

ic T

dG
Co
C

ic
ic

d
t
Ceram

Ceram
Ceram

Painte
Ceram

Painte
D
Carpe
Vinyl

Vinyl
Vinyl
Metals Technology Shop:
Machine Shop ◆ ◆ ◆ ◆

E
CAD/CAM Room ◆ ◆ ◆ ◆
Welding Shop ◆ ◆ ◆ ◆
Structural Maintenance Shop:
Sheet Metal Shop ◆ ◆ ◆ ◆
Corrosion Control Shop
IV
Fiberglass/Composites Shop
Nondestructive Inspection Shop
◆
◆
◆
◆
See T.O. 33B-1-1.
◆
◆
◆
◆

Electro-Environmental Shop
H
Electrical Shop Areas ◆ ◆ ◆
Battery Servicing Rooms ◆ ◆ ◆ ◆
Generator/CSD Test Room ◆ ◆ ◆ ◆
Environmental Shop Areas ◆ ◆ ◆
C

Survival Shop
Flight Clothing ◆ ◆ ◆ ◆
Parachute Washing Room ◆ ◆ ◆ ◆
AR

Parachute Drying Tower ◆ ◆ ◆ ◆

Parachute Packing Room ◆ ◆ ◆ ◆
Fabrication Room ◆ ◆ ◆ ◆
Cargo Net ◆ ◆ ◆ ◆
Glue and Adhesive Room ◆ ◆ ◆ ◆
Flotation Room ◆ ◆ ◆ ◆
Survival Kit Inspection ◆ ◆ ◆ ◆
Flare Inspection and Repair ◆ ◆ ◆ ◆
Pneudraulics Shop
General Shop ◆ ◆ ◆ ◆
Hydraulic/Pneumatic Testing ◆ ◆ ◆ ◆
Wheel and Tire Shop
Breakdown/Assembly Area ◆ ◆ ◆
Bearing/Solvent Room ◆ ◆◆ ◆
Aero Repair/Crash Recovery ◆ ◆ ◆ ◆
Table 6-B: Finish Schedule for Aircraft Maintenance Shops Functional Areas.
41
INTERIOR STANDARDS

FLOORS BASE WALLS CEILING

oating

e
stant C

ructur
ock
le

d G ling Tile
rd
Wallco Board
Ceram position Ti

Painte ypsum Boa

Ceram Concrete Bl

sed St
vering
al Resi

Coved Paver Tile

er Tile

sum
Slip/C oncrete

Painte ating

ei
d Expo
tical C
ic Tile
Ceram Tile

ic Tile

d Gyp
ic Pav

hemic
Com

Co

D
C
ic

ic

d
t

Painte
Sealed

Ceram
Ceram

Acous
Painte
Carpe
Vinyl

Vinyl
Vinyl
Equipment Maintenance Areas:
◆ ◆ ◆

E
Passenger Seat Shop
Troop Seat Shop ◆ ◆ ◆
Cargo Rail Shop ◆ ◆ ◆
General Purpose Shop ◆ ◆ ◆
Equipment Storage Areas:
Passenger Seat Storage
Troop Seat Storage
Cargo Rail Storage
IV ◆
◆
◆
◆
◆
◆
◆
◆
◆
H
General Purpose Storage ◆ ◆ ◆
WRM/Aircraft Specific Storage ◆ ◆ ◆
Comfort Pallet Storage ◆ ◆ ◆
ADS/Escape Slide Storage ◆ ◆ ◆
C

Open Storage ◆ ◆ ◆
Table 6-C: Finish Schedule for Alternate Mission Equipment (AME -21) Functional Areas.
AR

42
References
ACGIH American Conference of Governmental Industrial Hygienist,
Industrial Ventilation, A Manual of Recommended Practice
AFH 32-1084 Standard Facility Requirements Handbook
AFI 32-1021 Planning and Programming Facility Construction Projects
AFI 32-1023 Design and Construction Standards and Execution of Facility Construction
AFI 32-1024 Standard Facility Requirements

D
AFI 32-1032 Planning and Programming Real Property Maintenance Projects
Using Appropriated Funds
AFI 32-7042 Solid and Hazardous Waste Compliance

E
AFI 88-3 Structural Design Criteria Loads
AFM 91-201 Explosives Safety Standards
AFJM 32-1013 Airfield and Heliport Planning and Design
AFP 88-40
ADA
DoD 4270.1-M
DoD 6055.9
IV
Sign Standards
Americans with Disabilities Act
Construction Criteria Manual
Ammunition and Explosives Safety Standards
FED STD. 795 Uniform Federal Accessibility Standards (UFAS)
H
IES Illuminating Engineering Society, Lighting Handbooks
MIL-HDBK 1008B Fire Protection for Facilities Engineering, Design, and Construction
MIL-HDBK 1190 Military Building Code
C

NFPA10 Portable Fire Extinguishers

NFPA 70 National Electric Code
NFPA 101 Life Safety Code
AR

NFPA 220 Types of Construction

UBC Uniform Building Code
10 CFR Chapter 11 Energy Conservation Voluntary Performance Standards for New Buildings
AMC Commander’s Guide to Facility Excellence
AMC Architectural Compatibility Plans
AMC Interior Design Guide
AMC Landscape Design Guide
AMC Sign Standards, “Engineering Technical Letter” (ETL 93-02)
Air Force Center for Environmental Excellence,
Air Force Environmentally Responsible Facilities Guide
ASHRAE American Society of Heating Refrigerating and Air-Conditioning
Engineers, Handbooks
SMACNA Sheet Metal & Air Conditioning Contractors National Association, Standards
T.O. 33B-1-1 Technical Manual Nondestructive Inspection Methods

43