Hydraulics 3-Hydrostatic

Forces, Dams, and Buoyancy

Ricardo L. Fornis
Hydrostatic forces on submerged plane
surfaces S
θ
◼ Consider a plate h
submerged in a fluid at h dF y
rest. The hydrostatic F
force, F, and its point y
e
of application, CP, can G
yp
be determined as CP
follows:

h = vertical distance from the surface to the centroid of the plate

y = distance from the water surface to the centroid of the plate along the plate
CP = center of pressure
G = centroid of the plate
e = distance from G to CP along the plate
Hydrostatic Force The hydrostatic force, F, can be
S obtained by considering a
θ differential area, dA. The
h differential area should be parallel
h to the water surface, for uniform
dF y pressure distribution.
F dA
y Force = Pressure multiplied by the Area
e G dF = pdA
yp Recall: p =  h
CP dF =  hdA
where h = y sin 
dF =  y sin  dA
F =  sin   ydA
Recall:  ydA = yA

 ydA =  sin  yA
F =  hA
 Hydrostatic Force Location of hydrostatic force
Fy p =  dF ( y )
S
θ  hg Ay p =   hdA( y )
h y
h dF
dA y sin  Ay p =  y sin  dA( y )
F
y
e G
y p Ay =  y 2 dA = I S
yp
CP y p Ay = I G + Ay 2
IG
yp = +y
To determine the location of the hydrostatic Ay
force, get the summation of moment of the
hydrostatic force about the line through S and Location of hydrostatic force
apply Varignon’s theorem which states that the
sum of moments of the component forces is IG
the same as the moment of the resultant force y p = e + y ; where e =
about the same point . Ay
Properties of common figures
h/2 bh 3
h A = bh; I g =
12
b

2h/3 bh bh 3
A = ; Ig =
h 2 36
b
r 4

r A =  r ; Ig =
2

4
d
d2 d4
A= ; Ig =
4 64
Properties of common figures
y  r2 4r
r A= ; y= ; I g = 0.11r 4
2 3

b  ab3
a
A =  ab; I g =
4

 ab 4b
A= ; y= ; I g = 0.11ab3
b a
2 3
 Problem 2
◼ A vat holding paint (sg=0.80) is 8 m long and 4 m deep and
has a trapezoidal cross section 3 m wide at the bottom and
5 m wide at the top.
1) Compute the weight of the paint.
2) Compute the force on the bottom of the vat.
3) Compute the force on the vertical trapezoidal end panel.

5m

4m 8m
3m
Problem
5m

4m
8m
3m

1) Weight of paint
W =  pVol
W = (0.80)(9.81) (Vol )
 (5 + 3) 
Vol = Ac L =  (4)  (8) = 128
 2 
W = (0.80)(9.81)(128) = 1004.54 kN
Problem
5m

4m
8m
3m

2) Force on the bottom

Fbot = pbot Abot
pbot =  p h = 0.8(9.81)(4)
pbot = 31.392 kPa
Fbot = 31.392 (3)(8)  = 753.408 kN
Problem
1m 3m 1m
5m 4/3
2m

4m 3m
8m
3m

3) Force on the vertical trapezoidal end

F =  p  h1 A1 + h2 A2 
 41 
F = (0.8)(9.81) 2(3)(4) +   (2)(4) 
 32 
F = 230.208 kN
Example
◼ The semicircular gate shown in the figure below
weighs 1500 kN. The top of the gate is hinged to the
vertical wall and the lower end is prevented from
swinging outward by the hump on the floor. Compute
the reaction at the hinge and at the hump. The lower
end of the gate is just touching the floor.

5m
Water (9.79kN/m3) 7m
Example

V yp
H
zp
F e G
C.P.
W=1500
Rh
(a) Hydrostatic force
4r 4(2)
h = 5+ = 5+ = 5.849 F =  hA
3 3
F = 9.79(5.849)(6.283)
 r  (2)
2 2
A= = = 6.283 F = 359.775kN
2 2
Example Reactions
M hinge = 0
V
H
yp Rh (2) = F ( z p )
zp
F e G Rh (2) = 359.775(0.897)
C.P.
Rh = 161.359kN
W=1500
Rh M hump = 0
Location of F H (2) = F (2 − 0.897)
Ig 0.11(2) 4 H (2) = 359.775(1.103)
e= = = 0.048m
Ay 6.283(5.849) H = 198.416kN
z p = 0.048 +
4(2)
= 0.897m Fv = 0
3
V = 1500kN
Example

◼ Find the
magnitude and
location from the h
water surface of Circular gate
the hydrostatic water
force developed
D
on the circular
gate shown in the 600

figure below if h =
5 ft and D = 4 ft.
Solution
h=5
hg
yg
hp yp
2
e

600

solution
hg = 5 + 2sin 60 = 6.732
  (4) 2 
F =  hg A = 62.4 ( 6.732 )  
 4 
F = 5278.8lb
 h=5 y p = yg + e
hg
yg
hp F yp y g = 5 / sin 60 + 2
2
e
y g = 7.773
600
  44  
   
e=
Ig
=   64   = 0.1286
Ay g   42  
   4  ( 7.7735) 
   
y p = 7.7735 + 0.1286 = 7.902 ft
h p = y p sin 60 = 7.902sin 60 = 6.84 ft
Force on submerged curve surfaces
B
dF dFv h
h θ
dA dAv
dFh dv
dAh
A
L Vertical force
Horizontal force
dFv = dF cos 
dFh = dF sin 
dFv =  hdA cos 
dFh =  hdA sin 
but dA cos  = dAh
but dA sin  = dAv dFv =  hdAh
dFh =  hdAv Fv =   hdAh =   dV
Fh =   hdAv =  hAv  Fv =  Vol
Horizontal component of the force

◼ The magnitude of the horizontal component

of the hydrostatic force acting on a
submerged curve surface is equal to the
hydrostatic force on the area of projection of
the curve surface on the vertical plane.
◼ The location of the horizontal force is at the
center of pressure of the projected area.
Vertical Component of the force

◼ The vertical component of the hydrostatic force

acting on a submerged curve surface is equal to the
product of specific weight and volume of the liquid,
either real or imaginary, within the space bounded
by the curve surface itself, the liquid surface and the
vertical planes drawn from the ends of the curve
surface to the surface of the liquid.
◼ The vertical component is applied at the center of
gravity of the volume describe above.
Problem

◼ Find the horizontal and vertical components of the

hydrostatic force acting on the gate shown in the figure
below. The gate is an arc of a circle of radius 5 m. Also
determine the location of the forces. The liquid is water.

B
R
200 G d
C e
200 cpG

A
Solution B
R
h
200 G d
C e
200 cpG

Horizontal force Vertical Component

h = h = R sin 20 Fv =  Vol =  As L
h = 5sin 20 = 1.71 R2
As = ( − sin  )
d = 2(1.71) = 3.42 2
Fh =  hAv 52  0    0
As =  40  0 
− sin 40  = 0.692
2  180  
Fh = 9.79(1.71)  (1)(3.42) 
Vol = 0.692(1) = 0.692
Fh = 57.254kN
Fv = 9.79(0.692) = 6.775kN
Solution B
R
h
G
x d
Fh C e
2 cp
Ig d
e= =
Fv A

Ay 12 y
x 57.254
3.42 2
=
e= = 0.57m 0.57 6.775
12 (1.71)
x = 4.817m
Fh is located 2.28 m from the surface
Fv is located 4.817 m from the center
Problem

◼ Find the horizontal and vertical components

of the hydrostatic force acting on the curve
AB in the figure shown. The liquid is water
(unit weight =9.79 kN/m3). The length of the
cylinder is 3m.
5m
A
R=4m

B 400
solution
5m
3m

d R=4m
400
400

d = 4 + 4 cos 40 = 7.06
Fh =  hA
Fh = 9.79(3.53 + 5)(7.06 x3)
Fh = 1768.7kN
solution  = 180 + 40 = 220
As = Asegment + Atrapezoid
R2
Aseg = ( − sin  )
2
5m
42     
Aseg =  220   − sin(220)  = 35.86 m 2

2   180  
R=4m
1
400 Atrap = ( 5)( 4sin 40 ) + ( 4sin 40 ) (7.06)
400 2
Atrap = 21.93m 2
As = 35.86 + 21.93 = 57.79m 2
Fv =  Vol = 9.79 ( As(3) )
Fv = 9.79(57.79)(3) = 1697.3 kN
Example

◼ Find the reaction at A for the

gate AB shown in the figure
below due to the hydrostatic
force. The gate is an arc of a z
quarter circle of radius 1.2 m B
and the length of the gate is 3 R
m. The value of z = 0.4 m. The
liquid is water (specific weight A
= 9.79 kN/m3). Neglect the
weight of the gate. Assume that
the contact surface at A is
smooth.
Solution
z 0.4+0.6=1
hp Pv B
1.2
Ph R

A 3m

hv = z + (1.2 / 2) Location of Ph
hv = 0.4 + 0.6 = 1.0 h p = hv + e
AV = 3(1.2) = 3.6  3(1.2)3 
Ph =  hv Av  12 
=  = 0.12
Ig
e=
Ph = 9.79(1.0)(3.6) Av hv 3(1.2)(1)
Ph = 35.244kN h p = 1 + 0.12 = 1.12
Solution Vertical Component of the force
 (1.2)2
An = 1.6(1.2) − = 0.789
4
PV 0.4 Pv =  Vol =  An (3)
hp=1.12 B
Pv = 9.79(0.789)(3) = 23.173kN
Ph R Location of Pv
A xAn = A1 x1 − A2 x2
RA  (1.2)2  4(1.2) 
1.6(1.2)(0.6) −
4  3( ) 
x= = 0.73
0.789
Reaction at A
M B = 0
RA (1.2) = 23.173(0.73) + 35.244(1.12 − 0.4)
RA = 35.24kN
DAMS
Dams W(weight)
In computing the different
forces acting on the dam, h
consider 1-m length of F1
dam.F1 and F2 are F2
hydrostatic forces, W is Heel Toe
weight, and U is uplift

U (uplift)
Righting Moment (RM)
The righting moment is the sum of the moments about
the toe of forces (W and F2 ) that resist overturning.
Overturning Moment (OM)
The overturning moment is the sum of the moments
about the toe of all forces (F1 and U) that tends to
overturn the dam.
Resultant Force

Vertical Component of the Resultant

R y =  Fvertical

Horizontal Component of the Resultant

Rx =  Fhorizontal
Factor of safety

◼ Factor of safety against overturning (FSO)

RM
FSO =
OM

Factor of Safety against sliding (FSs)

 Ry
FSs =
Rx
Where μ = coefficient of friction between the base and foundation
RY = Summation of all forces along the vertical
RX = Summation of forces along the horizontal
Distribution of pressure at the base
Case 1: Case 2:
Resultant falls at the center Resultant falls at the third point
B/2 B/2 B/3 B/3 B/3

fmax
Ry fmax
Ry
Contact area 1 Contact area 1
B B
Ry = f max ( Area ) Ry = f ave ( Area )
Ry = f max ( B )(1) f max
Ry = ( B ) (1)
Ry 2
f max = 2 Ry
B f max =
B
Distribution of pressure at the base
Case 3 Case 4

B/3 B/3 B/3 B/3 B/3 B/3

fmin 3xT
fma
e Ry fmax
x
Ry xT
R y  6e 
f max =  1+  2 Ry
B  B f max =
R y  6e  3xT
f min = 1− 
B  B
Example
◼ A trapezoidal dam is 2 m at the top, 14 m at the
bottom and 22 m high. The upstream side is vertical.
The water level at the upstream face is 18 m. Water
seeps under the base and produce uplift that varies
from full hydrostatic pressure at the heel to zero at
the toe. Determine the following (1) factor of safety
against overturning, (b) factor of safety against
sliding knowing that the coefficient of friction is 0.80,
and (c) the maximum pressure developed at the
base. Use unit weight of concrete equal to 23.5
kN/m3.
Solution 2m

WR
14-1=13m
22m WT
18m
2/3(12)=8
F
6m

WR = (23.5)  2(22)(1)  = 1034kN

2/3(14)=28/3
14m
U
 12(22) 
WT = (23.5)  (1)  = 3102kN
 2 
 h 2 9.81(18)2
F =  hA = = = 1589.22kN
2 2
Solution 2m

WR
14-1=13m
22m WT
18m
2/3(12)=8
F
6m
heel
Toe
Uplift 14m
U
pheel =  h = 9.81(18) = 176.58kPa 2/3(14)=28/3

ptoe = 0kPa
U = pave A
 176.58 + 0 
U =  14(1) = 1236.06kN
 2 
Solution 2m

WR
14-1=13m
22m WT
18m
2/3(12)=8
F
6m
heel
Toe
Rx =  Fx 2/3(14)=28/3
14m

Rx = 1589.22kN U

Ry =  Fy
Ry = WR + WT − U
Ry = 1034 + 3102 − 1236 = 2900 kN
Solution 2m

WR
14-1=13m
22m WT
18m
2/3(12)=8
F
6m
heel
Toe
Righting Moment RM 2/3(14)=28/3
14m
RM = WR (13) + WT ( 8) U

RM = 1034(13) + 3102(8) = 38258 kN .m

 28 
OM = F (6) + U  
 3
 28 
OM = 1589.22(6) + 1236   = 21071.32
 3
Solution 2m

WR
14-1=13m
22m WT
18m
2/3(12)=8
F
6m
heel
Toe
1) Factor of safety against overturning 2/3(14)=28/3
14m
RM 38258
FSO = = = 1.816 U
OM 21071.32

2) Factor of safety against sliding

 Ry 0.8(2900)
FS S = = = 1.46
Rx 1589.22
Solution 2m

WR
14-1=13m
22m WT
18m
2/3(12)=8
F
6m
heel
Toe
For the pressure at the base 2/3(14)=28/3
14m
Varignon's theorem
U
M toe = RM - OM
Ry ( xT ) = RM - OM
2900( xT ) = 38258 − 21071.32
xT = 5.926m
The resultant falls within the middle third with e=1.074
Solution
2m

WR
14-1=13m
22m WT
18m
2/3(12)=8
F
The resultant falls 6m
heel
Toe
within the middle third with e=1.074 2/3(14)=28/3
Ry  6e  14m
f max = 1+  U
B  B
2900  6(1.074) 
f max = 1+  = 509.6 kPa
14  14 
Ry  6e 
f min = 1− 
B  B
2900  6(1.074) 
f min = 1−  = 111.8 kPa
14  14 
Example
◼ A trapezoidal dam is 2 m at the top, 14 m at
the bottom and 22 m high. The upstream side
is vertical. The water level at the upstream
face is h. Find the value of h if the maximum
soil pressure developed at the base is 400
kPa. Use unit weight of concrete equal to
23.5 kN/m3. Disregard uplift force.
Solution 2m

WR
14-1=13m
22m WT
18m
2/3(12)=8
F
6m
H T

WR = (23.5)  2(22)(1) = 1034kN 14m

 12(22) 
WT = (23.5)  (1)  = 3102kN
 2 
 h 2 9.81(h )2
F =  hA = = = 4.905h 2
2 2
Solution 2m

WR
14-1=13m
22m WT
h
2/3(12)=8
F
heel
Rx =  Fx
Toe

14m
Rx = 4.905h 2

Ry =  Fy
Ry = WR + WT
Ry = 1034 + 3102 = 4136 kN
Solution 2m

WR
14-1=13m
22m WT
h
2/3(12)=8
F
h/3
heel
Toe

Righting Moment RM 14m

RM = WR (13) + WT ( 8)
RM = 1034(13) + 3102(8) = 38258 kN .m
h
OM = F  
 3
h
OM = 4.905h   = 1.635h 3
2

 3
Solution
2m

WR
14-1=13m
22m WT
h
2/3(12)=8
F
h/3
heel
assume the resultant to fall Toe

within the middle third 14m

Ry  6e 
f max = 1+ 
B  B
4136  6( e) 
400 = 1+
14  14 
e = 0.8259m
xT = 7 − 0.8259 = 6.174m
Solution 2m

WR
14-1=13m
22m WT
h
2/3(12)=8
F
h/3
heel
Toe

For the pressure at the base 14m

Varignon's theorem
M toe = RM - OM
4136(6.174) = 38258 -1.365h 3

h = 21.0m
Buoyancy
Archimedes’ principle

◼ A body wholly or partially submerged in

a body of fluid is acted upon by an
upward force whose magnitude is the
same as the weight of the fluid
displaced by the body.
Archimedes’ principle

dF1
◼ The buoyant force is equal to h1
the net force of the pressure
forces, that is, h2

d ( BF ) = dF2 − dF1
d ( BF ) = p2dAh − p1dAh dF2
d ( BF ) =  L h2dAh −  L h1dAh
d ( BF ) =  L ( h2 − h1 )dAh =  LdVols
BF =  LVols
Problem 1

◼ A barge 8 m wide by 20 m long is 4 m deep. It

carries round bars having unit weight of 7850
kg/m3, 6 m long and 20 mm diameter. The weight
of the barge when empty is 200000 kg. Knowing
that the unit weight of sea water is 1026 kg/m3;
(1) Determine the draft of the barge in sea water
before the bars were loaded.
(2) If a draft of 3m is to be maintained, how many
pieces of round bars would the barge carry?
(3) What is the draft of the barge in fresh water when
one half of its cargo is unloaded?
Solution (1) Draft of empty barge

8m
F V =0
BF = W
D
200000kg
 Vs = 200000
BF 1026(8)(20) D = 200000
Length of barge is 20 m D = 1.218m
Solution (2) Number of bars loaded if draft of 3m is
maintained
200000+Wc
F V =0
BF = 200000 + Wc
 Vs = 200000 + Wc
D=3
1026(8)(3)(20) = 200000 + Wc
BF Wc = 292,480kg
8m
Wc =  bVb n
Length of barge is 20m
  (0.02)2 
292480 = 7850   (6)n
 4 
N = 19766 bars
Solution (3) Draft in fresh water if one-half of the cargo
is unloaded

200000+Wc/2
F V =0
Wc
Df BF = 200000 +
2
BF 292480
 f Vs = 200000 +
8m 2
Length of barge is 20m 1000(8)(20)( D f ) = 346240
Df = 2.164m
Problem 2
A wooden post having dimensions of 200 mm x 200
mm by 3 m. long and placed in fresh water with
concrete block tied to one end of the post. The
volume of the concrete block is 0.023 cu.m. Weight
of wood is 6.4 kN/m3 and that of concrete is 23.5
kN/m3. Unit weight of water is 9.81kN/m3.

1)Det. the length of the post above the water surface.

2)Det. the volume of additional concrete to be tied to
the bottom of the post to make its top flush with the
water surface.
3)Det. the total weight of concrete to make its top
flush with the water surface.
Solution:
1) Length above the water surface: 0.2

W + Wc = BF1 + BF2 0.2m

W = 3(0.2)(0.2)(6.4) = 0.768 W
WC = 0.023(23.5) = 0.5405
BF1 = 0.2(0.2)( h)(9.81) = 0.3924h 3m
h
BF2 = 0.023(9.81) = 0.22563
BF1
0.768 + 0.5405 = 0.3924h + 0.22563
Wc
h = 2.76m
LT = 3 − 2.76 = 0.24m
BF2
2) Additional vol. of concrete:
W + W1 = BF1 + BF2
0.768 + (0.023 + Va )(23.5) = 0.3924(3) + (0.023 + Va )(9.81)
Va = 0.0069 m3 0.2m

3)Total weight of concrete: 3m

Wc = (0.023 + 0.0069)(23.5) BF
1
Wc = 0.70265 kN Wc

Wc = 702.65 N
BF2
Problem 3

◼ A timber beam 3 m long has cross section of 150

mm by 150 mm. It is placed in the lake with one end
hinged at the bottom of the lake. The depth of the
water in the lake is 2.1 m. The weight of the timber
is 560N. The unit weight of water is 9810N/m3.
1) Compute the length of the beam submerged in
water.
2) Compute the angle that the beam makes with the
horizontal.
3) At what depth of water will the beam stand
vertically?
Length submerged (Ls)

1.5 M 0 =0
 Ls 
1.5
BF  cos   = 560 (1.5cos  )
Ls
2.1m  2 
560N
 Ls 
 Vs   = 560 (1.5)
θ
BF  2 
R
 Ls 
9810 ( 0.15 Ls )   = 560 (1.5)
2

 2 
Ls = 2.759m
Angle that the beam makes
with the horizontal
1.5
1.3) Depth of water
for the beam to stand
1.5 vertically
Ls
d=2.1m
560N
θ
d
BF sin  =
R Ls
2.1 2.1 d
sin  = = sin 90 =
Ls 2.76 2.759
 = 49.57o d = 2.759m
Problem4

◼ The volume of water (unit weight = 9.81 kN/m3 ) in

a cone is expressed as V=(πh3/3) where h is the
height of water in the cone. A cubical box having a
side equal to 6 cm and s.g. of 0.50 is placed on the
water inside the cone. The height h of water in the
cone initially is 10 cm.
1) Determine the weight of the block.
2) Determine the change in water surface height in
the cone.
3) Determine the change in pressure at the bottom of
the cone.
Solution1 Weight of block
W

d
6cm=0.06m
hN
BF
h=10

W =  Vol
W = s. g.( w )Vol
W = 0.50(9810)(0.063 ) = 1.059 N
Solution2 Change in height of water surface in the cone
W

d  h3
V= + (0.062 )( d )
hN 3
BF V hN3  hN3
= 3 →V =
h=10 h 3
h 3
3
 hN 3  (10)3
F V =0
3
=
3
+ (62 )(3)
BF = W hN = 10.33cm
 VS = 1.059 h = hN − hO
(9810)(0.062 )d = 1.059 h = 10.33 − 10 = 0.33cm
d = 0.03m
Solution 3 Change in pressure at the bottom

W
PN =  hN
d PO =  hO
hN P = PN − PO =  hN −  hO
BF
h=10
P =  ( hN − hO )
 0.33 
P = 9810   = 32.37 Pa
 100 
P = 32.37 Pa = 0.032kPa
Problem 5
A rectangular tank of internal h Oil
sg=0.84
width 7 m. partitioned as
shown, it contains oil and 4m
water. Assume unit wt. of 3m
water is 9.79 kN/m3.
1) If the oil has a sp.gr. of
0.84, find its depth h. 0.5m 1.0m
2) If a 900 N block of wood
is floated in oil, (a) what y
is the volume of wood
hN h 1
submerged,
(b) what is the rise in 4m
free surface of the water X
3m
in contact with air?

0.5m 1.0m
Depth of oil
A
Oil B
h sg=0.84
1m

4m
3m

0.5m 1.0m
Summation of pressure from A to B
PA + ( h )oil − ( h ) w = PB
0 + 0.84(9.79)h − 9.79(1) = 0
h = 1.19 m
Volume of wood submerged 900N

y
hN h 1
BF
4m
X
3m

F V =0
W = BF 0.5m 1.0m

900 =  Vs
900 = 0.84(9790)Vs
Vs = 0.10944 m 3
Problem y
hN h 1
Relation of x and y
4m
Vout = Vin 3m
X

x (0.5)(7) = y (1)(7)
x = 2y 0.5m 1.0m

Solving for h N
Voil + Vs = (0.5)(7)hN
1.19(0.5)(7) + 0.10944 = (0.5)(7)hN
hN = 1.221m
Problem y
hN=1.221 h 1
4m
3m X

0.5m 1.0m

Summation of pressure from pt1 to pt 2

0 + 0.84(9.79)(1.221) - 9.79( x + 1 + y ) = 0
1.02564 − x − 1 − y = 0
1.02564 − 2 y − 1 − y = 0
y = 8.55 x10−3 m = 8.55mm
Stability of Floating Objects

Semi-submerged objects
 M

θ
W

G
G
B0 B0
xB B0’

BF

G = center of gravity of floating body

B0 = center of buoyancy (upright position)
B0’ = center of buoyancy (tilted position)
M = metacenter
MG = metacentric height
θ= angle of heel or angle of tilt
Metacentric height (MG)

MG = MB0  GB0
Use (+) if Bo is higher than the G
Use (-) if Bo is lower than the G

◼ If MG is positive, the body is stable

◼ If MG is negative, the body is unstable
◼ If MG is zero, the body is in neutral equilibrium.
Formula for MBo

I  tan   2
MBo = 1 + 
V  2 

I= moment of inertia about the axis of rolling

of the area defined by the water line
V = volume of the submerged part of the body
 = angle of tilt or angle of heel
Problem

◼ A barge 6 m wide, 18 m long, and 2.4

m high is loaded with junks as shown
in the figure. The center of gravity of
the barge and its cargo is at G. If the
G
combined weight of the barge and
cargo is 1998 kN and the unit weight 2.4m
of sea water is 10 kN/m3, determine 6m
the initial metacentric height of the
barge. If the barge is tilted to an angle
of 15 degrees, what is the moment
produced by the buoyant force?
 F = 0
G
BF = W
 VS = 1998
2.4m d
10(6)(18)d = 1998
6m
d = 1.85m

I  tan 2   1  LB3 
MBo = 1 + =  
V  2  LBd  12 
B2 62
MBo = = = 1.62m
12d 12(1.85)
 G

2.4m B0 d

8m

MG = MB0 − GB0
d
GB0 = 2.4 −
2
1.85
GB0 = 2.4 − = 1.475m
2
MG = 1.62 − 1.475 = 0.145m
 I  tan 2  
MBo = 1 + 
V  2 
B0  tan 2 15 
MBo = 1.62 1 +  = 1.678m
 2 

MG = MB0 − GB0
MG = 1.678 − 1.475 = 0.203 m

RM = BF ( MG sin  )
RM = 1998(0.203sin15) = 104.975 kN .m
Hoop Tension
Problem

◼ A 600-mm diameter steel pipe, 10 mm thick

carries water under a head of 325 m.
1) Determine the tangential stress developed in
the pipe wall.
2) If the head is increased to 500 m, what
thickness is required if the allowable tensile
stress of the pipe wall is 113 MPa and
efficiency of the connection is 80%?
Solution
σt

1) Tangential stress
pD t
T =
2t
p =  h = ( 9.81) (325)
p = 3188.25 kPa or 3.19 MPa

T =
( 3.19 ) (600)
= 95.7 MPa
2 (10 )
Solution
2) Thickness of pipe wall if σt

allowable stress is 113 MPa

pD
T = t

2t
p =  h = ( 9.81) (500)
p = 4905 kPa or 4.905 MPa

113(0.80) =
( 4.905 ) (600)
2 (t )
t = 16.3 mm
Problem

◼ A wooden storage vat full of oil (s.g=0.80) is in the

form of a frustum of a cone, 2-m diameter at the
top, 4-m diameter at the bottom, and 3 m high. It is
provided with two steel hoops, one at the top and
one at the bottom.
1) Compute the bursting force on the side of the
container.
2) How high is the said force above the bottom?
3) Compute the force in the bottom hoop.
 2m 2
a b
Solution a
b 1.5 A1
2m
3m A2

c
c 2 2 d
d
4m

F =  hA
F1 = 0.80(9.81)(1.5)(2 x 3) = 70.632 kN
1 
F2 = 0.80(9.81)(2)  (2)(3)  = 47.088 kN
2 
F = F1 + F2 = 70.632 + 47.088 = 117.72 kN
 a 2
b
Solution
1.5
A1 2m
Ig
e= e1
A2

Ay Z1 e2
Z2
c d
2 2
1
(2)(3)3
e1 = 12 = 0.5; Z1 = 1.5 - 0.5 = 1m
(2)(3)(1.5)
1
(2)(3)3
e2 = 36 = 0.25; Z 2 = 1- 0.25 = 0.75m
1
(2)(3)(2)
2
Solution a 2 b

1.5 A1 2m
e1 A2

Z1 e2
Z
Z2
c d
2 2

Varignon's Theorem
F ( Z ) = F1Z1 + F2 Z 2
117.72 ( Z ) = 70.632(1) + 47.088(0.75)
Z = 0.9m
3) Force at the bottom hoop
Ft 2Ft

Ft F=117.72 kN 3m

F 0.9
Fb 2Fb

M =0
Fb
T

2 Fb (3) = 117.72(3 − 0.9)

Fb = 41.2 kN
Buoyancy
◼ Problem 1 An object floats in the body of water with one-tenth
of its volume staying above the water surface. If the specific
weight of water is 9790 N/m3, find the specific weight of the
object.
◼ Problem 2 A cylindrical bucket of 200 mm diameter and 350
mm high weighing 18 N contains oil (s.g = 0.80) to a depth of 200
mm. (a) What will be the depth of immersion if the bucket is
placed in water? (b) What additional volume of oil can be placed
in the bucket so that it will still float?
◼ Problem 3 A solid cylinder 1.2 m diameter and 1.0 m high
weighs 18 kN. It is connected to a spherical buoy having weight
of 0.8 kN and diameter of 1.2 m using a short wire. The
connected mechanism is then placed in a body of water. What is
the tension developed in the wire? What is the depth of
immersion of the spherical buoy?
Buoyancy

◼ Problem 3 A solid cylinder 1.2 m diameter and

1.0 m high weighs 18 kN. It is connected to a
spherical buoy having weight of 0.8 kN and diameter
of 1.2 m using a short wire. The connected
mechanism is then placed in a body of water. What
is the tension developed in the wire? What is the
depth of immersion of the spherical buoy?
◼ Problem 4 A cylindrical tank having a diameter
of 1.5 m is filled with oil (s.g. = 0.90) to a depth of
2.0 m. A wooden cube of specific gravity of 0.50 is
placed in tank to float. If the depth of immersion of
the cube is 0.25 m, how high will the oil in the tank
rise? What is the volume of the cube?
Example

◼ A parabolic gate shown in the figure below weighs 1500

kN. The top of the gate is hinged to the vertical wall and
the lower end is prevented from swinging outward by the
hump on the floor. Compute the reaction at the hinge
and at the hump. The lower end of the gate is just
touching the floor.
5m
6m
Water (9.79kN/m3) 13m
8m
End

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