ANATOMY AND

1st Year, 1st Semester

PHYSIOLOGY FINALS

THE DIGESTIVE SYSTEM

DIGESTION AND THE DIGESTIVE SYSTEM contraction of muscularis mucosa

• Digestion is the breakdown of large organic molecules (for secretion)
into smaller molecules that can be absorbs MUSCULARIS • 2 layers (inner and outer)
• Breakdown of large molecules mostly lipids, proteins • Inner circular – decreses diameter
and carbohydrates into smaller particles so they can of lumen
be utilized by the body • Outer longitudinal – shortens
• The digestive system performs the task of digestion segment of GIT
• Food is taken into the digestive system, where it is • Includes myenteric nerve plexus
enzymatically broken down into smaller and smaller (Auerbach’s plexus) – controls
particles for absorption. contraction
SEROSA • Outer layer of digestive tract wall
DIGESTIVE SYSTEM FUNCTIONS • Known as serosa if intraperitoneal
Ingestion of solid and (covered by peritoneum),
liquids adventitia if retroperitoneal (not
1. Digestion of organic covered by peritoneum)
molecules
2. Absorption of
nutrients
3. Elimination of Waste

Salivary glands &

pancreas also helps in the
digestive system

DIGESTIVE TRACT COMPONENTS

1. Oral Cavity 5. Small Intestiines
2. Pharynx 6. Large intestines
3. Esophagus 7. Rectum
4. stomach 8. Anus

ASSOCIATED ORGANS PERITONEUM

• The digestive system includes some associated • Layer of smooth epithelial tissue, this membrane
organs not directly in the digestive tract but have ducts lines the abdominal cavity, serous membrane, cover
that lead into the tract the viscera
• These associate organs are the: • Consists of 2 layers:
o Salivary glands - Parietal peritoneum – lines the wall of the
o Liver abdomen and the pelvic cavities – innervate dby
o Gallbladder somatic nerves can feel pain stimuli
o Pancreas - Visceral Peritoneum - lines the organs of the
• Not actually included but have ducts abdminal cavity, innervated by visceral nerves –
insensitive to pain
THE FOUR TUNICS
MUCOSA • Epithelium – for secretion and PERITONEAL SPACE
absorption • between the parietal and visceral peritoneum
• Lamina propria – loose connective • Males – close cavity
tissue (for support) • Females – open cavity
• Muscularis mucosa – mucosal • The reason why the uterus becomes a abdominal
motility (for epithelium) organ in pregnancy
SUBMUCOSA • Consists of collagen fibers, glands,
and blood vessels MESSENTERIES:
• Includes submucosal nerve plexus • Connective tissie of organs in abdominal cavity
(Meissner’s plexus) which controls • Contains different blood vessels; supply the intestines

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 ANATOMY AND
1st Year, 1st Semester
PHYSIOLOGY FINALS

LESSER OMENTUM:
• Mesentery connecting lesser curvature of stomach to
liver and diaphragm
• Forms anterior wall of the lesser sac of the peritoneal
cavity

GREATER OMENTUM:
• Mesentery connecting greater curvature of stomach
to transverse colon and posterior body wall
• Looks like an apron in a cadaver
• Fatty tissue that covers the viscers
• Police man of the abdomen; incase of infection the
greater omentum will wrap around the infected
organs, walls off the infected organ

TEETH
• 32 teeth in normal adult divided into:
o Incisors, canine, premolars, molars, wisdom
• For infants 20 primary teeth - baby teeth
• Each tooth has a crown, cusp neck, root
• Center of tooth is pulp cavity
• Enamel is hard covering protects againsts abrasions
• Cavities are breakdown of enamel by acids from
bacteria

ORAL CAVITY
• First part of the digestive system
• Contains stratified squamous epithelia

SALIVARY GLANDS:
o Produce saliva which contains enzymes to
breakdown carbohydrated into glucose
o Cleanse mouth
o Dissolve and moisten food
o Contains IgA

TONGUE:
o House taste buds and mucus
o Skeletal muscle Structure of your teeth

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1st Year, 1st Semester
PHYSIOLOGY FINALS

• Storage tank for food

• Can hold up to 2 liters of food
• Produces mucus, hydrochloric acis, protein digesting
SALIVARY GLANDS enzymes
• Contains a thichk mucus layer that lubricates and
protects epithelial cells on stomach wall form acidic
pH (3)
• Dilated portion of the alimentary canal
• Stomach is roughly G shaped in appearance
• Upper part of the abdo extends beneath the level of
the left coastal margin into the epigastric and umbilical
region
• Stomach is covered by peritoneum
3 MAJOR SALIVARY GLANDS PRESENT IN THE • Bc it secretes hydrocholoric acid it needs a thick layer
BODY of mucus
PAROTID • Largest
• Found between the 3 MUSCULAR LAYERS
ramus of the mandible • Outer longitudinal, middle circular, and inner oblique
and mastoid process to produce churning action
• Stensen’s duct • Additional layer plus the action of the other layers
SUBMANDIBULAR • Produces 2/3 of the produce the churning action of the stomach
saliva in the oral cavity
• Found in the RUGAE
submandibular triangle • Large folds that allow stomach to strech
• Wharton’s duct • Strech to accommodate the size of the stomach
SUBLINGUAL • Smallest
• Floor of the mouth CHYME
• Suct of rivinus (smaller) • Paste-like substance that forms when food begins to
• Duct of Bartholin be broken down
(larger)
PARTS OF THE STOMACH
PHARYNX • Fundus – dome shaped structure of the stomach w/c
• Throat project upward, usually full of gases ; Process of
belching (dighay) comes from fundus
• Connects the mouth to the esophagus
• Body – start with the cardiac orrifice to the notch
• It has 3 parts:
o Notch – incissora angularis
o Nasopharynx
o Incissora angularis – notch present in the lesser
o Oropharynx
curvature
o Laryngopharynx
• Pyloric antrum – From angularis to pylorus
• Common passageway of respiratory tract or
gastrointestinal • Pylorus – most dubular? Part of the stomach
• Pyloric canal and pyloric sphincter
ESOPHAGUS o Pyloric spinchter – big muscular wall acts an
• The tube that connects the pharynx to the stomach anatomical spinchter (can open and close)
o Pyloric canal – cavity primarily of the pylorus
• Transports food from the o.c to the stomach
• Joins stomach at cardiac opening
TWO CURVES
• Tubular strucure around 10 inch/25 cm
• Lesser curvature – medially
• Continous from the lryngeal part of the pharynx and
• Greater curvature – laterally
will pass thru tour diaphragm/ 10th thoracic verterbra
o Diaphram – 3 openings
SMALL INTESTINE
o Caval opening, esopharyngeal, aortic
• Measures 6 meters in length
STOMACH • Major absroptive organ
• Located in abdomen • Chyme takes 3 to 5 hourse to pass thru
• Contains enzymes to furthe breakdown food

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1st Year, 1st Semester
PHYSIOLOGY FINALS

• Contains secretions for protection against the acidity • 3.5 meters long
of chyme • Distal 3/5 of the small int.
• Majority of the absorptive function of the g.i. tract • End at the level of ileocecal junction
happens in the small in. • Lower wart of peritoneal cavity
• With Peyer’s Patches
• Plicae circulares – smaller, widely separated in upper
portion, absent in the lower part
3 MAIN PARTS OF SMALL INTESTINE • More prominent arterial arcades
• Shorter vasa recta
DUODENUM:
o First part
o 25 cm long/10 inch
o Contains absorptive cells, goblet cells, granular cells,
endocrine cells
o Cotnains microvilli and many folds
o Contains bile and pancreatic ducts

• Duodenum is divided into 4 parts:

1. Superior – Mobile; has mesentery, consists of the
duodenal cap/ampulla
2. Descending – bile and main pancreatic ducts
pierce the medial wall
3. Inferior – crossed by the superior mesenteric
vessels
4. Ascending – where suspensory muscle of
duodenum is present (Ligament of Treitz);
demarcation between the jejunum
• Duodenum – immobile in nature except the first seg
or the superior part is the ONLY mobile
• 4th seg/ascending – you’ll see the ligament of treitz
/supensory muscle

JEJUNUM
• Second part
• 2.5 meters long and absrobs nutrient
• Covers proximal 2/5 of the small int.
• Begin at the duodenojejunal flexure
• Wider board, thicker walled, and redder than illeum
• Plicae circulares – permanent infoldings of mucous
membrane; larger, more numerous, & closely set • The mucosa of the small intestine is simple columnar
• Less prominent arteial arcades (more spaces, with epithelium with four major cell types
transluscent areas and windows) 1. Absorptive cells, which have microvilli,
produce digestive enzymes and absorb
ILEUM digested food
2. Goblet cells, which product a protective mucus
• Third part

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 ANATOMY AND
1st Year, 1st Semester
PHYSIOLOGY FINALS

3. Granular cells, which may help protect the • Portal triad located at the sides of the oxygen
intestinal epithelium from bacteria; and o Portal veins
4. Endocrine cells, which produce regulatory o Hepatic artery
hormones o Bile duct
• The epithelial cells are located within tubular glands • Yung spaces daw yung sinusoids
of the mucosa, called intestinla glands or crypts of • Hepatocytes – make up 80% of the liver's mass ;
Lieberkuhn, at the base of villi involved in protein synthesis
• Granular and endocrine cells are located in the • Portal Lobule – central area of the triangle is occupied
bottom of the glands by the portal triad, the sides of the triangle are
• The submucosa of the duodenum contains mucous occupied by the central veins
glands, called duodenal glands, which open into the • Blood will actually flow thru the center to the periphery
base of the intestinal glands • Bile secretion from periphery to center
LIVER • Hepatic acinus – tru anatomical unit of the liver –
• Largest visceral organ (sa loob) or the largest gland smaller than the hepatic lobule
in the body o Sides of the ellipsoids? Is occupied by the central
• Weighs about 3 lbs veins
• Located in the right upper quadrant of the abdomen o Zone 1 – area that is primarily closest to the
under the diaphgram hepatic artery; most resistant to damage- cells to
• Consists of right, left and caudate and quadrant lobes first face toxins and sht
o Right lobe is larger by a ligament o Zone 3 – portion that is farthest from the b.v –
• Porta: prone to damage
o Gate where b.v , ducts, nerves enter and ext § Last zone to recover from ischemic attacks
• Receives arterial blood from the hepatic artery
LIVER DUCTS
LOBULES
o Divisions of liver with portal triads at corners HEPATIC DUCT
o Transport bile out of liver
PORTAL TRIAD
o Contain hepatic artery, hepatic portal vein, COMMON HEPATIC DUCT
hepatic duct o Formed from left and right hepatic duct
o Located at the corners of the lobules
CYSTIC DUCT
HEPATIC CORDS o Joins common hepatic duct to form common bile duct
o Between center margins of each lobule o From gallbladder
o Separated by hepatic sinusoids
COMMON BILE DUCT
HEPATIC SINUSOIDS: o Formed from common hepatic duct and cystic duct
o Contain phagocytic cells that remove foreign
particles from blood

CENTRAL VEIN
o Center of each lobule
o Where mixed blood flows towards
o Forms hepatic veins

• Hexagonal in shape (lobule)

• Central ring, at the center

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1st Year, 1st Semester
PHYSIOLOGY FINALS

1. The hepatic ducts, which carry bile from the liver

lobes, combine to form the common hepatic duct.
2. The common hepatic duct combines with the cystic
duct from the gallbladder to form the common bile
duct.
3. The common bile duct and the pancreatic duct
combine to form the hepatopancreatic ampulla.
4. The hepatopancreatic ampulla empties bile and
pancreatic secretions into the duodenum at the
major duodenal papilla.
5. The accessory pancreatic duct empties pancreatic
secretions into the duodenum at the minor duodenal
papilla.

Duct system of the Liver and

Pancreas
• Diff ducts coming from
inside of the liver will form
the right hepatic duct and
the left hepatic duct
• The right and left hepatic
duct will unite to form
common hepatic duct
• CHD will unite with Cystic
PANCREAS duct coming from the gallbladder w/c the storage of
• Located posterior to stomach in inferior part of left bile to form the common bile duct
upper quadrant • CBD will join with pancreatic duct to form ampulla of
• Head near midline of the body Vater
• Tail extends to left and touches spleen • The ampulla of Vater consists of a sphincter w/c is
• Endocrine tissues have pancreatic islets that produce called the spincter of Oddi
insulin and glucagon o Spincter of oddi is a circular muscle layer that is
actually surrounding the duodenal papillae?
• Exocrine tissues produce digestive enzymes that
§ Control the rate of the release of bile
travel throught ducts
secretion and pancretic secretions being
• Pancreas retroperiotneal except small portion of the
secreted at the second segment of the
tail
duodenum
• We have 2 pancreatic ducts: Main pancreatic duct &
PANCREATIC SECRETIONS
accessory pancreatic duct
The major proteon-digesting enzymes are: o Main pancreatic duct also known as Duct of
1. Trypsin Wirsung
2. Chymotrypsin o Duct of Wirsung starts with the tale of pancreas
3. Carboxypeptidase and will run to the right along the entire course of
pancreas
They can break down molecules into smaller form for it to § Carry pancreatic secretions w/c consists
be able to be utilized by our body enzymes for the breakdown of the diff
• Pancreatic amylase continues the polysaccharide molecules passing your G.I
digestion that began in the oral cavity § Joined by the CBD to form Ampulla of Vater
• The pancreatic enzyme lipase is a lipid-digesting and then will enter the 2nd part of the
enzyme duodenum
• Thepancreatic nuclease enzymes degrade DNA and • Accessory pancreatic duct – referred to Santorini’s
RNA to their component nucleotides duct begins in the lower portion of the ??? and it will
drain only a small portion of the head and the body of

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1st Year, 1st Semester
PHYSIOLOGY FINALS

panreas and it will empty to the lesser duodenum • Appendice epiploicae - Yung taba na nakikita niyo
papillae (present at the superficial part)
o Around 2cm above the greater papilla w/c the • Haustra – yung parang segments ; pouches
drainage of the Ampulla of Vater
Crypts – straight tubular glands in the epithelium that is
LARGE INTESTINE not formed into folds or villi like that of the small intestine
• Function is to absorb water from indigestible food
• Contains cecuum, colon, rectum, anal canal SMALL INTESTINE LARGE INTESTINE
More mobile (except Fixed ascending and
CECUM duodenum) desc3ending colon
o Joins small intestine at ileocecal junction Has mesentery (except Retroperitoneal (except
o Has appendix attached duodenum) transverse and sigmoid
colon)
APPENDIX Small diameter Large diameter
o 9 cm structure that is often removed Longitudinal muscle forms Longitudinal muscle forms
o Located near the cecum a layer around the gut three bands (taenia coli)
No fatty tags Has appendices
COLON epiploicae
o 1.5 meters long Smooth walls Sacculated walls
o Contains ascending, transverse, descending, (haustra)
sigmoid regions
o Covers most of the length of the large intestine
o Ascending – extends superiorly from the cecum and
ends at the right colic flexure (hepatic flexure) near
the right inferior margin of the liver
o Transverse – extends from the right colic flexure to
the left colic flexure (splenic flexure)
o Descending – extends from the left colic flexure to
the superior opening of the true pelvis, where it
becomes the sigmoid colon.
o Sigmoid – S for sigmoid ; forms an S-shaped tube
that extends into the pelvis and ends at the rectum.

RECTUM
o Straight tube that begins at sigmoid and ends at anal
canal

ANAL CANAL
o Last 2 to 3cm of dig. Tract
o Food takes 18-24 hours to pass thru
o Feces is product of water, indigestible food and
microbes
o Microbes synthesize vitamin K

Taeniae coli – 3 approx 8mm wide longitudinal smooth

mucles bands in the colon wall

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