C/C++ Programming Techniques

ET2031 / ET2031E

1
Course overview
Overview

• Course:
• Course: C/C++ Programming techniques
• Course code: ET2031 2(2-0-1-4)
• Teams code: ......
• Instructor
• PhD. Đỗ Thị Ngọc Diệp
• Communication Engineering Faculty – SEEE – HUST
• Speech Communication Department – MICA Institute
• Email: diep.dothingoc@hust.edu.vn

3
Course syllabus

Week Lecture
1-2 Introduction, basic concepts
3 Excercise
4 Arrays and Pointers
5-6 Function Oriented Programming
7 Excercise
8 Data structure
9-10 Object-Oriented Programming
11 Excercise
12 Inheritance
13 Standard Template Library
14 Other techniques
15-16 Project presentation
Requirements for students

• Attend all the classes.

• Self-study and master the programming language.
• Follow the programming style: use comments, indentation, clean
code, etc. These styles will be required for weekly exercise, projects,
examination.
• Practice:
• Complete the weekly exercises, assignments on Teams.
• Complete the Big project.

5
Textbooks and References

• Textbooks
• [1] Nguyễn Thanh Bình, Nguyễn Hoài Giang. Ngôn ngữ lập trình C và Cấu
trúc dữ liệu. NXB Giáo Dục 2017.
• [2] Nguyễn Việt Hương. Ngôn ngữ lập trình C++ và cấu trúc dữ liệu. NXB
Giáo dục, 2000.
• References
• [1] Lê Đăng Hưng, Tạ Tuấn Anh, Nguyễn Hữu Đức, Nguyễn Thanh Thủy.
Lập trình hướng đối tượng với C++. NXB Khoa học kỹ thuật, 2006.
• [2] Trần Văn Tư, Nguyễn Ngọc Tuấn. 450 bài tập về lập trình C++. NXB
Thống kê, 2000.
• [3] C++ & Lập trình hướng đối tượng, GS. Phạm Văn Ất, NXB KH&KT
• [4] The C Programming Language – 2nd Edition, Brian W. Kerninghan &
Dennis M. Ritchie, Prentice-Hall,1988
• [5] The C++ Programming Language – 4th Edition, Bjarne Stroustrup,
Addison-Wesley, 2013
• Other programming languages

6
Reference

• Online tutorials
• Interactive learning
• Advanced topics

https://www.learn-c.org/

7
Course Evaluation

• Process grade: 30% of final grade

• Combination of Exercise at class, Assignment on Teams, Big
Project grades.
• Final examination grade: 70% of final grade

8
Introduction

9
Content

• Computer software development progress

• Computer development history
• Computer architecture
• Software development progress
• Software Programming
• General concepts
• Programming technique
• Programming languages
• Programming paradigms
• C/C++ introduction
• History of the C++ language
• Why C/C++
• Tools

10
I. Computer software development progress

11
Computer development history

ENIAC (Electronic Numerical

• 1940s Integrator And Computer)

• electronic lights, switches

for programming
• 1950s
• early transistorized
computer
• FORTRAN, COBOL
• 1965
• IC: Integrated Circuit
• 1972
• microprocessor

12
Computer development history

Src: Microsoft Educator Community

13
Computer architecture

• Hardware

https://www.techsignin.com

14
Computer architecture

• Software & Operating System

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=5AjReRMoG3Y

15
Computer architecture

• Operating System:
• is a system software
• Allows users to manipulate:
• computer hardware
• external device
• run application software (Executive programs)

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=5AjReRMoG3Y
https://sensorstechforum.com 16
Executive programs – Machine code

• CPU:
• Read/Write to memory Memory
• Perform math operations, etc. CPU

• Executive program (exe):

• List of instructions for the computer to
process
• Computer only understands binary code 0 / 1
• Executive program is in binary (machine code)
• The computer's internal memory holds
both data and program's instructions at
runtime.

17
How do computers read code - Compiler

• Program to convert source code (by

human) into machine code
Programming language

How do computers read code?

Frame of Essence
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=QXjU9qTsYCc

18
Compile source code into binary

…
in binary

19
… and run the binary

in binary
in hexadecimal assembly code

do the correct
action in the memory

Memory location

20
Program error

• Testing: is the process of checking the functioning of software features

• Debugging: is the process of finding the cause of an error, and fixing it
• Syntax error (compiler error):
• By writing a program that does not follow the prescribed syntax
• Detected by the compiler
• Note: sometimes the error is not detected because it is misinterpreted to another syntax
• Run-time error:
• When the program runs in violation of the allowed conditions
• Detected while running
• Logical error: Because the algorithm is wrong, computer can not detect

21
Software development process

• Software lifecycle:
• Analysis of the requirements of the problem
(analysis + define requirements)
• Software design (design)
• Building the product (develop)
• Coding/ Programming (source code)
• Testing, Debugging
• Documentation
• Deployment in reality (machine code)
• Maintenance, update and further development
• Out-of-date
https://www.javatpoint.com

22
II. Software Programming

23
General concepts

• Software • Software: set of programs.

• Program • Program: an ordered sequence of instructions to solve a
• Algorithm certain problem, written in a certain programming language.
• Data • Algorithm: a group of operations and calculations that need
to be performed correctly so that after a finite number of
steps we can achieve the desired result.
• Data: represent the necessary information for the problem
under the appropriate structure.
• Input data: data that needs to be input initially for
processing
• Intermediate data: contains intermediate results during
processing.
• Output data: contains the desired result of the problem.
• Algorithm performs the transformation from input data to
output data.

24
 General concepts

• Primitive/atomic • Primitive/atomic data:

data • indivisible base data element
• Structural data • can be a digit, a character, a number, etc.
(data structure) • Structural data : ways to link atomic data together
• Programming • character string
• one-dimensional array
• two-dimensional array
• More complex: linked list, tree, graph, etc.
• Programming:
• Select an appropriate data structure, on which to build an
effective processing algorithm
• Choosing a data structure must consider the operations
that act on that data structure,
• in contrast, when considering the operation, pay attention
to which data structure the operation affects.

25
 Programming technique

• Programming • Programming techniques: A technique to implement a

techniques software solution (data structure + algorithm) on the basis of a
• Programming methodology and one (or more) programming language(s) in
language accordance with the specific requirements of application
• Programming • Programming language
paradigms • A standardized language
• Both humans and computers can read and understand
• Use the corresponding compiler to compile the entire
source program into machine code before execution
• Each programming language has predefined data structures.
• Methodology/paradigms
• Imperative programming
• Structural/ Functional programming
• Object-Oriented programming
• Event-driven programming

26
Programming languages

• Development process:
• Machine language: direct use of binary code, no need to compile, depends on
the processor.
• 2nd generation (assembly language): need to compile, readable, depends on
the processor.
• 3rd generation (high level language): control structures, data types,
encapsulation. (Fortran, C, C++, Java and JavaScript,…)
• 4th generation: improve efficiency such as reducing
error-prone elements, syntax closer to spoken
language. (SQL, Perl, Python,…)
• 5th generation: use visual tools to
develop a program. (Mercury, Prolog)

http://btechsmartclass.com
27
Programming languages

28
Imperative programming

• Typical: assembly
• The program consists of a set of instructions that are executed sequentially
(from top to bottom)
• Does not show structure, poorly supports modularization
• Difficult to solve complex problems

Assembly language
Structural programming

• Typical: C, C++, Fortran

• Describe step-by-step the programs needed to solve a problem
• Allows modularization, partial reuse of code
• The effectiveness of this method depends mainly on the programmer
Object-oriented programming

• Typical: C++, Java

• Programs are a collection of classes and objects that interact with each other.
• This model is relatively close to problems in life.
• Improve security, inheritance, reusability, and flexibility and generality of the
program
Object-Oriented Technology

• Object-oriented technology (OOT) is a set of rules (including abstraction,

encapsulation, inheritance, polymorphism), and instructions for building
software, along with programming language, database, and other tools that
support these rules.
• OOT usage ?
• Client/Server system, Web system
• Embedded system
• Real-time system
• General software system
• etc.

32
Event-driven programming

• Typical: JavaScript, Java, Python ...

• Describe the events that can occur in the system, how to detect them, and
set up the sequence of steps to respond to those events.
• towards handling events that may arise during the operation of a
software.
• Can be combined with other programming paradigms (object-oriented,
procedural)
• Often used in solving problems that require a lot of Human-Machine or
Machine-Machine interaction.
• Allows interaction (quickly) with users, with other devices, etc.
III. C/C++ introduction

34
History of the C language

• Born in the 1970s, associated with the development of the Unix OS.
• Author: Dennis Ritchie (Bell Laboratories)
• Target:
• Enhancing efficiency
• Capable of accessing low-level hardware, capable of direct memory access
• Structured languages (instead of programming in assembly language)
• Short syntax, few keywords
• No hardware dependency
• Structures, functions, encapsulation, etc.

35
History of the C++ language

• Born in 1979 by extending the C language

• Author: Bjarne Stroustrup
• Target: Add new features
• Overcoming some disadvantages of C
• Added new features compared to C:
• Object Oriented Programming (OOP)
• General programming (template)
• Many small features make programming more flexible (add bool type,
declare variable anywhere, strong type, define method overloading,
namespace, exception handling, ...)

36
C-based languages

• C++ includes all features of C, but adds classes and other features to support
object-oriented programming
• Java: is based on C++ and therefore inherits many C features
• C#: is a more recent language derived from C++ and Java
• Perl: is originally a fairy simple scripting language and overtime it has grown
and adopted many of the features of C

37
C Compiler and linker

http://btechsmartclass.com

https://teaching.csse.uwa.edu.au/units/CITS2002/lectures/lecture02/03.html
38
Why choose C/C++

• Advantage:
• efficient, flexible, stable
• widely supported on different environments
• many libraries and tools available
• wide range of applications: on server, embedded system, OS, etc.
• original language, making learning other programming languages easy
• Defect:
• Language [too] complicated
• Error control is more difficult than in high-level languages (Java, .NET, scripts,
etc.), especially due to the use of pointers

Src image: http://www.atnyla.com/tutorial/features-of-c/1/157 39

Tools

• LINUX/Ubuntu Text editor

vi, vim gedit

Write code
Write code

Compile
Compile
Run
Run

40
Tools

• LINUX/Ubuntu
• IDE
• Interface

41
Tools

• Windows
• Editors: Notepad++/Visual Studio Code + C/C++ extension
• Compilers: Cygwin/MinGW
• IDE: Codeblocks/Visual Studio Community/Netbeans/Eclipse/Dev-C

require several environment

variables
http://www.codeblocks.org/

Walkthrough: Compile a C program on the command line:

https://msdn.microsoft.com/en-us/library/bb384838.aspx

42
Tools

• Online C compiler on browser

• OnlineGDB C Compiler
• Tutorialspoint Compiler
• Etc.

43
• https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=YOLN-t09-tM
• https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=rydtxg8gQz0

44