Nama : Azzahra Natasya

Nim : 0304211014
Mata kuliah : Intermediate Writing
Program studi : Tadris Bahasa Inggris
Fakultas : Ilmu tarbiyah dan Keguruan
Lecture: Dr. Utami Dewi, S. Pd, M. Hum

Name of book : Essay Writing Skills With Reading ( CHAPTER 7: Introduction

This article is a summary from the book entitled : Essay Writing Skills With Readings

written by John Langsn and Sharon Winstanley.

Essay is a review of a subject matter seen from the perspective of the author. The main

pattern of essay development in my opinion is:

1. determine the topic of the problem that is interesting and worthy of review;

2. develop an essay writing framework based on the specified topic consisting of an

opening, content, and closing section;

3. develop the outline of the opening part of the essay;

4. develop the outline of the contents of the essay;

5. develop the outline of the closing part of the essay;

6. edit essays made by friends;

7. Discuss the results of essay editing.

Many college essays follow an important developmental pattern to formulate their ideas

and express their main argument. Developmental style is the way the essay is organized,

paragraph by paragraph, to present relevant formal arguments and support in a coherent and

meaningful way.

1. Narration

tells a story by presenting events sequentially and logically. Narration can be the

predominant mode in all types of writing (and speech). Most stories, autobiographies and

autobiographies follow a narrative form, as do personal letters, memoirs, diaries and

biographies on personal web pages or social networks such as Facebook. Storytelling is a key

technique for many novels, films, and works of poetry, and is even an important part of

everyday conversation. These stories also form the basis of folk tales, fairy tales, radio,

television and news broadcasts. In short, any time you want to tell a story about something

that happened (from a certain point of view), you use narration.

2. Description

The goal of a descriptive essay is to give the reader an idea of the physical characteristics

of a person, place or thing. The description is based on the five senses: sight, hearing, taste,
touch and smell. Descriptive essay explains what it looks like, tastes, looks, smells, or tastes.

However, description often goes beyond personal sensory impressions: novelists can create

imaginary landscapes, historians can describe historical figures in words, and scientists can

describe physical phenomena they have never seen before. When you write descriptively, you

use language to create a vivid impression and give the reader an idea of how something will

feel.

3. Expository essay

An expository essay is a type of nonfiction in which the author aims to explain a topic or

concept. In this type of essay writing, the writer doesn't have to present an original argument

but aims to educate the reader about a particular topic. Expository writing aims to make an
objective and comprehensive analysis. The term "Explain" means to explain, describe or

define. Therefore, the writer must try to present a balanced view of the topic being discussed.

Expository essays often appear in textbooks, encyclopedias, news articles, and scientific or

technical writing.

4. Analytical essay

An analytical essay is a written composition designed to provide an in-depth examination

and presentation of a particular topic (usually another essay). High school or college students

often wrote many analytical essays while in school, and many literary critics published

collections of these essays. Analytical essays usually focus on a literary work, looking at how

the various literary techniques used by the author contribute to the work's theme. These

essays are often highly technical and complex, relying not on broad generalizations and grand

themes, but on very specific elements of the author's work, such as diction, organization, use

of details, and other specific literary principles.

5. Persuasive essay

A persuasive essay is one designed to convince the reader of a specific idea or goal,

usually something you believe in. A persuasive essay can be based on any point of view you

have. Whether you're arguing about junk food at school or asking your boss for a promotion,

persuasive writing is a skill everyone should know.

A comparison and contrast essay is a style of essay that shows the similarities and

differences between two or more topics. It is ideal for showing the separation and unity of

things or concepts, especially when subjects are confused or just grouped together.

Compare and contrast essays have a lot in common with other types of essays, but they also

differ in many ways, and that is what compare and contrast is all about! By understanding the

differences and similarities, readers can better understand each topic and use the other as a

frame of reference.

7. Causal essay

A causal essay is an expository essay that explores a topic by addressing causal issues. For

example, a cause-and-effect essay on the role of deforestation in climate change could

clearing for grazing, and then explain how these drivers affect climate change, like other

types of expository essays, the goal of a causal essay is to educate the reader. As an essay

writer, think of yourself as an informational advocate, providing readers with the information

they need to think critically about a topic and draw their own conclusions. Your goal is not to

persuade, argue, or please your readers, although in some cases, argumentative and

persuasive essay writers use causal speech in their writing. It is also possible to write creative

essays in a causal format. But in academic essay writing, a causal essay is an explanatory

essay.

8. Critical essay

The critical essay is an analysis of each part of the text. It could be a book, film, article or

even a painting. The goal of this type of essay is to explain the text or put it in a wider

context. For example, if you are writing a critical analysis of a book, you could: Analyze the

tone of the text to see how it affects the book's overall meaning. If you analyze movies, you

can focus on symbols that you see over and over again. However, you must include

argumentative arguments in the text and have multiple sources of evidence, clear text, to

support your claim.

B. Essay structure

The structure of the thesis consists of three parts: introduction, body and conclusion.

1. Introductions

This section contains general notes about the topics and background that will be discussed.

the topic of this discussion. Terms of topic selection include triggering the author's interest,

well-known and controlled, sufficiently narrow and limited, not too new or controversial. The

next thing to do is create a text frame. The purpose of the writing framework is to:

* Messages can be arranged regularly,

* Text is not repeated, data, cases or references can be easily found, and

* Facilitate the reader's view of the general form, ideas, structure and value of writing.
 2. . Content fragment

Tips for writing body paragraphs include:

* Give examples or explanations,

* Description of events in chronological order,

* Define related terms,

* compare or contrast,

* Analyze or study causal relationships,

* Description of consequences or consequences,

* How does the implementation work or work, i

It describes the structure or character of the person, place, thing or action in question.

3. Last paragraph

This section contains conclusions or summaries of the important issues discussed.

Elements of the final part of the thesis are conclusions, suggestions and bibliography or

references.

C. How to write an essay

There are several things that need to be considered in writing thesis, namely as follows.
 Choose an idea and write an introduction (topic sentence). After gathering ideas or

facts, think about how they might relate to the topic. Once you've identified the main

idea, write an introductory sentence that expresses the idea in a clear and engaging

way. This paragraph should contain a two-part statement, a general statement, and a

thesis statement.

 The general statement is an introduction to the topic of the article and contains

general information about the topic.

 The thesis statement is a guiding idea that contains the essence of the topic to be

discussed
  Each paragraph should focus on a topic sentence, with logical transitions that allow

the reader to understand the relationships between sentences. Explain concrete and

specific reasons and examples to be persuasive.

 If the supporting paragraph is a summary, please explain how the conclusion was

reached. Below are the steps you can take to write your thesis.

1. Choose a topic and research your chosen topic.

2. Develop a writing plan as an overall picture of the thesis.

3. Find and save references related to the topic.

4. Organize ideas and write papers.

5. Write a conclusion based on the content of the article.

6. If there is an error, please check and fix it.

7. List of references used.

D. Differences in Narrative Essay, Description, Argumentation, Persuasion, Exposition

1. The characteristics of narrative paragraphs:– there are characters– there are plots and
conflicts
Example: Uncle has just finished cleaning the front yard. In the living room he saw Adi and
Beni studying. Uncle greeted them kindly. Uncle then entered through the front door.
2. Characteristics of descriptive paragraphs:– describe an object by involving
observations from the five senses
Example :
Cactus plants have special characteristics in their leaves, stems and roots. The leaves are
thorn-shaped. The stems are thickly waxed. Its roots grow lengthwise.
3. The characteristics of argumentation paragraphs: – contains opinions supported by
data – tries to convince the reader with the data presented
Example :
The harmony of the school community must be fostered in order to create a comfortable and
enjoyable learning atmosphere. In this case, the participation of all school members is
expected. Efforts to establish harmony must be carried out in every form of activity. Mutual
respect between school members is the main key.
4. The characteristics of a persuasive paragraph:– contains an invitation to the reader
Example :
The library is a learning resource that provides a variety of readings. Such readings include
books, dictionaries, magazines, and tabloids. In the library, we can read the reading as much.
We can also borrow it to read at home. By reading a lot, of course we will gain a lot of
knowledge. So, we should use the library as a source of learning as much as possible.
 5. The characteristics of expository paragraphs:– present information about something
based on facts
Example :
Papaya fruit has many health benefits. Papaya fruit contains papain and fiber which can help
overcome digestive disorders. The content of vitamin C in papaya fruit can improve the
body's immune system. Meanwhile, papaya seeds also contain flavanoids to maintain kidney
health.