STATISTICS AND PROBABILITY - 11

Name: ____________________________________ Section:

Teacher: __________________________________ Week : Q4 – 1
Learning Competency & Code:
1. Illustrates: a.) null hypothesis; b.) alternative hypothesis; c.) level of significance; d.) rejection region; e.)
types of errors in hypothesis testing. M11/12SP – IVa – 1

STATISTICAL HYPOTHESIS
In statistics, a hypothesis is an assumption or conjecture about a population parameter which may or may
not be true.
Null was defined as having no value or amounting to nothing

NULL AND ALTERNATIVE HYPOTHESIS

1. The null hypothesis, denoted by Ho, is a statement saying that there is no significant difference between
population parameter and the value that is being claimed. It is the hypothesis to be tested.
2. The alternative hypothesis, denoted Ha, is a statement saying that there is a significant difference between the
population parameter and the value that is being claimed. This is a statement that will be true once the null
hypothesis is rejected.
An alternative hypothesis is a statement that directly contradicts a null hypothesis by stating that that the
actual value of a population parameter is less than, greater than, or not equal to the value stated in the null
hypothesis.

One-tailed test will be used when using > or <.

Two-tailed test will be used when ≠is used.
Below are the common phrases used in hypothesis testing that will guide you the correct symbol to be used in
formulating alternative hypothesis.

> <
≠ =
greater than less than
above below not equal Equal to
higher than lower than different from the same as
longer than smaller than changed from not changed from
bigger than shorter than not the same as is
increased decreased or reduced
from

Example 1: The head of the P.E. Department if a certain high school claims that the mean height of Grade 7
students is 163 cm. The mean height of 45 randomly selected Grade 7 students is 161 cm. Using 0.01 significant
level, can it be concluded that the mean height of Grade 7 students is different from 163 cm as claimed by the
Head of the P.E. Department? The following are the null and the alternative hypothesis.

Answer: a. Null hypothesis: Ho :  = 163 cm

b. Alternative hypothesis: Ha:  ≠ 163 cm

Example 2: The manager of a TV station claims that the mean number of people watching their new sitcom in
Manila is 500,000 each day. A student researcher who wants statistical evidence on this claim conducted her own
survey. Her survey resulted to a mean of 499,995. Using a 0.05 level of significance level, can it be concluded that
the mean number of people watching the new sitcom is less than 500,000? The following are the null and the
alternative hypothesis.

Answer: a. Null hypothesis: Ho :  = 500,000

b. Alternative hypothesis: Ha:  < 500,000

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LEVEL OF SIGNIFICANCE
It is defined as the quality of being statistically significant. It refers to a criterion of judgment upon which a
decision is made regarding the value stated in a null hypothesis. Its value is between 0 to 1 or between 0% to
100%.
It is denoted by the Greek letter alpha 𝜶, is a probability of rejecting a true null hypothesis. In public health
research, alpha is usually 0.01 or 1%. In social science, alpha 𝛼 is usually 0.05 or 5% and 0.10 or 10% in other
studies. This implies that there is 1%, 5%, or 10% probability of rejecting a true null hypothesis. Further, it implies
that the result has 99%, 95%, or 90% chance of being true, respectively.

In symbol, it is written as: 𝜶 = 𝟎.𝟎𝟏, .𝟎𝟓 and 𝟎.𝟏𝟎

Furthermore, if the alternative hypothesis used ≠, then alpha will be divided by 2, i.e., 𝜶 𝟐⁄ = 𝟎.𝟎𝟎𝟓 𝜶 𝟐 ⁄ =
𝟎.𝟎𝟐𝟓 or 𝜶 𝟐 ⁄ = 𝟎.𝟎𝟓.

CRITICAL REGION , CRITICAL VALUES

Critical region, also known as rejection region, is a range of values that corresponds to the rejection of the
null hypothesis. If the value of the test statistic is within the critical region, then the null hypothesis is rejected.
Otherwise, the null hypothesis is not rejected. This will be based on the alternative hypothesis.
Critical values of the tests of hypotheses are the number or numbers that determine the rejection region.
Thus, critical region might be a single number or an interval.

For one-tailed test or directional test <, the critical region is at the left side of the acceptance region.
For one-tailed test or directional test >, the critical region is at the right side of the acceptance region.
For two-tailed test or non-directional test ≠, the critical region is at the left and right sides of the
acceptance region
0.6
0.5 Ha :  < 0 0.6
Ha :  > 0
0.5
0.4 Acceptance region 0.4 critical region 
0.3
0.2critical region  0.3
acceptance region
0.1 0.2
0 0.1
-3 -2 -1 0 1 2 3 0
z -3 -2 -1 0 1 2 3
z
-z
z
Reject Ho Reject Ho
0.6
0.5 Ha :  ≠ 0
0.4 Acceptance region critical region /2
0.3
0.2critical region /2
0.1
0
-3 -2 -1 0 1 2 3
z
-z/2 z/2

Reject Ho Reject Ho

TYPES OF ERRORS

Type I error is committed when rejecting a true null hypothesis. The probability of committing it is denoted by 𝜶 or
the level of significance.
Type I error is committed when accepting a false null hypothesis. The probability of committing it is denoted by 𝜷.

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Example: The mean number of years a teacher work before retiring is 30.
Answer:
Type I error: We conclude that the mean number of years a teacher work before retiring is not 30 years, when it
really is 30 years.
Type II error: We conclude that the mean number of years a teacher work before retiring is 30 years, when in fact
it really is not 30 years.

Activity 1:
Directions: Express the null hypothesis Ho and the alternative hypothesis H a in notation form in the following
scenarios.
1. Last year the mean number of ladies bags produced by GB company was 2,500 per day. This year, the
manager claims that there is an increase in the number of bags produced. A researcher who wants to find out
whether this is true counted the number of bags produced each day for a period of one month. His computation
resulted to a mean of 2,515 ladies’ bags. At 0.05 significance level, is there enough evidence to conclude that
the mean number of ladies’ bags produced by GB Company is greater than 2,500?
Null hypothesis: _________________
Alternative hypothesis: _________________
2. The LB company produces an average of 4% defective bulbs each day. Recently, some of the machines were
upgraded. Out of the 400 bulbs randomly selected only 14 bulbs were found defective. Does this suggest that
there is a decrease in the number of defective bulbs produced each day? Use 0.05 significance level.
Null hypothesis: _________________
Alternative hypothesis: _________________

Activity 2:
Directions: Given a hypothesis. Formulate type I and II errors in a complete sentence of the given statements
below.
1. The average number of years to finish basic education is 14.
Type I:_______________________________________________________________________________
Type II:_______________________________________________________________________________

2. At least 40% of private school students transferred to public schools during the COVID 19 pandemic.
Type I:_______________________________________________________________________________
Type II:_______________________________________________________________________________

3. The mean expenses of a family during the COVID 19 pandemic increased at most by 15%.
Type I:_______________________________________________________________________________
Type II:_______________________________________________________________________________

4. Thirty-five percent of senior high school students enrolled to a track/ strand because of peer pressure.
Type I:_______________________________________________________________________________
Type II:_______________________________________________________________________________

5. During the COVID 19 pandemic, 8% of COVID 19 cases in the country were confirmed death cases.
Type I:_______________________________________________________________________________
Type II:_______________________________________________________________________________