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Please send your Materials & Question Papers to kalvikadal.in@gmail.com (or) Whatsapp - 9385336929.
https://www.kalvikadal.in https://material.kalvikadal.in

t.vz; ty;nyOj;J kpFk; ,lq;fs; v.fh

Nfhb> gj;J> vl;L> mir> ghjp vdtUk; Nfhbf;fiu> vl;Lj;njhif> gj;Jg;ghl;L>
1. miug;gq;F> ghjpf;fl;lzk;
vz;Zg;ngau;fspd; Kd; kpFk;.
2. ctikj;njhifapy; kpFk;. Kj;Jg;gy;
3. ,uz;lhk; Ntw;Wik tpupapy; kpFk;. kioePiur;Nrkpg;Nghk;
4. %d;whk; Ntw;Wik cUGk; gaDk; cld;njhf;f njhifapy; kpFk;. jhkiuf;Fsk;
5. ehd;fhk; Ntw;Wik tpupapy; kpFk;. jk;gpf;Ff;nfhLj;jhd;
6. m/wpiz Mwhk; Ntw;Wikj;njhifapy; kpFk;. ahidf;nfhk;G
7. Vohk; Ntw;Wikj;njhifapy; kpFk;. kidg;GFe;jhu;
8. Vohk; Ntw;Wik cUGk; gaDk; cld;njhf;f njhifapy; kpFk;. Ntu;f;fliy
9. Rl;nlOj;Jfspd; Kd; tUk;. mg;Gj;jfk;> ,g;ngl;b
10. Rl;Lj;jpupGfspd; Kd; tUk;. me;jg;ngl;b> ,e;jg;Gj;jfk;
11. XnuOj;J xUnkhopapd;gpd; kpFk;. ifg;ngl;b> ijg;nghq;fy;
12. Ifhu <w;Wr;nrhw;fspd;gpd; kpFk;. njhiyf;fhl;rp> njhiyg;Ngrp
13. <Wnfl;l vjpu;kiwg;nganur;rj;jpd;gpd; kpFk;. Xlhf;Fjpiu> ghlhg;ghl;L
14. ‘v’ vd;Dk; tpdh vOj;jpd;gpd; kpFk;. vg;nghUs;
15. mg;gb> ,g;gb> vg;gb vd;Dk; nrhw;fspd;gpd; kpFk;. mg;gbr;nrhd;dhd;> ,g;gbg;Ngryhkh?> vg;gbj;jUtha;?
n
16. Ma;> Ngha; vd;Wk; tpidnar;rq;fspd;gpd; kpFk;. tUtjha;r;nrhd;dhd;> Ngha;g;ghu;j;jhd;
17. ,Unganuhl;Lg; gz;Gj;njhifapy; kpFk;. rhiug;ghk;G> ijj;jpq;fs;
l.i

t.vz; ty;nyOj;J kpfh ,lq;fs; v.fh

1. mJ> ,J> vJ> VJ> ahJ> mit> mJfz;
vit> ,it> ahit> mj;jid> vJ je;jha;
da
ahit Nghapd
,j;jid goik
VJ fz;lha;
mit ngupad
ka
,j;jid> vj;jid> mt;tsT> ahJ nghUs; mt;tsT gRf;fs; ,it Gjpait
,t;tsT> vt;tsT Mfpa vit rpwe;jd vt;tsT fz;fs; vj;jid gz;ghL?
vi
nrhw;fspd;gpd; ty;ypdk; kpfhJ. ,J Gj;jfk; mj;jid GJikah ,t;tsT jq;fk;

al
2. tpidj;njhifapy; kpfhJ. gha;Gyp> RLNrhW

3. ck;ikj;njhifapy; kpfhJ. jha;je;ij> ,uTgfy;
.k
4. xd;W Kjy; MWtiuAs;s vz;Zg;ngau;fspd;gpd; kpfhJ. xd;W nra;> ,uz;L Gj;jfq;fs;

5. vOtha;j; njhlupy; kpfhJ. jk;gp Ngh!> jq;if ghbdhs;.
w
6. nganur;rj;jpd; gpd; kpfhJ. ey;y ghk;G> Xba Fjpiu

w
7. tpaq;Nfhs; tpidKw;wpd;gpd; kpfhJ. thopa nre;jkpo;!> mopf jPnahOf;fk;

8. ‘fs;’ vd;Dk; ,Wjpepiyf;FKd; kpfhJ. tho;j;Jfs;> vOj;Jfs;> Njhg;Gfs;
w

10Mk; tFg;G jkpo; rpwg;Gf;ifNal;bd; rpwg;gk;rq;fs; :

 Gj;jf tpdhf;fSf;F rupahd kw;Wk; vspa tpilfs; jug;gl;Ls;sd.
 muR khjpup tpdhj;jhs; - 2019> Nk - 2022> Jizj;Nju;Tfs; - 2020> 2021 & 2022
kw;Wk; 6 PTA tpdhf;fSf;fhd tpilfs; nfhLf;fg;gl;Ls;sd.
 Nju;tpy; Nfl;fg;gl;l $Ljy; tpdhf;fs; me;je;j gFjpapy; kjpg;ngz;
mbg;gilapy; nfhLf;fg;gl;Ls;sd.
 tpdhj;jhs; tbtikg;Gj; njhFg;gpy;> Nju;tpy; Nfl;fg;gLk; Kiw>
EZf;fq;fs; nfhLf;fg;gl;Ls;sd. Njitahd rpy nghJ jiyg;Gfs;
njhFj;Jk; toq;fg;gl;Ls;sd.
Fwpg;G : KOikahd tpilfis gbf;f> Nju;T rhu;e;j $Ljy;
tpdhf;fSf;F ‘KOikf;ifNal;bid’ thq;fp gbf;fTk;.
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QJK8VOIIN
,a
ay; jiyg;Gfs; g.vz;
1. mKjCw;W 5 - 16
2. capupd; Xir 17 - 29
3. $l;lhQ;NrhW 30 - 46
4. ehd;fhk; jkpo; 47 - 60
5. kzw;Nfzp 61 - 72
6. epyh Kw;wk; 73 - 91
7. tpijney; 92 - 107
8. ngUtop 108 - 124
9. md;gpd; nkhop 125 - 139
tpdhj;jhs; tbtikg;gpd; njhFg;Gfs; 140 - 172
muRR khjpup tpdhj;jhs; 2019 173 - 176
n
FwpgG; : xt;nthU ,aYk; jpwd; mwpNthk; tpdh tpil> nkhopia Ms;Nthk;> nkhopNahL tpisahL
l.i
kw;Wk; fw;git fw;wgpd; vd;w tupirapd; mbg;gilapy; tbtikf;fg;gl;Ls;sJ. Nju;tpy;
Nfl;fg;gl;l $Ljy; tpdhf;fs; kl;Lk; nfhLf;fg;gl;Ls;sd.
ghlj;jiyg;GfSk; Mrpupau; ngau;fSk; da
(Mrpupau; ngau; 1 kjpg;ngz; tpdhf;fspy; Nfl;f tha;gG; s;sJ)
ka
nr - m: md;id nkhopNa ghtyNuW ngUQ;rpj;jpudhu;
c: jkpo;r;nrhy; tsk; NjtNeag; ghthzu;
vi
1. mKjCw;W nr - M: ,ul;Lw nkhopjy; re;jf;ftpkzp jkpoofdhu;

al
tp: ciueilapd; mzpeyd;fs; vopy;Kjy;td;

nr - m: fhw;Nw th! ghujpahu;
.k
2. capupd; Xir nr - M: Ky;iyg;ghl;L eg;G+jdhu;

tp: GaypNy xU Njhzp g. rpq;fhuk;
w
nr - m: fhrpf;fhz;lk; mjptPuuhk ghz;bau;

nr - M: kiygLflhk; ngUq;nfsrpfdhu;
w
3. $l;lhQ;NrhW tp: Nfhgy;yGuj;J kf;fs; fp. uh[ehuhazd;

w
th: jpUf;Fws; jpUts;Stu;

nr - m: ngUkhs; jpUnkhop FyNrfuho;thu;
4. ehd;fhk; jkpo; nr - M: gupghly; fPue;ijahu;
nr - m: ePjpntz;gh fh.g. nra;Fjk;gpg; ghtyu;
5. kzw;Nfzp nr - M: jpUtpisahlw; Guhzk; guQ;Nrhjp Kdptu;
tp: Gjpa ek;gpf;if fkyhyad;
nr - m: G+j;njhLj;jy; ckh kNf];tup
nr - M: Kj;Jf;Fkhurhkp gps;isj;jkpo; FkuFUguu;
6. epyh Kw;wk; nr - ,: fk;guhkhazk; fk;gu;
tp: gha;r;ry; rh. fe;jrhkp
th: jpUf;Fws; jpUts;Stu;
c: rpw;wfy; xsp kh.ngh. rptQhdk;
nr - m: Vu; Gjpjh? F.g. uh[Nfhghyd;
7. tpijney; nr - M: nka;f;fPu;j;jp ,uz;lhk; ,uhruhr Nrhod;
nr - ,: rpyg;gjpfhuk; ,sq;Nfhtbfs;
nr - m: Qhdk; jp.nrh. NtZNfhghyd;
8. ngUtop nr - M: fhyf;fzpjk; fz;zjhrd;
nr - m: rpj;jhS eh$u; &kp
9. md;gpd; nkhop nr - M: Njk;ghtzp tPukhKdptu;
tp: xUtd; ,Uf;fpwhd; F. mofpuprhkp
kdg;ghlg; gFjp
1. m) md;id nkhopNa
mofhu;e;j nre;jkpNo! [PTA - 4, PTA - 6]
2. M) Ky;iyg;ghl;L
ey;Nyhu; tpupr;rp Nfl;ly; [PTA - 3]
md;id nkhopNa! mofhu;e;j nre;jkpNo! [MAY-2022]
rpWjhk;G njhLj;j griyf; fd;wpd;
Kd;idf;Fk; Kd;id Kfpo;j;j eWq;fdpNa! [SEP-2021]
cWJau; mykuy; Nehf;fp> Ma;kfs;
fd;dpf; Fkupf; fly;nfhz;l ehl;bilapy;
kd;dp murpUe;j kz;Zyfg; NguuNr! eLq;F Rty; mirj;j ifas;> “ifa
nfhLq;Nfhw; Nfhtyu; gpd;epd;W ca;j;ju
njd;dd; kfNs! jpUf;Fwspd; khz;GfNo! [PTA – 1] ,d;Nd tUFtu;> jhau;” vd;Nghs;
,d;dWk; ghg;gj;Nj! vz;njhifNa! ew;fzf;Nf! ed;du; ed;nkhop Nfl;ldk;
kd;DQ; rpyk;Ng! kzpNk fiytbNt! - eg;G+jdhu;;.
Kd;Dk; epidthy; Kbjho tho;j;JtNk!
- ghtyNuW ngUQ;rjp j
; pudhu;
4. m)ngUkhs; jpUnkhop [MDL - 19]
n
thshy; mWj;Jr; RbDk; kUj;Jtd; ghy;
l.i
3. m) fhrpf;fhz;lk; [PTA - 2, PTA - 5] khshj fhjy; Nehahsd; Nghy; khaj;jhy;
kPshj; Jau;jupDk; tpj;Jtf; Nfhl;lk;kh! eP
tpUe;jpddhf xUtd; te;J vjpupd;
tpaj;jy; ed;nkhop ,dpJ ciuj;jy;
jpUe;Jw Nehf;fy; tUf vd ciuj;jy;
da
Msh cdjUNs ghu;gg ; d; mbNaNd. [AUG-22]
- FyNrfuho;thu;
ka
vOjy; Kd; kfpo;td nrg;gy;
nghUe;J kw;Wmtd; jd;mUFw ,Uj;jy; 5. m) ePjpntz;gh
vi
Nghnkdpy; gpd; nry;tjhjy; mUisg; ngUf;fp mwpitj; jpUj;jp

gupe;Jed; Kfkd; toq;fy; ,t;nthd;ghd;
al
kUis mfw;wp kjpf;Fk; njUis

xOf;fKk; topgLk; gz;Ng mUj;JtJk; Mtpf;F mUe;Jizaha; ,d;gk;
.k
- mjptPuuhk ghz;bau; nghUj;JtJk; fy;tpnad;Nw Nghw;W.

- fh.g. nra;Fjk;gpg; ghtyu;;
w
w
5. M)jjpUtpisahlw;Guhzk;
kd;dd;> Gytuplk; kd;dpg;ig Ntz;Ljy; [PTA - 5]
w
Gz;zpag; GytPu; ahd; ,g;Ngho;J ,ilf; fhldhu;f;Fg;

gz;zpa Fw;wk; vy;yhk; nghWf;f vdg; gutpj; jho;e;jhd;
Ez;zpa Nfs;tp NahUk; kd;deP Etd;w nrhy;yhk;
jz;zpa mKjhy; vq;fs; Nfhgj;jPj; jzpe;jJ vd;dh.
- guQ;Nrhjp Kdptu;
6. M)K
Kj;Jf;Fkhurhkp gps;isj;jkpo;
MLf nrq;fPiu! [PTA - 4]
nrk;ngh dbr;rpW fpq; fpzpNahL rpyk;G fye;jhlj;
jpUtiu aiuQh ziukzp nahL nkhsp jpfoiu tlkhlg;
igk;ngh dRk;gpa njhe;jp nahLQ;rpW gz;b rupe;jhlg;
gl;l Ejw;nghyp nghl;nlhL tl;lr; Rl;b gjpe;jhlf;
fk;gp tpjk;nghjp Fz;ly Kq;Fio fhJ kire;jhlf;
fl;ba R+opA Kr;rpA Kr;rpf; fjpu;Kj; njhLkhl
tk;gt sj;jpU NkdpA khbl MLf nrq;fPiu
Mjp tapj;jpa ehj Gupf;Ff dhLf nrq;fPiu
- FkuFUguu;
6. ,) fk;guhkhazk; 9. M) Njk;ghtzp
ghyfhz;lk; - ehl;Lg;glyk; [SEP – 2021] ,aw;if nfhz;l gupT
jz;liy kapy;fshl jhkiu tpsf;fe; jhq;f> [MAY-2022, PTA - 2, MDL - 19]
nfhz;ly;fs; KotpNdq;f Ftisfz; tpopj;J Nehf;f> etkzp tlf;f apy;Nghy;
njz;biu naopdp fhl;l Njk;gpop kfuahopd; ey;ywg; gliyg; G+l;Lk;
tz;Lfsp dpJghl kUjk;tPw;wp Uf;Fk;khNjh. jtkzp khu;gd; nrhd;d
mNahj;jpah fhz;lk; - fq;ifg; glyk; jd;dpirf;F ,irfs; ghlj;
nta;Nahd; xsp jd; Nkdpapy; tpup Nrhjpapy; kiwag; Jtkzp kuq;fs; NjhWk;
ngha;Nah vDk; ,ilahnshLk; ,isahndhLk; Nghdhd;@ Jzu;mzpr; Ridfs; NjhWk;
ikNah? kufjNkh? kwpflNyh? kio KfpNyh? ctkzp fhdk;nfhy; vd;W
INah ,td; tbT vd;gJ Xu; mopah moF cilahd;. xypj;J mOt Nghd;Nw.
- fk;gu; - tPukhKdptu;
8. M) fhyf;fzpjk; [PTA - 3]
7. ,) rpyg;gjpfhuk; [AUG - 22, PTA – 1, 6]
n
khw;wk; vdJ khdplj; jj;Jtk;@
J}Rk; JfpUk; MuKk; mfpYk;
l.i
khWk; cyfpd; kfj;Jtk; mwpNtd;!
vt;ntit jPik vt;ntit ed;ik khRmW Kj;Jk; kzpAk; nghd;Dk;
mUq;fy ntWf;ifNahL mse;Jfil mwpah
vd;g jwpe;J VFnkd; rhiy!
jiytu; khWtu;@ ju;ghu; khWk;@
da
tsk;jiy kaq;fpa ede;jiy kWFk;;;
ka
jj;Jtk; kl;LNk ml;ra ghj;jpuk;! ghy;tif njupe;j gFjpg; gz;lnkhL
nfhs;Nthu; nfhs;f@ Fiug;Nghu; Fiuf;f!
$yk; Ftpj;j $y tPjpAk;; ;
cs;tha; thu;j;ij clk;G njhlhJ@
vi
ehNd njhlf;fk;@ ehNd KbT@ - ,sq;;Nfhtbfs;

al
ehDiug; gJjhd; ehl;bd; rl;lk;!

- fz;zjhrd;
.k
6. jpUf;Fws;
w
mikr;R
w
3. jpUf;Fws; nraw;if mwpe;jf; filj;Jk; cyfj;

nka; czu;jy; jpaw;if mwpe;J nray;. [PTA - 1]
w
vg;nghUs; vj;jd;ikj; jhapDk; mg;nghUs;

nka;g;nghUs; fhz;g jwpT. nghUs; nray; tif
ngupahiuj; Jizf;Nfhly; [PTA - 4, 5] nghUsy; ytiug; nghUshfr; nra;Ak;
gy;yhu; gifnfhsypd; gj;jLj;j jPikj;Nj nghUsy;y jpy;iy nghUs;.
ey;yhu; njhlu;if tply;. [AUG – 2022] Fd;Nwwp ahidg;Nghu; fz;lw;why; jd;ifj;njhd;
fz;Nzhl;lk; [MDL - 19, PTA - 2] Wz;lhfr; nra;thd; tpid. [PTA - 3]
gz;vd;dhk; ghlw; fpiagpd;Nwy;@ fz;vd;dhk;
fz;Nzhl;lk; ,y;yhj fz;. Fbnray; tif
Ms;tpid cilik Fw;wk; ,ydha;f; Fbnra;J tho;thidr;
mUik cilj;njd; wrhthik Ntz;Lk; Rw;wkhr; Rw;Wk; cyF. [PTA – 6, SEP – 2020]
ngUik Kaw;rp jUk;.
Kaw;rp jpUtpid Mf;Fk; Kaw;wpd;ik ey;FuT
,d;ik GFj;jp tpLk;. [MAY-2022] ,d;ikapd; ,d;dhj jpahnjdpd; ,d;;ikapd;
- jpUts;Stu; ,d;ikNa ,d;dh jJ.
- jpUts;Stu;
,ay; - 1. mKjCw;W 5
,ay;-1
,ay;-1
1. mKjCw;W
gyTs; njhpf
1. ‘nkj;j tzpfyd;’ vd;Dk; njhlupy; jkpoofdhu; Fwpg;gpLtJ – *nr-2
m) tzpff; fg;gy;fSk; Ik;ngUk; fhg;gpaq;fSk;
M) ngUk; tzpfKk; ngUk; fyd;fSk;
,) Ik;ngUk; fhg;gpaq;fSk; mzpfyd;fSk;
<) tzpff; fg;gy;fSk; mzpfyd;fSk;
2. ‘fha;e;j ,iyAk; fha;e;j NjhifAk;’ epyj;Jf;F ey;y cuq;fs;. ,j;njhlupy; mbf;Nfhbl;l
gFjp Fwpg;gpLtJ– *c [AUG – 2022, SEP – 2021, [MDL - 19]
m) ,iyAk; rUFk; M) NjhifAk;; rz;Lk; ,) jhSk; XiyAk;; <) rUFk; rz;Lk;
3. ve;jkpo;eh vd;gijg; gpupj;jhy; ,t;thW tUk;–
n
*nr-1 [SEP – 2021]
m) ve; +jkpo; +eh M) ve;j+jkpo;+eh ,) vk;+jkpo;+eh <) ve;jk;+jkpo;+eh
l.i
; ;
4. ‘Nfl;ltu; kfpog; ghba ghly; ,J’– njhlupy; ,lk;ngw;Ws;s njhopw;ngaUk; tpidahyizAk; ngaUk;
KiwNa–
da *, [PTA – 3]
m) ghba; Nfl;ltu; M) ghly;; ghba ,) Nfl;ltu;; ghba <) ghly;;@ Nfl;ltu;
ka
5. Ntu;f;fliy> kpsfha; tpij> khq;nfhl;il Mfpatw;iwf; Fwpf;Fk; gapu;tif -
vi
m) Fiy tif M) kzp tif *c [PTA – 4, MAY–2022]

,) nfhOe;J tif <) ,iy tif
al
$Ljy; tpdhf;fs;
.k
6. ‘rhFk; NghJk; jkpo; gbj;Jr; rhf Ntz;Lk; vd;wd;

rhk;gYk; jkpo; kze;J Ntf Ntz;Lk;’ – vd;W $wpatu; :
w
*nr-1 [AUG – 2022]

m) jpU.tp.f M) f. rr;rpjhde;jd; ,) eg;G+jdhu; <) jdpehaf mbfs;
w
7. ‘nkhopQhapW’ vd;wiof;fg;gLgtu; ahu;? *c [AUG – 2022]

w
m) jkpoofdhu; M) fk;gu; ,) NjtNeag; ghthzu; <) ituKj;J

8. kyu;tpop ghbdhs; - ,j;njhlu; : *, [MAY – 2022]
m) nghJnkhop M) jdpnkhop ,) njhlu;nkhop <) mLf;Fj;njhlu;
9. nghUj;Jf. *, [SEP – 2020] njhpTfs;
1. tpidKw;W - i) nfL m) 1-iv 2-iii 3-ii 4-i
2. njhopw;ngau; - ii) fl;L M) 1-iii 2-i 3-iv 4-ii
3. Kjdpiyj; njhopw;ngau; - iii) va;jy; ,) 1-iv 2-iiii 3-i 4-ii
4. tpidab - iv) te;jhd; <) 1-i 2-iii 3-ii 4-iv
10. vs;spypUe;J vz;nza; vLj;jypd; kpQ;Rtijf; Fwpf;Fk; rupahd nrhy; *c [PTA – 1, 2]
m) vs;frL M) gpz;zhf;F ,) Mkzf;F <) vs;fl;b
11. ,ikfis %bagb vOJk; Mw;wiyf; fw;Wf; nfhz;ltu; *c [PTA – 2]
m) jkpoofdhh; M) mg;ghj;Jiuahu; ,) NjtNeag; ghthzu; <) ,uh. ,sq;Fkudhu;
12. njhopiyr; nra;Ak; fUj;jhitf; Fwpg;gJ *, [PTA - 1]
m) njhopw;ngau; M) Kjdpiy jpupe;j njhopw;ngau;
,) Kjdpiyj; njhopw;ngau; <) tpidahyizAk; ngau;
wtsteam100@gmail.com www.waytosuccess.org
6 " ntw;wpf;F top - 10Mk; tFg;G jkpo;

13. ,iyAjpu;fhyk; …… rUfhapd! *, [PTA - 4]
,ay;-1
,ay;-1
kiof;fhyk; …… jioj;jd!
rUFfNsh nrOikahd cuq;fshapd!
- GJf;ftpijf;Fg; nghUj;jkhd vJif> Nkhidr; nrhw;fis ,l;L epug;Gf.
m) kuq;fnsy;yhk;> fpisgug;gpd M) fhnly;yhk;> tsu;e;jd
,) ,iyfnsy;yhk;> kuq;fnsy;yhk; <) kiynay;yhk;> Kise;jd
14. nt//Fthu;f;fpy;iy> cudir,- ,r;nrhw;fspy; cs;s msngilfs; *, [PTA -6]
m) xw;wsngil> nrhy;ypir msngil M) ,d;dpir msngil> nrhy;ypir msngil
,) nrhy;ypir msngil> xw;wsngil <) xw;wsngil> ,d;dpir msngil
FWtpdh
1. ‘Ntq;if’ vd;gijj; njhlu;nkhopahfTk; nghJnkhopahfTk; NtWgLj;jpf; fhl;Lf. *, [PTA - 2]
Å Ntq;if - Ntk;+if vd gpupe;J> njhlu;nkhopahf “Ntfpd;w if” vd;w nghUs; jUfpwJ.
Å Ntq;if - jdpj;J epd;W nghJnkhopahf Ntq;if vd;Dk; kuj;ijf; Fwpf;fpwJ.
2. “kd;Dk; rpyk;Ng! kzpNk fiytbNt !
n
*nr-1 [MDL - 19, MAY – 2022]
l.i
Kd;Dk; epidthy; Kbjho tho;j;JtNk ! - ,t;tbfspy; ,lk;ngw;Ws;s fhg;gpaq;fisj; jtpu
vQ;rpAs;s Ik;ngUq;fhg;gpaq;fspd; ngau;fis vOJf.
Î vQ;rpAs;s fhg;gpaq;fs; %d;W : da
Å rPtf rpe;jhkzp Å tisahgjp Å Fz;lyNfrp
ka
3. xU jhw;wpy; gy rPg;G thiog;goq;fs; cs;sd.
vi
xU rPg;gpy; gy jhW thiog;goq;fs; cs;sd.

al
xU rPg;gpy; gy thiog;goq;fs; cs;sd.

Nkw;fz;l njhlu;fspy; rupahd njhlu;fisr; Rl;bf;fhl;b> vQ;rpa gpioahd njhlupYs;s gpiof;fhd
.k
fhuzj;ij vOJf. *c
w
rupahd njhlu;fs; :
w
1. xU jhw;wpy; gy rPg;G thiog;goq;fs; cs;sd.

2. xU rPg;gpy; gy thiog;goq;fs; cs;sd.
w
gpioahd njhlu; : xU rPg;gpy; gy jhW thiog;goq;fs; cs;sd.

gpiof;fhd fhuzk; : xU jhw;wpy;jhd; gy rPg;G thiog;goq;fs; ,Uf;Fk;.
4. “cLg;gJ}ck; cz;gJ}ck; fhzpd; gpwu;Nky;
tLf;fhz; tw;whFk; fPo;” - ,f;Fwspy; mike;Js;s msngilapd; tifiar; Rl;b> mjd;
,yf;fzk; jUf. *, [PTA – 6, AUG – 2022]
Å msngil tif : cLg;gJ}ck;> cz;gJ}ck; ,d;dpir msngil MFk;.
Å ,yf;fzk; : nra;Aspy; Xir Fiwahj ,lj;Jk; ,dpa Xirf;fhf Fwpy; nebyhfp
msngLg;gJ ,d;dpir msngil MFk;.
5. jw;fhy ciueilapy; rpNyil mikAk;; eaj;jpw;F Xu; vLj;Jf;fhl;Lj; jUf. *nr-2
Å xU nrhy;Nyh> nrhw;nwhlNuh ,UnghUs;gl tUtJ ,ul;Lw nkhopjy; mzp (m) rpNyil vdg;gLk;.
Å jw;fhy ciueilapy; rpNyil mikAk;; eak; : 'cg;Gkhitj; jpd;d KbaiyNah! cg;Gkh
Vd; njhz;iliaf; Fj;Jfpwjh!” vd mk;kh Foe;ijia Nfhgpj;Jf; nfhz;lhH. mUfpy;
,Ue;j fp.th.[fe;ehjd; cg;Gkhit thapy; Nghl;Lf;nfhz;L> 'Mkhk;. ,e;j cg;Gkh njhz;iliaf;
Fj;jj;jhd; nra;Ak;” vd;whH. Vd; vd;W Nfl;f> 'Crp ,Uf;fpwJ” vd;W $wpr; rpupj;jhH!
,ay; - 1. mKjCw;W 7
$Ljy; tpdhf;fs;
,ay;-1
,ay;-1
6. G+tpd; epiyfis tupirg;gLj;jp vOJf. *c [AUG – 2022]
m) mUk;G - G+tpd; Njhw;wepiy
M) NghJ - G+ tpupaj; njhlq;Fk; epiy
,) kyu; (myu;) - G+tpd; kyu;e;j epiy
<) tP - kuQ;nrbapdpd;W G+ fPNo tpOe;j epiy
c) nrk;ky; - G+ thbd epiy
7. jkpo;r;nrhy; tsk; Fwpj;Jf; fhy;Lnty; Fwpg;gpLk; fUj;ij vOJf. *c [PTA– 1]
fhy;Lnty; Fwpg;gpLk; fUj;J :
Å jkpopy; cs;s xUnghUl; gynrhy; tupirfs; gpw jpuhtpl nkhopfspy; ,y;iy.
Å jkpopy; kl;Lk; gad;gLj;jg;gLk; nrhw;fs; kl;Lkpd;wp gpw jpuhtpl nkhopfSf;F cupajhff;
fUjg;gLk; nrhw;fSk; jkpopy; cs;sd.
8. 'nfhLg;gJ}ck; Ja;g;gJ}ck; ,y;yhu;f;F mLf;fpa *, [PTA - 5]
Nfhbcz; lhapDk; ,y;" - ,f;Fwspy; tUk; msngilfis vLj;J vOJf.
nfhLg;gJ}ck;> Ja;g;gJ}ck; - ,d;dpir msngil
n
l.i
rpWtpdh
da
1. jkpod;idia tho;j;Jtjw;fhd fhuzq;fshfg; ghtyNuW Rl;Ltd ahit? *nr-1 [PTA–2, MAY-2022]
Å goikf;Fg; goikaha;j; Njhd;wpa eWq;fdp> jkpo;.
ka
Å Fkupf; fz;lj;jpy; epiyj;J murhz;l kz;Zyfg; NguuR> jkpo;.
Å ghz;ba kd;ddpd; kfs;> jkpo;.
vi
Å jpUf;Fwspd; ngUk; ngUikf;FhpaJ> jkpo;.

Å gj;Jg;ghl;lhfTk;>
al
vl;Lj;njhifahfTk;> gjpndz;fPo;f;fzf;F E}y;fshfTk;>

Ik;ngUq;fhg;gpaq;fshfTk; rpwg;Gwj; jpfOtJ> jkpo;.
.k
Å vdNt> jkpod;idiaj; jiygzpe;J tho;j;Jtjhfg; ghtyNuW Rl;bf;fhl;Lfpwhh;.

w
2. ‘Gspaq;fd;W Mokhf elg;g l;Ls;sJ’ ,JNghy; ,sk; gapu; tif Ie;j pd; ngau;f isj;
w
njhlu;fspy; mikf;f . *c [PTA – 3, MAY-2022]

Å fd;W
w
- Gspaq;fd;W Mokhf elg;gl;Ls;sJ.

Å ehw;W - re;ijapypUe;J fj;jpup ehw;Wfs; thq;fp te;J Njhl;lj;jpy; el;Ls;Nsd;.
Å FUj;J - Njhl;lj;jpy; thiof;FUj;Jfs; ed;F tsu;e;Js;sd.
Å gps;is - New;W vq;fs; Njhg;gpy; njd;dk;gps;isfis el;Nlhk;.
Å tlyp - rhiy Xuj;jpy; elg;gl;l gid tlypfs; ed;F tsu;e;Js;sd.
Å igq;$o; - vq;fs; ney;ypd; igq;$o; ed;whf tsu;e;Js;sJ.
3. ‘mwpe;jJ> mwpahjJ> Gupe;jJ> GupahjJ> njupe;jJ> njupahjJ> gpwe;jJ> gpwthjJ’ ,it
midj;ijAk; ahk; mwpNthk;. mJgw;wp ckJ mwpTiu vkf;Fj; Njit ,y;iy. vy;yhk;
vkf;Fj; njupAk;. *,
,f;$w;wpy; jbj;j vOj;Jfspy; cs;s tpidKw;Wfisj; njhopw;ngau;fshf khw;wp vOJf.
tpidKw;W njhopw;ngau; vjpu;kiw tpidKw;W njhopw;ngau;
mwpe;jJ mwpjy; mwpahjJ mwwpahik
Gupe;jJ Gupjy; GupahjJ Gupahiik
njupe;jJ njupjy; njupahjJ njupahi ik
gpwe;jJ gpwj;jy; gpwthjJ gpwthiik

4. jkpoofdhu; jkpioAk; fliyAk; ,ul;LwnkhopAk; ghq;fpid tpsf;Ff. *nr-2 [PTA - 6]
,ay;-1
,ay;-1
ghly; jkpo; fly;
%d;W + jkpo;; ,ay;> ,ir> Kj;J + mkpo;; fly; Kj;jpidAk;
Kj;jkpo; Ja;g;gjhy;
ehlfk; vd Kj;jkpoha; tsu;e;jJ. mkpo;jpidAk; jUfpwJ.
jkpohdJ Kjy;> ,il> fil Mfpa ntz;rq;F> ryQ;ryk; ghQ;rrd;ak;
Kr;rq;fk; fz;ljhy;
Kr;rq;fq;fshy; tsu;f;fg;gl;lJ. Mfpa %d;W rq;Ffis fly; jUfpwJ.
Ik;ngUq;fhg;gpaq;fis kpFjpahd tzpff;fg;gy;fs;
nkj;j tzpfyKk;
mzpfyd;fshfg; ngw;wJ. nry;Yk;gb ,Uf;fpwJ.
rq;fg;Gytu;fs; jkpio fhj;jdu;. fly; miy rq;fpid fhf;fpwJ.
rq;fj;jth; fhf;f
(rq;fj;jth; - rq;fg;Gyth;fs;) (rq;fj;jth; - rq;fpidj; jLj;jy;)
,t;thwhf> jkpioAk; fliyAk; ,ul;Lw nkhopjy; ghly;top jkpoofdhh; xg;gpLfpwhh;.
$Ljy; tpdh
5. njhopw;ngaUf;Fk; tpidahyizAk; ngaUf;Fk; cs;s NtWghL ahJ? *, [MDL–19]
njhopw;ngau; tpidahyizAk; ngau;
Å tpid> ngau;j;jd;ikahfp tpidia czu;j;Jk;. Å njhopiyr; nra;Ak; fUj;jhitf; Fwpf;Fk;.
n
Å fhyk; fhl;lhJ. Å fhyk; fhl;Lk;.
l.i
Å glu;f;iff;Nf cupaJ Å %tplj;jpw;Fk; cupaJ.
Å v.fh. ghLjy;> gbj;jy;
da
Å v.fh. ghbats;> gbj;jtu;.
ka
neLtpdh
vi
1. kNdhd;kzPak; Re;judhupd; jkpo;j;jha; tho;j;Jg; ghliyAk;> ngUQ;rpj;jpudhupd; jkpo;

al
tho;j;ijAk; xg;gpl;L Nkilg;Ngr;R xd;iw cUthf;Ff. *nr-1 [PTA–5, AUG–2022]

.k
jkpo;j;jha; tho;j;J kw;Wk; jkpo; tho;j;J xg;gPL

Å Kd;Diu
w
Å jkpopd; gpwg;G – Fkhpf;fz;lk;

w
Å jkpo;j;jhapd; ngUikfs;
Å cynfq;Fk; epiwe;j nkhop – jkpo;
w
Å jkpo; tho;f!
Kd;Diu
midtUf;Fk; tzf;fk;. ehk; ehs;NjhWk; topghl;Lf; $l;lj;jpy; ghLk; kNdhd;kzPak;
Re;judhupd; jkpo;j;jha; tho;j;Jg;ghliyAk;> ek; ghlg;gFjpapy; nfhLf;fg;gl;Ls;s
ngUQ;rpj;jpudhupd; jkpo; tho;j;ijAk; xg;gpl;L NgrNt cq;fs; Kd; epw;fpNwd;.
jkpopd; gpwg;G – Fkhpf;fz;lk; :
Ò Re;judhupd; jkpo;j;jha; tho;j;J : xyp vOg;Gk; ePh; epiwe;j flnyDk; MilALj;jpa
epynkDk; ngz;zhf jkpio tUzpf;fpd;whh;.
Ò ngUQ;rpj;jpudhupd; jkpo; tho;j;J : fly; nfhz;l Fkupf;fz;lj;jpy; epiyj;J
kz;Zyfk; Nghw;w murhz;l NguuR vd tUzpf;fpd;whh;.
jkpo;j;jhapd; ngUikfs; :
Ò Re;judhupd; jkpo;j;jha; tho;j;J : jkpo;j;jhapd; Kfkhf ghuj fz;lk; jpfo;fpwJ.
mk;Kfj;jpw;Fg; gpiwepyT Nghd;w new;wpahf jf;fhzg;gFjp mike;Js;sJ.
new;wpapy; eWkzkpf;f nghl;L itj;jJNghy; jkpofk; cs;sJ vd $Wfpwhh;.
Ò ngUQ;rpj;jpudhupd; jkpo; tho;j;J : jkpod;id ghz;badpd; kfs; vdTk;> jpUf;Fwspd;
ngUikf;Fupats; vdTk;;> gj;Jg;ghl;L> vl;Lj;njhif> gjpndz;fPo;f;fzf;F> rpyg;gjpfhuk;>
kzpNkfiy Nghd;w cyfk; Nghw;Wk; ,yf;fpaq;fisj; je;jts; vd $Wfpwhh;.
,ay; - 1. mKjCw;W 9
cynfq;Fk; epiwe;j nkhop – jkpo; :

,ay;-1
,ay;-1
Ò Re;judhupd; jkpo;j;jha; tho;j;J : jkpo;j;jhapd; jpyfj;jpd; kzk; vy;NyhiuAk; ,d;Gwr;
nra;tJNghy jkpo;nkhop cyfpd; vy;yhj;jpirfspYk; Gfo;ngw;w nkhopahf ,Uf;fpwJ.
Ò ngUQ;rpj;jpudhupd; jkpo; tho;j;J : gok;ngUikAk; jdpr;rpwg;Gk; nfhz;;lJ.
Ntw;Wnkhopahh; Gfo;e;Jiuf;Fk; mstpw;F cyfpd; vy;yhj; jpirfspYk;
capu;g;NghL tpsq;FfpwJ vd $Wfpwhh;.
jkpo; tho;f!
Ò Re;judhupd; jkpo;j;jha; tho;j;J : ,sikahf ,Uf;fpd;w jkpo;nkhopNa> cd; rpwg;ghd
jpwikia tpae;J cd; tag;gl;L vq;fs; nray;fis kwe;J cd;id
tho;j;JfpNwhk; vd $Wfpwhh;.
Ò ngUQ;rpj;jpudhupd; jkpo; tho;j;J : tz;lhdJ nre;jhkiuj; Njidf; Fbj;Jr;
rpwfirj;Jg; ghLtJ Nghd;W> ehq;fs; jkpohfpa cd;idr; Ritj;J> cd;
ngUikia vq;Fk; Koq;Ffpd;Nwhk; vd;W $Wfpd;whu;.
2. jkpopd; nrhy;tsk; gw;wpAk; Gjpa nrhy;yhf;fj;jpw;fhd Njit Fwpj;Jk; jkpo; kd;wj;jpy;
NgRtjw;fhd ciuf; Fwpg;Gfis vOJf. *c [PTA - 3, SEP – 2021, MAY-2022]
Fwpg;Gr;rl;lfk;
Å Kd;Diu Å nrhy;yhf;fj;jpw;fhd Njit
n
Å nrhy;tsk; Å KbTiu
Kd;Diu
l.i
fhynts;sj;jpy; fiue;JNghd nkhopfSf;fpilapy; ePe;jpj; jd;id epiyepWj;jpf;
da
nfhz;Ls;sJ jkpo;. vd;d tsk; ,y;iy? vd;W vz;zp tpaf;fj;jf;fthW gy;NtW
rpwg;gpay;Gfisf; nfhz;L tpsq;FfpwJ ek; nre;jkpo;nkhop. midj;J tsKk; cz;nld;W
tpilgfu;fpwJ> ek; jkpo;r;nrhy; tsk;.
ka
nrhy;tsk; :
Å nrhy;tsk; ,yf;fpar; nrk;nkhopfSf;nfy;yhk; nghJthapDk;> jkpo; mjpy; jiyrpwe;jjhFk;.
vi
Å nrhy;ypy;jhd; czu;Tk; nghUSk;; nghjpe;J fplf;fpd;wd.

Å nrhy;tsk; vd;gJ xU nghUs; Fwpj;JtUk; gy nrhy;yha;> gy nghUs; Fwpj;J tUk;
al
xU nrhy;yha; tUjYk; ek; jkpo;nkhopapy; cz;L.

.k
Å jkpopy; kl;Lk; gad;gLj;jg;gLk; nrhw;fs; kl;Lkpd;wp gpw jpuhtpl nkhopfSf;F cupajhff;

w
fUjg;gLk; nrhw;fSk; jkpopy; cs;sd.

Å rq;f ,yf;fpaj;jpy; ,jid mjpfkhff; fhzyhk;.
w
nrhy;yhf;fj;jpw;fhd Njit :
Å nkhopNa fyhr;rhuj;jpd; topfhl;b. mij epiyehl;l Gjpa nrhy;yhf;fk; Njit.
w
Å nrhy;yhf;fj;jpw;fhd Njit vd;gJ mjd; gad;ghl;L Kiwiaf; nfhz;Nl mikfpwJ.

ek; jkpo;nkhop ,d;iwa mwptpay; Kd;Ndw;wj;jpw;Nfw;g nrhy; tsj;ijg; ngUf;fpf;
nfhz;Nl nry;y Ntz;Lk;.
Å ,d;iwa mtru Afj;jpy; jkpopd; gad;ghL Fiwe;J tUtjhy; ,yf;fpaq;fSk; mjpy;
ifahSk; nrhy;tsKk; Fiwe;J tUfpd;wd.
Å ,yf;fpa Nkd;ikf;Fk; kf;fs; mwpTilatu;fshf cau;tjw;Fk; Gjpa nrhy;yhf;fk; Njit.
Å jkpopd; ngUikAk; nkhopapd; rpwg;Gk; Fd;whky; ,Uf;f jkpopy; Gjpa nrhy;yhf;fk; Njit.
Å cyfpd; Ma;Tr; rpe;jidfisj; jkpo;g;gLj;jp vOJk; NghJ gpwnkhop mwpahj jkpoUk;
mtw;iwf; Fwpj;J mwpe;Jnfhs;s KbAk;.
Å kf;fspilNa gue;j kdg;ghd;ikiaAk;> MSikiaAk; epiyehl;l Gjpa nrhy;yhf;fk;
Njitg;gLfpwJ.
Å gpwnkhopr;nrhw;fs; fythky; ,Uf;f fhyj;jpw;Nfw;g Gjpa fiyr;nrhy;yhf;fk; Vw;gLj;j Ntz;Lk;.
KbTiu
nkd;ikahd jkpio Nkd;ikahf;f mwptpay; njhopy;El;gr; nrhw;fisj; jkpo;g;gLj;jp
jkpopd; ngUikia cyfpw;Ff; nfhz;L nry;y Ntz;Lk;. fhyj;jpw;F Vw;gr; nrhy;tsk;
ngUFk;; tifapy; ehk; ,yf;fpaq;fis ,aw;wpl Ntz;Lk;.
jkpo;tsk; fhg;Nghk;! nrhy;tsk; ngUf;FNthk;!

3. xU gf;f mstpy; ciuahly; vOJf. *J [PTA – 2]
,ay;-1
,ay;-1
#oy; - ntspehl;bypUe;J cq;fs; ,y;yj;jpw;F te;jpUf;Fk; cwtpdupd; kfSf;Fj; jkpo;
nkhopiag; Ngr kl;LNk njupAk;. Mq;fpy ,yf;fpak; gbj;j mtuplk; jkpo;
ciueilapd; rpwg;Gg; gw;wp ciuahLjy;.
,j;jhypapypUe;J> jkpo;ehl;bw;Fj; jpUk;gpa godpapd; mz;zd; kfs; rrpfyhTk;> godpAk;
jkpo; ciueilapd; rpwg;Gfisg; gw;wp ciuahLfpd;wdu;.
godp : md;G kfNs! gy Mz;Lfs; fopj;J cd;id Neupy; ghu;g;gjpy; kpf;f kfpor ; r
; pailfpNwd;.
rrpfyh : may;ehl;by; tho;e;jhYk;> jha;ehl;bw;F te;jhy; jdp Gj;Jzu;r;rpjhd; rpj;jg;gh.
godp : miyNgrpapy; jkpo; ciueilapd; rpwg;Gfs; gw;wp Nfl;bUe;jhay;yth? ,g;NghJ NgRNthkh?
rrpfyh : ehd; MtYld; cs;Nsd;! ciueilf;Fk; ciuahlYf;Fk; tpj;jpahrk; vd;d?
godp : ehk; NgRfpNwhNk mJjhd; ciuahly;. Ngrpdhy; ciuahly;> vOjpdhy; ciueil.
rrpfyh : ciueilf;F VNjDk; vLj;Jf;fhl;Lf; $w KbAkh rpj;jg;gh!
godp : Vd; KbahJ! “fsk;Gfj; Jbj;J epd;w cdf;F> ntw;wpr;rhW fpilj;Jtpl;lJ> cz;L
kfpo;e;jha;; cd; Gd;difjhd; mjw;Fr; rhd;W” ,J mwpQh; mz;zhtpd; ciueil.
rrpfyh : rpwg;G!. Mq;fpyj;jpy; analogy vd;gjw;F jkpopy; vd;d gad;gLj;JfpwPu;fs; rpj;jg;gh?
godp : nra;Aspy; vLj;Jf;fhl;L ctik mzp vd;fpNwhk;. ciueilapy; ,iz xg;G vd;fpNwhk;.
rrpfyh : ,yf;fiz vd;gjd; nghUs; vd;d rpj;jg;gh!
n
godp : m/wpizg; nghUs;fisAk; cau;jpizahff; fUjpf; fw;gid nra;J vOJtNj
,yf;fiz vd;fpNwhk;. jkpo;j;njd;wy; jpU.tp.fypahzRe;judhu; vOjpAs;sit
l.i
x Nrhiyapy; GFNtd;;; kuq;fs; $g;gpLk;> tpUe;J itf;Fk;> Myku epoypy; mku;Ntd;;;
x My;. ‘vd; tpOijg; ghu;. me;j muRf;F ,/J cz;lh?’ da
x muR. ‘ahd; tpOjpd;wp thDw Xq;fpepw;fpNwd;> vd;id kf;fs; Rw;wpr; nry;fpwhu;fs;.’
ka
x Ntk;G> ‘vd;epoy; eyQ;nra;Ak;. vd; G+tpd; Fzq;fisr; nrhy;fpNwd; th!’
rrpfyh : mUik rpj;jg;gh! ,Jjtpu NtW VNjDk; rpwg;G ciueilapy; cz;lh?
vi
godp : x Kuz;gLtJ Nghy ,Uf;Fk;@ cz;ikapy; Kuz;glhj nrhw;fs; ‘Kuz;gL nka;k;ik’.

v.fh. ‘,e;j cyfj;jpy; gak; vd;w xd;wpw;Fj; jtpu NtW vjw;F ehk; gag;glNtz;Lk;?’
al
x Kuz;gl;l nrhw;fisr; Nru;j;J vOJtJ nrhy; Kuz;. v.fh. ‘fyg;gpy;yhj ngha;… ; ’

.k
x nrhy;Yk; Kiwapy; mOj;jk; nfhLg;gjw;fhf vjpUk; GjpUkhd Kuz;gLk;

w
fUj;Jfis mikj;J vOJtij vjpupiz ,irT vd;fpNwhk;.

,J Nghd;W gy cs;sd.
w
rrpfyh : kpf;f ed;wp rpj;jg;gh! ePq;fs; jkpo; ciueilr; nrOik gw;wpf; $wf; $w NkYk;
w
mtw;iwg; gbj;J ,d;Gw mthTWfpNwd; rpj;jg;gh!
nkhopia Ms;Nthk;!
nkhopngau;gG
; [PTA - 2, SEP - 2021]
If you talk to a man in a language he eP xU kdpjdplk; xU nkhopapy; Ngrpdhy; mtd;

understands, that goes to his head. If youGupe;J nfhz;lit, mtdJ %isiar;
1. nrd;wilAk;. mtdplk; mtdJ nrhe;j
talk to him in his own language that goes
nkhopapy; Ngrpdhy; mtDila ,jaj;ijr;
to his heart – Nelson Mandela nrd;wilAk;. - ney;rd; kz;Nlyh.
Language is the road map of a culture. It nkhop vd;gJ gz;ghl;bd; rhiy tiuglkhFk;.
mJNt mjd; kf;fs; vq;fpUe;J tUfpwhu;fs;>
2. tells you where its people come from and vq;Nf nrd;Wnfhz;L ,Uf;fpwhu;fs; vd;gij
where they are going – Rita Mae Brown cdf;Fr; nrhy;Yk;. – uplh Nk gpnusd;.
,ay; - 1. mKjCw;W 11
,ay;-1
,ay;-1
re;jf; ftpijapy; te;j gpiofisj; jpUj;Jf [MAY – 2022, PTA - 5]
gpioahd ftpij jpUj;jg;gl;l ftpij
“NjzpNy Cupa nre;jkpopd; - Rit “NjdpNy Cwpa nre;jkpopd; - Rit
NjUk; rpyg;gjp fhwkij NjUk; rpyg;gjp fhukij
CdpNy vk;Kapu; cy;yyTk; - epjk; CdpNy vk;Kapu; cs;ssTk; - epjk;
Xjp Adu;e;jpd; GUNthNk” Xjp Azu;e;jpd; GWNthNk”
fPo;f;fhZk; nrhw;fspd; $l;lg;ngau;fisf; fz;Lgpbj;J vOJf

(Ftpay;> Fiy> ke;ij> fl;L) [PTA – 4, MDL – 19, SEP – 2021, MAY – 2022]
nrhy; $l;lg;ngau; nrhy; $l;lg;ngau;
fy; fw;Ftpay; Gy; Gw;fl;L
gok; gof;Fiy ML Ml;Lke;ij
$Ljy; tpdhf;fs;
kf;fs; kf;fs; $l;lk; fPiu fPiuf;fl;L
tpidKw;iw tpidahyizAk; ngauhf khw;wpj; njhlu;fis ,izj;J vOJf
n
l.i
t.vz; tpidKw;Wj; njhlu;fs; tpidahyizAk; njhlu;fs;
1. fiyauq;fj;jpy; vdf;fhff; fhj;jpUf;fpwhu;.
mtiu mioj;J thUq;fs;.
da fiyauq;fj;jpy; vdf;fhff;
fhj;jpUf;fpwtiu mioj;J thUq;fs;.
ka
2. Cl;lkpF czT cz;lhu;. mtu; ePz;l Cl;lkpF czT cz;ltu; ePz;l
tho;ehs; ngw;whu;. tho;ehs; ngw;whu;.
vi
3. New;W vd;idr; re;jpj;jhu;. mtu; vd; ez;gu;. New;W vd;idr; re;jpj;jtu; vd; ez;gu;.
4. nghJmwpT E}y;fisj; Njbg; gbj;jhu;. nghJ mwpT E}y;fisj; Njbg; gbj;jtu;
al
Nghl;bj; Nju;tpy; ntd;whu;. Nghl;;bj; Nju;tpy; ntd;whu;.

.k
njhlu;fspy; cs;s tz;zr; nrhw;fSf;Fg; gjpyhf mNj nghUSila

w
NtW nrhw;fisg; gad;gLj;jpj; njhlu;fis kPs vOJf.

w
cyfpy; thOk; kf;fspy; rpyu; fdpapUf;ff; fha; Grpj;jiyg;Nghy> ,d;nrhy; ,Uf;f

w
td;nrhy; Ngrp ,d;dw;gLfpd;;wdu;.

1.
Gtpapy; thOk; kdpju;fspy; rpyu; gokpUf;ff; fha; cz;gijg;Nghy> ,d;nrhy; ,Uf;f
td;nrhy; Ngrp Jd;gg;gLfpd;;wdu;.
ts;sy; Fkzd; tWikahy; thbte;j GytDf;Fj; jdJ jiyiaf; nfhLj;J
2. kq;fhg;Gfo; ngw;whd;.
ts;sy; Fkzd; Vo;ikahy; thbte;j ftpQDf;Fj; jdJ jiyia toq;fp mopahg;NgW ngw;whd;.
esDk; mtdJ JiztpAk;; epljehl;Lf;F te;jijf; fz;L> me;ehl;L kf;fs; kioK
Kfpy;
fz;l kQ;iQ Nghyf; fsp nfhz;ldu;.
3.
esDk; mtdJ kidtpAk; epljehl;Lf;F te;jijf; fz;L> me;ehl;L kf;fs; kioNkfk;
fz;l kapy; Nghy kfpo;r;rp nfhz;ldu;.
Nrhiyapw; G+j;j kzkyu;fspy; RUk;Gfs; nkha;j;Jg; gz;ghb kJTz;ld. [PTA - 1]
4.
G+q;fhtpy; G+j;j kzkyu;fspy; tz;Lfs; nkha;j;Jg; gz;ghb Njd; cz;ld.
gRg;Nghy; rhe;jKk; GypNghy; jPuKk; ahid Nghy ciog;Gk; kdpjDf;F Ntz;Lk;.
5.
Mg;Nghy; mikjpAk;> Ntq;ifNghy; JzpTk;> fspW Nghy ciog;Gk;> kdpjDf;F Ntz;Lk;.
fl;Liu vOJf * * tpil gf;f vz; : 164 fhz;f* *


eak; ghuhl;Lf
,ay;-1
,ay;-1
Fwpg;Gr;rl;lfk;
NjdpDk; ,dpaew; nre;jkpo; nkhopNa m) jpuz;l fUj;J
njd;dhL tpsq;Fwj; jpfOe;njd; nkhopNa M) ikaf;fUj;J
CdpDk; xspu;TWk; xz;lkpo; nkhopNa ,) njhil eaq;fs;
czu;tpDf; Fzu;tjha; xspu;jkpo; nkhopNa Ò Nkhid eak;
thdpDk; Xq;fpa tz;lkpo; nkhopNa Ò vJif eak;
khe;jUf; fpUfzh taq;Fed; nkhopNa Ò ,iaG eak;
jhddp rpwg;GWe; jdpj;jkpo; nkhopNa <) nrhy; eak;
jioj;jpdp Njhq;Ftha; jz;lkpo; nkhopNa - fh. ekr;rpthau; c) mzp eak;
C) jiyg;G
m) jpuz;l fUj;J : thiof;F moF FUj;J! ghlYf;F moF fUj;J!!
jkpo;> Njid tpl ,dpikahdJ. njd;dhl;by; rpwe;j nkhop. clypDk; Nkyhf xsp ngw;wJ.
czh;tpYk; xsph;fpd;wJ. thidf; fhl;bYk; cah;e;jJ. kf;fSf;F ,U fz;fshf tpsq;FfpwJ.
jdpahf rpwg;Gw;Wj; jpfOk; jkpo;nkhopNa jioj;jpdpJ Xq;Fthahf! vd;W Gytu; tho;j;Jfpwhu;.
M) ikaf;fUj;J :
gy;NtW rpwg;Gfisf; nfhz;l jkpo; nropj;J tsuNtz;Lk; vd ftpQu; tho;j;jpAs;shu;.
,) njhil eaq;fs; :
Å Nkhid eak; :
n
l.i
Fatdpd; iftz;zk; ghidapNy! Gytdpd; iftz;zk; NkhidapNy!!
h nra;Aspy; rPu;NjhWk; (m) mbNjhWk; Kjy; vOj;J xd;wptuj; njhLg;gJ Nkhid eakhFk;.
h v.fh. CdpDk;> czu;tpDf;; jhddp> jioj;jpdp
Å vJif eak; :
da
ka
ghlYf;F vJ ifnfhLf;fhtpl;lhYk;> vJif iff;nfhLf;Fk;!!
h nra;Aspy; rPu;NjhWk;> my;yJ mbNjhWk; KjnyOj;J msnthj;J epw;f ,uz;lhk;
vi
vOj;J xd;wptuj;njhLg;gJ vJif eakhFk;.

al
h v.fh. NjdpDk;> CdpDk;> thdpDk;

Å ,iaG eak; :
.k
fz;Zf;F ik moF! nra;ASf;F ,iaG moF!!

w
h xU nra;Aspd; mbNjhWk; ,Wjp vOj;Njh> mirNah> rPNuh xd;wptuj;;njhLg;gJ.

h v.fh. nre;jkpo; nkhopNa; xz;lkpo; nkhopNa
w
<) nrhy;eak; : NfhtpYf;F kzp moF! ghlYf;Fr; nrhy; moF!!

w
vd;gjw;fpzq;fg; Gytu; ghlypy; eakpf;f nrhw;fisg; gad;gLj;jpAs;shu;.

h v.fh. nre;jkpo;> xz;lkpo;> tz;lkpo;> jdpj;jkpo;.
c) mzp eak; :
mzp ,y;yhj ftpij> gzp ,y;yhj tdpij!!
,g;ghlypy; jkpopd; ngUikiag; Gytu; cau;j;jpf; $wpAs;sikahy; ‘cau;T etpw;rp mzp’ MFk;.
nfhLf;fg;gl;Ls;s ghlYf;F Vw;w jiyg;G ‘, ,dpa jkpo;nkhop’
nkhopNahL tpisahL
nrhw;fis ,izj;Jg; Gjpa nrhw;fis cUthf;Ff. [SEP - 2021]
(N
Njd;> tpsf;F> kio> tpz;> kzp> tpyq;F> nra;> Nkfiy> thd;> nghd;> G+)
v.fh : G+kzp
h Njd; kio h thd; kio h nra;thd; h nghd; kzp h tpz;kio
h kzp tpsf;F h kzpNkfiy h nghd; tpyq;F h G+tpyq;F h nra;Njd;
,ay;-1
,ay;-1
Fwpg;Gfisf; nfhz;L tpdhtpNyNa tpil ,Ug;gJ Nghd;W tpdhj;njhlu;fs; mikf;f.
(Fwspd;gk;> Ritf;fhj ,sePu;> fhg;gpar; Rit> kdpjFy Nkd;ik> tpLKiwehs;)
v.fh. Fwspd;gk; Fwspd;gj;jpy; jpisf;fhj jkpod; cz;lh?
Ritf;fhj ,sePu; Ritf;fhj ,sePu; gUFthu; cz;Nlh?
fhg;gpar; Rit rPtfrpe;jhkzpapy; fhg;gpar;Ritia czu;e;jJ cz;lh?
kdpjFy Nkd;ik kdpjFy Nkd;ikf;F midtUk; ciof;f Ntz;Lkd;Nwh?
tpLKiwehs; ,d;W tpLKiwehsh?
vz;Zg;ngau;fisf; fz;L> jkpo; vz;fspy; vOJf.
nra;Aspy; mb vz;Zg;ngau; jkpo; vz;
ehw;wpirAk; nry;yhj ehby;iy ehd;F ௪
vWk;Ge;jd; ifahy; vz;rhz; vl;L m
Ie;Jrhy;G Cd;wpa J}z; Ie;J U
ehYk; ,uz;Lk; nrhy;Yf;F cWjp ehd;Fk; ,uz;Lk; ௪ c
n
Mid Mapuk; mkupil ntd;w Mapuk; f000
khztDf;F tFg;gJ guzp
l.i
fhl;rpiaf; fz;L ftpDw vOJf. [PTA -1]
da E}y; gy fy;…
ka
mwpitg; G+l;;b itf;fhNj!
mwpahik ,Uspy; jiyFdpahNj!
vi
Gj;jfq;fs; vd;Dk; jpwTNfhy; nfhz;Nl

al
mwpTg;G+l;ilj; jpwe;jpL!
mwk; nghUs; ,d;gk; fw;wpL!
.k
mtdpapy; cau;e;J rpwe;jpL!

w
epw;f mjw;Fj; jf…

w
,d;nrhy; top jPa nrhy; top

w
gpwu; kdk; kfpOk; gpwu; kdk; thLk;

mwk; tsUk; mwk; NjAk;
Gfo; ngUFk; ,fo; ngUFk;
ey;y ez;gu;fs; NrUtu; ey;y ez;gu;fs; tpyFtu;
md;G epiwAk; gifik epiwAk;
,jpy; ePq;fs; nry;Yk; top ahJ? cq;fs; ez;gUf;Ff; fhl;Lk; top ahJ?
ehd; ,d;nrhy; topNa elg;Ngd;. ,d;nrhy; top ele;jhy;> mwk; tsUk;;@ Gfo; ngUFk;;@
md;G epiwAk;;@ gpwu; kdk; kfpOk; vd;W nrhy;yp vd; ez;gu;fis Mw;Wg;gLj;JNtd;.
$Ljy; tpdh
1. ,d;nrhw;fisg; NgRtjdhy; tpisAk; ed;ikfs; Ie;jpid vOJf. [MAY – 2022]
,d;nrhw;fisg; NgRtjdhy; tpisAk; ed;ikfs; :
Å ehk; vg;nghOJk; ey;y thu;j;ijfis NgRk;NghJ ey;yNj ekf;F elf;Fk;.
Å ek; tho;tpy; ,d;nrhy; Ngrpf; nfhz;L ,Ue;jhy; mwk; tsUk;.
Å xUtDf;fhd Gfo;> ngUik mtd; NgRk;Kiwia itj;J midj;Jk; fpilf;Fk;.
Å ehk; Ngrf;$ba ey;y ey;y thu;j;ijfs; %yk; ekf;F ey;y ez;gu;fs; NrUtu;;.
Å ve;j xU ,lj;jpYk; ehk; ,r;nrhw;fs; NgrpdhYk; me;j ,lj;jpy; md;G epiwAk;.

,ay;-1
,ay;-1
fw;git fw;wgpd;...
(fPNo nfhLf;fg;gl;Ls;s gFjp vLj;Jf;fhl;bw;fhf kl;LNk>
ePq;fs; Ek; fw;gid tsj;jpw;Nfw;whw; Nghy vOjpg; goFf
f)))
nra;As; : m) md;id nkhopNa

- ghtyNuW ngUQ;rpj;jpudhu;
1. “ew;wpiz ey;y FWe;njhif Iq;FWE}W
xj;j gjpw;Wg;gj;J Xq;F gupghly;
fw;wwpe;jhu; Vj;Jk; fypNahL mfk;Gwk; vd;W
,j;jpwj;j vl;Lj; njhif”
,r;nra;Aspy; ,lk;ngw;Ws;s vl;Lj;njhif E}y;fisg; ngau;f;fhuzj;Jld; vLj;Jf;fhl;Lf.
vl;Lj;njhif E}y;fs; - ngau;f;fhuzk;
ew;wpiz
n
ey;-ey;y@ jpiz-xOf;fk;@ ey;y xOf;fj;ijf; $Wk; E}y;.
l.i
FWe;njhif Fiwe;j mbfs; nfhz;l E}y; njhFg;G.
Iq;FWE}W da
FWfpa mbfis cila Ie;J E}W ghly;fisf; nfhz;lJ.
gjpw;Wg;gj;J Nru kd;dh;fs; gw;wp 10 Gyth;fs; gj;Jg; gj;jhfg; ghba ghly;fspd; njhFg;G.
ka
gupghly; ,ir nghUe;jpa ghly;fisf; nfhz;lJ.
vi
fypj;njhif fypg;ghtpdhy; ghlg;gl;l E}y;.

al
mfehD}W jiytd; jiytpapd; ,y;tho;f;iff;Fupa mf xOf;fq;fisf; $Wk; ehD}W ghly;fs;.

.k
GwehD}W jkpoupd; r%fk; njhlu;ghd Gw xOf;fq;fisf; $Wk; ehD}W ghly;fs;.

w
2. “ve;jkpo;eh epd; ngUik vLj;Nj ciutpupf;Fk;” vd;w ghlybiaf; nfhz;L tFg;giwapy; Ie;J
epkpl ciu epfo;j;Jf.
w
mitNahu; midtUf;Fk; tzf;fk;!

w
“fy;; Njhd;wp kz; Njhd;whf; fhyj;Nj Kd; Njhd;wpa %j;jFb ek; jkpo;f;Fb” vd;W rhd;Nwhu;
ciuj;jJ Nghy;> Fkupf;fz;lj;jpNy epiyj;J epd;W murhz;l kpfg;ngupa Nguurp ek; jkpo;nkhop!
cyf ehfupfj;jpw;Fk; gz;ghl;bw;Fk; rpwe;j gq;fspg;gpidj; jkpo;nkhop mspj;jpUf;fpwJ.
cyfpy; cs;s caupa kdpj ,dj;jpd; kuGr; nry;tkhfj; jkpo;nkhop tpsq;FfpwJ.
jkpo;nkhopiaj; jha;nkhopahff; nfhz;ltu;fs; kl;Lky;yu;… gpwehl;L mwpQu;fSk;
jkpo;nkhopapd; ngUikfis mwpe;J ek; nkhopiag; gapd;W mjd; ngUikia vz;zp
tpae;jpUf;fpd;wdu;. jkpo; ,yf;fzk;> gbf;fg; gbf;f tpUg;gj;ij cz;lhf;fty;y J.
jkpod;id ,ay;> ,ir> ehlfk; vd;w Kg;ngUk; gpupTfshy; nkhopia MSfpd;whs;.
Ik;ngUq;fhg;gpaq;fis mzpfyd;fshf mzpe;jpUf;fpd;whs;. jd; nrhy; tsj;jhy; cyf
nkhopfSf;nfy;yhk; jhahf tpsq;Ffpd;whs;. fhyj;jpw;F Vw;wtifapy; ,yf;fpa
tbtq;fspy; tsu;e;J nkhopiaAk; Vw;wk; ngw itj;jpUf;fpwhs;…
mUe;jkpNo! epd; ngUikfs; vz;zpy; mlq;fh… ve;jkpo;eh mjid tpupj;Jiuf;ff;
fhyk; ,y;yhj fhuzj;jhy; vd;Diuia epiwT nra;;fpd;Nwd;.
ed;wp! tzf;fk;!
,ay;-1
,ay;-1
ciueil : jkpo;r;nrhy; tsk; - NjtNeag; ghthzu;
1. gpd;tUk; epytiffspd; ngau;fSf;fhd fhuzq;fisf; Nfl;lwpe;J tFg;giwapy; gfpu;f.
Å jupR - gapu; nra;ag;glhj epyk;> ePupy;yh twz;l epyk;
Å rpty; - nrk;kz; epyk;> nre;epyk;
Å fupry; - fUkz; epyk;> fupa epyk;
Å Kuk;G - Nkl;L epyk;> cilg;gjw;Ff; fbdkhd epyk;> fy;Ys;s Nkl;Lepyk;
Å Gwk;Nghf;F - kf;fs; gad;ghl;by; ,y;yhj epyk;> gad;glhj epyk;
Å Rty; - Nklhd epyk;> Nkl;Lg;gFjpapy; mike;j epyk;
Å mty; - tpisepyk;> gs;skhd epyg;gFjp
2. xUnghUs; jUk; gy nrhw;fisg; gl;baypLf.
v.fh. nrhy;Yjy; - NgRjy;> tpsk;Gjy;> nrg;Gjy;> ciuj;jy;> $wy;> ,ak;gy;> nkhopjy;…

Å NgRjy; - $Wjy;> tpsk;Gjy;> nkhopjy;> ,ak;Gjy;> ciuj;jy;
Å kpFjp - rhy> jt> edp> $u;> fop
n
Å #upad; - QhapW> fjputd;> gupjp> gfytd;> nta;Nahd;
l.i
Å cyfk; - Gtdk;> Gtp> juzp> ehdpyk;> ghu;> itak;
Å nra;As; - gh> ftpij> ahg;G da
ka
nra;As; : M) ,ul;Lw nkhopjy;
vi
- re;jf;ftpkzp jkpoofdhu;
al
1. rpNyil nrhy;eaq;fisg; njhFj;Jg; gjpT nra;J fye;JiuahLf. Gj;jf gf;f vz; : 10

Î gzj;jl;L
.k
ts;sy; xUth; GytUf;F gzj;jpid> xU nts;spj;jl;by; ju> Gyth; ‘gzj;jl;L’

w
ahUf;F vd;W tpdt> ts;sy; ‘gzj;jl;L GytUf;Fj;jhd;’ vd;whuhk;. (gzj;jl;L -

w
gzj;jl;Lg;ghL vd;w nghUspYk; tUk;)

Î thapypy; NghLNtd;..?
w
“rhg;gpl;l gpwF ntw;wpiy NghLk; gof;fk; jq;fSf;F cz;lh?” vd;W xUth;

fp.th.[fd;dhjdplk; Nfl;lhh;. mjw;F “X…! cz;Nl! thapy; Nghlkhl;Nld;. thapypy;
NghLNtd;” vd;whh;. rhg;gpl;l gpwF ntWk; ,iyia thapypy; cs;s Fg;igj;njhl;bapy;
NghljhNd Ntz;Lk;>” vd;W $wp midtiuAk; rphpf;f itj;jhh;.
Î gpQ;Rk; ,Uf;fpwJ
xUKiw Md;kPfr; nrhw;nghopthsu; fpUghde;jthupahu; mtu;fSf;Fg; nghd;dhil
Nghu;j;jg;gl;lJ. mt;thil fpope;jpUe;jJ. mjid mtu; eifr;Ritahf ‘,t;thilapy;
G+ ,Uf;fpd;wJ> fha; ,Uf;fpd;wJ> gpQ;Rk; (fpope;J) ,Uf;fpd;wJ’ vd;W Fwpg;gpl;lhu;.
2. nkhopapd; rpwg;Gfisg; ghLk; ftpijfSs; cq;fSf;Fg; gpbj;jtw;iw tFg;giwapy; gbj;Jf;fhl;Lf.
vq;fs; jkpo; mkpo;jpDk; ,dpa nkhop!
njd; nghjpif gpwe;j nkhop! Mz;lhz;Lfsha; thOk; nkhop!
njd;ghz;b tsh;e;j nkhop! md;id kbia tpQ;Rk; nkhop!
NjdpDk; ,dpa nkhop! mizj;J vd;id kfpOk; nkhop!
njtpl;lhj nre;jkpo; nkhop! vd; caphpDk; Nkyhd jkpo; nkhop!

,ay;-1
,ay;-1
tpupthdk; : ciueilapd; mzpeyd;fs;- vopy;Kjy;td;
1. ePq;fs; gbj;jtw;Ws; epidtpy; ePq;fh ,lk;ngw;w ,yf;fpaj; njhlu;fs;> eaq;fis vOJf.
t.vz; ,yf;fpaj; njhlu; ,lk;ngw;Ws;s eak;
1. cs;sq;if ney;ypf;fdp Nghy ctik
kukJ kuj;jpy; Vwp
2. Nkhid
kukijj; Njhspy; itj;J
2. nfhLj;j jiyg;gpy; NgRNthk;.
jiyg;G : Neuk; jtpu;f;f Ntz;ba nrhy; : fbfhuk;
Å midtUf;Fk;> tzf;fk;!
Å Neuj;ijj; jpl;lkpl;Lg; gad;gLj;Jgtd; tho;f;ifapy; cau;e;j epiyia milthd;.
Neuj;ij tPzhf;fpatd; tho;f;ifia tPzhf;fpatd; Mthd;.
Å Neuj;jpd; mUik ekf;Fj; njupa Ntz;Lkhdhy; xypk;gpf; Nghl;bfspy; nts;spg;
gjf;fk; ntd;wtuplk; Nfl;f Ntz;Lk;. jq;fg;gjf;fk; ntd;wtUf;Fk;> nts;spg; gjf;fk;
ntd;wtUf;Fk; ,ilapy; xU fzg;nghOJjhd; tpj;jpahrk;,Uf;Fk;. xU fzg;nghOJ
vd;gJ xU tpdhbapy; E}wpy; xU gq;F. fhyj;jpd; mUik mg;NghJjhd;; njupAk;.
Å Neuj;ij rupahf gad;gLj;;Jtjw;F ehk; nra;a Ntz;baJ vd;d njupAkh? Ntiyfis
n
mtrukhf kw;Wk; nkJthfr; nra;a Ntz;bait vd tifg;gLj;jp> nra;a Ntz;Lk;.
l.i
Å Neuj;ijr; rupahfg; gad;gLj;JfpwtNd> tho;f;ifapy; ntw;wpf;fdpiar; Ritg;ghd;. ed;wp!
,yf;fzk; : vOj;J> nrhy; da

ka
1. jdpnkhopfSld; nrhw;fisr; Nru;j;Jj; 2. tpid mbia tpFjpfSld; ,izj;Jj;
njhlu;nkhopfshf;Ff. njhopw;ngau;fis cUthf;Ff.
vi
Njd; Njd; vLj;jhd;. tpidab njhopw;ngau;

al
E}y; E}y; gbj;jhd;. fhz; fhl;rp> fhZjy;> fhzy;> fhzhik

ig igiaj; jpwe;jhd;.
.k
rpup rpupg;G> rpupj;jy;> rpupf;fhik

kyu; kyu;; thq;fpdhs;. gb gbg;G> gbj;jy;> gbf;fhik
th
w
fz;zh th. jL jLg;G> jLj;jy;> jLf;fhik

3. jdpnkhop> njhlu;nkhop Mfpatw;iwf; nfhz;L 4. ‘kiy vd;id mbf;fb miof;Fk;>
w
ciuahliyj; njhlu;f. kiykPJ VWNtd;; Xuplj;jpy; mku;Ntd;;

w
mz;zd; : vq;Nf nry;fpwha;? (njhlu;nkhop) NkYk; fPOk; ghu;g;Ngd;; Rw;Wk; Kw;Wk;

jk;gp : filf;F (jdpnkhop) ghu;g;Ngd;; kdk; mikjp va;Jk;.’
,j;njhlupy; cs;s tpidKw;Wfisj;
mz;zd; : vd;d nghUs; thq;Ffpwha;? (njhlu;nkhop)
vLj;njOjpj; njhopw;ngau;fshf khw;Wf.
jk;gp : ge;J thq;fg; NghfpNwd;. (njhlu;nkhop)
tpidKw;W njhopw;ngau;
mz;zd; : vjw;F? (jdpnkhop)
miof;Fk; mioj;jy;
jk;gp : gioa ge;J njhiye;Jtpl;lJ. VWNtd; VWjy;
(njhlu;nkhop) mku;Ntd; mku;jy;
mz;zd; : ehDk; cd;Dld; tuyhkh? (njhlu;nkhop) ghu;g;Ngd; ghu;;j;jy;
jk;gp : th (jdpnkhop) va;Jk; va;jy;
5. fl;L> nrhl;L> topghL> NfL> ghLjy; - ,j;njhopw;ngau;fis tifg;gLj;Jf.
njhopw;ngau;fs; tiffs;
fl;L Å Kjdpiyj; njhopw;ngau;
nrhl;L Å Kjdpiyj; njhopw;ngau;
topghL Å Kjdpiyj; njhopw;ngau;
NfL Å Kjdpiyj; jpupe;j njhopw;ngau;
ghLjy; Å Kjdpiyj; njhopw;ngau;
,ay; - 2. caphpd; Xir 17

3
2. capupd; Xir
,ay;-2
,ay;-2
gyTs; njhpf
1. “cdf;Fg; ghl;Lfs; ghLfpNwhk; *nr-1 [SEP-2020]
cdf;Fg; Gfo;r;rpfs; $WfpNwhk;” - ghujpapd; ,t;tbfspy; ,lk;ngw;Ws;s eaq;fs; ahit?
m) cUtfk;> vJif M) Nkhid> vJif ,) Kuz;> ,iaG <) ctik> vJif
2. nra;jp: 1 - xt;Nthh; Mz;Lk; [_d; 15I cyff; fhw;W ehshff; nfhz;lhb tUfpNwhk;.
nra;jp: 2 - fhw;whiy kpd; cw;gj;jpapy; ,e;jpahtpy; jkpofk; ,uz;lhkplk; vd;gJ vdf;Fg;
ngUikNa.
nra;jp: 3 - fhw;wpd; Mw;wiyg; gad;gLj;jpf; fly; fle;J tzpfk;nra;J mjpy; ntw;wp
fz;lth;fs; jkpoh;fs;! *c [PTA – 5]
n
m) nra;jp 1 kl;Lk; rup M) nra;jp 1> 2 Mfpad rhp
,) nra;jp 3 kl;Lk; rup <) nra;jp 1> 3 Mfpad rhp
l.i
3. “ghL,kpo; gdpf;fly; gUfp” vd;Dk; Ky;iyg;ghl;L mb czu;j;Jk; mwptpay; nra;jp ahJ?
m) fly; ePu; Mtpahfp Nkfkhjy;
,) fly; ePu; xypj;jy;
da
M) fly; ePu; Fspu;r;rp miljy; *nr-2 [PTA - 6]
<) fly; ePu; nfhe;jspj;jy;
ka
4. ‘ngupa kPir’ rpupj;jhu; - tz;zr; nrhy;Yf;fhd njhifapd; tif vJ? *, [AUG-2022, SEP-20]
m) gz;Gj;njhif M) ctikj;njhif
vi
,) md;nkhopj;njhif <) ck;ikj;njhif

al
5. nghUe;Jk; tpilthpiriaj; Njh;e;njLf;f. njupTfs; *c [PTA - 3]

.k
m) nfhz;ly; - 1) Nkw;F m) 1 2 3 4
M) Nfhil - 2) njw;F M) 3 1 4 2
w
,) thil - 3) fpof;F ,) 4 3 2 1
<) 3 4 1 2
w
<) njd;wy; - 4) tlf;F

$Ljy; tpdhf;fs;
w
6. ePyr;rl;il Ngrpdhu; - ,j;;njhlhpy; ‘ePyr;rl;il’ vd;Dk; nrhy;Yf;fhd njhifapd; tifiaj;

Njh;f. *, [SEP-21]
m) gz;Gj;njhif M) md;nkhopj;njhif ,) ctikj;njhif <) ck;ikj;njhif
7. fhyk; fue;j nganur;rNk *, [PTA – 1]
m) gz;Gj;njhif M) ctikj;njhif ,) tpidj;njhif <) md;;nkhopj;njhif
8. rptg;Gr;rl;il Ngrpdhu; - mbf;Nfhbl;l nrhy;Yf;fhd njhifapd; tif ahJ? *, [PTA – 2]
m) md;nkhopj;njhif M) ctikj;njhif
,) gz;Gj;njhif <) ck;ikj;njhif
9. GjpUf;fhd tpilia tupirg;gb Nju;e;njLf;f. njupTfs; *c [PTA – 3]
jtOk;NghJ xU ngau; m) ePu;> kio> MW> Xil
tpOk;NghJ xU ngau; M) Nkfk;> kio> MW> nts;sk;
cUSk;NghJ xU ngau; ,) khup> fhu;> ePu;> Gdy;
jpuz;NlhLk; NghJ xU ngau; - mit vd;d? <) kio> Gdy;> Nkfk;> ePu;
10. fhw;iw ghujpahu; ‘kaYWj;J’ miog;gijf; Fwpf;Fk; nrhw;nwhlu; *nr-1 [PTA – 4]
m) kzk; tPRk; fhw;wha; eP th M) kdij kaq;fr; nra;Ak; kzj;NjhL eP th
,) kapyhLk; fhw;wha; eP th <) kfue;jk; Rke;J nfhz;L eP th

11. ‘nrd;wpLtPu; vl;Lj;jpf;Fk; -fiyr; *nr-1 [PTA – 5]
nry;tq;fs; ahTk; nfhzu;e;jpq;F Nru;g;gPu;| - ghujpahupd; ,f;$w;W czu;j;Jk; fUj;J
m) gyJiw E}y;fs; jkpopy; cUthf;fg;gl;l Ntz;Lk;.
M) gyfiyfs; jkpopy; Gjpjhfj; Njhd;w Ntz;Lk;
,) cynfq;Fk; fhzg;gLk; nry;tq;fs; jkpofj;jpy;
,ay;-2
,ay;-2
<) fiyr; nry;tq;fis cyfk; KOtJk; gazk; nra;J fz;Lfspf;f Ntz;Lk;.
12. jkpo;j;njhz;L vd;Dk; njhlu;- *, [PTA – 5]
m) ,Unganuhl;Lg; gz;Gj;njhif M) md;nkhopj;njhif
,) 4Mk; Ntw;Wik cUGk; gaDk; cld;njhf;f njhif <) Ntw;Wikj;njhif
13. “fhw;Ws;s NghNj J}w;wpf;nfhs;” - ,g;gonkhop czu;j;Jk; nghUs;. *c [PTA – 6]
m) fhyk; tUnkd;W fhj;jpUe;jhy; nray; nfl;LtpLk;.
M) cupa fhyj;jpy; xU nraiy KOikahfr; nra;Jtpl Ntz;Lk;.
,) cupa fhyj;jpy; nraYf;fhd Kaw;rpia Nkw;nfhs;s Ntz;Lk;.
<) cupa fhyj;ij czu;e;J cupa nraiyj; NjlNtz;Lk;.
FWtpdh
n
l.i
1. ‘ekf;F caph; fhw;W *c [PTA – 1, MDL - 19]
fhw;Wf;F tuk; kuk; - kuq;fis
da
ntl;b vwpahky; el;L tsh;g;Nghk;” – ,JNghd;W cyff; fhw;W ehs; tpopg;Gzh;Tf;fhd ,uz;L
ka
Kof;fj; njhlh;fis vOJf.
Å kuq;fis tsu;g;Nghk;!
vi
fhw;iwr; Rj;jg;gLj;JNthk;!
Å Gifiag; gifahf;F!
al
fhw;iw el;ghf;F!
.k
2. trd ftpij - Fwpg;G tiuf. *nr-1 [MAY-2022, SEP - 2021]

w
Å ciueilAk; ftpijAk; ,ize;J ahg;Gf; fl;LfSf;F mg;ghw;gl;L cUthf;fg;gLk;

w
ftpij tbtk; trdftpij vdg;gLfpwJ.

Å trd ftpijia jkpopy; ghujpahh; mwpKfg;gLj;jpAs;shh;.
w
Å ,t;trd ftpijNa GJf;ftpij cUthff; fhuzkhapw;W.

3. jz;zPu; Fb> japu;f;Flk; Mfpa njhifepiyj; njhlu;fis tpupj;J vOJf; njhlupy; mikf;f.
*, [AUG – 2022, PTA - 4, SEP - 2020]
Å jz;zPu; Fb - jz;zPiuf; Fb - ,uz;lhk; Ntw;Wikj; njhif.
v.fh : jpdKk; %d;W ypl;lu; jz;zPu; Fbf;f Ntz;Lk; vd;W kUj;Jtu; $wpdhu;.
Å japu;f;Flk; - japiuAila Flk; - ,uz;lhk; Ntw;Wik cUGk; gaDk; cld; njhf;fnjhif.
v.fh : mk;kh japu;f;Flj;jpypUe;J japiu vLj;Jj; jhUq;fs;.
4. ngw;Nwhu; NtiyapypUe;J jpUk;gj; jhkjkhFk;NghJ mOk; jk;gpf;F ePq;fs; $Wk; MWjy; nrhw;fis vOJf.
Å mohNj jk;gp. tpiutpNyNa mg;ghTk; mk;khTk; te;JtpLthu;fs;. *nr-2 [PTA - 4]
Å cdf;F vd;d Ntz;LNkh! vd;dplk; Nfs;> cdf;F ehd; jUNtd;.
Å gak; nfhs;shky; ,U. mohNj. ehd; cdf;Fj; Jizahf ,Uf;fpNwd;.
5. khmy; - nghUSk; ,yf;fzf;Fwpg;Gk; jUf. *nr-2
Å nghUs; - jpUkhy;
Å ,yf;fzf;Fwpg;G - ,irepiw (m) nra;Aspir msngil
,ay; - 2. capupd; Xir 19
$Ljy; tpdhf;fs;
6. “kfue;jj; J}isr; Rke;J nfhz;L> kdj;ij *nr-1 [SEP – 2021]
kaYWj;Jfpd;w ,dpa thridAld; th@” - vd;w ghly; mbfspy;>
m) mbNkhidr; nrhw;fis vLj;J vOJf. kfue;jj;@ kaYWj;Jfpd;w
M) ghujpahh; vjid thridAld; tur; nrhy;Yfpwhh;? fhw;W
,ay;-2
,ay;-2
,) Rke;Jnfhz;L - vd;w nrhy;iyf; nfhz;L njhlu; xd;iw mikf;f.
Foe;ijfs; Gj;jfg; igfisr; Rke;Jnfhz;L gs;spf;F nrd;wdh;.
7. fhw;wpd; Ntfj;ijg; gw;wp vt;tpyf;fpaq;fspy; Fwpg;gplg;gl;Ls;sJ? *c [PTA -2]
Å GWehD}W-51: ‘tsp kpfpd; typ ,y;iy’ vd;W IA+h; Kltdhh; fhw;wpd; Mw;wiyr; rpwg;gpj;Js;shh;.
Å GWehD}W-55: ‘fLq;fhw;W kziyf; nfhz;L te;J Nrh;f;fpwJ’ vd;W kJiu ,sehfdhh;
fhw;wpd; Ntfj;ij gw;wp Fwpg;gpl;Ls;shh;.
8. `pg;ghy]; gUtf;fhw;W Fwpg;G tiuf. *c [PTA - 5]
Å fp.gp. Kjy; E}w;whz;by; tho;e;j fpNuf;f khYkp ‘`pg;ghy];’> gUtf;fhw;wpd; cjtpapdhy;
eLf;fly; topahf Krpwpj; JiwKfj;jpw;Fg; Gjpa topiaf; fz;Lgpbj;jhh;.
Å ,g;Gjpa top cjtpajhy; mjpf atdf; fg;gy;fs; Krpwpj; JiwKfj;jpw;F tpiuthf te;jd.
n
Å atdh;> ,g;gUtf;fhw;wpw;F mijf; fz;Lgpbj;j `pg;ghy]; ngaiuNa #l;bdhh;fs;.
l.i
9. njhifr; nrhw;fisg; gpupj;J vOjp> jkpo; vz;ZU jUf. *, [PTA - 6]
da
Kg;g hiy KOikahfj; je;j jkpopd; rpwg;g pid Ie;j pizfspy; moFw tpsf;F git
rq; f ,yf; fpaq;fs;.
Å Kg;ghy; – %d;W ghy; @ %d;W – ௩ Å Ie;jpiz – Ie;J jpiz @ Ie;J – ௫
ka
vi
rpWtpdh
al
1. capuhf ehd;> gy ngah;fspy; ehd;> ehd;F jpirfspYk; ehd;> ,yf;fpaj;jpy; ehd;> Ke;ePh; ehtha;
.k
Xl;bahf ehd;… Kjypa jiyg;Gfspy; fhw;W jd;idg; gw;wpg; NgRfpwJ. ,t;thW ‘ePh’; jd;idg;
gw;wpg; Ngrpdhy;… cq;fSila fw;gidapy; jiyg;Gfis vOJf. *c [PTA - 6, SEP - 2020]
w
ePu; jd;idg; gw;wp Ngrpdhy;…

w
Å Mwhf ehd; Å ePu;epiyfspy; ehd; Å cyfpd; Kf;fhy; gFjp ehd;

Å Fskhf ehd; Å jkpo; ,yf;fpaj;jpy; ehd; Å tPzhf flypy; fyf;Fk; ehd;
w
Å flyhf ehd; Å capUf;F Mjhukhf ehd; Å Gl;bfspy; milf;fg;gl;l ehd;

Å mUtpahf ehd; Å cz;Zk; czthf ehd; Å tzpfg; nghUshf ehd;
Å kioahf ehd; Å Ntshz;ikapy; ehd; Å kdpjdhy; rPu;nfl;Lg; Nghd ehd;
2. Nrhiyf;(G+q;fh) fhw;Wk; kpd;tprpwpf; fhw;Wk; Ngrpf;nfhs;tJNghy; Xu; ciuahly; mikf;f.
*nr-1 [PTA - 2]
kpd;tprpwpf; fhw;W ehd; nkJthfTk;> NtfkhfTk; tPRNtd;… cd;dhy; tPrKbAkh?
Nrhiyf; fhw;W Vd;> vd;dhYk; KbANk… vd;idg;Nghy; ,jkhd Fspu;r;rpahd fhw;iw
cd;dhy; ju KbAkh? ehd; kdpju;fSf;Fj; jPq;F nra;tjpy;iy.
kpd;tprpwpf; fhw;W trjp gilj;jtu;fSf;F ehd; gy tz;zq;fspy;> tbtq;fspy;
fpilf;fpNwd;. vd;id tPl;by; itj;J moF nra;J nfhs;tu;.
vd;dhy; nghUs;nryT ,y;iy. Mdhy; kpd;rhuk; ,y;iynad;why;
Nrhiyf; fhw;W
cd;dhy; nray;glNt KbahJ. cd;dhy; kf;fSf;Fr; nryT jhd;…
kpd;tprpwpf; fhw;W Mk; cz;ikjhd;. ,Ue;jhYk; eP Xa;ntLf;Fk; Neuq;fspy; ehd;jhd;
mtu;fSf;Ff; fhw;wpidj; jUfpNwd;.
Nrhiyf; fhw;W Mk;. ek;khy; kdpju;fSf;F kfpo;r;rpNa. ehk; ,ize;J fhw;iw toq;FNthk;.

3. Njhl;lj;jpy; ky;ypifg;G+g; gwpj;j G+q;nfhb> tUk;topapy; MLkhLfSf;Fj; jz;zPu;j; njhl;bapy;
FbePu; epug;gpdhs;. tPl;bDs; te;jts; Rtu;f;fbfhuj;jpy; kzp ghu;j;jhs;. *, [MAY – 2022, PTA-1]
- ,g;gj;jpapy; cs;s njhifepiyj; njhlu;fspd; tiffisf; Fwpg;gpl;L> tpupj;J vOJf.
njhlu; tpsf;fk; njhif tif
ky;ypifg; G+ ky;ypif-rpwg;Gg;ngau;> g+-nghJg;ngau; ,Unganuhl;Lg; gz;Gj;njhif
,ay;-2
,ay;-2
G+q;nfhb G+tpd; nfhb Nghd;wts; ctikj;njhif
MLkhLfSf;F MLfSk; khLfSk; ck;ikj;njhif
jz;zPu;j; ,uz;lhk; Ntw;Wik cUGk;
njhl;bapy; jz;zPiu cila njhl;b gaDk; cld; njhf;fj;njhif
FbePu; Fbj;j ePu;> Fbf;fpd;w ePu;> Fbf;Fk; ePu; tpidj;njhif
FbePu; epug;gpdhs; FbePiu (I) epug;gpdhs; ,uz;lhk; Ntw;Wikj; njhif
kzp ghu;j;jhs; kzpiag; (I) ghu;j;jhs; ,uz;lhk; Ntw;Wikj; njhif
tUk; top te;j top> tUfpd;w top> tUk; top tpidj;njhif
Rtu;f;fbfhuk; Rtu; fz; cs;s fbfhuk; Vohk; Ntw;Wik cUGk;
gaDk; cld; njhf;fj;njhif
4. kioepd;wTld; Gyg;gLk; fhl;rpia tUzpj;J vOJf. *nghJ [PTA – 4]
n
Fwpg;G : ,iyfspy; nrhl;Lk; ePu; - clypy; XLk; nky;ypa Fspu; - Njq;fpa Fl;ilapy; ‘rsg; jsg;’
l.i
vd;W Fjpf;Fk; Foe;ijfs; - XLk; ePupy; fhfpjf; fg;gy;.
da
Å rpW Foe;ijfs; Kjy; ngupatu;fs; tiu midtUf;Fk; kio vd;gJ gpbj;jkhd xd;W.
Å kioapy; eidAk;NghJ clypy; Xu; rpypu;g;Gj; Njhd;Wk;. Neuk; Mf Mf tha; Gy;yhq;Foy;
ka
,irf;Fk;@ tpuy;fs; eu;j;jdkhLk;. gw;fs; kj;jsk; jl;Lk; xypNa xyp!
Å kior;rhuyhy; clypy; XLk; nky;ypa Fspupid czu;e;J urpf;fhjtu;fNs ,y;iy!
vi
eidahky; xJq;fp ,Ug;gtiuf; $l tUbr; nrd;W tUzid GupAk;.

al
Å kioePu; ,iyfspy; tpOfpd;wNghJ ,iyfs; mirAk;> gsgsntd kpd;Dk;. fz;zhb

.k
cUz;ilfs; Nghy; ePu;j;jptiyfs; ,iyfspy; gl;Lr;rpjWk; moNf moF!

Å Fl;ilfspy; ‘rsg; jsg;’ vd;w Xir vo Foe;ijfspd; eldk;> fhz;gtu; fz;izf; ftUk;.
w
Å kioePupy; nghUl;nryT ,y;yhky; fhfpjf;fg;gy;tpl;L kfpOk; rpWtu;fspd; Mde;jf;fspg;G.

Å ,aw;ifapd; tukhfpa kio> nga;Ak; nghOJk; moF nga;j gpwFk; moF.
w
$Ljy; tpdh
w
5. Ky;iyg;ghl;bd;; fhl;rpfspypUe;J rq;ffhy kf;fspd; tho;f;ifr; R+oiyAk; epfo;fhy tho;f;ifr;

R+oiyAk; xg;gpl;L vOJf. *nr-2 [PTA – 4]
rq;ffhy kf;fspd; tho;f;if epfo;fhy kf;fspd; tho;f;if
jiytdpd; gpupT
Nghu; Gupa nrd;w jiytdpd; gpupit ehl;il fhty; fhf;f nrd;w ,uhZt tPuuhd
vz;zp jiytp kpfTk; tUj;jkilfpwhs;. fztdpd; gpupit vz;zp jtpf;fpwhs; kidtp.
Kjpangz;bu; Mw;Wg;gLj;Jjy;
Cupy; cs;s Kjpa ngz;fs; jiytpia ,f;fhy kf;fs; rw;W Raeykhf tho;e;jhYk;>
Mw;Wg;gLj;jpdu;. gpwu; Jd;gj;ij jd; neUq;fpa cwTfshtJ fztid gpupe;j
Jd;gkhff;fUjp nghJeyj;Jld; tho;e;Js;sdu;. kidtpf;F MWjy; $Wtu;.
nja;tj;ij njhOjy;
ney;iyAk; Ky;iyg;g+itAk; J}tp tpsf;Nfw;wp> Njq;fha; gok; itj;J>
nja;tj;ij topgLtu;. fhzpf;if nrYj;jp nja;tj;ij topgLtu;.
capupdq;fspd; kPjhd md;G
,ilkfs;> fd;wpw;F MWjy; $WtJ> epfo;fhyj;jpYk; tPl;L tpyq;Ffis md;Gld;
tpyq;FfSld; cs;s ,izg;ig fhl;LfpwJ. ftdpj;J tUfpd;wdu;> mtw;Wld; NgRfpd;wdu;.
neLtpdh
1. Ky;iyg;ghl;by; cs;s fhu;fhyr; nra;jpfis tptupj;J vOJf. *nr-2 [PTA- 2]
Ky;iyg;ghl;bd; fhh;fhyr;nra;jpfs;
,ay;-2
,ay;-2
m) kio Nkfj;jpd; Njhw;wk;
M) ngUkiog; nghopT
,) tpupr;rp Nfl;ly;
<) Mau;Fyg;ngz; ,sq;fd;iw Mw;Wg;gLj;Jjy;
c) KJngz;bh; jiytpia Mw;Wg;gLj;Jjy;
m) kio Nkfj;jpd; Njhw;wk;

Å mfd;w cyfk; vq;Fk; ngUkio nghopfpwJ.
Å jpUkhy; FWfpa tbtk; nfhz;L khtyp kd;dd; ePu; thu;j;Jj; jUk;nghOJ> kz;Zf;Fk;
tpz;Zf;Fkhfg; NgUUtk; vLj;J cau;e;J epw;gJ Nghd;Ws;sJ kio Nkfk;.
M) ngUkiog; nghopT
n
xypf;Fk; flypd; Fsph;ePiug; gUfpg; ngUe;Njhw;wk; nfhz;L> tykha; vOe;J> kiyiar;
l.i
R+o;e;J> tpiue;j Ntfj;Jld; ngUkioiag; nghopfpwJ.
,) tpupr;rp Nfl;L epd;wy; da
Nghu;f;fsk; nrd;w jiytid vz;zpj; Jaukile;jpUf;fpwhs; jiytp. mj;jiytpapd;
ka
Jauj;ijg; Nghf;f Kjpa ngz;fs; khiy Neuj;jpy; kpFe;j fhtiy cila Cupd;
Gwj;Nj nrd;W> ehopapy;(gb Nghd;wJ) nfhz;L nrd;w ney;iyAk; Ky;iyg;g+itAk;
vi
J}tp nja;tj;jplk; jiytpf;fhf ew;nrhy; Nfl;L epd;wdu;.

al
<) Mau;Fyg;ngz; ,sq;fd;iw Mw;Wg;gLj;Jjy;

.k
Å mg;gFjpapy; rpWjhk;Gf; fapw;why; fl;lg;gl;l ,sq;fd;W grpahy; thbf;nfhz;bUe;jJ.

Å mjidf; fz;L Fspu; jhq;fhky; epd;w ,ilkfs;> “Gy;iy Nka;e;J cd; jha;khu; vk;
w
,ilau; Xl;b tu> ,g;NghJ te;JtpLtu;. tUe;jhNj” vd;whs;.

w
c) KJngz;bh; jiytpia Mw;Wg;gLj;Jjy;

w
,e;j MWjiyf; Nfl;l KJngz;fs; jiytpaplk; ‘epd; jiytd; giftiu ntd;W

jpiwg;nghUNshL tUtJ cWjp. kdj;jLkhw;wk; nfhs;shNj!’ vd;W Mw;Wg;gLj;jpdh;.
2. GaypNy xU Njhzp fijapy; ,lk;ngw;Ws;s tUzidfSk; mLf;Fj; njhlu;fSk; xypf;Fwpg;Gr;
nrhw;fSk; Gaypy;> Njhzp gLk;ghl;il vt;thW tptupf;fpd;wd? *J [PTA – 1, SEP – 2020]
GaypNy xU Njhzp
Å Kd;Diu Å xypf;Fwpg;Gr; nrhw;fs;
Å fijr; RUf;fk; Å Gay; tUzid
Å mLf;Fj; njhlu; Å Njhzp gLk;ghL
Å ,ul;ilf;fpstp Å KbTiu
Kd;Diu
kdpj tho;f;ifia Nghy ,aw;ifAk; ,d;gk; Jd;gk; epiwe;jJ. jpU.g. rpq;fhuk;
mtu;fs; vOjpAs;s “GaypNy xU Njhzp” vd;w Gjpdj;jpy;> tUk; tUzid>
mLf;Fj;njhlh; kw;Wk; xypf;Fwpg;Gr; nrhw;fisg; gw;wp ,f;fl;Liuapy; fhz;Nghk;.

fijr;RUf;fk; :
Mrpupau;> rpyUld; Nru;e;J flw;gazk; nra;jNghJ Gaypy; khl;bf;nfhz;lhu;.
Gaiy rkhspf;f Kbahky; mtu;fs; milAk; Jauq;fs;> ,uz;L ehl;fs; cztpd;wp
miyapd; Nghf;fpy; nrd;W fiuia fz;l mtu;fsJ mDgtq;fis fw;gid fye;J
jkpo; nrhw;fspd; ngUikia ntspg;gLj;Jk; tpjkhf Mrpupau; ,f;fijia vOjpAs;shu;.
,ay;-2
,ay;-2
mLf;Fj;njhlh;fs; :
Å nfhl;Lnfhl;nld;W nts;sk; nfhl;baJ.
Å fiu fiu vd rj;jkpl;ldu;.
Å thNdhL thdha;f; flNyhL flyha; kug;gr;ir njuptJ NghypUe;jJ.
Å njhq;fhd; eLeLq;fpj; jhtpj;jhtpf; FjpFjpj;J tpOtpOe;J
Å kPdf ; s; ,UGwKk; $l;lk; $l;lkha;g; gwe;J tpisahbd.
,ul;ilf;fpstp :
Å fpLfpLf;Fk; ,bKof;fj;Jld; kpd;dy; fPw;Wfs; thidg; gpse;jd.
Å vYk;Gfs; KwptJ Nghy; nehWnehW nehWq;fy; xyp.
Å fly; miyfs; xd;wd; gpd; xd;wha; te;J nkhj;J nkhj;njd;W fg;giy Nkhjpd.
Å Rod;W fpWfpWj;J $j;jhLfpwJ.
Å rpYrpY kukug;G
n
l.i
xypf;Fwpg;Gr; nrhw;fs; :
Å nqha;q; Ga;t;> nqha;q; Ga;q; vd ,b Kof;fk; nra;a rPdg; gprhRfs; jhtp tPRfpd;wd.
,J Gaypd; jPtpuj;ij ekf;F czh;j;JfpwJ. da
Å Nkfg;nghjpfs; gue;J jpuz;L Fk;kpUl;lha; ,Wfp epd;wd.
ka
Å R+whtspAk; khupAk; $bf;fye;J Mbf;Fjpj;Jf; nff;fypj;jd.
vi
Gay; tUzid :
Å miyfs; vz;nza; G+rpaitg; Nghy; nkhO nkhOntd nespe;jd.
al
Å kiyj;njhlu; Nghd;w miyfs; Nkhjpj; jhf;Ffpd;wd.

.k
Å mTypah kPd;fs; fz;khapy; ‘KJF njupa %o; fp ePe ; Jk; vUikfnsd’. Nghd;w
w
ctikfis gad;gLj;jp mofhf tUzpj;Js;shu;.

Å thdk; gpse;J jPf;ff;fpaJ. Rod;W Rod;W $j;jhLfpwJ flyiy.
w
Å fly; ntwpf; $j;jhl;lj;jhy; njhq;fhd; %o;fp rpg;gq;fs; flypy; ePe;Jfpd;wd.

Å thdk;> fly;> fhw;W> kio xd;W Nru;e;J $f;Fuypl;lJ.
w
,t;thwhf neLq;fij Mrpupau; ,ul;ilf;fpstp> mLf;Fj;njhlu;> ctikfisf; nfhz;L

Gaypd; Nfhuj;jhz;ltj;ij tUzpj;J ehKk; Gaypy; khl;bf; nfhz;lijg; Nghd;w
capNuhl;lj;ij Vw;gLj;jpAs;shu;.
Njhzp gLk;ghL :
Å kiyj;njhlu; Nghd;w miyfs; Nkhjpj; jhf;Ffpd;wd.
Å fly; ntwpf; $j;jhl;lj;jhy; njhq;fhd; %o;fp rpg;gq;fs; flypy; ePe;Jfpd;wd. gha;kuk;
xbe;J fplf;fpd;wJ. khYkpfs; Xl;ilia milf;fpd;wdu;.
Å njhq;fhdpy; ,Ue;j nghUl;fs; mq;Fkpq;Fkha; rpjwpf;fple;jd.
Å gpdhq;F vg;NghJ tUk; vd;w Nfs;tpf;F gjpy; ,y;iy.
Å Njhzp gy ,lw;ghLfisf; fle;J nrd;wJ. Gul;bg;Nghl;l Gay; epd;wJ.
Å kWehs; fhiy fly; miyfs; njhq;fhid Nkhjpd.
KbTiu
,t;thwhf ,ul;ilf;fpstp> mLf;Fj;njhlu;> xypf;Fwpg;Gr;nrhw;fs;> ctikfs;
nfhz;L Gaypd; Nfhuj;jhz;ltj;ijAk; Gaypy; Njhzp gLk;ghl;ilAk; kpf mofha;
tUzpj;J ehKk; Gaypy; khl;bf;nfhz;lijg; Nghd;w capNuhl;lj;ij Vw;gLj;jp cs;shu;.

3. kyu;e;Jk; kyuhj ghjpkyu; Nghy *c
Fwpg;Gr;rl;lfk;
tsUk; tpop tz;zNk - te;J m) ikaf;fUj;J
tpbe;Jk; tpbahj fhiyg; nghOjhf M) ftpij eak;
tpise;j fiy md;dNk ,) njhil eaq;fs;
x Nkhid eak;
ejpapy; tpisahb nfhbapy; jiyrPtp x vJif eak;
,ay;-2
,ay;-2
ele;j ,se; njd;wNy - tsu; x ,iaG eak;
nghjpif kiyNjhd;wp kJiu efu; fz;L x Kuz; njhil
nghype;j jkpo; kd;wNk <) mzp eak;
- ftpQu; fz;zjhrdpd; ,g;ghlypy; jtOk; fhw;iwAk; ftpij eaj;ijAk; ghuhl;b ciunra;f.
m) ikaf;fUj;J :
,g;ghlypy; ftpQu; Foe;ijapd; ,aw;if moif tUzpj;J ghbAs;shu;. mjid jkpo;
nkhopNahL cUtfg;gLj;jp moFw ghbAs;shu; ftpQu;.
M) ftpij eak; :
ghly; tup : kyu;e;Jk; kyuhj ghjpkyu; Nghy tsUk; tpop tz;zNk
tpsf;fk;: G+tpd; kyu;e;Jk; kyuhj epiy ‘NghJ’. mij ‘ghjp kyu;’ vd;fpwhu; fz;zjhrd;.
G+thdJ KOikahf kyu;e;J tpl;lhy;> vg;NghJ thLNkh? vd;w mr;rk; ,Uf;Fk;.
n
nkhl;lhf ,Ue;Jtpl;lhy;> vg;NghJ kyUk;? vd;w Vf;fk; ,Uf;Fk;. Mdhy; kyu;e;J
l.i
nfhz;Nl ,Ue;jhy; kfpo;r;rp mjpfupj;Jf;nfhz;Nl ,Uf;Fk;. Foe;ijapd; Kfj;jpy;
vg;NghJk; kfpo;r;rpiaNa fhz tpUk;gpa fz;zjhrdpd; ftpeak; Nghw;WjYf;FupaJ.
da
ghly; tup : te;J tpbe;Jk; tpbahj fhiyg; nghOjhf tpise;j fiy md;dNk
tpsf;fk;: tpbe;Jk; tpbahj fhiyg;nghOJ midtUf;FNk Gj;Jzu;r;rpiaAk;
ka
kfpo;r;rpiaAk; Cf;fj;ijAk; mspf;ff;$baJ. mg;gbg;gl;l fhiyg;
nghOjhf Foe;ijia cUtfg;gLj;jp cs;shu;. ntz;ik epwk; cs;sj;
vi
J}a;ikiag; Gyg;gLj;Jk;. mg;gbg;gl;l moF kpf;f> ntz;ik epwk; gilj;j

md;dg; gwitahf Foe;ijia cUtfg;gLj;jpg; ghbAs;shu;.
al
ghly; tup : ejpapy; tpisahb nfhbapy; jiyrPtp ele;j ,sk; njd;wNy

.k
tpsf;fk;: ejpapNy fye;J> fiue;J> vOe;J> ePe;jpf; Fspj;J tpisahb> mq;Fs;s

gy;tif eWkzkpf;f kyu;fs; jhq;fpa nfhbfspy; jiyiaj; Jtl;b>
w
jiyrPtp> moFgLj;jp> ,se;njd;wyha; ele;JtUfpwJ Foe;ij vd

w
cUtfg;gLj;jpg; ghLfpwhu;> fz;zjhrd;.

ghly; tup : nghjpif kiyNjhd;wp kJiu efu; fz;L nghype;j jkpo; kd;wNk
w
tpsf;fk;: nghjpif kiyapy; Njhd;wp> kJiu khefupy; tsu;e;j jkpo; Nghy Foe;ij
tsu Ntz;Lk; vd;W moF jkpohf Foe;ijia cUtfg;gLj;jpAs;shu; ftpQu;.
,) njhil eaq;fs; :
Î Nkhid eak; : nra;Aspy; rPu;NjhWk; my;yJ mbNjhWk; Kjy; vOj;J xd;wptuj;
njhLg;gJ Nkhid eakhFk;.
h v.fh : kyu;e;Jk; – kyuhj@ tpbe;Jk; – tpbahj – tpisahj@ ejpapy; – ele;j@
Î vJif eak; : nra;Aspy; rPu;NjhWk; my;yJ mbNjhWk; KjnyOj;J msnthj;J
epw;f ,uz;lhk; vOj;J xd;wptuj;njhLg;gJ vJif eakhFk;.
h v.fh : kyu;e;Jk; - kyuhj@ tpbe;Jk; - tpbahj
Î ,iaG eak; : xU nra;Aspd; mbNjhWk; ,Wjp vOj;Njh> mirNah> rPNuh
xd;wptuj;;njhLg;gJ ,iaGj; njhilahFk;.
h v.fh. tz;zNk> md;dNk> kd;wNk
Î Kuz; njhil : nra;Aspy;> nrhy; my;yJ nghUs; Kuz;gl;L eak; gaf;Fk; tifapy;
miktJ Kuz; njhil MFk;.
h v.fh : kyu;e;Jk; u kyuhj> tpbe;Jk; u tpbahj
<) mzp eak; : kyu;e;Jk; kyuhj ghjp kyu; Nghy – ‘ctik mzp’.
nkhopia Ms;Nthk;!
jkpopy; nkhopngau;j;Jj; jiyg;gpLf. [PTA – 1, MDL – 19, MAY – 2022]
,ay;-2
,ay;-2
The Golden sun gets up early in the jq;f epwf; fjputd; mjpfhiyapy; cjpf;fpwJ
morning and starts its bright rays to fade NkYk; ,Uis kq;fr; nra;Ak; tifapy; jdJ
away the dark. The milky clouds start gpufhrkhd fjpu;fis xspu;tplj; njhlq;FfpwJ.
ghy; Nghd;w ntz; Nkfq;fs; Rw;wpj;jpupjiyj;
their wandering. The colourful birds start
njhlq;Ffpd;wd. tz;zg;gwitfs; jq;fsJ
twitting their morning melodies in fhiy Neu nky;ypiriaj; jhsj;Jld; fPr;rplj;
percussion. The cute butterflies dance njhlq;Ffpd;wd. mofhd tz;zj;Jg;G+r;rpfs;
around the flowers. The flowers’ kyu;fisr; Rw;wp eldkpLfpd;wd. kyu;fspd;
fragrance fills the breeze. The breeze eWkzkhdJ njd;wy; fhw;wpdpy; epuk;gpAs;sJ.
gently blows everywhere and makes me;jj; njd;wy; fhw;whdJ vy;yh ,lq;fspYk;
everything pleasant. tPRfpwJ. NkYk; vy;yhtw;iwAk; ,dpikahf;FfpwJ.
n
l.i
nrhw;fspy; kiwe;Js;s njhiffis milahsk; fz;L njhlupy; mikf;f.
nrhw;fs; njhif tif

da
,d;nrhy;> vOfjpu;> fPupghk;G> G+q;Foy; te;jhs;> kiy tho;thu;> Kj;Jg;gy;
njhlu;
ka
v.fh : ,d;nrhy; gz;Gj;njhif [MAY-2022] ,d dpikahd nrhy; $Wjy; rhd;Nwhu;f;F moF.
tpidj;njhif vOfppd;w fjpuppd; moif th;zpf;f thh;j;ijfs;
vi
vOfjpu;
[MAY-22, PTA - 2] ,y;iy.
al
fPupghk;G mz;zDk; jk;gpAk; fPupAk; ghk;Gk; Nghy

ck;ikj;njhif
.k
rz;ilapl;ldu;.
ahopdpapd; $e;jiyf; fz;Nlhh; G+itAila
w
G+q;Foy; te;jhs; md;nkhopj;njhif

Foy; cilats; te;jhs; vdf; $wpdh;.
w
kiy tho;thu; Vohk; Ntw;Wikj;njhif FwpQ;rp epy kf;fs; kiy fz; tho;thu;.
Kj;Jg;gy; ctikj;njhif [PTA-2] kfpopdp Kj;Jg;Nghd;w gy; cilats;.
w
nra;jpfisg; gbj;J tpdhf;fSf;F tpil vOJf.

G+f;fisg; gw;wpa mupa ,yf;fpar; nra;jpfs;
G+ cz;L. Mdhy; fz;zpw;Ff; fhl;rp juhky; fhz;lw;F mupadtha; ,Uf;Fk; kyu;fs;:
My kyu;@ gyh kyu;.
kyu; cz;L@ ngaUk; cz;L@ Mdhy; ,Jjhd; mJ vd;W cWjpahf mwpa ,ayhJs;s
epiyapy; ,Uf;Fk; kyu;fs;@ Rs;sp kyu;> ghq;fu;; kyu;.
mftpjo; Kjypa cWg;Gfs; ,Ue;J mit Gwj;Nj fhl;rpg;glhky; cs;NsNa
nghjpe;jpUf;Fk; kyu;fs;@ mj;jp> Myk;> nfhopQ;rp> gyh.
gad;ghL> ehw;wk;> kf;fsJ tpUg;gpy; ,lk; ngwhik> nghJtpy; xJf;fg;gl;lik nfhz;L
kyupy; rpy vspait Mfpd;wd. mitahtd: neUQ;rp> vUf;F> G+is> FuP,g; G+is> Ntis>
Ckj;jk;> fs;sp> KUq;if.
,Yg;igg; G+f;fs; ,dpg;ghdit. fubfs; kuj;jpd; kPNjwp mtw;iwg; gwpj;J cz;Zk;.
ghjpupg; G+ FbePUf;Fj; jd; kzj;ij Vw;Wk;. %q;fpy; G+tpy; fha; Njhd;wpf; fdpahfp
mjpypUe;J xUtif muprp Njhd;Wk;. ,J %q;fpy; muprp vdg;gLk;. - Nfhit. ,sQ;Nrud;

tpdhf;fs; :
1. kyu; cz;L@ ngaUk; cz;L - ,uz;L njhlu;fisAk; xU njhluhf;Ff. [PTA - 2]
kyUf;Fg; ngah; cz;L.
2. mUk;ghfp nkhl;lhfpg; G+thfp… vd;gij xj;J mike;Js;s njhliuf; fz;lwpf.
%q;fpy; G+tpy; fha; Njhd;wpf; fdpahfp mjpypUe;J xUtif muprp (%q;fpy;) Njhd;Wk;.
,ay;-2
,ay;-2
3. ePq;fs; mwpe;j ,U G+f;fspd; ngau;fisAk; gad;fisAk; vOJf.
m) khJsk; G+: gpj;j the;jpia epWj;Jk;. tapw;Wf;fLg;G> tha;g;Gz; ePf;Fk;.
M) Ntg;gk; G+: ePbj;j Vg;gk;> the;jp> Flw;G+r;rpfs; Mfpatw;iw mfw;Wk;.
4. mupa kyu; - ,yf;fzf; Fwpg;Gj; jUf. mupa kyu; - Fwpg;Gg;nganur;rk;
5. njhlupy; nghUe;jhg; nghUs;jUk; kaq;nfhyp vOj;Jfisj; jpUj;Jf. [PTA - 2]
,Yg;igg; G+f;fs; ,dpg;ghdit. fubfs; kwj;jpd; kPNjwp mtw;iwg; gupj;J cz;Zk;. ghjpupg;
G+ FbePUf;Fj; jd; kdj;ij Vw;Wk;.
kwj;jpd; - kuj;jpd;@ gupj;J - gwpj;J@ kdj;ij - kzj;ij
$Ljy; tpdhf;fs; [AUG – 2022]
6. fz;zpw;Ff; fhl;rp juhky; fhz;lw;F mupadtha; ,Uf;Fk; kyu;fs; vit? My (k) gyh kyu;
7. Gwj;Nj fhl;rpg;glhky; cs;Ns nghjpe;jpUf;Fk; kyu;fs; ahit? mj;jp, Myk; , nfhopQ;rp, gyh
n
8. ,dpg;ghd G+f;fs; vJ? ,Yg;ig G+f;fs;
9. ve;jg; g+ FbePUf;F kzj;ij Vw;Wk;? ghjpupg; G+
l.i
10. %q;fpy; muprp vd;why; vd;d? %q;fpy; G+tpy; fha; Njhd;wpf; fdpahfp mjpypUe;J
tho;j;Jkly; vOJf.
da
xUtif muprp Njhd;Wk;. ,J %q;fpy; muprp vdg;gLk;.
* * tpil gf;f vz; : 154 fhz;f* *
ka
ghujpapd; trdeil
vi
rpl;Lf;FUtp
rpwpajhdpak; Nghd;w %f;F@ rpd;df;fz;fs;@ rpd;dj;jiy@ nts;isf; fOj;J@ mofpa kq;fy;
al
ntz;ik epwKila gl;Lg;Nghu;j;j tapW@ fUikAk; ntz;ikAk; fye;j rhk;gy;; epwj;jhyhfpa

.k
gl;Lg;Nghu;j;j KJF@ rpwpa Njhif@ Jspj;Jspf; fhy;fs;@ ,j;jidAk; Nru;j;J xU gr;irf;

Foe;ijapd; ifg;gpbapNy gpbj;Jtplyhk;. ,t;tpjkhd cliyr; Rke;Jnfhz;L vd; tPl;bNy
w
,uz;L capu;fs; tho;fpd;wd. mtw;wpy; xd;W Mz; kw;nwhd;W ngz;.

- ,J Nghd;W cq;fSf;Fg; gpbj;j VNjDk; xd;iwg; gw;wp trdeilapy; vOJf.
w
Kay; : rpwpa fz;fs;@ ,Uspy; gspr;nrd kpd;Dk; ghu;it@ rpwpa %f;F@ ePz;l fhJfs;@
w
iffshy; jltpf;nfhz;Nl ,Uf;fj; J}z;Lk; nkd;ikahd Kbfs;@ rg;jk; Nfl;lhy; kpd;dy;;

Nghy; Js;spf; Fjpj;J jq;fg; gjf;fk; ntd;wpl XbtpLk;@ gQ;R Nkfk; fhy; Kisj;J
jiuapwq;fp vd; tPl;by; tsu;fpwJ. mtw;wpy; xd;W fUg;G kw;nwhd;W nts;is.
nkhopNahL tpisahL
nrhy;iyf; fz;Lgpbj;Jg; Gjpiu tpLtpf;f.
(fhL> GJik> tpz;kPd;> fhw;W> eWkzk;)
Kjy; ,uz;il ePf;fpdhYk; thrid jUk;@ ePf;fhtpl;lhYk; thrid
1. eWkzk;
jUk;. [PTA - 6]
2. goikf;F vjpuhdJ - vOJNfhypy; gad;gLk;. [AUG -2022] GJik
3. ,Uf;Fk;NghJ cUtkpy;iy - ,y;yhky; capupdk; ,y;iy. [PTA - 6] fhw;W
4. ehnyOj;jpy; fz; rpkpl;Lk; - filapuz;by; ePe;jpr; nry;Yk;. tpz;kPd;
5. XnuOj;jpy; Nrhiy - ,uz;nlOj;jpy; tdk;. [AUG-22, MAY–22, PTA-6] fhL

eakpF njhlu;fisg; gbj;J Vw;w jiyg;Gfis vLj;njOJf.
(tdj;jpd; eldk;> kpjf;Fk; thrk;> fhw;wpd; ghly;> nkhl;;bd; tUif> capu;g;gpd; Vf;fk;> ePupd; rpypu;g;G)
1. nfhSj;Jk; ntapy; rl;nldj; jzpe;jJ. thdk; ,Uz;lJ. thilf;
fhw;wpd; ghly;
fhw;W tPrpaJ. [MAY – 2022]
2. Gtp rpypu;j;J> kz;zpypUe;J rpd;dQ;rpW nkhl;L Kfpo;j;jJ@ mr;nrbia nkhl;bd;
,ay;-2
,ay;-2
tuNtw;Fk; tpjkhfg; gf;fj;Jr; nrbfs; jiyahl;b kfpo;fpd;wd. tUif
3. Nrhiyf;Fs; rj;jkpy;yhky; tPrpaJ njd;wy;@ G+f;fs; mjd; tUifia
czh;e;J eWkzj;Jld; tuNtw;fpd;wd. G+thrk; fye;j njd;wypy; kpjf;Fk; thrk;
tz;Lfs; kpje;J nrd;W kyh;fspy; mkh;fpd;wd.
4. ,utpd; ,Usikjpapy; ,iur;ryha;r; rpy Rtu;f;Nfhopfs;. twz;l capu;g;gpd;
thdj;jpd; ,Uz;l GOf;fk;@ kiof;F Vq;Fk; Gtp ntg;gg; ngU%r;R Vf;fk;
tpLk;@ frfrj;j capupdq;fs;.
5. epd;Wtpl;l kio jUk; Fspu;@ nrhl;Lr; nrhl;lhf tpspk;GfspypUe;Jk; ePupd; rpypu;g;G
kuq;fspypUe;Jk; tpOk; kioePu;gl;Lr; rpypu;f;Fk; capupdk;.
6. Fapy;fspd; $typir. Gs;spdq;fspd; Nka;r;rYk; gha;r;rYk;. tdj;jpd;
,iyfspd; mirTfs;> R+iwf;fhw;wpd; MNyhyk;. [SEP - 2020] eldk;
n
fhl;rpiaf; fz;L ftpDw vOJf. [PTA - 5]
l.i
fhw;wpd; mUik njupahky;
da
kuq;fis vy;yhk; mopj;Njhk;
,d;W
ka
%r;Rf;fhw;iw tpiyf;F thq;Fk; epiy…
J}a fhw;wpy;yhky;…
vi
vz;zpyh Neha;fs;…
ek;kpy; ngUfptpl;ld…
al
njhl;br; nrbAld;
.k
elkhLk; epiyf;F te;Jtpl;Nlhk;…

Kftupiaj; njhiyj;Jtpl;L
w
Kfhup ghLfpNwhk;…
w
$Ljy; tpdh
1. J}a;ikahd fhw;iwg; ngWtjw;F Nkw;nfhs;s Ntz;ba topKiwfshf ePq;fs; fUJtdw;iw Ie;J
w
njhlu;fspy; gl;baypLf. [PTA – 3]

1. tPl;ilr; Rw;wp kuq;fis mjpf mstpy; tsh;f;f Ntz;Lk;.
2. Rw;Wg;Gwj;ijj; J}a;ikahf itj;Jf;nfhs;s Ntz;Lk;.
3. nefpopg; nghUl;fis vhpf;fhky; mjid kWRow;rp nra;a Ntz;Lk;.
4. njhopw;rhiy fopTfis Kiwahf mg;Gwg;gLj;j Ntz;Lk;.
5. thfd cgNahfj;ijf; Fiwj;Jf; nfhs;tjd; %yKk; J}a;ikahd fhw;iwg; ngwyhk;.
epw;f mjw;Fj; jf Gj;jf gf;f vz; : 48 ,y; thndhyp mwptpg;igf; fhz;f.
thndhypapy; Gaypd; mwptpg;igf; Nfl;l ePq;fs;> cq;fisAk; cq;fs; FLk;gj;jhiuAk; fhg;ghw;Wk;
tifapy; nra;Ak; nray;fis tupirg;gLj;jp vOJf.
1 Gaypd;NghJ ntspNa nry;y khl;Nlhk;.
2. ntspNaw Neu;e;jhy; Muk;gfl;l vr;rupf;ifapd;NghNj ntspNaWNthk;.
3. khbapy; ,Ug;gijj; jtpu;j;Jj; jsg; gFjpapNyNa jq;FNthk;.
4. njhiyNgrp> kpd;rhjdq;fspd; ,izg;igj; Jz;bj;J gad;gLj;Jtijj; jtpu;g;Nghk;.
5. Njitahd> nkOFth;j;jp> jPg;ngl;b Nghd;witfisr; Nrfhpj;J itj;Jf;nfhs;Nthk;.
6. fhw;W tPRtJ epd;whYk; ntspNa nry;yhky;> thndhypapy; nrhy;Yk; mwpTiufis
gpd;gw;wp elg;Nghk;.
fw;git fw;wgpd;...
ePq;fs;; Ek; fw;gid tsj;jpw;Nfw;whw; Nghy vOjpg; goFf))
,ay;-2
,ay;-2
nra;As; : m) fhw;Nw th! - ghujpahu;
1. ,t;trd ftpijapy; ,lk;ngw;Ws;s Ntz;LNfhs; nrhw;fSk; fl;lisr; nrhw;fSk; (thridAld;

th> mtpj;J tplhNj…) ftpijapd; cl;nghUis ntspg;gLj;jj; Jizepw;gJ Fwpj;Jg; NgRf.
Ntz;LNfhs; nrhw;fs; ftpijapd; cl;nghUis ntspg;gLj;jj; Jizepwf
fpwJ
fhw;iw mjd; jd;ikiag;Nghy nkd;ikahf miof;fpwhu;.
Î fhw;Nw th
capu;tspia ekf;Ff; nfhLf;f Ntz;LNfhs; tpLf;fpwhu;.
kfue;jj;J}isr; Rke;J kdij kaq;fr; nra;Ak;
Î ,dpa thridAld; th
n
thridAld; th vd;w Ntz;LNfhis tpLf;fpwhu;.
l.i
Î neLq;fhyk; epd;W tPrpf; fhw;W nkJthfTk; ,y;yhky; NtfkhfTk; ,y;yhky;
nfhz;bU rPuhf tPr Ntz;Lk; vd;W Ntz;LNfhs; tpLf;fpwhu;.
fl;lisr; nrhw;fs;
da tpsf;fk;
ka
vq;fsJ capu; neUg;G ePbj;J epd;W ey;nyhspiaf;
Î ed;whf tPR
nfhLf;f ed;whf tPr Ntz;Lk; vd;W fl;lisapLfpwhh;.
vi
Î mtpj;J tplhNj fhw;Nw eP Ntfkhf tPrp capuhfpa neUg;ig mopj;J

al
Î kbj;J tplhNj tplf;$lhJ vd;W fl;lisapLfpwhh;.

.k
2. ,aw;ifnahypfis czu;Tld; ntspg;gLj;Jk; ftpijfisj; jpul;b te;J tFg;giwapy; gbj;Jf;fhl;Lf.

w
(Rakhf jahupj;Jf; nfhs;sTk;)

w
w
ciueil : Nfl;fpwjh vd; Fuy; !

1. fhw;W Ngrpaijg; Nghy epyk; NgRtjhf vz;zpf;nfhz;L NgRf. [PTA - 5]
epyk; vd;Dk; ehd;> Gtpapd; jpz;k Nkw;gug;G MNtd;. tho;f;iff;F Mjhukhd ehd;
Fiwe;j msT gug;gsNt cs;Nsd;. mjdhy; vd;id J}a;ikahf itj;jpUq;fs;.
cq;fs; tho;tpd; Mjhukhfpa ehd; jw;NghJ gy;NtW rPuopTfisr; re;jpj;J
tUfpNwd;. tPLfs;> rhiyfs;> njhopw;rhiyfs;> Ruq;f Ntiy> ngupa fl;blq;fs; Nghd;wit
fl;l epyk; mopf;fg;gLfpwJ. ,jdhy; kz; mhpg;G> nts;sk;> twl;rp kw;Wk; khRghL
Vw;gLfpwJ. ,urhad cuq;fs; kw;Wk; G+r;rpf; nfhy;ypfspd; kpFjpahYk; vd; epyj;jb ePu;
tsk; nfLfpwJ. ,jdhy; vd;;Dila jd;ikAk; khWfpwJ.
kdpju;fNs! nefpopg;igfis cgNahfpg;gij epWj;Jq;fs;. njhopw;rhiyf;
fopTfisg; ghJfhg;ghd Kiwapy; mg;Gwg;gLj;Jq;fs;. cuq;fs; kw;Wk; Cl;lr;rj;Jf;fisr;
rhpahd msNt gad;gLj;Jq;fs;. ,urhad cuq;fshy; vd; tsk; FiwfpwJ. vdNt
ghuk;ghpa Kiwapy; caph; cuj;ijg; gad;gLj;Jq;fs;. rpW FOf;fis cUthf;fp vd;
tsj;ij Nkk;gLj;j tsh;r;rpj; jpl;lq;fis Nkw;nfhs;Sq;fs;…

2. 17 Mk; E}w;whz;by; nts;isg; gspq;Ff; fw;fshy; fl;lg;gl;L ,d;Wk; cyf tpe;ijahfj; jpfOk;
jh[;kfhy;> ,d;wstpy; kQ;rs;> gOg;G vd epwk; khwpf; fhl;rpaspg;gjd; fhuzq;fisAk;
jPh;TfisAk; fye;JiuahLf.
mfpyh : cyf mjpraq;fspy; xd;whd nts;isg; gspq;Ff; fw;fshy; fl;lg;gl;l jh[;kfhy;
gw;wp ,d;W ek; ghlj;jpy; gbj;Njhk;. ehd; jh[;kfhy; Neupy; ghu;jpUf;fpNwd;. Mdhy;
mJ ek; Gj;jfj;jpy; cs;sJ Nghy gsgsntd kpd;dtpy;iy> nghyptpoe;J kQ;rs;
,ay;-2
,ay;-2
kw;Wk; gOg;G epwkhf cs;sJ. mJ Vd;?
fz;kzp : ehd; nra;jpj;jhs;fspy; gbj;jpUf;fpNwd;. jiyefu; nly;ypapy; fhw;W khRghL
kpfTk; mjpfkhf ,Ug;gjhYk;> Mf;uhitr; Rw;wpAs;s njhopw;rhiyfspypUe;J
ntspNaWk; GifapdhYk; ,e;j epiy Vw;gl;bUf;fpwjhk;.
mfpyh : ,jw;fhd jPu;Tjhd; vd;d?
fz;kzp : jh[;kfhiyr; Rw;wpAs;s njhopw;rhiyfspypUe;J ntsptUk; Gifiaf;
fl;Lg;gLj;j Ntz;Lk;. Gjpa njhopw;rhiyfis mikf;ff; $lhJ. thfdq;fspy;
vupnghUSf;Fg; gjpyhf kpd;fyk; nghUj;j Ntz;Lk;.
mfpyh : Mkhk;.. kf;fs; midtUk; nghJg;Nghf;Ftuj;ijg; gad;gLj;j tpopg;Gzu;T
Vw;gLj;j Ntz;Lk;. jh[;kfhy; ,Uf;ff;$ba gFjpiag; ghJfhf;fg;gl;l>
njhd;ikahd ,lkhf mwptpj;J mjd; goikiag; ghJfhf;f Ntz;Lk;.
fz;kzp : cz;ikjhd;> cyfpd; mjpraj;ij ek; vjpu;fhy jiyKiwaplk; ghJfhg;ghf
n
xg;gilf;f Ntz;baJ ek; nghWg;GjhNd. mijf; fz;bg;ghfr; nra;Nthk;.
l.i
nra;As; : M) Ky;iyg;ghl;L da - eg;G+jdhu;
1. Ky;iyg;ghl;bd;; fhl;rpfspypUe;J rq;ffhy kf;fspd; tho;f;ifr; R+oiy czu Kbfpwjh? cq;fspd;
ka
fUj;Jfisg; gjpT nra;f.
Ky;iyg;ghl;bd; fhl;rpfspypUe;J rq;ffhy kf;fspd; tho;f;ifr; #oiy ed;F czu KbfpwJ.
vi
Å rq;ffhy kf;fs; ,aw;ifNahL ,iae;j tho;f;ifia tho;e;Js;sdu;.

Å Mz;fs; Ciuf; fhty; fhg;gjd; %yk; kf;fs; epk;kjpAld; tho;e;Js;sdu;.
al
Å rpWjhdpa tiffis cz;L cly; eyj;Jld; tho;e;jdu;.

.k
Å gpwu; Jd;gj;ij jd; Jd;gkhff; fUjp tho;e;Js;sdu;.

Å kdpju;fis kl;Lky;yhky; gpw capupdq;fspd; kPJk; md;G nrYj;jpAs;sdu;.
w
Å flTs; ek;gpf;if kpFe;jtu;fshf tho;e;Js;sdu;.

w
Å Mw;Wg;gLj;Jk; gz;gpidf; nfhz;ltu;fshf tho;e;Js;sdu;.

Å ,isQu;fs; ngz;fis kzKbf;f tPu tpisahl;Lfis Nkw;nfhz;ldu;.
w
2. Fwpg;Gfisf; nfhz;L Mu;t%l;Lk; tifapy; fij / epfo;it vOJf.

mikjp - tdk; - kdijj; njhl;lJ - nfhQ;rk; mr;rk; - Mdhy; gpbj;jpUe;jJ - ,utpy;
tPl;bd; mikjpia tpl - tdj;jpd; mikjp - GJik - fhy;fs; jiuapy; - ,iyfspd;
ryryg;G - gwitfs; kuq;fspd; Nky; rpwfbg;G - mUfpy; jpUk;gpaTld; - jpBnud Muthu
Xir - jz;zPupd; Xl;lk; - mofhd MW - cUz;l rpW$ohq;fw;fs; - ,aw;ifapd; fz;fhl;rp.
xU ehs; ,dpad; ,aw;ifia urpj;jgbNa tdg;gFjpf;Fs; ele;J nrd;whd;. xNu mikjp.
kdjpy; mr;rk; vOe;jhYk;> tdj;jpd; moF mtDf;Fg; gpbj;jpUe;jJ. jpdKk; mtd; tPl;L
nkhl;ilkhbapy; epyit urpg;ghd;. Mdhy; md;W tPl;bd; ,uT mikjpiatpl tdj;jpd;
mikjp mtDf;Fg; GJikahfTk; uk;akhfTk; ,Ue;jJ.
mtd; ele;J nrd;w fhl;Lg;ghijapy; kuq;fspd; mlu;j;jpapdhy; ntspr;rk; Fiwthf
,Ue;jJ. fPNo fhypy; cjpu;e;j ,iyfspd; ryryg;G> NkNy kufpisfspy; $Lfl;b
FbapUf;Fk; gwitfspd; Muthu xypAk; > rpwfbg;Gk; ,dpa jhs XirNghy xypj;jd.
mUfpy; jpUk;gpdhy; ePNuhl;lj;jpd; ryryg;G jpBu; Muthu Xirahf ,Ue;jJ.
mijNehf;fp nry;y> kuq;fSf;F ,ilapy;> mofhd MW rpypu;f;fr;nra;Ak; fhl;rp. Mw;WePupy;
fhy; itj;jTld; cUz;l rpWrpW $ohq;fw;fs; ,dpadpd; fhy;fisj; njhl;lgb efu;e;J
nrd;wd. ,aw;ifapd; ,dpa fz;fhl;rpapy;> ,dpad; jd;dpiy kwe;J rw;WNeuk; mq;NfNa
mku;e;jhd;. ntFNeuk; fopj;J kdkpd;wp tPL jpUk;gpdhd;.
tpupthdk; : GaypNy xU Njhzp - g. rpq;fhuk;

1. flypy; Gaypd; jhf;fj;jpdhy; Vw;gl;l gjw;wj;ij ntspg;gLj;j mLf;Fj; njhlu;fSk;
tUzidfSk; vt;thnwy;yhk; gad;gl;Ls;sd vd;gJ Fwpj;J tFg;gpy; NgRf.
,ay;-2
,ay;-2
tpil gf;f vz; : 21 kw;Wk; 22 ,y; 2 MtJ Nfs;tpf;fhd gjpiyf; fhz;f.
2. ePq;fs; vjpu;nfhz;l ,aw;if ,lu; Fwpj;J tptupj;J vOJf. (kio> nts;sk;> Gay;> twl;rp)
(fPo;f;fz;l Fwpg;Gfis gad;gLj;jp khztu;fs; Rakhf vOjTk;.)
kio :
Å fd kioapy; gapu;fs; ePupy; %o;fp mOfpd.
Å rhiyfspy; msTf;fjpfkhf ePu;Njq;fpajhy; Nghf;Ftuj;J Jz;bf;fg;gl;lJ.
Å kpd;rhuk; gykzp Neuk; epWj;jg;gl;lJ.
nts;sk; :
Å mizfspy; ,Ue;J cgupePu; msTf;fjpfkhf jpwf;fg;gl;ljhy;> MWfspy; mgha
msitj; jhz;b nts;sk; fiuGuz;L XbaJ.
Å MWfspd; FWf;Nf nry;Yk; gy jiug;ghyq;fs; mbj;Jr; nry;yg;gl;ld.
n
Å jq;f ,lk;> czT> FbePu; ,d;wp kf;fs; gyu; mtjpf;Fs;shfpdu;.
l.i
Gay; :
Å GayhdJ kf;fspd; tho;thjhuj;ij Kw;wpYk; mopj;jJ. da
Å kuq;fs; NtUld; rha;e;Jk;> Kwpe;Jk; tpOe;jd.
Å kf;fs; tPLfis ,oe;J jtpj;jdu;.
ka
twl;rp :
Å kioapd; msTk; Fiwe;jjhy; MWfspy; ePu;tuj;J Kw;wpYkhfj; jilgl;lJ.
vi
Å mjdhy;> FbePu;g; gQ;rk; Vw;gLk; epiyAk; Vw;gl;lJ.

al
Å Ntshz;ikAk; ghjpg;gile;jjhy; czTg;gQ;rKk; Vw;gl;lJ.

.k
w
,yf;fzk; : njhifepiyj; njhlu;fs;

w
mbf;Nfhbl;l njhifepiyj; njhlu;fis tifg;gLj;Jf.

w
1. md;Gr;nry;td; jpwd;Ngrpapd; njhLjpiuapy; gbj;Jf;nfhz;bUe;jhu;.

Å md;Gr;nry;td; - ,uz;lhk;Ntw;Wik cUGk; gaDk; cld;njhf;fnjhif
Å njhLjpiu - tpidj;njhif
2. midtUf;Fk; Nkhu;g;ghidiaj; jpwe;J Nkhu; nfhLf;fTk;.
Å Nkhu;g;ghid - ,uz;lhk; Ntw;Wik cUGk; gaDk; cld;njhf;fnjhif
Å Nkhu;nfhLf;fTk; - ,uz;lhk; Ntw;Wikj; njhif
3. ntz;ilf;fha;g; nghupay; Nkhu;f
; ;Fok;Gf;Fg; nghUj;jkhf ,Uf;Fk;.
Å ntz;ilf;fha; - ,Unganuhl;Lg; gz;Gj;njhif
Å Nkhu;f;Fok;G - ,Unganuhl;Lg; gz;Gj;njhif
4. jq;fkPd;fs; jz;zPu;j;njhl;bapy; tpisahLfpd;wd.
Å jq;fkPd;fs; - ctikj; njhif
Å jz;zPu;j;njhl;b - ,uz;lhk; Ntw;Wik cUGk; gaDk; cld;njhf;fnjhif
3. $l;lhQ;NrhW
gyTs; njhpf
1. gpd;tUtdtw;Ws; Kiwahd njhlu; - *c [PTA - 4]
m) jkpou; gz;ghl;;by; jdpj;j thio ,iyf;F ,lKz;L.
,ay;-3
,ay;-3
M) jkpou; thio ,iyf;Fg; gz;ghl;by; jdpj;j ,lKz;L.
,) jkpou; gz;ghl;by; thio ,iyf;Fj; jdpj;j ,lKz;L.
<) jkpou; thio gz;ghl;by;; jdpj;j ,iyf;F ,lKz;L.
2. "rpyk;G mile;jpUe;j ghf;fk; va;jp” vd;Dk; mbapy; ghf;fk; vd;gJ – *nr-2
m) Gj;J}u; M) %J}u; ,) Ng&u; <) rpw;W}u;
3. mwpQUf;F E}y;> mwpQuJ E}y; Mfpa nrhw;nwhlu;fspy; nghUis NtWgLj;jf; fhuzkhf
miktJ - *, [MAY – 2022]
n
m) Ntw;Wik cUG M) vOtha; ,) ctk cUG <) cupr;nrhy;
l.i
4. fhrpf;fhz;lk; vd;gJ - *nr-1
m) fhrp efuj;jpd; tuyhw;iwg; ghLk; E}y; M) fhrp efuj;ijf; Fwpf;Fk; kWngau;
da
,) fhrp efuj;jpd; ngUikiag; ghLk; E}y; <) fhrp efuj;jpw;F topg;gLj;Jk; E}y;
5. ‘tpUe;jpdiug; NgZtjw;Fg; nghUs; Njitg;gl;ljhy;> jd; fUq;Nfhl;Lr; rPwpahiog; gizak;
ka
itj;J tpUe;jspj;jhd; vd;fpwJ GwehD}W’. ,r;nra;jp czu;j;Jk; tpUe;J Nghw;wpa epiy – *c
vi
m) epyj;jpw;Nfw;w tpUe;J M) ,d;ikapYk; tpUe;J

,) my;ypYk; tpUe;J <) cw;whupd; tpUe;J
al
$Ljy; tpdhf;fs;
.k
6. fl;Liuiag; gbj;J> Mrpupah; khzth;fSf;F gupR toq;fpdhh; - ,j;njhlupy; ,lk; ngw;Ws;s

*, [SEP – 2021]
w
Ntw;Wik cUGfs;:
m) I> My; M) My;> F ,) I> F <) ,d;> F
w
7. fiyauq;fj;jpy; vdf;fhf fhj;jpUf;fpwtiu mioj;J thUq;fs; - ,j;njhlu; *, [MDL – 19]

w
m) tpdhj; njhlu; M) jdpj;; njhlu; ,) nra;jpj; njhlu; <) fyitj;; njhlu;

8. ‘kUe;Nj MapDk; tpUe;njhL cz;’ - ,t;tup ,lk; ngw;Ws;s E}y; kw;Wk; Mrpupau;
m) FWe;njhif> fgpyu; M) mfehD}W> fk;gu; *c [MDL – 19, PTA - 1]
,) nfhd;iw Nte;jd;> xsitahu; <) GwehD}W> njhy;fhg;gpau;
9. tpLgl;l czT tiffis tupirg;gLj;Jf. *c [PTA - 4]
gr;ruprpiaf; nfhz;L ______ nra;J ghrpg;gUg;gpid tWj;J ______ gpbj;J Nful;ilj; JUtp
nea;apl;L ______ nra;J Kbj;j mk;kh> ,Wjpahf cUisf;fpoq;ifr; rPtp ______ nra;J
midtiuAk; czT cz;z mioj;jhu;.
m) nghq;fy;> cUz;il> rPty;> my;th M) rPty;> cUz;il> my;th> rPty;
,) nghq;fy;> cUz;il> my;th> rPty; <) cUz;il> rPty;> my;th> nghq;fy;
10. cyfNk tWikAw;whYk; nfhLg;gtd; vd;Wk;> nghUs;fspd; ,Ug;igf;$l mwpahky;
nfhLg;gtd; vd;Wk; ghuhl;lg;gLNthu;- *c [PTA - 6]
m) cjpad;@ Nruyhjd; M) neLQ;nrkpad;@ jpUKbf;fhup
,) Ngfd;@ fps;sptstd; <) mjpad;> ngUQ;rhj;jd;
11. md;ghy; fl;bdhu;> mwpQUf;Fg; nghd;dhil Mfpa nrhw;nwhlu;fspy; nghUis NtWgLj;jf;
fhuzkhf miktJ - *, [PTA – 6]
m) Ntw;Wik cUG M) vOtha; ,) ctk cUG <) cupr;nrhy;
,ay; - 3. $l;lhQ;NrhW 31
FWtpdh
1. tpUe;jpdiu kfpo;tpj;Jf; $Wk; Kfkd; nrhw;fis vOJf. *nr-1
Å tpUe;jpdiu tpae;J ciuj;jy;.
Å ,dpikahfg; NgRjy;.
Å Kfkyu;r;rpAld; Nehf;Fjy;.
Å ‘tPl;bw;Fs; tUf’ vd;W tuNtw;wy;.
Å kdk; kfpOk;gb NgRjy;.
Å Gfo;r;rpahf Kfkd; $wp topaDg;Gjy;.
2. ‘jhdpak; VJk; ,y;yhj epiyapy; tpijf;fhf itj;jpUe;j jpidia cuypy; ,l;Lf; Fw;wpnaLj;J
,ay;-3
,ay;-3
tpUe;jpdUf;F tpUe;jspj;jhs; jiytp’ vd;gJ ,yf;fpar; nra;jp. tpUe;Njhk;gYf;Fr; nry;tk; kl;LNk
,d;wpaikahj xd;wh? cq;fs; fUj;ijf; Fwpg;gpLf. *c
Å tpUe;Njhk;gYf;F nry;tj;ijtpl Kfk; kyu;e;J tpUe;jpdiug; Nghw;Wjy;> ey;y cgrupg;G>
,dpa nrhw;fs;> ,Ug;gijg; gfpu;e;jspf;Fk; ey;y kdk; Mfpad ,Uj;jy; Ntz;Lk;.
3. ‘vOJ vd;whs;’ vd;gJ tpiuT fhuzkhf ‘vOJ vOJ vd;whs;’ vd mLf;Fj; njhluhdJ. ‘rpupj;Jg;
Ngrpdhu;’ vd;gJ vt;thW mLf;Fj;njhluhFk;? *,
n
‘rpupj;Jg; Ngrpdhu;’ vd;gJ ctg;gpd; fhuzkhf ‘rpupj;J rpupj;Jg; Ngrpdhu;’ vd;W mLf;Fj;njhluhdJ.
l.i
4. ‘,wbg; nghk;ky; ngWFtpu;’
- ,j;njhlu; czu;j;Jk; n;ghUis vOJf.
Å ,wb – jpiz> nghk;ky; - NrhW
da *nr-2
ka
Å “jpidr; Nrhw;iw czthfg; ngWtPu;fs;” vd;gJ ,j;njhlu; czu;j;Jk; nghUshFk;.
5. ghujpahu; ftpQu;> E}yfk; nrd;whu;> mtu; ahu;? Mfpa njhlu;fspy; vOthAld; njhlUk; gadpiyfs;
vi
ahit? *, [AUG – 2022]

al
Å ftpQu; - ngau; gadpiy@ Å nrd;whu; - tpidg; gadpiy@ Å ahu;? - tpdhg; gadpiy

.k
$Ljy; tpdhf;fs;
w
6. czT> tpUe;J rhu;e;j gonkhop xd;wpidAk;> tpopg;Gzu;Tj; njhlu; xd;wpidAk; vOJf. *c [PTA-3]
Å gonkhop : tpUe;Jk; kUe;Jk; %d;W ehisf;F.
w
Å tpopg;Gzu;Tj; njhlu; : tho;tjw;fhf cz;;; cz;gjw;fhf thohNj.

w
7. njhlu;fspy; cs;s vOthiar; nrOik nra;f. *, [PTA - 6]

(m) kuj;ij tsu;g;gJ ed;ik gaf;Fk;
gad; jUk; kuj;ij tsu;g;gJ ed;ik gaf;Fk;.
(M) tho;f;ifg; gazNk NtWgl;l ghlq;fisf; fw;Wj; jUfpwJ.
,d;gKk; Jd;gKk; epiwe;j tho;f;ifg; gazNk NtWgl;l ghlq;fisf; fw;Wj; jUfpwJ.
rpWtpdh
1. Gj;jfj;jpy; cs;s jhyhl;Lg; ghlypy; mike;Js;s njhlu; tiffis vOJf. *, [PTA –2, MDL–19, SEP-2021]
jhyhl;Lg; ghly; njhlu; tif
fz;;Nz fz;Zwq;F! tpspj; njhlu;
fhiyapy; ePnaOk;G! Ntw;Wikj; njhlu;
khkio nga;ifapNy! cupr;nrhy;; njhlu;
khk;G+Nt fz;Zwq;F! tpspj; njhlu;
ghbNdd; jhyhl;L! tpidKw;Wj; njhlu;
Mb Mb Xa;e;Jwq;F! mLf;Fj; njhlu;

2. Ky;iy epyj;jpypUe;Jk; kUj epyj;jpypUe;Jk; fpilf;Fk; czTg; nghUs;fs; ahit? *nr-2
Ky;iy epy czTg; nghUs;fs; kUj epy czTg; nghUs;fs;
fhl;by; tpisAk; jhdpaq;fNs taypy; tpisAk; jhdpaq;fNs kUjepy czTg;
Ky;iy epy czTg;nghUs;fs; MFk;. nghUs;fs; MFk;.
tuF> rhik> jpid> %q;fpyuprp. nre;ney;> ntz;nzy;> mty;> ,sePu;> thiog;gok;
3. Gjpajhf tUNthu; ,utpy; jq;Ftjw;F tPl;bd; Kd;Gwk; jpz;iziaAk; mjpy; jiy itf;fj;
jpz;Lk; mikj;jdu;.
jpUtpohf; fhyq;fspy; CUf;F tUk; Gjpatu;fisAk; mioj;J md;NghL tpUe;jspg;gijr; rpy
,lq;fspy; fhzKbfpwJ. *c [PTA - 3]
,ay;-3
,ay;-3
,g;gbahf fhykhw;wk;> jkpou; tpUe;Njhk;gypy; Vw;gLj;jpa khw;wq;fs; Fwpj;j fUj;Jfis vOJf.
fhykhw;wk;> jkpou; tpUe;Njhk;gypy; Vw;gLj;jpa khw;wq;fs;:
Å Gjpatu; fshfpa tpUe;jpdu; fis tP l;Lf; Fs; mioj; J cztpLtJ Fiwe;jJ .
Å gbg;gbahf XusT njupe;jtu;fis kl;LNk tpUe;jpdu;fshf Vw;wdu;.
Å tpUe;J cgrupg;gJ Fiwe;jjhy; rj;jpuq;fs;> czTf;$lq;fs; ngUfpd.
Å gz;ghl;L khw;wkhf ,d;W rpy ,lq;fspy; tpUe;jpdu;fis tuNtw;gJ Kjy;> ge;jpapy;
cgrupj;J topaDg;Gk; tiu ‘jpUkz Vw;ghl;lhsu;fs;’ ftdpj;Jf;nfhs;fpd;wdu;.
n
Å rpW kfpo;r;rpfisAk; tpohf;fshf nfhz;lhb tpUe;jpdu;fis cgrupf;Fk; ehfuPfk; kyu;e;Js;sJ.
l.i
Å etpdkhf;fg;gl;lhYk; tpUe;jpdiu Kfk; kyu;e;J Nghw;Wjy;> cgrupj;jy;> gfpu;e;jspj;jy;;
Mfpad ,d;Wk; filgpbf;fpd;wdu;. da
4. $j;jidf; $j;jd; Mw;Wg;gLj;jiyf; $j;juhw;Wg;gil vt;thW fhl;LfpwJ? *nr-2 [PTA - 1]
ka
Î Mw;Wg;gLj;Jjy; :
Mw;Wg;gLj;Jk; $j;jd;> ts;siy ehb vjph;tUk; $j;jid mioj;J> ahk;; ,t;tplj;Nj
vi
nrd;W ,d;dnty;yhk; ngw;W tUfpd;Nwhk;> ePAk; me;j ts;syplk; nrd;W tsk; ngw;W
al
tho;thahf! vd;W $Wjy; Mw;Wg;gLj;Jjy; MFk;.

Î Mw;Wg;gLj;Jk; $j;jdpd; Ntz;LNfhs;:
.k
Å gfypy; ,isg;ghwp nry;Yq;fs;. ,utpy; Nru;e;J jq;Fq;fs;.

w
Å xspUk; g+q;nfhj;Jfisr; Rw;wj;NjhL mzpe;J nghUj;jkhd ghijapy; nry;Yq;fs;.

Å %q;fpy;fs; Xir vOg;Gk; fbdg; ghijapy; nrd;W> kiyr;ruptpy; cs;s rpw;W}iu milAq;fs;.
w
Î ed;ddpd; $j;jh;fs; :
w
Å mq;Fs;stu;fsplk; ed;ddpd; $j;ju;fs; vd $wp> cupikAld; mtu;fs; tPl;bw;Fs; EioAq;fs;.

Å cwtpdu;fs; NghyNt mtu;fs; cq;fSld; goFtu;. ,dpa nrhw;fisf; $Wtu;.
Î cztspj;jy; :
nea;apy; nte;j khkprj;jpd; nghupaiyAk; jpidr;Nrhw;iwAk; czthfg; ngWtPu;fs;.
,t;thwhf $j;jidf; $j;jd; Mw;Wg;gLj;Jtjhf kiygLflhk; vLj;Jiuf;fpwJ.
$Ljy; tpdh
5. thio ,iyapy; tpUe;J vd;gJ jkpou; gz;ghl;Lf; $Wfspy; xd;W vd;gij tpsf;Ff.*c [PTA -5]
jkpou;
tpUe;Njhk;gypy; thio ,iyf;F Kf;fpa gq;F cz;L.
Å tpUe;jpdUf;Fj; jiy thio ,iyapy; cztspg;gJ kughf ,Ue;Js;sJ.
Å thio ,iyapd; kUj;Jtg; gad;fis ek; kf;fs; md;Nw mwpe;jpUe;jdu;.
Å thioapiyapd; tpupe;j gFjp cz;gtupd; tyg;gf;fk; mikAkhW NghLtJ tof;fkhFk;.
Å cg;G> CWfha;> ,dpg;G Kjyhd Fiwthf rhg;gpl Ntz;bait ,lJ Xuj;jpYk;>
fha;fwp> fPiu> $l;L Kjyhd mjpfk; cz;zf;$batw;iw tyJ Xuj;jpYk; itg;gu;.
eLtpy; NrhW itj;J vLj;Jz;z trjpahfg; gupkhWthu;fs;.
Å Cz;gtu; kdkwpe;J> mtu;fs; tpUk;Gk; czTtiffis gupTld; gupkhWtu;.
neLtpdh
1. Mw;Wg;gLj;jy; vd;gJ md;iwf;Fg; Gytu;fisAk;> fiyQu;fisAk;> ts;sy;fis Nehf;fp
newpg;gLj;Jtjhf ,Ue;jJ. mJ ,d;iwa epiyapy; xU topfhl;Ljyhf khwpapUg;gij tpsf;Ff.
Mw;Wg;gLj;Jjy; - ,d;iwa epiyapy; topfhl;Ljy;
Å Kd;Diu
Å md;iwa Mw;Wg;gLj;Jjy;
Å ,d;iwa topfhl;ly;fs;
Ò MNyhrid
Ò topfhl;lypy; cs;s ghpkhzq;fs;
,ay;-3
,ay;-3
Ò topfhl;lypd; gad;fs;
Å KbTiu
Kd;Diu *nr-2 [PTA – 3, MDL - 19]

jkpou;fspd; md;iwa gytif gof;fq;fs; ,d;Wk; njhlu;;fpd;wd. Mdhy; mit
fhyj;jpw;Nfw;w khw;wq;fisAk; mile;jpUf;fpd;wd. mtw;wpy; xd;whd Mw;Wg;gLj;Jjy;
n
Fwpj;J tpupthff; fhzyhk;.
l.i
md;iwa Mw;Wg;gLj;Jjy; :
da
md;iwa epiyapy; Mw;Wg;gLj;Jjy; vd;gJ ghzh;fs;> $j;jh;fs; kd;ddplNkh>
ts;syplNkh nrd;W> jhd; ngw;w nry;tj;ijg; gpwUk; ngwNtz;Lk; vd;w ey;y
ka
vz;zj;jpy;> kw;w ghzh;fs;> Gyth;fis Mw;Wg;gLj;jpdh;.
,d;iwa topfhl;ly;fs; :
vi
,d;iwa etPd cyfpy;> kdpju;fs; gy;NtW rpf;fy;fSf;F Ml;gLk; epiy cs;sJ.

al
rpf;fy;fspypUe;J kPz;Ltu Mw;Wg;gLj;Jjy; vd;Dk; topfhl;ly; mtrpak; Njitg;gLfpwJ.

.k
Å MNyhrid :
w
,d;iwa cyfpy; tho;f;ifapy; Kd;Ndw ntw;wpg;ngw;Nwhupd; mDgtq;fs;>

Nahridfs;> mwpTiufs; kpfTk; Kf;fpakhd xd;whf gyUf;Fk; Njitg;gLfpwJ.
w
gyu; Kd;Ndw cjTk; ,e;j Mw;Wg;gLj;Jjy; KiwNa MNyhrid MFk;.

w
Å topfhl;lypy; cs;s ghpkhzq;fs; :

x fy;tpapy; topfhl;Ljy; : fy;tpapy; gpd;jq;fpa khzth;fSf;fhd topfhl;Ljy;fs;>
murpd; fy;tp rhh;e;j jpl;lq;fs; gw;wpa tpopg;Gzh;it Vw;gLj;j ,J Njitg;gLfpd;wd.
x njhopypy; topfhl;Ljy; : Gjpa njhopy;El;gq;fis gad;gLj;jp njhopy;
cw;gj;jpiag; ngUf;fpl jw;fhyq;fspy; topfhl;Ljy; vd;gJ ,d;wpaikahjjhFk;.
x cstpay; topfhl;ly; : kdmOj;jk; fhuzkhf Vw;gLk; ,d;dy;fs;> Fw;wq;fs;
eilngwhjpUf;f Nahfh> nrhw;nghopTf;Nfl;ly; Nghd;w topfhl;Ljy;fs; Njitg;gLfpd;wd.
Å topfhl;lypd; gad;fs; :
x kdpjh;fspilNa xw;WikAzh;T mjpfhpf;fpwJ.
x kdpjNeak; Nkk;gLfpwJ.
x kdpj cwTfspilNa cs;s gpizg;G cWjpahtjhy; FLk;gk; kfpo;r;rpailfpwJ.
KbTiu
md;iwa Mw;Wg;gLj;Jjy; rpyUf;F kl;LNk Njitg;gLtjhf ,Ue;jJ. mJ Xu;
caupa xOf;fkhfg; Nghw;wg;gl;lJ. Mdhy; ,d;iwa Mw;Wg;gLj;Jjy; topfhl;LjyhfNt
khwptpl;lJ. topfhl;Ljypd;wp kdpjd; tho;tJ rhj;jpakpy;yhj xd;whftpl;lJ.

2. md;dka;ah vd;Dk; ngaUf;Fk; mtupd;> nraYf;Fk; cs;s nghUj;jg;ghl;bidf; Nfhgy;yGuj;J
kf;fs; fijg;gFjp nfhz;L tptupf;f. (my;yJ) grpj;jtUf;F cztpLjy; vd;w mwr;nray;>
‘md;dka;ah’ Gjpjhf te;jtUf;F cztpl;l nraNyhL xj;jpUj;jiy ‘Nfhgy;yGuj;J kf;fs;’
fijtop tpsf;fp vOJf. *J [PTA–4, 5, SEP– 2021, MAY-2022]
Fwpg;Gr; rl;lfk;
Å Kd;Diu
Å md;dka;ahTk; topg;Nghf;fDk;
Å thypgdpd; Ntz;LNfhSk;> md;dka;ahtpd; tpUe;Njhk;gYk;
Å md;dka;ahtpd; kdepiwT
Å md;dka;ah ngau;g;nghUj;jk;
Å KbTiu
,ay;-3
,ay;-3
Kd;Diu
jk;kplk; ,Ug;gijNa gfpu;e;J nfhLf;fpw Neak; fpuhkj;J tpUe;Njhk;gy;. mt;thW
grpj;jtUf;F cztpl;l md;dka;ahtpd; mwr;nraYf;Fk;> mtupd; ngaUf;Fk; cs;s
nghUj;jg;ghl;bid ‘Nfhgy;yGuj;J kf;fs;’ fij thapyhf ,f;fl;Liuapy; fhz;Nghk;.
md;dka;ahTk; topg;Nghf;fDk; :
n
Nfhgy;yGuj;J fpuhkj;jpy; nts;se;jp kdk; gilj;jtu; md;dka;ah. Viofspd;
l.i
grpg;gpzpiag; Nghf;Fk; gz;G mtuplk; ,Uf;f Ntz;Lk; vd;gjw;fhfNt mtUf;F
md;dka;ah vd ngau; itj;j ngw;Nwhu;fs; jPu;f;fjuprpfs; Mtu;. mf;fpuhkj;jpy;
da
Rg;igahtpd; epyj;jpy; mUF vLj;Jf; nfhz;bUe;jhu;fs;. mg;NghJ> gy ehs; gl;bdpahy;
jhbAk; mOf;F MilAk; cLj;jpa ghu;itf;F tNahjpfdhfTk; rhkpahiug; NghyTk;
ka
,Ue;j xU thypgid md;dka;ah ghu;j;J mtd; mUfpy; nrd;whu;.
thypgdpd; Ntz;LNfhSk;> md;dka;ahtpd; tpUe;Njhk;gYk; :
vi
“Fbf;fj; jz;zp fpilf;Fkh?” vd;W Nfl;lhu;. mUfpy; mUnfLj;Jf;fpl;L

al
,Uf;fpwtq;ffpl;l ,Uf;Fk; ePr;Rj; jz;zPiu thq;fpnfhLf;f mioj;Jr; nrd;whu;. xU

.k
Ntg;gkuj;jpd; mbapy; gy fWg;G kz; fyaq;fs; ,Ue;jd. md;dka;ah fyaj;jpd; %bahf

,Ue;j rpul;ilia vLj;Jr; Rj;jg;gLj;jp mjpy; ePj;Jghfj;ij tbj;J thypgdplk; ePl;bdhd;.
w
mtd; jaq;fpaNghJ ‘Rk;kh fbj;J Fbq;f’ vd;whu; md;dka;ah. thypgd; ePj;Jghfj;ij

w
cwpQ;Rk;NghJ fz;fs; nrhUfpd. md;dka;ah ‘cl;fhu;e;J Fbq;f’ vd;W cgrupj;jhd;.

w
md;dka;ahtpd; kdepiwT :
thypgd; fyaj;jpypUe;J ePj;Jghfj;ij ,uz;lhtJ Kiw rpul;ilapy; thq;fp
kdepiwTld; Fbj;jhd;. gpwF Ntg;gkuj;J epoNy gLj;J mau;e;jhd;. thypgDf;F vg;gb
xU epiwT Vw;gl;lNjh mijtpl Nkyhd epiwT md;dka;ahTf;F Vw;gl;lJ. khu;gpy; ghy;
Fbj;Jf; nfhz;bUf;Fk; NghNj tapW epiwe;jJk; mg;gbNa J}q;fptpLk; Foe;ijiag;
ghu;g;gJNghy mtid xU gpupaj;NjhL ghu;j;jhd; md;dka;ah. ePr;Rj; jz;zp nfhLj;jNjhL
tplhky;> midtUk; czT cz;Zk; NghJ kzpia(me;j thypgd;) tuNtw;W cgrupj;J
mtDf;F fk;kQ;Nrhw;iwf; nfhLj;J mtdJ grpiag; Nghf;fpdu;.
md;dka;ah ngau;g;nghUj;jk; :
thypgd; md;dka;ahtplk; cq;fs; nganud;d? vd;W Nfl;f md;dka;ah vd;W gjpy;
mspj;jhu; mtu;. Mfh… vt;tsT nghUj;jkhd ngau;… ‘vdf;F ,d;W eP ,Lk; md;dk;jhd;
vd; capiuf; fhg;ghw;wpaJ’ vd;W kdjpw;Fs; epidj;Jf; nfhz;lhd;.
KbTiu
md;dka;ah vd;w ngaUf;Nfw;whw;Nghy tpUe;Njhk;gypy; cau;e;jtuhf thypgd;
fz;fspy; njupfpwhu;. Gjpjhf te;jtUf;F cztpl;l md;dka;ahtpd; nray; top
‘grpj;jtUf;F cztpLjy;’ vd;gNj rpwe;j mwr;nray; vd;W ehk; czu;fpNwhk;.
3. cq;fs; ,y;yj;Jf;F te;j cwtpdUf;F ePq;fs; nra;j tpUe;Njhk;giy moFw tptupj;J vOJf. *c
Fwpg;Gr; rl;lfk;
Å Kd;Diu
Å Kfk; kyu;ej
; tuNtw;G
Å czT cgrupg;G
Å md;Gfhl;Ljy;
Å KbTiu
,ay;-3
,ay;-3
Kd;Diu
cwtpdu;fNsh> ez;gu;fNsh tPl;bw;F te;jhy; FLk;gj;jpy; midtuJ Kfj;jpYk;
kfpo;r;rp nghq;Fk;. ehd;> vd; jk;gp> mk;kh> mg;gh vd midtUk; ,ize;J vq;fs;
tPl;bw;F te;j tpUe;jpdUf;F nra;j tpUe;Njhk;giy tphpthff; $WfpNwd;.
Kfk; kyu;e;j tuNtw;G :
n
ehq;fs; khkh FLk;gj;jpd; tUiff;fhf kfpo;r;rpNahL fhj;jpUe;Njhk;. mtufs;
l.i
tUtjhf $wpa Neuj;jpw;F Kd;Ng mg;gh kfpo;Te;ij(car) vLj;Jf; nfhz;L
da
NgUe;J epiyak; nrd;W fhj;jpUe;J mioj;Jte;jhu;. thrypy; mtu;fs; tUk; rj;jk;
Nfl;lJ. khkh> mj;ij> mfpyh (mj;ij kfs;) MfpNahiu midtUk; md;GlDk; Kf
ka
kyu;r;rpNahL tzq;fp iffisg; gpbj;J tuNtw;Nwhk;. ehDk;> vd; jk;gpAk; mtu;fSila
cilikfis vLj;Jr; nrd;Nwhk;. jz;zPu; kw;Wk; NjePu; nfhLj;J cgrupj;Njhk;. gpd;
vi
eyk; tprhupj;J rpwpJ Neuk; kfpo;Tw ciuahbf; nfhz;bUe;Njhk;.

al
czT cgrupg;G :
.k
Å tpUe;jpdu; tpUk;Gk; mWRit czitj; jahu;nra;J jiythio ,iyapy; gupkhwpNdhk;.

w
Å cz;gtupd; ,lg;gf;fk; ,iyapd; FWfyhd gFjpAk;> tyg;gf;fk; tpupe;j gFjpAk;

w
tUkhW thioapiyia tpupj;Njhk;.

Å cg;G> CWfha;> ,dpg;G Kjyhd Fiwthf rhg;gpl Ntz;bait ,lJ Xuj;jpYk;>
w
fha;fwp> fPiu> $l;L Kjyhd mjpfk; cz;zf;$batw;iw tyJ Xuj;jpYk; itg;gu;.

eLtpy; NrhW itj;J vLj;Jz;z trjpahfg; gupkhwpNdhk;.
Å Cz;gtu; kdkwpe;J> mtu;fs; tpUk;Gk; czTtiffis gupTld; gupkhwpNdhk;.
Å czT cz;lgpd; xU jl;by; ntw;wpiy> ghf;F> Rz;zhk;G itj;Jf; nfhLj;Njhk;.
md;Gfhl;Ljy; :
Å mtu;fs; ntw;wpiy Nghl;Lf;nfhz;l gpd; rpwpJ Neuk; ciuahb kfpo;e;Njhk;.
Å gpd;G czTz;ltu;fsplk; jpUg;jpahf cz;Bu;fsh? vd tprhupj;J> tPl;by; cs;s
czTg; nghUl;fs; rpytw;iwAk; nfhLj;J tPl;by; cs;stu;fSf;Ff; nfhLf;FkhW
$wp thry;tiu te;J topaDg;gp itj;Njhk;.
KbTiu
,t;thW md;iwa ehs; cwtpdupd; tUif vq;fSf;F kfpo;r;rpiaj; je;jJ.
tpUe;jpdu; NgZjy; jkpou; kuG vd;gjw;Nfw;g fhye;NjhWk; jkpou;fspd; milahskhf
tpsq;Fk; cau; gz;ghd tpUe;Njhk;giyg; Nghw;wpg; ngUkpjk; nfhs;Nthk;.

$Ljy; tpdhf;fs;
4. fhrpf;fhz;lk; Fwpg;gpLk; ,y;yw xOf;fq;fis vOjp> cq;fs; tPl;bw;F te;j tpUe;jpdiu vjph;nfhz;L>
ePq;fs; tpUe;jspj;j epfo;NthL xg;gpl;L vOJf. *nr-1 [SEP - 20]
m) fhrpf;fhz;lk; Fwpg;gpLk; ,y;yw xOf;fq;fs; :
1. tpUe;jpduplk; tpae;J ,dpikahf kdk; kfpOk;gb NgRjy;
2. Kfkyh;r;rpAld; mtiu Nehf;fp vjphpy; epd;W NgRjy;
3. tPl;bw;Fs; tUf vd tuNtw;wy;
4. mUfpNyNa mkh;e;J nfhs;Sjy;
5. thapy;tiu nrd;W Kfkd; $wp topaDg;Gjy;
M) vq;fs; tPl;by; tpUe;Njhk;gy; :
,ay;-3
,ay;-3
xUehs; vq;fs; tPl;bw;F nghpag;gh vjph;ghuh tpUe;jpduhf te;jhu;. mtiu ehDk; vd; FLk;gKk;
fhrpf;fhz;lk; Fwpg;gpLk; ,y;yw xOf;fq;fis gpd;gw;wp Kfkyu;r;rpAld; tuNtw;Nwhk;.
Å tuNtw;ws; :
tpUe;jpdiu tPl;bw;Fs; tUf! tUf! vd Kfkyu;r;rpAld; tuNtw;Nwhk;.
vjph;ghuh tpUe;jpduhapDk; vq;fs; Ntiyfis epWj;jptpl;L Gd;dif Kfj;Jld;
mtuplk; ciuahbNdhk;. Kjypy; mtu; vjpupy; epd;W NgrpNdd;. mtu; vd;id
ghrj;jpy; mutizj;J kbapy; mkur;nra;jhu;.
Å ,dpJ ciuj;jy; :
n
ePz;l ehl;fSf;F gpwF ngupahg;ghit ghu;j;jNghJ mtupd; tho;f;if
l.i
Kd;Ndw;wq;fs; vq;fs; FLk;gj;jpw;F kpFe;j tpag;ig Vw;gLj;jpaJ. tho;j;jpNdhk;.
da
ngupag;gh rpW tajpy; nra;j ey;y nray;fisg; gw;wp vd; mg;gh ngUkpjj;Jld;
Gfo;e;J nrhd;dhu;.
Å tpUe;Jk;> topaDg;GjYk; :
ka
mk;kh ngupahg;ghtpw;fhf czT rikj;J> jkpo; gz;ghL khwhky; jiy
vi
thio ,iyapy; tpUe;jspj;jhu;fs;. mtu; tpilngw;w NghJ thapy; tiu nrd;W>

kPz;Lk; tuNtz;Lk; vd;W Kfkd; $wp topaDg;gp;Ndhk;.
al
,t;thW vq;fs; tPl;bw;F tpUe;jpduhf te;j ngupag;ghTf;F ehq;fs; mspj;j tpUe;J>

.k
fhrpf;fhz;lk; Fwpg;gpLk; ,y;yw xOf;fq;fSld; nghUe;JfpwJ.

w
nkhopia Ms;Nthk;!
w
w
nkhopngau;ff
; [PTA - 5]
Respected ladies and gentlemen, I am kjpg;gpw;Fupa Mz;fNs! ngz;fNs! vd; ngau;

Ilangovan studying tenth standard. I ,sq;Nfhtd; gj;jhk; tFg;G gbj;Jf; nfhz;bUf;fpNwd;.
have come here to say a few words about ehd; ,q;F ekJ jkpo;g; gz;ghl;ilg; gw;wp rpy
our Tamil culture. Sangam literature thu;j;ijfs; $w te;jpUf;fpNwd;. rq;f ,yf;fpaq;fs;
shows that Tamils were best in culture ,uz;lhapuk; Mz;LfSf;F Kd;Ng jkpou;fs; gz;ghL
and civilization about two thousand kw;Wk; ehfupfj;jpy; cyfpNyNa kpfr; rpwe;jtu;fs;
years ago. Tamils who have defined vd;gij ntspg;gLj;jpAs;sd. nkhopf;F ,yf;fzk;
grammar for language have also defined tFj;j jkpou;fNs> tho;f;iff;fhd ,yf;fzj;ijAk;
grammar for life. Tamil culture is rooted tFj;Js;sdu;. jkpo; ehfupfk; ,e;jpah> ,yq;if>
in the life styles of Tamils throughout kNyrpah> rpq;fg;G+u;> ,q;fpyhe;J kw;Wk; cyfk;
India, Srilanka, Malaysia, Singapore, KOtJk; cs;s jkpou;fspd; tho;f;if KiwapYk;
England and Worldwide. Though our Nt&d;wp ,Uf;fpwJ. ekJ ehfupfk; kpfg;goik
culture is very old, it has been updated tha;e;jjhf ,Ug;gpDk; mJ njhlu;e;J GJg;gpf;fg;gl;Lf;
consistently. We should feel proud about nfhz;Nl ,Uf;fpwJ. ehk;; ek;Kila ehfupfj;ijg; gw;wp
our culture. Thank you one and all. ngUik nfhs;s Ntz;Lk;. cq;fs; midtUf;Fk; ed;wp;.
gonkhopfis epiwT nra;f

1. cg;gpy;yhg; gz;lk; Fg;igapNy. [AUG – 2022, PTA - 5]
2. xU ghid Nrhw;Wf;F xU NrhW gjk;. [AUG – 2022, PTA – 5]
3. cg;gpl;ltiu cs;ssTk; epid.
4. tpUe;Jk; kUe;Jk; %d;W ehs;.
5. msTf;F kpQ;rpdhy; mkpu;jKk; eQ;R. [SEP – 2021]
$Ljy; tpdhf;fs;
6. Mwpy;yh CUf;F moF gho;. [PTA – 5]
,ay;-3
,ay;-3
7. nehWq;fj; jpd;why; E}W taJ. [PTA – 5]
gj;jpiag; gbj;Jf; fUj;ijr; RUf;fp vOJf

Gj;jf gf;f vz; : 67 ,y; gj;jpia fhz;f.
gioaNrhW
n
mWtil nra;j ney;iy ePuhtpapy; mtpj;J> fha itj;J> Fj;jp vLj;j GOq;fy; muprpia
l.i
Nrhwhf;Ftu;. cr;rp ntapypy; mJ NrhW. ,uT KOtJk; Cwpagpd; kWehs; mJ gioa
NrhW my;yJ gioaJ. mij rpd;d ntq;fhak;> gr;ir kpsfha; fbj;J ePuhfhuk; Nghy;
da
Fbg;gJ xUtif. gpope;JNghl;L> Rz;l itj;j Fok;G Nru;j;J cz;gJ xU tif. ey;y
ka
gioajpy; khk;go thrk; tPRk;. ,J fpuhkj;J cd;djk;.
fijahf;Ff
vi
kdpj tho;tpy; xt;nthUtUk; ehSk;; GJg;GJ kdpju;fisg; ghu;f;fpNwhk;;@ GJg;GJr;

al
nra;jpfs; fpl;Lk;! fpl;Lfpw fUg;nghUs;fisj; jpul;b> fw;gid eak; $l;bf; fijahf;FtJ xU

fiy. mJ rpWfijahf ,Uf;fyhk;. Gjpdkhf ,Uf;fyhk;. md;ig vjpu;ghu;j;jpUg;gtuhf>
.k
ahUkw;wtuhf…. ,Uf;Fk; xUtu; cq;fspd; cjtpahy;; kdk; kfpo;e;j epfo;tpidf; fijahf;Ff.

w
md;G fye;j czT

w
tpLKiw ehl;fspy; fpuhkj;jpYs;s vd; jhj;jh ghl;b tPl;bw;F nry;tJ tof;fk;. mq;F
nrd;why; ,aw;ifapd; moif urpg;gNjhL> jhj;jh ghl;bf;F cjtp nra;Jtpl;L> ez;gu;fSld;
w
Nru;e;J gytpjkhd tpisahl;Lfs; tpisahb kfpo;Ntd;.

Xuhz;Lf;F Kd; tpgj;jpy; vd; ez;gd; kzpAk;> mtdJ mk;khTk; ,we;Jtpl;lhu;fs;.
mtdJ mg;gh fe;jrhkp> ahUkw;wtuhf jdpikapy; tho;e;jhu;. kzpapd; tPl;bw;F nrd;W ‘mg;gh!
mg;gh!’ vd;W $g;gpl;lNghJ jd; kfNd $g;gpLtjha; vz;zp xU epkplk; kdk; kfpo;e;jhu;>
fe;jrhkp. jd; kfdpd; ez;gd; vd;gij czu;e;jhu;. Jauq;fisg; gupkhwpf; nfhz;Nlhk;.
gpwF> ‘Gwg;gLq;f! cq;fSf;Fg; gpbj;jkhd czTfis mk;kh rikj;J
itj;jpUf;fpwhu;fs;> thq;f rhg;gpLNthk;’ vd;W mioj;Jr; nrd;Nwd;. kzp vd;dplk; Nghdpy;
NgRk;NghJ mbf;fb nrhy;thd; ‘tPl;by; vy;NyhUld; xd;whf Nru;e;J rhg;gpLtJ> vq;fSld;
Neuk; nrytpLtJ vq;f mg;ghTf;F nuhk;gg; gpbf;Fk;’.
rhg;gpLk; NghJ ‘ehd; jpUk;g CUf;F Nghfpwtiuf;Fk; cq;fSld; Nru;e;J rhg;gpLtJ>
epiwa Neuk; nrytpLtJ jhd; vd; Ntiy’ vd;Nwd;. fe;jrhkpapd; fz;fspy; Mde;;jf; fz;zPu;!
vd; cUtpy; jd;; kfd; kzpfz;lidf; fz;ljhfNt vz;zp kfpo;r;rpahfr; rhg;gpl;lhu;.
fbjk; vOJf * * tpil gf;f vz; : 154 fhz;f* *


Fwpg;Gr;rl;lfk;
eak; ghuhl;Lf
m) jpuz;l fUj;J
M) njhil eaq;fs;
“fj;Jfly; R+o;ehiff; fhj;jhd;jd; rj;jpuj;jpy; Ò Nkhid eak;
mj;jkpf;Fk; NghJ muprptUk; - Fj;jp Ò vJif eak;
ciyapypl Culq;Fk; Xu;mfg;ig md;dk; Ò ,iaG eak;
,iyapypl nts;sp vOk;” Ò Kuz; eak;
- fhsNkfg; Gytu; ,) re;j eak;
fly;R+o; ehif
m) jpuz;l fUj;J :
,ay;-3
,ay;-3
thiof;F moF FUj;J!
ghlYf;F moF fUj;J!!
flyhy; R+og;gl;l ehfg;gl;bdj;jpy; cs;s fhj;jhdpd; rj;jpuj;jpy; khiy Neuj;jpy;jhd; muprp
tUk;. midtUk; J}q;fpa gpd;dNu mij ciyapypl;L czthf;Ftu;. mij tbj;J
cz;gtUf;F Xu; mfg;ig md;dj;ij ,iyapy; itg;gjw;Fs; nghOJ tpbe;J tpLk;.
M) njhil eaq;fs; :
n
njhilaw;w ghl;L> eilaw;Wg; NghFk;!
l.i
vd;gjw;F Vw;gj; njhileaq;fs; mikag; ghly; njhFf;fg;gl;Ls;sJ.
Ò Nkhid eak; :
Fatdpd; iftz;zk; ghidapNy!
Gytdpd; iftz;zk; NkhidapNy!!
da
ka
Å nra;Aspy; rPu;NjhWk; (m) mbNjhWk; Kjy; vOj;J xd;wptUtJ Nkhid eakhFk;.
Å v.fh: fj;Jfly; fhj;jhd; @ mj;jkpf;Fk; muprptUk; @ ciyapypl Culq;Fk;
vi
Ò vJif eak; :
al
ghlYf;F vJ ifnfhLf;fhtpl;lhYk;>
vJif iff;nfhLf;Fk;!!
.k
Å nra;Aspy; rPu;NjhWk; my;yJ mbNjhWk; KjnyOj;J msnthj;J epw;f ,uz;lhk;

w
vOj;J xd;wptuj;njhLg;gJ vJif eakhFk;.

Å v.fh: fj;Jfly; mj;jkpf;Fk; @ ciyapypl ,iyapypl
w
Ò ,iaG eak; :
fz;Zf;F ik moF!
w
nra;ASf;F ,iaG moF!!

Å xU nra;Aspd; mbNjhWk; ,Wjp vOj;Njh> mirNah rPNuh xd;wptuj;;njhLg;gJ
,iaGj; njhilahFk;.
Å v.fh: md;dk;> nts;sp vOk;
Ò Kuz; eak; : Nfhl;ilf;F moF muz;!
ghlYf;F moF Kuz;!!
Å nra;Aspy; khWgl;l vjpuhd nrhy;Yk; nghUSk; mike;J tUtJ Kuz; njhil.
Å v.fh: mj;jkpf;Fk; (kiwAk;) @ nts;sp vOk; (Njhd;Wk;)
,) re;j eak;; :
ahidf;Fj; je;jk; nrhe;jk;!
nra;ASf;Fr; re;jk; nrhe;jk;!!
,g;ghlypy; Xir eak; kpf;f re;j eak; mike;Js;sJ.
Å v.fh. ciyapypl> ,iyapypl
nfhLf;fg;gl;Ls;s ghlYf;F Vw;w jiyg;G ‘fly;R+o; ehif’
nkhopNahL tpisahL
tpLgl;l vOj;Jfis epug;gp me;j vOj;Jfis kl;Lk; ,izj;J xspe;Js;s xU E}ypd; ngaiu fz;Lgpb.
Å ,wF (gwitaplk; ,Ug;gJ) Å mf;fh (jq;iff;F %j;jts;) E}ypd; ngau;;
Å FUjp (rptg;G epwj;jpy; ,Uf;Fk;) Å kjp (mwptpd; kWngau;)
Å ths; (kd;duplk; ,Ug;gJ) Å glF (ePupy; nry;tJ) jpUf;Fws;
,U nrhw;fisAk; xNu njhlupy; mikj;J vOJf

,ay;-3
,ay;-3
rpiy – rPiy rpiyiaj; jpiur;rPiyahy; kiwj;jpUf;fpwhu;fs;. [PTA - 5]
njhL – NjhL fhij njhLk; NghJ fhjpy; NjhL ,y;yhjij ftdpj;jhs;. [PTA - 1]
kL – khL kLtpy; (Fl;ilapy;) khLfs; ePu; mUe;jpd.
kiy – khiy kiyapy; cs;s G+f;fisf; nfhz;L khiy njhLj;jhd;. [PTA - 1]
tsp – thsp ngUtspahy; fpzw;wpd; NkypUe;j thsp fPNo tpOe;jJ.
– tPL
n
tpL fhtypypUe;J tpLgl;l Fkud; tPl;bw;F te;jhd;. [PTA – 5, MAY- 2022]
l.i
mfuhjpapy; fz;L nghUs; vOJf
m) Cz; - czT Cd;
da - ,iwr;rp (khkprk;)
M) jpiz - xOf;fk;> epyk; -
ka
jpid jhdpa tif
,) mz;zk; - Nky;tha; md;dk; - xU gwit> czT
vi
<) nty;yk; - ,dpg;Gg; nghUs; nts;sk; - ePu;g;ngUf;F

al
fhl;rpiaf; fz;L ftpDw vOJf

.k
Xiyf;Fbir Kd; [AUG -2022]

thiy tisj;J
w
thry; tUk; eha;f;F...

w
tapwhu czT+l;Lk;
tWikapYk; kdpjNeak;
w
nfhz;l jkpo; kfNs tho;f!

epw;f mjw;Fj; jf…
Gj;jf gf;f vz; : 69
kUj;Jtu; F. rptuhkdpd; ,f;fUj;jpw;;Fr; r%f mf;fiwAldhd cq;fspd; gjpy; vd;dthf ,Uf;Fk;?
grpf;F cz;zhky; ehtpd; Urpf;F cz;gjhy; Jupj czT (gh];l;Gl;) gutyhfptpl;lJ.
ehtlf;fk; vd;gJ nrhy;Yf;F kl;Lkd;W UrpiaAk; mlf;f Ntz;Lk;.
tpjtpjkhd tz;zq;fspy;> Ntz;lhj urhad fyit czT clYf;F xt;thik Vw;gLj;Jk;.
,isa r%fk; topkhwpg;Nghtijj; jLf;fhj ngw;NwhUk;> mwpahikapy; fplg;gJ mtyNk.
Foe;ijfisr; nrhe;j fpuhkq;fSf;F mioj;Jr;nrd;W ek; Kd;Ndhu;fspd; czTKiw>
gof;ftof;fq;fisf; fw;f cjt Ntz;Lk;.
cliy kl;Lk; tsu;f;Fk; czTfisj; jtpu;j;J> capiu czu;it tsu;f;Fk; czTfs;
Fwpj;Jk; gps;isfSf;F vLj;Jr; nrhy;y Ntz;Lk;.
mtru cyfpy; mLg;Gg; gw;witf;fhjjhy; mLj;jLj;J Jupj czT filfs;> kUe;Jf; filfs;.
,J khw “czNt kUe;J” vd;w czu;T kf;fsplk; tsu Ntz;Lk;.
fw;git fw;wgpd;...
ePq;fs; Ek; fw;gid ts sj;jpw;Nfw;whw; Nghy vOjpg; goFf)
ciueil : tpUe;J Nghw;WJk;!

1. tPl;by; jpz;iz mikj;j fhuzk;> tpUe;jpdu; NgZjy;> jkpou; gz;ghl;by; <if> grpj;jtUf;F
cztply; - ,it Nghd;w nray;fs; md;Wk; ,d;Wk; njhlu;e;J nfhz;bUg;gij moFw tptupj;J
,ay;-3
,ay;-3
vOJf. . [PTA - 1]
Fwpg;Gr; rl;lfk;
Å Kd;Diu
Å tPl;by; jpz;iz mikj;j fhuzk;
Å tpUe;jpdu; NgZjy;
Å jkpou; gz;ghl;by; <if
Å grpj;jtUf;F cztply;
Å KbTiu
n
l.i
Kd;Diu
da
gz;ilj; jkpou;fs; tPl;bw;F te;j tpUe;jpdu; jpUk;gpr; nry;Yk;NghJ> mtu;fisg; gpupa
kdkpd;wp tUe;jpdu;. NkYk;> topaDg;Gk; nghOJ mtu;fs; nry;ytpUf;fpw ehd;F Fjpiufs;
G+l;lg;gl;l Nju; tiu VO mb ele;J nrd;W topaDg;gpdu;.
ka
tPl;by; jpz;iz mikj;j fhuzk;
Gjpajhf tUNthu; ,utpy; jq;Ftjw;F tPl;bd; Kd;Gwk; jpz;izAk; mjpy; jiy itf;fj;
vi
jpz;Lk; mikj;jdu; Kd;Ndhu;. mjpy; tPl;bw;F tUk; tpUe;jpdu; kl;Lkpd;wp ghj ahj;jpiu nra;Ak;
al
gyUk; ,utpy; cwq;Ftu;. Foe;ijfs; xd;Wf; $b tpisahl ey;y ,lkhf jpz;iz mike;jJ.
,d;Wk; gy fpuhkq;fspy; jpz;iz itj;j tPLfs; cs;sd. efuq;fspy; ahj;uPfu;fs; tpLjp>
.k
klq;fs;> ju;k rhiyfs; Nghd;witfis mikj;J ghj ahj;jpiu nry;NthUf;F ,ytrkhf

jq;f ,lkspf;Fk; tof;fk; ,d;wsTk; eilKiwapy; cs;sJ.
w
tpUe;jpdu; NgZjy;
w
mkpo;jNk fpilj;jhYk; jhNk cz;zhJ gpwUf;Fk; nfhLg;gu; ey;Nyhu;. eL ,utpy;

tpUe;jpdu; te;jhYk; kfpo;e;J tuNtw;W cztpLk; ey;ypay;G FLk;gj; jiytpf;F cz;L.
w
jw;nghOJ Gjpatu;fshd tpUe;jpdu;fis Vw;gJ Fiwe;Jtpl;l fhyj;jpy;> XusT njupe;jtu;fis

kl;LNk tpUe;jpdu;fshf Vw;wdu;. gbg;gbahf cw;whu; cwtpdu;fs;> ez;gu;fs; MfpNahiu
tpUe;jpdu;fshfg; Nghw;Wk; epiyf;F khwpdu;.
jkpou; gz;ghl;by; <if
tPl;bw;F te;jtUf;F twpa epiyapYk; vt;topNaDk; Kad;W tpUe;jspj;J kfpo;e;jdu; ek;
Kd;Ndhu;. jhdpak; VJk; ,y;yhj epiyapYk; tpijf;fhf itj;jpUe;j jpidia cuypy; ,l;Lf;
Fj;jpnaLj;J tpUe;jpdUf;F cztspj;jhs; gz;ila fhy jiytp;. ,d;wsTk; md;G
,y;yq;fSf;F jk;khy; ,ad;w cjtpfis kf;fs; gyu; nra;J tUfpd;wdu;. nry;te;ju;fs; gyu;
Mjutw;NwhUf;F cjtp tUfpd;wdu;.
grpj;jtUf;F cztply;
gz;ila fhyj;jpy; mwpKfkpy;yhj egUf;Fk; cztspj;J kfpo;e;jdu;. ,d;iwa
fhyj;jpYk; Nfhtpy; jpUtpohf;fs;> gpwe;jehl;fs;> jpUkz ehl;fs; Nghd;w epfo;Tfspd; NghJ
Kfk; njupahj egu;fSf;F $l md;djhdk; toq;fp kfpo;fpd;wdu;. ,jd; %yk; twpatu; gyu;
grpahwp mtu;fis tho;j;Jfpd;wdu;.
KbTiu
gz;ilj; jkpou; ,y;;yq;fspYk; cs;sq;fspYk; tpUe;Njhk;gy; gz;ghL nropj;jpUe;;jJ.
me;j caupa jkpo;g; gz;ghL ,d;iwa jkpou;fsplk; Nkw;$wpa Kiwfspy; gpd;gw;wg;gLfpd;wJ.
fhye;NjhWk; jkpou;fspd; milahskhf tpsq;Fk; cau; gz;ghd tpUe;Njhk;giyg; Nghw;wpg;
ngUkpjk; nfhs;Nthk;.
2. “,l;lNjhu; jhkiug;G+
,jo;tpupj; jpUj;jy; NghNy
tl;lkha;g; Gwhf;fs; $b
,iuAz;Zk; …………” ghujpjhrdhu;
,t;thwhff; ftpijfspy; gjpT nra;ag;gl;Ls;s gfpu;e;Jz;zy; Fwpj;J g; NgRf.
Å fhf;if futh fiue;Jz;Zk; Mf;fKk;
md;deP uhu;f;Nf cs
fhfk; jdf;Ff; fpilj;jij kiwj;J cz;zhky; Rw;wj;ijf; $tp mioj;J
cz;Zk;. Mf;fKk; mj;jifa ,ay;Gilatu;f;Nf cz;L.
Å cz;b nfhLj;Njhu; capu; nfhLj;NjhNu
,ay;-3
,ay;-3
kzpNkfiyapy; $wg;gl;Ls;s ,j;njhlu; czT nfhLj;jtu; capu;
nfhLj;jtuhtu; vd;Wiuf;fpwJ. ,e;E}ypy; kzpNkfiy mKjRugp vd;w
ml;rag;ghj;jpuk; nfhz;L midtuJ grpg;gpzpiag; Nghf;fpajhff; $wg;gl;Ls;sJ.
nra;As; : m) fhrpf;fhz;lk; - mjptPuuhk ghz;bau;
n
1. neLehshfg; ghu;;f;f vz;zpapUe;j cwtpdu; xUtu; vjpu;ghuhj tifapy; cq;fs; tPl;bw;F tUfpwhu;.
l.i
ePq;fs; mtiu vjpu;nfhz;L tpUe;J mspj;j epfo;tpid tpupthf vOjpg; gbj;Jf; fhl;Lf.
da
ntspehl;by; ,Ue;j vd; khkhitg; ghu;f;f Kbahky; ehd; kpfTk; tUj;jkilNtd;.
Ie;J Mz;Lfshf mtu; ntspehl;bypUe;J tUtjw;fhd tha;g;Ng Vw;gltpy;iy.
ka
fle;jthuk; rdpf;fpoik fhiyapy; tPl;bd; miog;G kzp xypj;jJ. ehd; ahnud;W ghh;f;f
fjitj; jpwe;Njd;.
vi
thrypy; vd; khkh epd;wpUe;jhu;. vd; fz;fis vd;dhy; ek;g Kbatpy;iy. kpFe;j
al
kfpo;r;rpapy;> “thq;f khkh…” vd cs;Ns mioj;Jr; nrd;Nwd;. neLq;fhykhf ehd;

.k
ghu;f;f Ntz;Lk; vd;W vz;zpapUe;j khkh vd; tPl;bw;F tUif je;jjpy; vdf;F kl;lw;w
kfpo;r;rp. ehd; mtUf;Fj; jz;zPu; nfhLj;Njd;. gpd;dh; mk;kh NjePu; nfhLj;jhu;.
w
mk;kh> mg;gh> khkh> ehd; vy;NyhUk; xd;whf mku;e;J kfpo;Tld; Ngrpf;nfhz;bUe;Njhk;.

w
vd; cgrhpg;igf; fz;l khkh kpfTk; kfpo;r;rp mile;jhu;. ,uz;L ehl;fs; khkh vq;fs;
w
tPl;by; jq;fpapUe;jij epidf;ifapy; vd; kdk; kfpo;r;rpapy; Js;spf; Fjpj;jJ.
nra;As; : M) kiygLflhk; - ngUq;nfsrpfdhu;

1. czT> tpUe;J Fwpj;j gonkhopfisj; jpul;b> mit rhu;e;j epfo;Tfis vLj;Jiuf;f.
czT> tpUe;J Fwpj;j gonkhopfs;
gonkhop 1 cg;gpl;;ltiu cs;ssTk; epid
nghUs; nra;j cjtpia kwthjpUj;jy;
kzp vd;gtu; jdJ Cupy; nrhe;jkhf cztfk; xd;iw elj;jp te;jhu;. mtu;
jdJ Vio ez;gd; uhK Ntiy fpilf;fhky; mtjpAw;w nghOJ> mtDf;Fk;
mtdJ FLk;gj;jpdUf;Fk; jdJ cztfj;jpypUe;J ,ytrkhf cztpid
epfo;T toq;fpdhu;. rpy ehl;fspy; mtDf;F ey;y Ntiy fpilj;J> tho;tpy;
Kd;Ndwpdhd;. gy Mz;Lfs; fopj;J kzp xU tpgj;jpy; rpf;fpa nghOJ uhK
jdJ capiuAk; nghUl;gLj;jhky; mtid fhg;ghw;wpdhd;. ‘c cg;gpl;ltiu
cs;ssTk; epid’ vd;w gonkhopf;Nfw;g uhKtpd; nray; ,Ue;jJ.
(,it Nghd;W Rakhf jahupj;Jf; nfhs;sTk;)

2. gj;jpiag; gbj;J> thu ,jo; xd;wpw;F mDg;Gk; tifapy; rikay; Fwpg;ghf khw;Wf.
(gj;jpia ghlg;Gj;jf vz; 57-y; ghh;j;Jf;nfhs;f)
fk;kq;$o;
Njitahd nghUs;fs; :
fk;G - 1 gb
cg;G - Njitahd msT
ePu; - Njitahd msT
nra;Kiw :
1. cuypy; 1 gb fk;G Nghl;L ed;whff; Fj;jpnaLj;J gpd;du; Kwj;jpy; ,l;L Gilf;f
Ntz;Lk;. ,g;NghJ ckp ePq;fpa fk;G fpilf;Fk;
,ay;-3
,ay;-3
2. mjpy; ePu; njspj;J kPz;Lk; cuypy; ,bf;fTk;. fk;G xd;NwhL xd;W xl;b khthFk;.
3. khit cuypypUe;J ms;sp> cg;G Nru;j;J nfhs;s Ntz;Lk;.
4. ghidapy; Njitahd ePiu epug;gp nfhjpf;f itf;f Ntz;Lk;
5. nfhjpj;j ciyePupy; cg;G fye;j khtpid ,l;L fiua tpl Ntz;Lk;.
6. fuz;bahy; fpswpf; nfhz;Nl ,Uf;f Ntz;Lk;.
7. rpwpJ Neuj;jpy; mJ fl;bahfp fk;kQ;NrhW jahuhfptpLk;. mjid Mw itf;f Ntz;Lk;.
8. fk;kQ;Nrhw;iw cUl;b itj;J> gpd;du; Nkhu; tpl;Lf; fiuj;jhy; Ritahd
n
fk;kq;fQ;rp my;yJ fk;kq;$o; fpilf;Fk;.
9. fk;kq;$NohL Nkhu; kpsfha; tw;wy; (m) cg;gpy; Njha;j;j gr;ir kpsfha; (m)
l.i
cupj;j rpd;d ntq;fhak; Nru;j;J Fbj;jhy; mjd; RitNa jdpjhd;.
da
ed;ikfs; : fk;kq;$o; ekJ clypid tYthf;Fk;. clYf;Ff; Fspu;r;rpia Vw;gLj;Jk;.
fk;G – fWg;G epwf; fhpry; kz;zpd; ,aw;ifj; jq;fk;
ka
vi
tpupthdk; : Nfhgy;yGuj;J kf;fs; - fp. uh[ehuhazd;

al
1. ‘grpj;jtUf;F cztpLjy;’ vd;w mwr;nraiyAk; ‘tpUe;jpdUf;F cztpLjy;’ vd;w gz;ghl;Lr;;

.k
nraiyAk; xg;gpl;Lg; NgRf. (m) tpUe;jpdh; NgZjy;> grpj;jtUf;F cztply; Nghd;w jkpoh;
w
gz;ghL. ,d;iwa R+oypy; cq;fs; ,y;yj;Jf;F te;j cwtpdUf;F ePq;fs; nra;j tpUe;Njhk;giyAk;>
grpj;J te;j xUtUf;F ePq;fs; cztpl;l nraiyAk; moFw tpthpf;fTk;. [SEP – 2020]
w
‘grpj;jtUf;F cztpLjYk;> tpUe;jpdUf;F cztpLjYk;’

w
Kd;Diu :
“,l;L nfl;ltu; ahUk; ,y;iy” vd;W $Wthu;fs;. me;jstpw;F jhdKk; ju;kKk;
jiyfhf;Fk; vd;gJ kuG. ,f;fl;Liuapy; ‘grpj;jtUf;F cztpLjy;’ vd;w mwr;nraiyAk;
‘tpUe;jpdUf;F cztpLjy;’ vd;w gz;ghl;Lr;; nraiyAk; gw;wp fhz;Nghk;.
jkpou;fspd; tpUe;Njhk;gy; :
jkpou;fspd; jiyrpwe;j gz;ghLfSs; xd;W tpUe;jpdUf;F cztpLk; tpUe;Njhk;gy;
gz;ghFk;. cyfj;jpy; NtW ve;j ,lj;jpYk; ghu;f;f Kbahj mstpy; jkpoupd; tpUe;Njhk;gy;
,Uf;Fk;. jkpou;fs; Kd;gpd; mwpahj Gjpatu;fisAk; tpUe;jpduhf cgrupf;Fk; gz;Gilatu;fs;.
tpUe;Njhk;gy; vd;Dk; gz;ghl;Lr; nray; :
tpUe;jhspfis thry; tiu nrd;W ,d;Kfj;Jld; tuNtw;gu;. tPl;bw;F EioAk; Kd;
iffhy;fis fOt itj;J> tpUe;jpdiu ,d;nrhy; Ngrp eyk; tprhupj;J Kjypy; jz;zPu;
gUf toq;fp> gpd; ,dpg;Gfis toq;Ftu;. gpwF mtu;fSf;F czT rikj;J thioapiyapy;
Kiwahf czTfis itj;J tpUe;jspg;gu;. mtu;fs; cz;l ,iyapid cgrupg;gtu;fNs
vLg;gJk;> if fOt ePiu Cw;WtJk; jdp rpwg;ghFk;. gpd;G mtu;fSld; md;ghf ciuahb
thry; tiu nrd;W topaDg;gp itg;ghu;fs;.
ehd; nra;j tpUe;Njhk;gy; :
tpLKiwapy; vd; jhj;jh-ghl;b tPl;bw;F ehDk; vd; FLk;gKk; nrd;Nwhk;. mg;NghJ
Nfhtpy; ahj;jpiu nrd;wtu;fSf;F vd; jhj;jh-ghl;b ,d;Kfj;Jld; tuNtw;W mtu;fSf;F
,uT jq;Ftjw;F ,lk; mspj;J> czTk; nfhLj;J rpwg;ghf cgrupj;jdu;. mg;NghJ
‘tpUe;jpdu;fs; tUk;; fhyk; mwpe;J mtu;fSf;F czTk;> ciwtplKk; je;J cgrupg;gJjhd;
jkpoupd; gz;ghL’ vd;W vd; je;ij $wpdhu;.
grpj;jtUf;F cztpLjy; :
‘cz;b nfhLj;Njhu; capu; nfhLj;NjhNu’ vd;w Md;Nwhu; thf;Ff;F ,zq;f
grpj;jtUf;F cztspg;gJ vd;gJ rpwe;j xU mwr;nray; MFk;. cau;e;j Gz;zpak; vd;fpwJ
kjq;fs;. grpNahLk; fisg;NghLk; tUgtu;fSf;F vt;tpj vjpu;g;ghu;g;Gkpd;wp jk;kplk; ,Ug;gij
,ay;-3
,ay;-3
gfpu;e;J nfhLf;fpw Neak; tpUe;Njhk;gypy; jiyrpwe;jjhFk;.
grpj;jtUf;F ehd; cztpLjy; :
ehd; tPl;bw;F nrd;W nfhz;bUe;jNghJ xU tajhdtu; kpFe;j grpapd; fisg;ghy;
mt;topapy; nrd;w vd;dplk; ‘grpf;fpwJ’ vd;W nrhd;dhu;. mg;NghJ ehd; mtiu vd; tPl;bw;F
mioj;J nrd;W> cztpl;L kfpo;r;rp mile;Njd;. cztUe;jpa gpd; mtu; Kfj;j py; Njhd;wpa
ed;wp fye;j Gd;dif fz;L kdepiwT mile;Njd;.
n
KbTiu :
l.i
te;j tpUe;jpdu;fis md;ghf ftdpj;J mDg;gptpl;L tUfpd;w tpUe;jpdu;fSf;fhf
thrypy; rypf;fhJ fhj;jpUe;jtu;fs; ek; Kd;Ndhu;fs;. mtu;fis Nghy ehKk; ek;kplk;
tUgtu;fSf;F ,y;iy vd;W $whJ> jk;khy; ,ad;wij nra;a Ntz;Lk;. da
ka
2. cq;fs; fw;gidfis ,izj;J epfo;itf; fijahf;Ff. (epfo;T - Gj;jf gf;f vz; : 62)
tpUe;jpdu; jpdk;
vi
,d;W Qhapw;Wf;fpoik ed;whf fhiy 10 kzp tiu J}q;fyhk; vd;W epidj;J

cwq;fpf; nfhz;bUe;jhs; epyh. jpBnud mg;ghtpd; $f;FuYk;> mk;khtpd; Gyk;gYk;;
al
tPl;ilNa mku;f;fskhf;fpaJ.
.k
vd;db! cq;f mg;gd; tPlh kzp vd;dhTJ J}q;fpf; nfhz;bUf;fpwha;? vd;w mg;ghtpd;
mjpfhuj; njhdp mk;khit vOg;gpaJ. Vq;f ,e;j xUehs; jtpu kj;j ehspnsy;yhk;
w
fhiyapNy 4.00 kzpf;F vOe;J tPl;L Ntiyia Kbr;R> fhiy bgd;> kjpak; rhg;ghL
w
jahu; nra;J cq;fisAk;> epyhitAk; 8 kzpf;Fs; mDg;Gtjw;Fs; capu;Ngha; capu;tUJ.

mJf;fg;Gwk; ehd; fpsk;gp mYtyfk; NghwJf;Fs;s… Mz;lth! vd;W Gyk;gpdhs;.
w
vd;db xNu Gyk;gy;? vd;w mg;ghtpd; Fuiyf; Nfl;Lg; gLf;ifapypUe;J vOe;j epyh>
xU yPT ehS$l epk;kjpahf ,Uf;f Kbay ve;j &gj;jpyhtJ rr;ruT te;J mg;gh – mk;kh
MSf;nfhU %iyapy; Kfj;ijj; J}f;fp itj;Jl;L ,Ue;jijg; ghu;j;j epyh njUTf;F te;jhs;.
epyh tPl;Lf;Fs; Xb te;J “mk;kh! mg;gh! khkh tuhq;f!” vd;whs;.
“Vq;f ahu; te;jpUf;fh ghUq;f” vd;whs; mk;kh.
“thq;f! thq;f! khg;gps;is” vd;w miog;G mg;ghtpDilaJ.
“Vq;f Nghap khu;f;nfl;by;….” vd;W mk;kh $Wtjw;Fs;> “vy;yhk; vdf;Fj; njupAk;”
vd;W $wp khu;f;nfl;Lf;Fg; Gwg;gl> “nfhQ;rk; kl;lDk; thq;fpf;fq;f”> “rup rup NtW VjhtJ
NtZkh?” “ey;y kPdh thq;fpl;L thq;f”> “tQ;rpuNk thq;fpl;L tu;Nwd;” vd;whu; mg;gh.
“khkh tUtJf;F Kd;dhb my;Nyhfyg;gl;l tPlh ,J. mg;gh> mk;kh xUtUf;F
xUtu; gupTld; NgRtJ kdJf;F epk;kjpahf cs;sJ” vd;W epyh ngU%r;Rtpl;lhs;.
khkh CUf;Fg; Gwg;gLk;NghJ> “xt;nthU Qhapw;Wf;fpoikAk; Rk;kh tPl;Lf;F
te;Jl;Lg; Nghq;f khkh” vd;whs; epyh.
xt;nthU Qhapw;Wf;fpoik fhiyAk; epyhtpd; fz;fs; njU tPjpapy; NjbaJ
khkhtpd; tUifia kl;Lky;y. fhfk; fiuAk; Xir Nfl;fhjh? vd;W ehl;fs;; efu;e;jd.
,yf;fzk; : njhfhepiyj; njhlu;fs;

1. ,d;W ePq;fs; gbj;j nra;jpj;jhs;fspy; cs;s njhfhepiyj; njhlu;fisj; njhFj;J tUf.
Å vOtha;j;njhlu; Å nganur;rj;njhlu;
fhtpup gha;e;jJ Xba NgUe;J
kio tUkh? gha;e;j fhis
Å tpspj;njhlu; Å tpidnar;rj;njhlu;
kf;fNs thf;fspAq;fs;! nrhy;ypr; nrd;whu;
,ay;-3
,ay;-3
khztu;fNs Rw;whjPu;fs;! ghu;f;f te;jdu;
Å Ntw;Wik njhfhepiyj;njhlu; Å mLf;Fj;njhlu;
ghyj;ijj; jpwe;jhu; Ntf Ntfkhf nrd;wdu;
jpl;lq;fisf; $wpdhu; tUf tUf vd tuNtw;whu;
2. fPo;f;fhZk; gj;jpapy; cs;s njhlu; tiffis vLj;J vOJf.
khbapypUe;J ,wq;fpdhu; KfkJ. mtu; ghlfu;. ghly;fisg; ghLtJk; Nfl;gJk; mtUf;Fg;
n
nghOJNghf;F. mtuJ miwapy; Nfl;l ghly;fisAk;> Nfl;fhj ghly;fisAk; nfhz;l
l.i
FWe;jfLfis mLf;F mLf;fhf itj;jpUg;ghu;.
Å ,wq;fpdhu; KfkJ - tpidKw;Wj;njhlu;
Å mtu; ghlfu;
Å ghLtJk; Nfl;gJk;
-
-
da
vOtha;j;njhlu;
,ilr;nrhy; njhlu;
ka
Å Nfl;l ghly;> nfhz;l FWe;jfL - nganur;rj; njhlu;
Å Nfl;fhj ghly; - vjpu;kiwnganur;rj; njhlu;
vi
Å mLf;F mLf;fhf - mLf;Fj;njhlu;

al
3. jbj;jr; nrhw;fspd; njhlu;tiffis vOJf.

.k
1) gofg; gofg; ghYk; Gspf;Fk;. - mLf;Fj;njhlu;

2) tbj;j fQ;rpapy; Nriyia myrpNdd;. - nganur;rj;njhlu;
w
3) Nkilapy; ed;whfg; Ngrpdhd;. - tpidnar;rj;njhlu;

w
4) te;jhu; mz;zd; - tpidKw;Wj;njhlu;

5) mupa ftpijfspd; njhFg;G ,J.
w
- Ntw;Wikj;njhlu;
tho;tpay; : jpUf;Fws; - jpUts;Stu;

1. glq;fs; czu;j;Jk; Fwspd; fUj;jpid ikakpl;L tFg;gpy; fye;JiuahLf.
glk; 1 glk; 2
Kaw;rp jpUtpid Mf;Fk; Kaw;wpd;ik gz;vd;dhk; ghlw;F ,iagpd;Nwy;;; fz;vd;dhk;

,d;ik GFj;jp tpLk;. fz;Nzhl;lk; ,y;yhj fz;.
glk; 1:
gq;Nfw;Nghu; : thzp> uhzp
thzp uhzp glj;jpidg; ghu;j;jhah? ,g;glj;jpd; %yk; eP mwptJ vd;d?

tyJ gf;fk; cs;stu; ey;y ciog;ghsp. vg;NghJk; Kad;W cioj;Jf;
uhzp nfhz;Nl ,Ug;ghu;. mjpfhiy vOe;J taYf;Fr; nrd;W taypy; tpise;j
new;fjpu;fis %l;ilahff; fl;b tz;bapy; Vw;wp ,y;yj;jpw;Fj; jpUk;Gfpwhd;.
mtuJ Kaw;rp mtUf;Fr; nry;tj;jpidf; nfhLf;Fk;.
thzp Mkhk;> rupahfr; nrhd;dha; ciog;Ng cau;T vd;gjw;F tyJ gf;fk; cs;stu;
vLj;Jf;fhl;L. Mdhy; ,lJ gf;fk; cs;stiu ghu;.
,ay;-3
,ay;-3
Mk; mtu; ciof;fhjtu;. Kaw;rpf;fhjtu;. cz;L tPz; nghOJ Nghf;Fgtu;.
uhzp cioj;Jg; nghUsPl;lhjjhy; mtu; kidtp rikf;fhky; mku;e;jpUf;fpwhs;. mtuJ
FLk;gKk; Jd;gg;gLfpwJ. ,jid czu;j;Jk; jpUf;Fws; epidtpUf;fpwjh?
“Kaw;rp jpUtpid Mf;Fk; Kaw;wpd;ik
thzp
,d;ik GFj;jp tpLk;” ,JNt me;j jpUf;Fws;.
glk; 2: gq;Nfw;Nghu; : fz;zd;> ,uhK
n
l.i
fz;zd; ,uhK mUfpy; cs;s glj;ijg; ghu;j;jhah? mg;glk; vd;d nrhy;fpwJ?
,uhK
da
xUtu; czT cz;Zfpwhu;. mq;F tUNthu; mtuplk; czT Nfl;fpd;wdu;.
Mdhy; mtUf;F ,uf;fk; vd;gNj ,y;iy. mtu;fisg; ghu;f;fhkNy jhNd
ka
mt;Tztpid cz;Zfpwhu;.
eP nrhy;tJ rupjhd;. kw;wtu;fs; grpj;jpUf;f> mtu;fs; kPJ ,uf;fk; fhl;lhky;
vi
fz;zd; jhNd czit cz;gJ kpfTk; Nkhrkhd nrayhFk;. mjd; gf;fj;jpy; cs;s
al
glk; czu;j;JtJ vd;d njupAkh cdf;F?

.k
njupANk… Nkilapy; xU ngz; ghLfpwhs;. ghlNyhL ,ir nghUe;jtpy;iy

w
vd;gjhy; Nfl;fg; gpbf;fhky; gyu; Nkilia tpl;L tpyfp epw;fpd;wdu;.

,uhK ,jidj;jhd; jpUts;Stu;
w
“gz;vd;dhk; ghlw;F ,iagpd;Nwy;@ fz;vd;dhk;

fz;Nzhl;lk; ,y;yhj fz;”
w
- vd;W $Wfpwhu;.
fz;zd; rupjhd;. ghlNyhL nghWe;jhj ,irapdhy; vd;d gad;? mJNghy ,wf;fk;

,y;yhtpl;lhy; ghu;f;Fk; fz;fshy; vd;d gad;?
2. fijf;Fg; nghUj;jkhd Fwisj; Nju;T nra;J fhuzj;ij vOJf. Gj;jf gf;f vz; : 73
fijf;Fg; m) cyfj;NjhL xl;l xOfy; gyfw;Wk;
nghUj;jkhd Fws; fy;yhu; mwptpyh jhu;
nghUs; cyfj;NjhL nghUe;j xOFjiyf; fy;yhjhu; gy fw;Wk; mwptpyhjhu;.
h fpuhkj;J tz;bf;fhuu; $wpaijg; gbj;j me;j ,isQd;
Nfl;ftpy;iy. tz;b epd;Wtpl;lJ> kio tUk;> khl;Ltz;bapy;
Vwpf;nfhs;syhk; vd;gijg; Gwf;fzpj;J> gpd;du; kioapy; khl;bf;
fhuzk;
nfhz;L fhakile;J kUj;Jtkidapy; rpfpr;ir ngWfpwhu;.
h tz;bf;fhuupd; mwpTiuia Vw;wpUf;f Ntz;Lk;.
h gbj;jtuhf ,Ue;Jk; mwptw;wtuhdhu;.
FW
Wtpdhf;fs;
1. ‘er;rg; glhjtd;’ nry;tk; - ,j;njhlupy; mbf;Nfhbl;l nrhy;Yf;Fg; nghUs; jUf.
er;rg;glhjtd; - gpwUf;F cjtp nra;ahj fhuzj;jhy; xUtuhYk; tpUk;gg;glhjtd;
2. nfhLg;gJ}ck; Ja;g;gJ}ck; ,y;yhu;f;F mLf;fpa
Nfhbcz; lhapDk;; ,y; - ,f;Fwspy; tUk; msngilfis vLj;J vOJf.
nfhLg;gJ}ck;> Ja;g;gJ}ck; - ,d;dpir msngil
3. nghUSf;Nfw;w mbiag; nghUj;Jf.
capupDk; Xk;gg;gLk;
,ay;-3
,ay;-3
capiutplr; rpwg;ghfg; Ngzpf;fhf;fg;gLk;.
Cupd; eLtpy; er;Rkuk; gOj;jJ Nghd;wJ. eL CUs; er;R kuk; gOj;jw;W
xOf;fj;jpd; top cau;T miltu;. xOf;fj;jpd; va;Jtu; Nkd;ik
4. va;Jtu; va;jhg; gop - ,f;Fwsbf;Fg; nghUe;Jk;; tha;ghL vJ? [PTA-1]

m) $tpsk; Njkh kyu; M) $tpsk; Gspkh ehs;
,) Njkh Gspkh fhR <) Gspkh Njkh gpwg;G
n
l.i
$Ljy; tpdhf;fs;
5. ahUf;F ,t;TyfNk cupikAilajhFk; vd;W ts;Stu; ciuf;fpd;whu;? da [MDL-19]
flik jtwhky; eLepiyahf epd;W ,uf;fk; fhl;Lgtu;f;F ,t;TyfNk cupikAilajhFk;
ka
vd;W ts;Stu; ciuf;fpd;whu;.
6. eQ;irf; nfhLj;jhYk; cz;Zk; gz;ghsu; vth; vd ts;Sth; tha;nkhop $Wk; nra;jp ahJ?
vi
vy;NyhUk; tpUk;Gfpd;w ,uf;f ,ay;igf; nfhz;ltu;fs;> gpwu; ed;ik fUjpj; jkf;F

al
eQ;irf; nfhLj;jhYk; mjid cz;Zk; cau;e;j gz;ghsuhthu;. [SEP – 2020]

.k
rpWtpdhf;fs;
w
1. NtnyhL epd;whd; ,Lvd;wJ NghYk;

w
NfhnyhL epd;whd; ,uT - Fwspy; gapd;W tUk; mzpia tpsf;Ff.

w
Fwspy; gapd;W
ctik mzp
tUk; mzp
xU nra;Aspy; ctik> ctNkak;> ctk cUG Mfpa %d;Wk;
mzp ,yf;fzk;
ntspg;gilahf te;jhy; mJ ctik mzpahFk;.
Å ctik – Ntiyf; fhl;b topg;gwp nra;jy;
mzpg;nghUj;jk; Å ctNkak; – murd; mjpfhuj;ijf; fhl;b kf;fsplk; tup tR+ypj;jy;
Å ctk cUG – NghYk;
Ml;rpajpfhuj;ijf; nfhz;Ls;s murd; jd; mjpfhuj;ijf; nfhz;L
tpsf;fk;
tuptpjpg;gJ> Nty; Nghd;w MAjq;fisf; fhl;b topg;gwp nra;tjw;F epfuhFk;.
2. ftpijiaj; njhlu;f. jz;zPu; epiwe;j Fsk; 3. jpUf;Fws; gw;wpa ftpij :
jtpj;jgb ntspePl;Lk; if ciu(iw) Cw;wp Cw;wpg;
fiuapy; ifg;Ngrp glnkLj;jgb ghu;j;jhYk;
tUq;fhy rKjhaj;jplk; Gspf;fhj ghy; !
kdpjNeak; kz;bapl;L je;ij je;j
jha;gg ; hy;
fz;zPupy; kiwAk; Neuk;
Kg;ghy; ! - mwpTkjp
,ay; - 4. ehd;fhk; jkpo; 47
4. ehd;fhk; jkpo;
gyTs; njhpf
1. ‘cdjUNs ghu;g;gd; mbNaNd’ – ahuplk; ahu; $wpaJ? *nr-1 [AUG - 2022, SEP - 2020, PTA - 5]
m) FyNrfuho;thhplk; ,iwtd; M) ,iwtdplk; FyNrfuho;thh;
,) kUj;Jtuplk; Nehahsp <) Nehahspaplk; kUj;Jtu;
2. jiyg;Gf;Fk; Fwpg;GfSf;Fk; nghUj;jkhd tpiliaj; Nju;e;njLf;f. *c [PTA - 3]
jiyg;G : nraw;if Ez;zwpT
Fwpg;Gfs; : fz;fhzpg;Gf; fUtp> mirT epfOk; gf;fk; jd; ghu;itiaj; jpUg;GfpwJ. jpwd;
Ngrpapy; cs;s tiuglk; Nghf;Ftuj;jpw;Fr; RUf;fkhd topiaf; fhz;gpg;gJ.
,ay;-4
,ay;-4
m) jiyg;Gf;Fg; nghUj;jkhd Fwpg;Gfs; ,lk; ngw;Ws;sd.
M) Fwpg;GfSf;Fj; njhlu;gpy;yhj jiyg;G nfhLf;fg;gl;Ls;sJ.
n
,) jiyg;Gf;Fj; njhlu;gpy;yhj Fwpg;Gfs; mspf;fg;gl;Ls;sd.
<) Fwpg;GfSf;Fg; nghUj;jkpy;yhj jiyg;G toq;fg;gl;Ls;sJ.
l.i
3. gupghly; mbapy; ‘tpRk;Gk; ,irAk;’ vd;Dk; njhlu; vjidf; Fwpf;fpwJ? *nr-2 [MDL - 19, PTA - 2]
m) thdj;ijAk; ghl;ilAk;
,) thdj;ijAk; G+kpiaAk;
da
M) thdj;ijAk; GfioAk;
<) thdj;ijAk; NgnuhypiaAk;
ka
4. FyNrfu Mo;thu; ‘tpj;Jtf;Nfhl;lk;kh’ vd;W Mz; nja;tj;ij mioj;Jg; ghLfpwhu;.
G+idahu; ghy;Nrhw;iwf; fz;lJk; tUfpwhu; Mfpa njhlu;fspy; ,lk;ngw;Ws;s tOtikjp
vi
KiwNa - *, [PTA - 4]
al
m) kuG tOtikjp> jpiz tOtikjp M) ,l tOtikjp> kuG tOtikjp

,) ghy; tOtikjp> jpiz tOtikjp <) fhy tOtikjp> ,l tOtikjp
.k
5. ghuj ];Nll; tq;fpapd; ciuahL nkd;nghUs; vJ? *c [PTA - 1]

w
m) Jyh M) rPyh ,) Fyh <) ,yh

$Ljy; tpdhf;fs;
w
6. Mz; Foe;ijia ‘thbr;nry;yk;’ vd;W nfhQ;RtJ : *, [SEP - 2021]

w
m) ghy; tOtikjp M) jpiz tOtikjp

,) kuG tOtikjp <) fhy tOtikjp
7. njd;id kuq;fs; epiwe;j gFjpiaf; Fwpg;gpLk; tohepiy *, [PTA - 3]
m) njd;de;Njhl;lk; M) njd;dQ;Nrhiy ,) njd;de;Njhg;G <) njd;dq;fhL
8. jpiztOtikjp *, [PTA - 5]
m) ‘,e;j ghg;gh J}q;fkhl;lhs;’ vd;W jd;idNa Foe;ij Fwpg;gpLtJ
M) ,unty;yhk; eha; fj;jpf; nfhz;Nl ,Ue;jJ
,) thlh nry;yk; vd;W jha; kfis miog;gJ
<) ‘vd; jq;if te;jhs;’ vd;W gRitf; Fwpg;gpLtJ
9. 'rq;f ,yf;fpaq;fs; Ie;jpizfSf;Fkhd xOf;fq;fis ,U jpizfSk; gad;ngw
vLj;jpak;Gfpd;wd”. - ,j;njhlupy; mike;Js;s njhifr; nrhw;fspd; nghUj;jkhd tupiaf;
fz;lwpf. *, [MDL – 19, PTA - 5]
m) FwpQ;rp> Ky;iy> nea;jy;> ghiy - ey;tpid> jPtpid
M) FwpQ;rp> Ky;iy> kUjk;> nea;jy;> ghiy - cau;jpiz> m/wpiz
,) FwpQ;rp> Ky;iy> nea;jy;> ghiy> kUjk; - mwk;> nghUs;> ,d;gk;
<) FwpQ;rp> Ky;iy> kiy> fhL> tay; - giz> jpiz

FWtpdh
1. tUq;fhyj;jpy; Njitnadf; fUJfpd;w nraw;if Ez;zwpT nghjpe;j ,uz;L mwptpay;
fz;Lgpbg;Gfisf; Fwpg;gpLf. *c [PTA - 6, SEP – 2020, MDL-19]
Å nraw;if Ez;zwpthy; Foe;ijfisg;; Ngzpg; ghJfhf;Fk; NuhNghf;fs;.
Å nfhba Neha;fisf; fz;lwpe;J kUj;Jtk; ghu;f;Fk; ,ae;jpu kUj;Jtu;;.
2. tUfpd;w Nfhil tpLKiwapy; fhw;whiy kpd; cw;gj;jpia Neupy; fhz;gjw;F Muy;tha;nkhopf;Fr;
nry;fpNwd; - ,j;njhlu; fhy tOtikjpf;F vLj;Jf;fhl;lhf miktJ vt;thW? *, [MAY - 22, PTA - 6]
Å tOj;jpUj;jk;: tUfpd;w Nfhil tpLKiwapy; fhw;whiy kpd; cw;gj;jpia Neupy;
fhz;gjw;F Muy;tha;nkhopf;Fr;; nry;Ntd;. ,J fhytOtikjp.
Å ‘tUfpd;w NfhiltpLKiw’ vd;;gJ vjph;fhyk;> ‘nry;Ntd;’ vd;W tUtjw;F gjpyhf ‘nry;fpNwd;’
vd;W epfo;fhyk; te;jhYk;> ,e;epfo;T cWjpahf elf;ftpUg;gjhy; Vw;Wf;nfhs;sg;gl;lJ.
3. kUj;Jtj;jpy; kUe;Jld; md;Gk; ek;gpf;ifAk; Mw;Wk; ghq;fpid vOJf. *nr-1 [PTA–4, SEP-2021]
Å Nehahspapd; Nehiag; Nghf;Ftjpy; kUe;Jfs; kl;Lkpd;wp kUj;Jtupd; md;ghd> ek;gpf;ifahd
,ay;-4
,ay;-4
thh;j;ijfSk;> Nehahspapd; Nehia tpiuthf Fzg;gLj;Jk;.
4. capu;fs; cUthfp tsu Vw;w R+oy; G+kpapy; vit vitnadg; gupghly; top mwpe;jtw;iwf; Fwpg;gpLf.
n
Å thdk; Å fhw;W Å neUg;G Å ePh; Å epyk; *nr-2 [PTA–1]
l.i
5. “rPru; vg;NghJk; vd; nrhy;Ngr;irf; Nfl;ghd;. Gjpatu;fisg; ghu;j;Jf; fj;JthNd jtpu fbf;f
da
khl;lhd;” vd;W ,skhwd; jd;Dila tsu;g;G ehiag; gw;wpg; ngUikahff; $wpdhu; - ,jpy;
cs;s jpiz tOtikjpfisj; jpUj;jp vOJf. *,
ka
tOj;jpUj;jk;: ‘rPru; vg;NghJk; vd;; nrhy;Ngr;irf; Nfl;Fk;. Gjpatu;fisg; ghu;j;Jf; Fiwf;FNk jtpu
vi
fbf;fhJ’ vd;W ,skhwd; jd;Dila tsu;g;G ehiag; gw;wpg; ngUikahff; $wpdhu;.

al
$Ljy; tpdhf;fs;
6. mz;zd; New;W tPl;Lf;F te;jJ. mz;zd; Gwg;gLk;NghJ mk;kh topaDg;gpaJ.
.k
(tOit tohepiyahf khw;Wf) *, [MDL – 19]

w
mz;zd; New;W tPl;Lf;F te;jhu;. mz;zd; Gwg;gLk;NghJ mk;kh topaDg;gpdhu; / topaDg;gpdhs;.

w
7. ngUkhs; jpUnkhop – E}w; Fwpg;G tiuf. *nr-1 [AUG - 2022]

Å ngUkhs; jpUnkhop ehyhapuj; jpt;tpag; gpuge;jj;jpy; Ie;jhk; jpUnkhopahf cs;sJ.
w
Å ,jidg; ghbatu; FyNrfuho;thu;. Å ,jpy; 105 ghly;fs; cs;sd.

8. [g;ghdpy; rhg;l; tq;fp cUthf;fpa ,ae;jpu kdpjd; ngg;gu; Fwpj;J vOJf. *c [PTA - 6]
Å ngg;gu; cyf mstpy; mjpfk; tpw;gidahFk; NuhNgh MFk;.
Å tPl;Lf;F> tzpfj;Jf;F> gbg;Gf;F vd %d;W tif NuhNghf;fs; cs;sd.
Å kdpjupd; KfghtidfspypUe;J czu;Tfisg; Gupe;J> mjw;Nfw;g nray;gLfpd;wd.
Å ngg;giu tuNtw;ghsuhfTk; gzpahsuhfTk; tPLfspYk;> epWtdq;fspYk; gad;gLj;Jfpwhu;fs;.
rpWtpdh
1. “khshj fhjy; Nehahsd; Nghy;” vd;Dk; njhlupYs;s ctik Rl;Lk; nra;jpia tpsf;Ff.
Å ctik – Nehahsd; Nghy; *nr-1 [SEP – 2020, PTA – 6]
Å ctk cUG – Nghy;
Å ctik Rl;Lk; nra;jp: ‘clypy; Vw;gl;l Gz;iz kUj;Jth; fj;jpahy; mWj;Jr; Rl;lhYk;
mJ ed;ikf;Nf’ vd;W czh;e;J Nehahsp mtiu Nerpg;ghh;. mJNghy> ,iwtd; jdJ
tpisahl;lhy; ePq;fhj Jd;gj;ijj; je;jhYk; mtdJ mbatdhfpa FyNrfuho;thu;
,iwtdpd; mUisNa vg;NghJk; vjpu;ghu;j;J ek;gpf;ifNahL tho;tjhf Ntz;Lfpwhu;.

2. ,d;iwa mwptpay; fz;Lgpbg;Gfs; kdpjid Nkk;gLj;Jfpd;wdth? vd;gJ Fwpj;j rpe;jidfis
Kd;itj;J vOJf. *c [PTA – 3]
kdpjd; fbdk; vd;W fUJk; nray;fisAk; nra;af;$baJ ,d;iwa mwptpay; fz;Lgpbg;Gfs;.
Å ,ae;jpu kdpjd; : gy;NtW Jiwfspy; ,jd; gq;fspg;G kdpj tho;it Nkk;gLj;JfpwJ.
Å jpwd;Ngrp tiuglk; : ehk; nry;Yk; topapy; Nghf;Ftuj;J neupry; mjpfkhf ,Ue;jhy; >
mjw;fhd khw;Wg;ghij fz;lwptJ Nghd;w gy trjpfs; cs;slf;fpaJ.
Å fzpdp : ek; nray;fis vspikg;gLj;JfpwJ. ek;khy; ,ayhjtw;iw ek;iktpl El;gkhf nra;fpwJ.
Å $Fs; : ehk; mwpah thu;j;ijis> nra;jpfis fzpdpapy; gjptpl jd; juTfspy; xg;gpl;L
mijg;gw;wpd tptuq;fis fhy; nehbf;Fk; Fiwthd Neuj;jpy; jpiuapy; fhz;gpf;fpwJ.
Å gy;NtW ,ae;jpuq;fs; : thndhyp> njhiyf;fhl;rp> kpd; tpsf;Ffs;> Jzp Jitf;Fk;
,ae;jpuk;> khT miwf;Fk; ,ae;jpuk;> kpd; rikg;ghd;> Fspu;rhjdg; ngl;b> kpjptz;b>
NgUe;J> kfpOe;J> Giftz;b> thD}u;jp Mfpad ek; tho;f;if Kiwia vspikg;gLj;jpAs;sJ.
kdpjf; fz;Lgpbg;Gfs; midj;jpYk; ed;ik> jPik vd;W ,uz;L gf;fq;fs; cs;sd.
mjw;Nfw;g ehk; mwptpay; fz;Lgpbg;Gfis rupahf gad;gLj;jpdhy;> mJ ek;ik Nkk;gLj;Jk;.
3. kdpju;fspd; %isiag; Nghd;wJ> nraw;if Ez;zwpT nfhz;l fzpdpapd; nkd;nghUs;.
,ay;-4
,ay;-4
kdpjidg; NghyNt Ngr> vOj> rpe;jpf;f ,j;njhopy;El;gk; Nkk;gLj;jg;gLfpwJ. ,jdhy;
kdpjFyj;Jf;F Vw;gLfpw ed;ikfisg; gw;wp mwptpay; ,jo; xd;Wf;F ‘vjpu;fhyj; njhopy;El;gk;’
n
vd;w jiyg;gpy; vOJf. *c
l.i
vjpu;fhyj; njhopy;El;gk;
da
Å nraw;if Ez;zwpT vd;gJ xU nkd;nghUs; my;yJ fzpdpr; nray;jpl;l tiuT.
Å kdpjdhy; nra;a ,ayhj> mYg;Gj; jl;lf;$ba> fbdkhd nray;fis nraw;if
ka
Ez;zwpTs;s NuhNghf;fs; nra;Ak;.
Å vjpu;fhyj;jpy; NuhNghf;fs; Foe;ijfisf; ftdpj;Jf; nfhs;sTk;> tajhdtu;fSf;F
vi
cjtpfs; nra;J cw;w NjhodhfTk; tpLjp> tq;fp kw;Wk; mYtyfq;fspy; MNyhrid

al
toq;FtJ> jz;zPu; nfhz;L te;J jUtJ vdg; gytw;iwr; nra;Ak;.

Å vjpu;fhyj;jpy; ehk; gazpf;Fk; Cu;jpfis nraw;if Ez;zwpT nfhz;L ,af;Ftjd; %yk;>
.k
tpgj;Jfs; FiwAk;> Nghf;Ftuj;J neupry; ,Uf;fhJ> Neuk; FiwAk;> vupnghUs; kpr;rg;gLk;.

Å nkd;nghUs;fs; kdpju;fSld; Nghl;bapl tha;g;Gs;sJ.
w
Å fy;tpj;Jiwapy; ,j;njhopy;El;gj;ij tFg;Gfs;; vLf;f> Nju;Tfs; elj;jg; gad;gLj;jyhk;.

w
Å Ntiy tha;g;Gfspy; fzprkhd khw;wq;fisf; nfhz;Ltug;NghfpwJ.

w
4. New;wpuT nga;j kio vy;yhk; njhl;bia epiwj;jpUe;jJ. thioj; Njhg;gpy; Fl;bAld; epd;wpUe;j
khL fj;jpaJ. je;ij vd;dplk;> “,yr;Rkp $g;gpLfpwhs;> Ngha;g; ghu;” vd;whu;. “,Njh nrd;W
tpl;Nld;” vd;wthNw mq;Fr; nrd;Nwd;. Js;spa Fl;biaj; jltpf;nfhLj;J> “vd;dlh
tpisahlNtz;Lkh?” vd;W Nfl;Nld;. vd; jq;ifAk; mq;Nf te;jhs;. mtsplk;> “ePAk;; ,tDk;
tpisahLq;fs;” vd;W $wpNdd;. mtpo;j;Jtplg;gl;l ,yr;Rkp njhl;bapypUe;j ePiuf; Fbj;jhs;.
,g;gFjpapYs;s tOtikjpfisg; gl;baypl;L vOJf. *, [PTA - 5]
1. epiwj;jpUe;jJ (epiwj;jJ) fhy tOtikjp
2. thioj;Njhg;G (Njhl;lk;) kuG tOtikjp
3. Fl;bAld; khL (fd;W) kuG tOtikjp
4. ,yr;Rkp $g;gpLfpw
whs; ($g;gpLfpwJ)) jpiz tOtikjp
5. ,Njh nrd;Wtpl;Nld; (nrd;W tpLfpNwd;;) fhy tOtikjp
6. Js;spa Fl;bia (fd;W) kuG tOtikjp
7. vd;dlh tpisahlNtz;Lkh? (khl;il Fwpf;fpwJ) jpiz tOtikjp
8. ePAk; ,tDk; tpisahLq;fs;. (,jDld;) jpiz tOtikjp
9. njhl;bapypUe;j ePiuf;Fbj;jhs;. (F
Fbj;jJ) jpiz tOtikjp
neLtpdh
1. xU Foe;ijiaj; J}f;fTk;> fPNo tpOe;j xU NjdPu;f; Nfhg;igia vLf;fTk; nkd;nghUs; mf;fiw
nfhs;Skh? ntWk; tzpfj;Jld; epd;WtpLkh? ,f;fUj;Jf;fis xl;br; ‘nraw;if Ez;zwptpd;
vjpu;fhy ntspg;ghLfs;’ gw;wp xU fl;Liu vOJf. *c [PTA - 2]
Fwpg;Gr;rl;lfk;
Å Kd;Diu
Å nraw;if Ez;zwpT
Å NuhNghf;fs; - tzpf uPjpahd nraw;if Ez;zwpT
Å xU Foe;ijia NuhNghthy; J}f;f KbAkh?
Å fPNo tpOe;j NjdPu; Nfhg;igia vLf;f KbAkh?
Å nraw;if Ez;zwptpd; vjpu;fhy ntspg;ghLfs;
Å KbTiu
Kd;Diu :
,ay;-4
,ay;-4
‘gwitiaf; fz;lhd; tpkhdk; gilj;jhd;> vjpnuhyp Nfl;lhd; thndhyp gilj;jhd;’
mjhtJ rpe;jid xd;Nw kdpjid tsu;r;rpg;ghijf;F mioj;Jr; nry;fpwJ vd;fpwhu; fz;zjhrd;.
n
tsu;e;JtUk; mwptpay; njhopy; El;gj;jpy; nraw;if Ez;zwpT vg;gbnay;yhk; kdpjDf;F
l.i
cjTfpwJ vd;Wk;> xU Foe;ijia J}f;FtJ> fPNo tpOe;j NjdPu; Nfhg;igia vLg;gJ Nghd;w
tzpfky;yhj nray;fSf;F gad;gLj;jyhkh? vd;gJ gw;wpAk; ,f;fl;Liuapy; fhz;Nghk;.
nraw;if Ez;zwpT :
da
ka
kdpjd; rpe;jpj;J nray;gLtJ Nghd;W> gy;NtW fzpdpr; nra;epuy;fis cUthf;fp>
mtw;iw fzpdpapy; cs;sPL nra;J> mjd; topahf xU ,ae;jpuj;ijr; rpe;jpj;Jr; nray;gl
itf;Fk; KiwNa ‘nraw;if Ez;zwpT’ vd;fpNwhk;. ,J jpl;lkply;> gpur;ridfSf;F jPu;T
vi
fhzy;> gd;Kfq;fspy; rpe;jpj;jy;> vz;zq;fisf; fw;Wf; nfhs;Sjy;> fw;Wf; nfhz;lij

al
nray;gLj;Jjy;> KbTfSf;Nfw;gj; jhdhf khw;wpf; nfhs;jy; Nghd;w gy gzpfis

kdpjidg; Nghy rpe;jpj;J nray;gLj;JfpwJ.
.k
NuhNghf;fs; - tzpf uPjpahd nraw;if Ez;zwpT :

w
Nfl;ly;> ghu;j;jy;> Ritj;jy;> Efu;jy;> czu;jy; vd;Dk; Ik;Gyd;fisf; nfhz;L kdpjd;

nra;af;$ba gy;NtW gzpfis> kdpjdpd; cjtpAld; ‘jhdpaf;fk;’ kw;Wk; nraw;if Ez;zwpT
w
Mfpa njhopy;El;gq;fSld; ,ize;J cUthf;fg;gLk; ,ae;jpuNk ‘NuhNgh’. ,jd; gad;ghl;lhy;

w
Fiwe;j fhyj;jpy; Fiwe;j tpiyapy; mjpf vz;zpf;ifapy; nghUl;fs; cw;gj;jp nra;J cw;gj;jp
jpwd; tzpf uPjpapy; mjpfupj;Js;sJ. kdpjd; cliytUj;jp nra;Jnfhz;bUe;j gy NtiyfSf;fhd
Ntiytha;g;G Fiwe;JNghdhYk; GJg;GJ nray;kpF Ntiytha;g;Gfs; $bf;nfhz;Ljhd; ,Uf;fpwJ.
xU Foe;ijia NuhNghthy; J}f;f KbAkh?
Foe;ijfSf;F tpisahl;L fhl;Ltjw;F> ghlk; elj;Jtjw;F vd gy NuhNghf;fs;
GjpJGjpjhf te;jtz;zNk cs;sJ. jw;NghJ rpe;jpj;J nray;glf; $ba rpy nray;fis kl;LNk
NuhNghf;fs; nra;fpd;wd. ,it ek; Nkw;ghu;itapNyNa nray;gLfpd;wd. jdpahf nray;gLk;
mstpw;F tbtikf;fg;gltpy;iy. kdpju;fs; ghu;g;gJf;nfhs;tJ Nghy; ,tw;why; nray;gl
KbahJ. cjhudkhf xU Foe;ij mOjhy; my;yJ Nrhfkhf ,Ue;jhy; mtu;fspd; czu;twpe;J
J}f;fp mwtidj;J jl;bf;nfhLj;J rkhjhdg;gLj;j Ntz;Lk; vd;W NuhNghf;fSf;F njupahJ.
vjpu;fhyj;jpy; czu;r;rpfis gFj;jwpAk; NuhNghf;fs; cUthf;fg;gl;lhy; ,itAk; rhj;jpaNk.
fPNo tpOe;j NjdPu; Nfhg;igia vLf;f KbAkh?
,d;iwa R+oypy; cztfq;fspy; kf;fis tuNtw;W Njitahd czit gupkhwTk;>
czit rikf;fTk;> ,lj;ij ghj;jpuj;ij Rj;jk; nra;aTk; NuhNghf;fs; gad;gLfpd;wd.
vjpu;ghuhky; elf;Fk; tpgj;Jfis fz;lwpe;J nray;gLk; cs;sPLfis NuhNghf;fspy; nfhz;L
tutpy;iy. mtw;iw NuhNghf;fspy; cs;sPL nra;jhy; fPNo tpOk; NjdPu; Nfhg;igia vLj;J
mg;Gug;gLj;j Ntz;Lk; vd;W rpe;jpj;J nray;gLk;.

nraw;if Ez;zwptpd; vjpu;fhy ntspg;ghLfs; :
Å kdpjdhy; nra;a ,ayhj> mYg;Gj; jl;lf;$ba> fbdkhd nray;fis nraw;if
Ez;zwpTs;s NuhNghf;fs; nra;Ak;.
Å vjpu;fhyj;jpy; NuhNghf;fs; Foe;ijfisf; ftdpj;Jf; nfhs;sTk;> tajhdtu;fSf;F
cjtpfs; nra;J cw;w NjhodhfTk; tpLjp> tq;fp kw;Wk; mYtyfq;fspy; MNyhrid
toq;FtJ> jz;zPu; nfhz;L te;J jUtJ vdg; gytw;iwr; nra;Ak;.
Å vjpu;fhyj;jpy; ehk; gazpf;Fk; Cu;jpfis nraw;if Ez;zwpT nfhz;L ,af;Ftjd; %yk;>
tpgj;Jfs; FiwAk;> Nghf;Ftuj;J neupry; ,Uf;fhJ> Neuk; FiwAk;> vupnghUs; kpr;rg;gLk;.
Å fy;tpj;Jiwapy; ,j;njhopy;El;gj;ij tFg;Gfs;; vLf;f> Nju;Tfs; elj;jg; gad;gLj;jyhk;.
Å flTr;nrhy;> ifNuiff; nfhz;L jpwd;Ngrpiaj; jpwg;gJ goikahdJ. Kfj;ij milahsk;
fz;L jpwf;Fk; Kiw ,d;iwa njhopy;El;gk;. ,J Nghy gy mjpraq;fs; epfoyhk;.
Å tq;fpfspy; thbf;ifahsu;fspd; Nritfis mjpfkhf;fpj; Jupjg;gLj;jpr; nray;gLk;
‘ciuahLk; nkd;nghUs;’ gutyhfg; gad;gLj;jg;glyhk;.
,ay;-4
,ay;-4
KbTiu
njhopy; El;gq;fs; vt;tsTjhd; tsu;e;jhYk; kdpju;fis Nghd;W czu;T G+u;tkhd
n
nray;fis NuhNghf;fs; nra;tjw;fhd rhj;jpaf;$W ,f;fhyj;jpy; ,y;iy. vjpu;fhyj;jpy;
l.i
njhopy; El;g tsu;r;rpapdhy; czu;jpwd; Nghd;wtw;iwf; nfhz;L te;jhy; NuhNghf;fs;
kdpju;fisg; Nghy jd;dpr;irahf nray;gl tha;g;Gs;sJ. da
2. ek; Kd;Ndhu; mwptpay; fUj;Jfis ,aw;ifAld; ,izj;Jf; $Wtjhfj; njhlq;Ffpd;w gpd;tUk;
ka
nrhw;nghopitj; njhlu;e;J epiwT nra;f. *nr-2
Ngud;gpw;Fupa mitNahu; midtUf;Fk; tzf;fk;! ,d;W ,ay;> ,ir> ehlfk; vd;Dk;
vi
Kj;jkpOld; mwptpaiy ehd;fhk; jkpohff; $Wfpd;wdu;. Mjpfhye;njhl;L ,aq;fptUk;

al
jkpo;nkhopapy; mwptpay; vd;gJ jkpou; tho;tpaNyhL fye;J fiue;J te;Js;sij

.k
,yf;fpaq;fs; %yk; mwpfpNwhk;. mz;lj;ij mse;Jk;> Gtpapd; Njhw;wj;ij Cfpj;J $Wk;

mwptpay; nra;jpfs; ,yf;fpaq;fspy; cs;sd. rq;f ,yf;fpakhd gupghlypy;.....
w
“tpRk;gpy; Cop Co; Co; nry;yf;

w
fU tsu; thdj;J ,irapy; Njhd;wp ” vd;w tupfspy;> capu;fs; vJTk;

w
,y;yhj gue;j ngUntspapy; mz;lj; Njhw;wj;Jf;Ff; fhuzkhd fU (gukhZ) thdj;jpy;

NgnuhypAld; Njhd;wpaJ vd;W fPue;ijahu; $Wfpwhu;.
NkYk;> cUtk; ,y;yhj fhw;W Kjyhd G+jq;fspd; mZf;fSld; tsu;fpd;w thdk;
vd;Dk; Kjy; G+jj;jpd; Afk; mJ. me;j mZf;fspd; Mw;wy; fpsu;e;J gUg;nghUs;fs;
rpjWk;gbahfg; gy Aff;fhyq;fs; fle;J nrd;wd. gpd;G neUg;Gg; ge;JNghyg; Gtp cUthfpa
Aff;fhyk; njhlu;e;J> gpd;du;g; G+kp FspUk;gbahfj; njhlu;e;J kio nghope;j Aff;fhyk;
fle;jJ. mt;thW nga;j njhlu; kioahy; G+kp nts;sj;jpy; %o;fpaJ. kPz;Lk; kPz;Lk; epiw
nts;sj;jhy; epiwe;j ,g;ngupa cyfj;jpy;> capu;fs; cUthfp tho;tjw;F Vw;w R+oy;
Njhd;wp> capu;fs; Njhd;wp epiyngWk;gbahd Aff;fhyk; te;jJ. ,jid fPue;ijahu;
“kPz;Lk; gPL cau;G <z;b> mtw;wpw;Fk;
cs;sPL Mfpa ,Uepyj;J CopAk;…” vd;Wf; $Wfpwhu;>
,t;thW cyfk; gbg;gbahfj; Njhd;wpa epfo;T Fwpj;J gupghlypy; fPue;ijahu;
$wpAs;shu;. mwptpay; rpe;jidapd; rhay;> JspAk; ,y;yhky; gilf;fg;gl;l jkpou;
,yf;fpaq;fspy; Jspu;e;jpUf;Fk; mwptpay; fUj;Jfs; ,d;wsTk; mtw;NwhL xj;Jg;Nghtijf;
fhz;ifapy; ngUtpag;G NkypLfpwJ.

3. “mwptpayhsu; ];Bgd; `hf;fpq;Fld; tpz;ntspg; gazk;” vd;Dk; jiyg;gpy; fw;gidf; fij
xd;W vOJf. (J - tpz;izj; jhz;ba jd;dk;gpf;if) [PTA – 3]
Kd;Diu
mwptpay; Rw;Wyh nrd;W te;j fisg;gpy; cwq;fpa ehd; xU fdT fz;Nld;.
mf;fdtpy; mwptpayhsu; ];Bgd; `hf;fpq;Fld; tpz;ntspapy; gazk; nra;J
nfhz;bUf;fpNwd;. mf;fdtpy; epfo;e;j mDgtq;fisg; gw;wp ,f;fl;Liuapy; fhz;Nghk;.
];Bgd; `hf;fpq; :
];Bgd; `hf;fpq; jdJ 21 tajpy; kUj;Jtkidapy; mDkjpf;fg;gl;lhu;. kUj;Jtj;jpw;F
gpd;> mtu; rpy jpq;fNs capu; tho;thu; vd;W kUj;Jtu;fs; $wpdhu;fs;. gf;fthjk; vd;Dk; euk;G
Neha;g; ghjpg;Gld; mtu;> kUj;Jt cyfNk kpuz;LNghFksT NkYk; 53 Mz;Lfs; ,aq;fpdhu;.
tpiutpy; fd;dj;jpd; jirairTk; fz;rpkpl;lYk; jtpw midj;J cWg;GfSk; nraypoe;Jtpl;ld.
fd;dj;jirairT %yk; jd; fUj;ijf; fzpdpapy; jl;lr;Rnra;J ntspg;gLj;jpdhu;.
tpz;ntspapy; ehd; :
ve;j ,af;fKk; Nkw;nfhs;s ,ayhj epiyapYk; mwptpaypd; ,aq;Fk; jd;ikia
mwpe;J GJGJ cz;ikfisr; nrhd;d ];Bgd; `hf;fpq;if Kjd; Kjyhf Neupy; fz;L
,ay;-4
,ay;-4
thailj;J epd;Nwd;. rpwg;G trjpfSld; $ba efUk; ehw;fhypapy; mku;e;Jnfhz;L
tpz;fyj;jpy; Vwpdhu; ];Bgd; `hf;fpq;. mtUld; mtUila cjtpahsUk; Vwpdhu;. ehd;
n
,g;NghJ mtu; mUfpy;… vd;dhy; ek;gNt Kbatpy;iy. tpz;fyk; jPiaf;ff;fpf;nfhz;L
l.i
thdpy; rPwpg; gha;e;jJ. ehd; kfpo;tpd; cr;rj;jpy; ,Ue;Njd;. epiwaf; Nfs;tpfNshL ehd;
`hf;fpq; mUfpy; mku;e;jpUe;Njd;.
];Bgd; `hf;fpq;Fld; ciuahly; :
da
ka
vdJ Nfs;tpfis nraw;if Ez;zwptpd; Jiznfhz;L cjtpahsu; `hf;fpq;Ff;Fr; nrhd;dhu;.
Å ehd; mtUila `hf;fpq; fjpu;tPr;R Fwpj;J tpsf;fkspf;FkhW Nfl;Nld;.
vi
`hf;fpq; $wpa gjpy; : xU tpz;kPdpd; MAs;fhyk; KbAk;NghJ mJ RUq;fj; njhlq;Ftjhy;

mjDila <u;g;ghw;wy; mjpfkhfpf;nfhz;Nl nry;tJ gw;wpAk; mjd; <u;g;ngy;iyf;Fs;
al
nry;Yk; vJTNk> Vd; xsp$l ntspNa jg;gp tuKbahJ vd;W> [hd;tPyu; $wpa
.k
fUe;Jisg; gw;wpAk; vdf;Fg; GupAk;gb $wpdhu;.

Å fUe;Jis vd;gJ fUg;ghf ,Uf;Fk; vd;Nw vz;zpapUe;Njd;. mJFwpj;J mtuplk; Nfl;Nld;.
w
`hf;fpq; rpupj;jthNw $wpa gjpy; : fUe;JisapDs; nry;Yk; ve;j xd;Wk; jg;gpj;J ntspNa
w
tuKbahJ. fUe;Jisapd; <u;g;G vy;iyapypUe;J fjpu;tPr;Rfs; ntspg;gl;Lf;

nfhz;NlapUf;Fk;. fUe;Jis cz;ikapNyNa fUg;ghf ,Ug;gjpy;iy. xUrpy
w
ehl;fs; fopj;Jf; fUe;JisapypUe;J fjpu;tPr;Rk; mZj;Jfs;fSk; frpaj; njhlq;fp

,Wjpapy; fUe;Jis ntbj;J kiwe;JtpLk; vd;whu;.
Å fUe;Jis vd;gJ ‘moptpd; Mw;wy;’ vd;w vdJ vz;zj;ijg; ngha;ahf;fp mjidg;
‘gilg;gpd; Mw;wy;’ vd;W giwrhw;wpdhu;.
Å NkYk; mtuplk; ehd;> <u;g;giyfs; Fwpj;j KbTfisf; fzpjr; rkd;ghLfs; %yk;
Nfhl;ghLfshf Id;];ild; nrhd;dhu;. Mdhy; ePq;fs; fUe;Jis gw;wpa Ma;tpy;
Id;];ild; Nghy> Nfhl;ghLfshf ntspaplhky; tpz;kPd; ,af;fj;NjhL xg;gpl;L
cyfk; fUe;Jisf; Nfhl;ghl;il vspjpy; Gupe;J nfhs;s cjtpaJ vd;Nwd;.
`hf;fpq; $wpaJ : mwptpay; cz;ikfis mwptpay; mwpQu;fs;jhd; Gupe;Jnfhs;thu;fs;.
Mdhy;> vdJ Nfhl;ghLfisg; nghJkf;fSf;Fk; GupAk; tifapy; vspikahf tpsf;fpNdd;.
‘clypy; Vw;gl;l cWg;G ,og;Ngh> CdNkh xUtUf;Ff; FiwahfhJ@ Cf;fKk; ciog;Gk; Nru;e;j
MSikj; jd;ik ,y;yhky; ,Ug;gNj FiwahFk;’ vd;gij czu;e;J nfhz;Nld;.
KbTiu
rpy kzp Neuq;fSf;Fg; gpwF> tpz;fyk; g+kpf;Fj; jpUk;gpaJ. kpFe;j kfpo;r;rpg;
ngUf;fpy; ehd; jpisj;Jf; nfhz;bUe;jNghJ vd; fdT fiye;jJ. vd; fdthy; vdf;F Vw;gl;l
tpz;ntspg; gaz mDgtj;ij ez;gu;fNshLk;> cwtpdu;fNshLk; gfpu;e;J nfhz;NlapUf;fpNwd;.
nkhopia Ms;Nthk;!
nkhopngau;ff
; [PTA – 6]
Malar : Devi, switch off the lights when kyu; : Njtp> eP miwia tpl;Lr; nry;Yk; NghJ vupAk;
you leave the room tpsf;Ffis mizj;JtpL.
Devi : Yeah. We have to save electricity. Njtpp : Mk;> ehk; kpd;rhuj;ijr; Nrkpf;fNtz;Lk;.
Malar : Our nation spends a lot of electricity kyu; : ekJ ehL ,utpy; njUf;fs;; xspu;tjw;fhf
for lighting up our streets in the night. mjpf kpd;rhuj;ijr; nryT nra;fpwJ.
Devi : Who knows? In future our country Njtp : ahUf;Fj; njhpAk;? vjpu;fhyj;jpy; ekJ ehL
may launch artificial moons to ,uTNeu xspf;F nraw;if epyTfis
light our night time sky! tpz;zpy; Vtyhk;!
Malar : I have read some other countries kyu; : kpf tpiutpy;> rpy ehLfs; ,e;j tifahd
,ay;-4
,ay;-4
are going to launch these types of xspA+l;Lk; nraw;iff; Nfhs;fis
illumination satellites near future. Vtg;Nghfpd;wd vd;W ehd; gbj;jpUf;fpNwd;.
n
Devi : Superb news! If we launch artificial Njtp :mUikahd nra;jp> mt;thW ehk; nraw;if
l.i
moons, they can assist in disaster epyTfis Vtpdhy;> Nguplu; Neuq;fspy;
relief by beaming light on areas that
lost power!
da
kpd;rhuk; ,y;yhj gFjpfspy; ntspr;rk; ju
mit cjTk;.
ka
ty;ypd xw;iw ,l;Lk; ePf;fpAk; vOJf
vi
fhfj;jpw;F fhJ cz;lh? mjw;F fhJ Nfl;Fkh?

vy;yh gwitfSf;Fk; fhJ cz;L. nrtp Jisfs; ,wFfshy; %b ,Uf;Fk;. kw;wg;gb
al
ghY}l;bfspy; cs;sJNghy; Gwnrtpkly; ,Uf;fhJ. fhfj;jpw;F fhJ cz;L. fhJf; Nfl;Fk;.

.k
gwitfSf;F ghu;j;jy;> Nfl;ly; czu;T ed;whf tsu;r;rpg; ngw;W ,Uf;Fk;. Ritj;jy;

w
czu;Tf; FiwthfTk; Efu;jy; czu;T ,y;iynad;Nwf; $wyhk;.

w
fhfj;jpw;Ff; fhJ cz;lh? mjw;Ff; fhJ Nfl;Fkh?

vy;yhg; gwitfSf;Fk; fhJ cz;L. nrtpj;Jisfs; ,wFfshy; %b ,Uf;Fk;. kw;w gb
w
ghY}l;bfspy; cs;sJNghy; Gwr;nrtpkly; ,Uf;fhJ. fhfj;jpw;Ff; fhJ cz;L.

fhJ Nfl;Fk;. gwitfSf;Fg; ghu;j;jy;> Nfl;ly; czu;T ed;whf tsu;r;rp ngw;W ,Uf;Fk;.
Ritj;jy; czu;T FiwthfTk; Efu;jy; czu;T ,y;iynad;Nw $wyhk;.
nfhLf;fg;gl;Ls;s ,Unrhw;fisg; gad;gLj;jp xU njhlu; mikf;f

ghij njupahj ,aw;iff; fhLfspy; gazpf;fr; nraw;iff;
m) ,aw;if – nraw;if
fUtpfs; gad;gLfpd;wd. [PTA – 3]
M) nfhL – NfhL ehd; nfhLj;j msTNfhypy; NfhL tiue;jhd;. [MAY – 2022]
,) nfhs; – Nfhs; ehk; thOk; capu;Nfhs; G+kpiag; gw;wp eP njupe;J nfhs;.
<) rpW – rPW rpWFoe;ijfsplk; rPWtJ ngw;Nwhu;f;F mofd;W. [MDL – 19]
jhd; vd;w jd;dyj;ij tpLj;J jhk; vd;w nghJeyj;ij
c) jhd; – jhk;
ehLNthk;. [PTA – 3]
C) tpjp – tPjp tpjpaw;wtDf;F tPjpNa cyfk;.

gj;jpiag; gbj;Jg; gjpy; jUf
gUg;nghUs;fs; rpjWk;gbahfg; gy Copf; fhyq;fs; fle;J nrd;wd. Gtp cUthdNghJ neUg;Gg;
ge;JNghy; tpsq;fpa Copf;fhyk; Njhd;wpaJ. gpd;du;g; Gtp FspUk;gbahfj; njhlu;;e;J kio
nghope;j Copf; fhyk; fle;jJ. mt;thW njhlu;e;J nga;j kioahy; Gtp nts;sj;jpy; %o;fpaJ.
,g;gb kPz;Lk; kPz;Lk; rpwg;ghfpa Mw;wy; kpFe;J nrwpe;J jpuz;L ,g;gbahf (nts;sj;jpy;
%o;Fjy;) ele;j ,e;jg; ngupa cyfj;jpy;> capu;fs; tho;tjw;F Vw;w R+oyhfpa cs;sPL
Njhd;wpaJ. capu;fs; Njhd;wp epiyngWk;gbahf ,g;ngupa Gtpapy; Copf;fhyk; fle;jJ.
1. gj;jpapYs;s mLf;Fj;njhlu;fis vLj;J vOJf. kPzL
; k; kPzL
; k; [AUG – 22]
2. Gtp Vd; nts;sj;jpy; %o;fpaJ? njhlu;e;J nga;j kioahy; Gtp nts;sj;jpy; %o;fpaJ. [AUG–22]
3. nga;j kio - ,j;njhliu tpidj;njhifahf khw;Wf. nga;kio (tpidj;njhif) [AUG–22]
4. ,g;gj;jp czu;j;Jk; mwptpay; nfhs;if ahJ? Gtpapd; ngUntbg;Gf;nfhs;if
5. capu;fs; tho;tjw;F Vw;w R+oyhf ePtpu; fUJtd ahit? epyk;> ePh;> neUg;G> fhw;W> thdk;
,ay;-4
,ay;-4
fl;Liu vOJf
n
[AUG –2022, PTA – 4, MDL – 19, SEP – 2020]
l.i
jiyg;G - ‘tpz;ntspAk; fy;gdh rht;yhTk;’ * * tpil gf;f vz; : 165 fhz;f* *
eak; ghuhl;Lf da
ka
epyhitAk; thdj;J kPidAk; fhw;iwAk; Fwpg;Gr;rl;lfk;
Neu;g;gl itj;jhq;Nf m) jpuz;l fUj;J <) re;j eak;
vi
FyhTk; mKjf; Fok;igf; Fbj;njhU M) ikaf;fUj;J c) mzp eak;

Nfhy ntwpgilj;Njhk;; ,) njhil eaq;fs; C) jiyg;G
al
cyhTk; kdr;rpW Gs;spid vq;fZk; Ò Nkhid eak;

.k
Xl;b kfpo;e;jpLNthk;; Ò vJif eak;

gyhtpd; fdpr;Ris tz;bapy; Xu; tz;L Ò ,iaG eak;
w
ghLtJk; tpag;Ngh? – ghujpahu;

w
m) jpuz;lfUj;J
w
epyitAk;> tpz;kPd;fisAk;> fhw;iwAk; xOq;Fgl xUNru itj;J cyh tur;nra;j>

mKj mofpidf; Fbj;jJNghy kaq;fp epd;Nwhk;. mq;Fk; ,q;Fkhf vq;Fk; cyTk;
kdk; vd;w rpW gwitapid vq;Fk; Xl;b kfpo;e;jpLNthk;. gyhr;Ris epiwe;j tz;bapy;
xU tz;L ghLtJ tpag;ghFNkh?
thiof;F moF FUj;J! ghlYf;F moF fUj;J!!
M) ikaf;fUj;J
,aw;ifapd; ,dpa fhl;rpiaf; fz;L ftpQh; tpag;Gw;W ghLfpwhh;.
,) njhil eaq;fs;
Ò Nkhid eak;
Fatdpd; iftz;zk; ghidapNy! Gytdpd; iftz;zk; NkhidapNy!!
Å nra;Aspy; rPu;NjhWk;> my;yJ mbNjhWk; Kjy; vOj;J xd;wptuj; njhLg;gJ

Nkhid eakhFk;.
Å v.fh : epyhitAk;> Neu;;g;gl @ FyhTk;> Fok;ig> Fbj;njhU
gyhtpd;> ghLtJk; @ tz;bapy;> tz;L

Ò vJif eak;
ghlYf;F vJ ifnfhLf;fhtpl;lhYk;> vJif iff;nfhLf;Fk;!
Å nra;Aspy; rPu;NjhWk;> my;yJ mbNjhWk; KjnyOj;J msnthj;J epw;f
,uz;lhk; vOj;J xd;wptuj;njhLg;gJ vJif eakhFk;.
Å v.fh : epyhitAk;> FyhTk;> cyhTk;> gyhtpd;
Ò ,iaG eak;
fz;Zf;F ik moF! nra;ASf;F ,iaG moF!!
Å xU nra;Aspd; mbNjhWk; ,Wjp vOj;Njh> mirNah rPNuh xd;wptuj;;njhLg;gJ
,iaGj; njhilahFk;.
Å v.fh : ntwpgilj;Njhk; kfpo;e;jpLNthk;
<) re;j eak;
ahidf;Fj; je;jk; nrhe;jk;! nra;ASf;Fr; re;jk; nrhe;jk;!!
nrtpfSf;F ,dpa Xir jUkhW Gidag;gLtNj re;jk; MFk;. ahg;G miktpidr;
re;jk; vd;Nghk;. ,irAld; ghLk;; tifapy; ,dpa XirAld; mike;J mWrPu;f;fopnebyb
Mrpupa tpUj;jj;jpy; ,r;nra;As; moFw mike;Js;sJ.
c) mzp eak;
,ay;-4
,ay;-4
NfhapYf;F moF kzp! ghlYf;F moF mzp!!
,g;ghlypy; ,aw;ifia cah;TgLj;jpf; $Wtjhy; ‘cah;T etpw;rp mzp’ gapd;W te;Js;sJ.
n
C) jiyg;G : nfhLf;fg;gl;Ls;s ghlYf;F Vw;w jiyg;G moFepyh.
l.i
nkhopNahL tpisahL da
ka
vi
njhliug; gbj;J tpiliaf; fz;lwpf.

al
1. E}ypd; gad; gbj;jy; vdpy;> fy;tpapd; gad; fw;wy;.

2. tpijf;Fj; Njit vU vdpy;> fijf;Fj; Njit fU.
.k
3. fy; rpiy MFnkdpy;> ney; NrhW MFk;. (NrhW> fw;wy;> fU> G+tpy;> vOj;J)
w
4. Fuypy; ,Ue;J Ngr;R vdpy;> tpuypy; ,Ue;J vOj;J.

5. kPd; ,Ug;gJ ePupy;@ Njd; ,Ug;gJ G+tpy;.
w
Fwpg;igg; gad;gLj;jp tpiljUf

w
Fwpg;G - vjpu;kiwahf khw;Wf.

kPshj; Jau; - kPSk; Jau; [AUG – 2022, PTA – 1, 2] nfhLj;Jr; rpte;j - ngw;Wr; rpte;j
mUfpy; mku;f - njhiytpy; mku;f [PTA – 1] kiwj;Jf; fhl;L - jpwe;J fhl;L
ghh;j;j glk; - ghh;f;fhj glk; [AUG – 2022] vOjhf; ftpij - vOjpa ftpij
$Ljy; tpdh : GaYf;Fg; gpd; - njd;wYf;Fg;gpd; [PTA - 2]
fhl;rpiaf; fz;L ftpDw vOJf.

nry;Ngrp mbiknad ePapUf;f [PTA - 3]
nrhy;yhky; mJNtAd; KJfpyku
%f;fzhq;fapW khl;b
ey;ybik ePnad;Nw gazkhFk;
ehzkw;w topfisNa J}z;btpLk;
fy;tpapidj; njhiyj;Jepw;Fk; Mz;bahf;Fk;
fyq;fkJk; FLk;gj;jpy; cz;lhf;Fk;
nghy;yhj jiyFdpTk; jhNdtUk;
Gupe;jhy; nry;Ngrp cdf;fbik!

epw;f mjw;Fj; jf… [PTA - 4]
1. njhiyf;fhl;rp epfo;TfisNa ghu;j;Jf; nfhz;bUf;Fk; jk;gp.

2. jpwd; NgrpapNyNa tpisahbf;nfhz;bUf;Fk; jq;if.
3. fhnzhyp tpisahl;Lfspy; %o;fpapUf;Fk; Njhod;.
4. vg;NghJk; r%f Clfq;fspy; ,aq;fpagb ,Uf;Fk; Njhop.
,tHfs; ve;NeuKk; elg;Gyfpy; ,Uf;fhky; fw;gid cyfpy; kpjg;gtHfshf ,Uf;fpwhHfs;! ,tu;fis
newpg;gLj;jp eilKiw cyfpy; nray;glitf;f ePq;fs; nra;Ak; Kaw;rpfisg; gl;bay; ,Lf.
Å njhiyf;fhl;rp epfo;Tfisf; Fwpj;j Neuj;jpy; kl;LNk fhz mwpTWj;jy;.
Å tPl;bDs;Ns jpwd;NgrpapNyNa tpisahLtij jtpu;j;J ntspNa nrd;W tpisahl
topfhl;Ljy;.
Å fhnzhyp tpisahl;Lfshy; fz; ghu;it FiwT Vw;gLk; vd;gij tpsf;Fjy;.
Å njhlu;e;J r%f Clfq;fis ,af;Ftjhy; %isr; Nrhu;tile;J cly;eyk;
,ay;-4
,ay;-4
ghjpf;fg;gLk; vd;gij vLj;Jf; $wy;.
Å Gj;jf thrpg;ig tsu;j;Jf; nfhs;s mwpTiu toq;Fjy;.
n
Å clw;gapw;rpapid Nkw;nfhs;s mwpTWj;jy;.
l.i
da
fw;git fw;wgpd;...
ka
vi

f))
al
ciueil : nraw;if Ez;zwpT

.k
w
1. ,d;iwa nraw;if Ez;zwpTg; gad;ghLfisr; nra;jpj;jhspNyh ,izaj;jpNyh fz;L

w
ml;ltizahfj; jUf.
Jiw gad;ghLfs;
w
Neha;fisf; fz;lwpfpd;wd. fz; mWit rpfpr;irapy; gad;gLfpwJ.

kUj;Jtj;Jiw rPd kUj;Jtkidapy; cs;s ,ae;jpu kdpju;fs; Nehahspfspd;
Kfj;ijAk;> FuiyAk; milahsk; fz;L gjpy; nrhy;fpd;wd.
Ntu;L];kpj; vd;Dk; nraw;if Ez;zwpT nkd;nghUs; ehk; nfhLf;Fk;
,jopay; Jiw
jfty;fisf; fl;Liuahfr; rpy nehbfspy; cUthf;fptpLk;.
Nghf;Ftuj;Jj;Jiw RUf;fkhd topiaj; jpwd;Ngrpapy; topfhl;l tiuglk; cjTfpwJ.
Gjpa tzpf tha;g;Gfisr; nraw;if Ez;zwpT ey;FfpwJ. ngU
tzpfj;Jiw epWtdq;fs; jq;fs; nghUs;fis cw;gj;jp nra;aTk;>
re;ijg;gLj;jTk; nraw;if Ez;zwpT gad;gLfpd;wJ.
nfhNuhdh fhyfl;lj;jpy; Md;iyd; tFg;GfSf;F Whatsapp, Zoom,
fy;tpj; Jiw
Skype, Nghd;w nkd;nghUs;fNs nka;epfu; fy;tpaspf;f cjtpaJ.
tpLjpfs;> tq;fpfs;> mYtyfq;fspy; kdpju; mspf;Fk; Nritfis
,ju Jiwfs;
NuhNghf;fs; mspf;Fk; njhopy;El;gj;ij gy tpjq;fspy; gad;gLj;jyhk;.
2. nfhLf;fg;gLfpd;w vy;yhtw;iwAk; cs;sPL nra;J> Njitg;gLk; Ntisapy; ntspg;gLj;Jtjpy;> ,d;W

%isf;F ,izahfj; njhopy;El;gk; Kd;NdwpAs;sJ. ,f;fUj;ijAk; glj;ijAk; xg;GNehf;fpf;
fye;JiuahLf.
fye;Jiuahly;
mf;gu; : mUz;> fzpdpapy; vd;d nra;fpwha;? ,J vd;d tpj;jpahrkhf cs;sJ?

mUz; : ,Jth> ,J xU ,izajsk;. ,jd; ngau; “$Fs;”.
mf;gu; : $Fsh? mg;gbnad;why;?
mUz; : ,J xU Njly; jsk;. ,jpy; ,y;yhj tp\aq;fNs ,y;iy. ,jpy; cs;s
midj;J jfty;fisak; Kd;dNu Nrkpj;J itj;JtpLthu;fs;. ,J ek;
Njly;fSf;F Vw;g Nju;T nra;Ak;. ek; %is vt;thW Nju;tpd;NghJ> tpdhj;jhspy;
Nfl;l Nfs;tpf;F tpil Njb jUfpwNjh mt;thW ,JTk; ($Fs;) nray;gLfpwJ.
,ay;-4
,ay;-4
mf;gu; : mlNl! ,J mw;Gjkhd tp\akhf cs;sNj. mg;Ngh ,J rpwpatu; Kjy;
n
ngupatu; tiu cgNahfg;gLk;D nrhy;Y.
l.i
nra;As; : m) ngUkhs; jpUnkhop da - FyNrfuho;thu;
ka
1. jkpou; kUj;JtKiwf;Fk; etPd kUj;JtKiwf;Fk; cs;s njhlu;G Fwpj;J xg;gilT cUthf;Ff.
[AUG – 2022]
vi
h jkpou;fspd; kUj;jtKiw rpj;j kUj;Jtk; vd miof;fg;gl;lJ.

al
h gjpndl;Lr; rpj;ju;fs; tsu;j;j kUj;JtNk rpj;j kUj;Jtk; MFk;.

h jpUts;StUk; kUe;J vd;Dk; mjpfhuj;ijg; gilj;J mjpy;
.k
“kUe;jhfpj; jg;gh kuj;jw;why; ”> “Neha;ehb Neha; Kjy; ehb”> vd;w

w
Fwl;ghf;fs; %yk; jkpo; kUj;Jtj;ijg; Nghw;wpAs;shu;.

w
jkpou;
kUj;JtKiw h cly; cWjpahf ,Ug;gjw;F thjk;> gpj;jk;> rPjk; ,k;%d;wpd;
w
rkepiyNa fhuzk;.
h clypd; rkepiyiaf; fhf;f ,aw;if jUk; fha;fdpfspypUe;Nj
jkpou; kUe;J fz;L cz;ldu;.
h gf;f tpisTfs; VJkpy;iy. Fzkhtjw;Fr; rpy ehl;fs; MdhYk;
kPz;Lk; me;Neha; ek;ik jhf;fhJ.
h ,jaj; Jbg;igf; nfhz;Nl kUj;Jtk; ghu;f;fg;gLfpwJ.
h Ntjpapay; $Wfshy; Md kUe;JfNs toq;fg;gLfpd;wd.
h njhopy;El;g cjtpapd; fhuzkhf kpftpiuthf Nehiaf;
fz;lwpe;J mNj Ntfj;jpy; Fzkhf;Fk; Kiw tsu;e;Js;sJ.
etPd h Nehahspf;F typ njupahky; ,Uf;f mWitr; rpfpr;irapy; kaf;f
kUj;JtKiw kUe;J gad;gLj;jg;gLfpwJ.
h etPdf; fUtpfspd;%yk; clw;$wpidj; njspthf mwpe;J rpfpr;ir
mspf;f KbAk;.
h cWg;G khw;W mWit rpfpr;irfs; ngUfptpl;ld.
h ,jd; %yk; kdpjdpd; tho;ehs; ePbf;fg;gLfpwJ.
nra;As; : M) gupghly; - fPue;ijahu;

1. gupghly; ,irg;ghly; MFk;. ghlg;gFjpapd; ghliy ,irAld; ghb kfpo;f.
(mtutu; tpUg;gj;jpw;Nfw;g ,irAld; ghb kfpoyhk;)
2. gupghly; fhl;Lk; ngUntbg;Gf; fhl;rpiag; glq;fshf tiue;J nghUj;jkhd nra;jpfSld; toq;Ff.
tpupthdk; : tpz;izj; jhz;ba jd;dk;gpf;if

1. cq;fisf; ftu;e;j mwptpay; mwpQu;fspd; $w;Wfis xg;gpl;L> mit ];Bgd; `hf;fpq;
fUj;Jf;fNshL xj;jpUg;gijr; Ritgl tpsf;Ff. *J [PTA-6]
Kd;Diu
Nguz;lj;ijg; gw;wp mwptpay; mwpQu;fshd My;gu;l; Id;];ild; $wpa fUj;Jld; ];Bgd;
,ay;-4
,ay;-4
`hf;fpq; fUj;Jf;fis xg;gpl;L ,f;fl;Liuapy; fhz;Nghk;.
My;gu;l; Id;];ild; $w;W :
n
“mwpittpl kpfTk; Kf;fpakhdJ fw;gidj;jpwd;. Vnddpy; mwpT vd;gJ ehk; jw;NghJ
l.i
mwpe;Jk;> Gupe;Jk; itj;jpUg;gtw;NwhL Kbe;J tpLfpwJ. fw;gidj; jpwNdh ,e;j
da
xl;Lnkhj;jg; Nguz;lj;ijAk; msg;gJ. ,d;W ehk; mwpe;jpUg;gij kl;Lkd;W ,dpehk; mwpe;J
nfhs;sg;NghtijAk; cs;slf;fpaJ” vd;gjhFk;.
ka
tpsf;fk; :
mtuJ Gfo;ngw;w rkd;ghlhd ‫ ܧ‬ൌ ‫ ܥܯ‬ଶ> epiw - Mw;wy; rkd;ikia tpsf;FfpwJ.
vi
,J mZf;fU tpidfspd; nray;ghLfis gw;wpAk; tpz;ntspapy; cs;s Mw;wy; vt;thW

al
epiwahf khWfpwJ> epiw vq;Nf NghfpwJ> vd;gijAk; tpsf;FfpwJ. Mdhy; mtuJ

.k
fhyj;jpy; ,ij ahUk; Vw;Wf;nfhs;stpy;iy.

w
];Bgd; `hf;fpq; $w;W :

“rpy Neuq;fspy; cz;ik> Gidit tplTk; tpag;G+l;Ltjhf mike;JtpLfpwJ. mg;gb Xu;
w
cz;ikj;jhd; fUe;Jisfs; gw;wpaJk;. GidT ,yf;fpak; gilg;gtu;fsJ

w
fw;gidfisnay;yhk; kpQ;RtjhfNt fUe;Jisfs; gw;wpa cz;ikfs; cs;sd. mjid

mwptpay; cyfk; kpf nkJthfNt Gupe;Jnfhs;s Kay;fpwJ” vd;W $Wfpwhu; ];Bgd; `hf;fpq;.
`hf;fpq;fpd; fjpu;tPr;Rf; Nfhl;ghL :
Å fUe;JisapDs; nry;Yk; vJTk; ntsptuhJ> mjd; <u;g;G vy;iyapypUe;J
fjpu;tPr;Rfs; ntspg;gLfpd;wd. fUe;JisapypUe;J xU fl;lj;jpy; fjpu;tPr;Rk;
mZj;Jfs;fSk; frpaj; njhlq;fp ,Wjpapy; fUe;Jis ntbj;J kiwe;JtpLk;.
Å fUe;Jis vd;gJ ‘moptpd; Mw;wy;’ vd;w vz;zj;ijg; ngha;ahf;fp mjidg;
‘gilg;gpd; Mw;wy;’ vd;W giwrhw;wpdhu;.
tpsf;fk; :
Å ,t;thW mwptpay; cz;ikfis kf;fSf;F GupAk; tifapy; vspikahf $wp>
mwptpay; Kd;Ndw;wj;jpw;F tpj;jpl;lhu;.
Å “tho;f;if vt;tsT fbdkhdjhf ,Ue;jhYk; ntw;wpf;fhd top mjpy; ,Uf;fNt
nra;fpwJ. epr;rak; vd; Muha;r;rpapy; ehd; nty;Ntd;. mjd;%yk; kdpj ,dk; njhlu
top tFg;Ngd;” vd;W $wp kf;fSf;F ek;gpf;if toq;fpAs;shu;.

xg;gPL :
ngUk;ghYk; mwptpay; cz;ikfis mwptpay; mwpQu;fs;jhd; Gupe;Jnfhs;thu;fs;.
Mdhy; ,tuJ Nfhl;ghLfisg; nghJkf;fSf;Fk; GupAk; tifapy; vspikahf
tpsf;fpAs;shu;. ,tu; clystpy; ghjpf;fg;gl;bUe;jhYk;> fUe;Jis Fwpj;j jd;Dila
Ma;it Id;];ild; Nghy Nfhl;ghLfshf ntspaplhky; tpz;kPd; ,af;fj;NjhL xg;gpl;L
];Bgd; `hf;fpq; tpsf;fpajhy; cyfk; ,jid vspjpy; Gupe;Jnfhz;lJ.
KbTiu
`hf;fpq;> fyPyPNahtpd; epidTehspy; gpwe;J> Id;];ildpd; gpwe;j ehspy; ,we;jJ
mwptpaiyg; nghWj;jtiu xU jw;nray; epfo;thf ,Uf;fyhk;. Mdhy; ,k;%d;W
mwptpayhsu;fSk; mtutu; fhyj;jpy; nfhz;bUe;j ,g;Nguz;lj;jpd; Gupjiyg; gyklq;F
tsu;j;jtu; ];Bgd; `hf;fpq; Mthu;.
2. ‘fUe;Jis’ rhu;e;j nra;jpia mwptpay; ,jo; xd;wpw;Ff; FWq;fl;Liuahf vOJf.
fUe;Jis (Black Hole)
Å
,ay;-4
,ay;-4
Kd;Diu
Å ];Bgd; `hf;fpq; $w;W
Å
n
fUe;Jis nrhy; cUthf;fk;
Å
l.i
fUe;Jisg; gw;wpa $w;Wfs;
Å `hf;fpq; fjpu;tPr;R
Kd;Diu
Å KbTiu da
ka
fUe;Jis (Black Hole) vd;gJ kpfg;ngupa mz;l ntspapy; kw;Wk; tpz;ntspapy;
vi
fhzg;gLk; rf;jp tha;e;j fz;Zf;F njupahj ntw;wplkhFk;. midj;J kf;fSk; vspjpy;

Gupe;J nfhs;Sk; tifapy; ];Bgd; `hf;fpq; $wpa ‘fUe;Jis’ gw;wp ,f;fl;Liuapy; fhz;Nghk;.
al
];Bgd; `hf;fpq; $w;W :

.k
“rpy Neuq;fspy; cz;ik> Gidit tplTk; tpag;G+l;Ltjhf mike;JtpLfpwJ. mg;gb

Xu; cz;ikj;jhd; fUe;Jisfs; gw;wpaJk;. GidT ,yf;fpak; gilg;gtu;fsJ
w
fw;gidfisnay;yhk; kpQ;RtjhfNt fUe;Jisfs; gw;wpa cz;ikfs; cs;sd. mjid

w
mwptpay; cyfk; kpf nkJthfNt Gupe;Jnfhs;s Kay;fpwJ” vd;W ];Bgd; `hf;fpq; $Wfpwhu;.
fUe;Jis nrhy; cUthf;fk; :
w
mnkupf;f mwptpayhsu; [hd; tPyu; vd;gtu;jhk; fUe;Jis vd;w nrhy;iyAk;

Nfhl;ghl;ilAk; Kjypy; Fwpg;gpl;ltu;. RUq;fpa tpz;kPdpd; <u;g;ngy;iyf;Fs; nry;fpw vJTk;>
Vd; xspAk;$lj; jg;gKbahJ. cs;Ns <u;f;fg;gLk;. ,t;thW cs;nrd;w ahitAk; ntsptu
Kbahjjhy; ,jidf; fUe;Jis vdyhk; vd;W [hd; tPyu; fUjpdhu;.
fUe;Jisg; gw;wpa $w;Wfs; :
Å xU el;rj;jpuj;jpd; ,Wjpf;fhyj;Jf;Fg; gpd;dH fUe;Jisahf khw;wkilAk;. mg;nghOJ
mjd; <Hg;G tpir mjpfkhfp Rw;wp ,Uf;Fk; nghUs;fisj; jd;Ds;Ns ,Of;Fk;.
Å ,e;j mz;lk; KOtJNk gy kpy;ypad; fUe;Jisfs;> mZtpd; mstpy; Jtq;fp
kpfg;nghpa mstpYk; ,Uf;fpd;wd. ,it Ntfkhf tpuptile;J tUfpwJ.
Å ,tw;wpd; vy;iyf;Fs; nry;Yk;> xsp cl;gl;l vJTNk jg;gpj;J ntspNaw Kbahj msT
tYthd <Hg;Gr; rj;jpiaf; nfhz;Ls;sJ. Nkw;Fwpg;gpl;l vy;iy epfo;nty;iy vdg;gLk;.
Å ,e;j epfo;nty;iyf;Fs; ,Ue;J kpd;fhe;j miyfs; $lj; jg;gpf;f KbahJ vd;gjhy;
cs;Ns elg;git vtw;iwANk ntspapy; ,Ue;J mwpe;J nfhs;s KbahJ.
Å ,Of;fg;gLk; nghUs;fspd; cuha;thy; Vw;gLk; ntg;gj;jhYk; thAf;fshYk;>
xl;Lnkhj;jg; ghy;ntspapd; ntspr;rj;ijtpl gy klq;F xspia ntspapLfpwJ"
vd;fpwhH fpwp];bad; t+y;/g;.

`hf;fpq; fjpu;tPr;R :
Å fUe;Jis cz;ikapNyNa fUg;ghf ,Ug;gjpy;iy.
Å fUe;Jisapd; <u;g;G vy;iyapypUe;J fjpu;tPr;Rfs; ntspg;gl;Lf; nfhz;bUf;fpd;wd.
Å fUe;JisapypUe;J xU fl;lj;jpy; fjpu;tPr;Rk; mZj;Jfs;fSk; frpaj; njhlq;fp
,Wjpapy; fUe;Jis ntbj;J kbe;J tpLk;.
Å ];Bgd; `hf;fpq;fpd; ,e;j Muha;r;rp KbT ‘`hf;fpq; fjpu;tPr;R’ vdg;gl;lJ.
Å `hf;fpq;fpd; Muha;r;rp KbT fUe;Jis gw;wpa Ke;ija fUj;Jfisj; jiyfPohfg;
Gul;bg;Nghl;lJ. mjhtJ> mz;lntspapy; fhzg;gLk; fUe;Jis ‘mopT Mw;wy;’ vd;W
fUjg;gl;lij `hf;fpq; mJ ‘gilg;gpd; Mw;wy;’ vd;W epWtpdhu;.
KbTiu
ek;khy; A+fpf;f Kbahj mwptpay; cz;ikfs;> fUe;Jisg; gw;wp vspa eilapy;
midtUf;Fk; ‘];Bgd; `hf;fpq;’ vLj;Jiuj;Js;shu;.
,yf;fzk; : ,yf;fzk; - nghJ

,ay;-4
,ay;-4
1. fPo;f;fhZk; njhlu;fspy; tOtikjp tiffis ,dq;fz;L vOJf.
n
m) mikr;ru; ehis tpohtpw;F tUfpwhu; fhytOtikjp
l.i
M) “,e;jf; fz;zd; xd;iwr; nra;jhd; vd;why; mij ,ltOtikjp
midtUk; Vw;gu;” vd;W $wpdhd;.
,) rpwpa tajpy; ,e;j kuj;jpy;jhd;
da CQ;ry; fl;b fhytOtikjp
ka
tpisahLNthk;.
<) nry;td; ,sNtyd; ,e;jr; rpWtajpNyNa tpisahl;Lj;; ghy;tOtikjp
vi
Jiwapy; rhjid Gupe;jpUf;fpwhu;.

al
2. milg;Gf; Fwpf;Fs; cs;sthW khw;Wf.

.k
m) je;ij> “kfNd! ehis cd;Dila Njhod; mofid mioj;J th?” vd;W nrhd;dhu;.
w
(Mz;ghw; ngau;fisg; ngz;ghyhf khw;wpj; njhliu vOJf.)

jha;> “kfNs! ehis cd;Dila Njhop mofpia mioj;J th.” vd;W nrhd;dhs;;.
w
w
M) mf;fh New;W tPl;Lf;F te;jJ. mf;fh Gwg;gLk;NghJ mk;kh topaDg;gpaJ.

(tOit tohepiyahf khw;Wf)
mf;fh New;W tPl;Lf;F te;jhs;. mf;fh Gwg;gLk;NghJ mk;kh topaDg;gpdhh; /
topaDg;gpdhs;.
,) “,Njh Kbj;J tpLNtd;” vd;W nraiy Kbf;Fk; Kd;Ng $wpdhu;.

(toh epiyia tOtikjpahf khw;Wf.)
‘,Njh Kbj;Jtpl;Nld;’ vd;W nraiy Kbf;Fk; Kd;Ng $wpdhu;.
<) mtd; cd;dplKk; vd;dplKk; nra;jpia ,d;Dk; $wtpy;iy.

(glu;f;ifia Kd;dpiyahf> Kd;dpiyiaj; jd;ikahf> jd;ikiag; glu;f;ifahf khw;Wf.)
glu;f;if Kd;dpiyahf : mtd; - eP
Kd;dpiy jd;ikahf : cd;dplKk; - vd;dplKk;
jd;ik glu;f;ifahf : vd;dplKk; - mtdplKk;
eP vd;dplKk; mtdplKk; nra;jpia ,d;Dk; $wtpy;iy.
,ay; - 5. kzw;Nfzp 61
5. kzw;Nfzp
gyTs; njhpf
1. ‘khghujk; jkpo;g;gLj;Jk; kJuhGupr; rq;fk;itj;Jk;’ vd;Dk; rpd;dkD}u;r; nrg;Ngl;Lf; Fwpg;G
czu;j;Jk; nra;jp *c [SEP – 2020, PTA – 2]
m) rq;f fhyj;jpy; nkhopngau;g;G ,Ue;jJ
M) fhg;gpaf; fhyj;jpy; nkhopngau;g;G ,Ue;jJ
,) gf;jp ,yf;fpaf; fhyj;jpy; nkhopngau;g;G ,Ue;jJ
<) rq;fk; kUtpa fhyj;jpy; nkhopngau;g;G ,Ue;jJ
2. mUe;Jiz vd;gijg; gpupj;jhy;__________ *nr-1
m) mUik + Jiz M) mU + Jiz
,) mUik + ,iz <) mU + ,iz
n
3. “,q;F efug; NgUe;J epw;Fkh?” vd;W topg;Nghf;fu; Nfl;lJ _____ tpdh. *, [MDL – 19]
“mNjh> mq;Nf epw;Fk;”. vd;W kw;nwhUtu;; $wpaJ ___tpil.
l.i
m) Iatpdh> tpdh vjpu; tpdhjy; M) mwptpdh> kiw tpil
da
,ay;-5
,ay;-5
,) mwpah tpdh> Rl;L tpil <) nfhsy; tpdh> ,dnkhop tpil
4. “mUisg; ngUf;fp mwpitj; jpUj;jp *nr-1 [AUG – 2022, PTA - 3]
ka
kUis mfw;wp kjpf;Fk; njUis” - vd;W ,t;tbfspy; Fwpg;gplg;gLtJ vJ?
m) jkpo; M) mwptpay; ,) fy;tp <) ,yf;fpak;
vi
5. ,ilf;fhldhupd; ghliy ,fo;e;jtu; ……… ,ilf;fhldhuplk; md;G itj;jtu; ………..

al
m) mikr;ru;> kd;dd; M) mikr;ru;> ,iwtd; *nr-2

.k
,) ,iwtd;> kd;dd; <) kd;dd;> ,iwtd;

$Ljy; tpdh
w
6. ‘n[afhe;jd; rpWfijfs; ,Uf;fpwjh?’ vd;W E}yfuplk; tpdTjy; _____ MFk;. *, [MAY – 22]
w
m) nfhsy; tpdh M) nfhil tpdh ,) Vty; tpdh <) Ia tpdh

w
FWtpdh
1. “fope;j ngUk; Nfs;tpapdhd; vdf; Nfl;L KOJ czu;e;j fgpyd; jd;ghy; nghope;j ngUk; fhjy;kpF
Nfz;ikapdhd; ,ilf;fhl;Lg; Gytd; njd;nrhy;” - ,t;tbfspy; fope;j ngUk; Nfs;tpapdhd;
ahu;? fhjy;kpF Nfz;ikapdhd; ahu;? *nr-2 [PTA - 2]
Å fope;j ngUk; Nfs;tpapdhd; FNyrghz;ba kd;dd;
Å fhjy;kpF Nfz;ikapdhd; Gytu; ,ilf;fhldhu;
2. nra;Fjk;gpg; ghtyupd; fy;tp gw;wpa fUj;jpid Kof;fj; njhlu;fshf;Ff. *nr-1
Å mUisg; ngUf;FNthk;! Å mwpitr; rPuhf;FNthk;!
Å mwpahikia mfw;WNthk;! Å mwpTf;Fj; njspT jUNthk;.
Å mupa Jizahk; fy;tp fw;Nghk;! Å fy;tpiag; Nghw;wpf; fw;Nghk;!
3. mku;e;jhd; - gFgj cWg;gpyf;fzk; jUf. *nr-2
mku;e;jhd; - mku; + j; (e;) + j; + Md;
mku; - gFjp j; - re;jp> e; MdJ tpfhuk;
j; - ,we;jfhy ,ilepiy Md; - glu;f;if Mz;ghy; tpidKw;W tpFjp

4. ,e;j miw ,Ul;lhf ,Uf;fpwJ. kpd;tpsf;fpd; nrhLf;fp ve;jg; gf;fk; ,Uf;fpwJ? ,Njh…
,Uf;fpwNj! nrhLf;fpiag; Nghl;lhYk; ntspr;rk; tutpy;iyNa! kpd;rhuk; ,Uf;fpwjh> ,y;iyah?
Nkw;fz;l ciuahlypy; cs;s tpdhf;fspd; tiffis vLj;njOJf. *, [PTA -3]
m) kpd;tpsf;fpd; nrhLf;fp ve;jg;gf;fk; ,Uf;fpwJ? - mwpah tpdh
M) kpd;rhuk; ,Uf;fpwjh? ,y;iyah? - Ia tpdh
$Ljy; tpdhf;fs;
5. nkhopngau;g;igg; gw;wp kzit K];jgh Fwpg;gpLtJ ahJ? *c [MDL–19]
“xU nkhopapy; czu;j;jg;gl;lij NtnwhU nkhopapy; ntspapLtNj nkhopngau;g;G.” vd;W
kzit K];jgh $Wfpwhu;.
6. ghyFkhud; Gjpdq;fs; ,Uf;fpwjh? vd;W E}yfhplk; tpdTtJ vt;tif tpdh? nfhsy; tpdh.
gpugQ;rd; Gjpdq;fs; ,Uf;fpwJ vd;W E}yfh; $WtJ vt;tif tpil? ,dnkhop tpil. *, [SEP – 2020]
rpWtpdh
1. kd;dd; ,ilf;fhldhu; vd;w GytDf;Fr; rpwg;Gr; nra;jJ Vd;? tpsf;fk; jUf. *nr-2 [PTA - 3]
Å Gyth; ,ilf;fhldhh;> FNyr ghz;ba kd;ddpd; mitapy; jd; ftpijia ghbdhh;.
n
kd;dd;> ,ilf;fhldhu; ftpijia Ritf;fhky; mtkjpj;jhu;. Gytu; ,iwtdplk; Kiwapl;lhu;.
Å ,iwtd; ,ilf;fhldhupd; Ntz;Ljiyf; Nfl;L> jk;Kila ,ypq;f tbtj;ij kiwj;J
l.i
flk;gtdj;jpypUe;J ntspNawp> tlf;Nf xU jpUf;Nfhtpiy cz;lhf;fp mq;Fr; nrd;whu;.
da
,ay;-5
,ay;-5
Å ,jid mwpe;j kd;dd; jd; gpioiag; nghWj;jUSkhW ,iwtdplk; Ntz;b kdk; khwp>
Gytu;fs; R+o ,ilf;fhldhUf;F xg;gid nra;J rpwg;Gr; nra;jhd;.
ka
2. cq;fSld; gapYk; khztu; xUtu; gs;spg; gbg;igg; ghjpapy; epWj;jp Ntiyf;Fr; nry;y
[PTA-1]
vi
tpUk;Gfpwhu;. mtuplk; fw;gjd; ,d;wpaikahikia vt;tifapy; vLj;Jiug;gPu;fs;?

Î fw;ifapy; frf;Fk; fy;tp fw;wgpd; ,dpf;Fk; : (nr–ePjpntz;gh)
al
Å ,sikapy; fw;Fk; fy;tp KJikapy; ek;ikf; fhg;ghw;Wk;.

Å fy;tp gzpf;fhf kl;Lky;y> ek;Kila tho;f;ifia Nkk;gLj;jTk; cjTk;.
.k
Å vg;NghJ Ntz;LkhdhYk; ek;khy; gzj;ij <l;l KbAk;. Mdhy; ,sk; tajpy; kl;LNk
w
KOikahf fy;tpiaf; fw;f KbAk; Nghd;w cz;ikfis vLj;Jiug;Ngd;.

Å ehk; fy;tp fw;why;jhd; ek;Kila jiyKiwia mwpahikapypUe;J fhg;ghw;w KbAk;.
w
Å ‘fdTfs; nka;g;gl> fy;tp mtrpak;’ vd;w fyhkpd; nghd;nkhopia epidTgLj;JNtd;.

w
Å fy;tp fw;wtu;fs; mile;j epiyiaAk;> fy;tp fw;fhky; jpupgtu;fisAk; xg;gpl;Lg; ghu;f;fr;

nrhy;yp> mtid kPz;Lk; gs;spf;F mioj;J te;J fy;tp fw;f itg;Ngd;.
3. If;fpa ehLfs; mitapy; nkhopngau;g;G *c
I.eh.mitapy; xUtu; Ngrpdhy; mtutu; nkhopfspy; Gupe;Jnfhs;tjw;F trjp
nra;ag;gl;bUf;fpwJ. nkhopngau;g;G (Translation) vd;gJ vOjg;gl;lij nkhopngau;g;gJ@
Mdhy; xUtu; NgRk;NghNj nkhopngau;g;gJ tpsf;FtJ (Interpreting) vd;Nw nrhy;yg;gLfpwJ.
I.eh.mitapy; xUtu; NgRtij nkhopngau;f;Fk; nkhopngau;g;ghsu; ghu;itahsu;fSf;Fj;
njupahjgb NtW ,lj;jpy; ,Ug;ghu;. xUtu; NgRtijf; fhjzpNfl;gpapy; (Headphone) Nfl;lgb
rpy nehbfspy; nkhopngau;j;J xypthq;fp topNa NgRthu;. mitapy; cs;s ghu;itahsu;
jk;Kd; cs;s fhjzpNfl;gpia vLj;Jg; nghUj;jpf;nfhz;L mtuJ nkhopapy; Gupe;Jnfhs;t hu;.
,g;gFjpapypUe;J Ie;J tpdhf;fis cUthf;Ff.
1. I.eh. mitapy; xUtu; NgRtij mtutH jha;nkhopapy; Nfl;f ,aYkh?
2. nkhopngau;g;G vd;why; vd;d?
3. xUtu; NgRk;NghNj nkhopngau;g;gij vt;thW miof;fg;gLfpwJ?
4. I.eh mitapy; nkhopngau;g;G trjp vt;thW mikf;fg;gl;Ls;sJ?
5. Nkw;fz;l ciug;gj;jpf;Fg; nghUj;jkhd jiyg;G xd;W jUf.
4. Kaw;rp jpUtpid Mf;Fk; Kaw;wpd;ik

,d;ik GFj;jp tpLk;. *,
,f;Fwl;ghtpy; mike;Js;s nghUs;Nfhspd; tifiar; Rl;b tpsf;Ff.
,g;ghlypy; mike;Js;s nghUs;Nfhs; Mw;WePu;g; ng ghUs;Nfhs;.
,yf;fzk; ghlypd; njhlf;fk; Kjy; KbT tiu Mw;WePupd; Nghf;ifg; Nghy NeuhfNt
nghUs; nfhs;SkhW mikjy; Mw;WePu;g; nghUs;Nfhs;.
Kaw;rp xUtDf;F nry;tj;ijg; ngUfr; nra;Ak;> Kaw;rp ,y;yhjpUj;jy;
ghly;nghUs;
mtDf;F tWikia cUthf;fptpLk;.
,f;Fwl;ghtpy;> Kaw;rp nry;tj;ijj; jUk;; Kaw;rp nra;ahik tWikiaj;
nghUj;jk; jUk; vd;W ghlypd; njhlf;fk; Kjy; KbT tiu> Neuhfg; nghUs; nfhs;Sk;
Kiwapy; mike;jpUg;gjhy; ,J Mw;WePu;g; nghUs;Nfhs; Mapw;W.
$Ljy; tpdh
5. nfhz;L$l;Lg; nghUs;Nfhspid tpsf;fp> vLj;Jf;fhl;L xd;W jUf. *, [PTA-4]
,yf;fzk; xUnra; A spy; gy mbfspy; rpjwpf; fplf; F k; nrhw; fisg; nghUSf; F Vw; wthW
xd;Nwhnlhd;W $l;bg; nghUs; nfhs;tJ nfhz;L$l;Lg; nghUs;Nfhs; MFk;.
“Myj;J Nky Ftis Fsj;Js
vLj;Jf;fhl;L
thypd; neba Fuq;F”
,jpy; Myj;J Nky Fuq;F> Fsj;Js Ftis – vd;W fUj;ijf; nfhz;L
n
nghUj;jk;
l.i
mq;Fkpq;Fk; nghUs;Nfhs; mike;jpUg;gjhy; ,J nfhz;L $l;Lg;
nghUs;Nfhs; vdg;gLk;.
da
,ay;-5
,ay;-5
neLtpdh
ka
1. ,iwtd;> Gytu; ,ilf;fhld; FuYf;Fr; nrtprha;j;j epfo;it eaj;Jld; vOJf. *nr-2 [PTA – 1]
m) ,ilf;fhldhh; kd;dhpd; mitapy; ftpij gbj;jy; :
vi
fiyfis KOtJk; czu;e;j ez;gu; fgpydpd; Nky; md;Gnfhz;l ,ilf;fhldhu;>

al
Njd; xOFk; Ntg;gkhiyapid mzpe;j ghz;badpd; mitf;Fr; nrd;W> jhd; ,aw;wpa

ftpijiag; gbj;jhu;. ghz;ba kd;dd; ,ilf;fhldhu; ftpijia Ritf;fhky; mtkjpj;jhu;.
.k
M) ghz;ba kd;ddpd; nraiy ,iwtdplk; Kiwapl;ly; :

,ilf;fhldhu; ,iwtdplk; “ghz;bad;> nghUl;nry;tj;NjhL fy;tpr; nry;tKk; kpf
w
cilatd; vdf; $wf;Nfl;L> mtd; Kd; nrhw;Rit epuk;gpa ftpij ghbNdd;. mtNdh
rpwpNjDk; Ritj;Jj; jiy mirf;fhky; Gyikia mtkjpj;jhd;”
w
,) ,iwtd; Gytupd; Gyk;gYf;F nrtprha;jy; :

w
“ghz;bad; vd;id ,fotpy;iy> nrhy;ypd; tbthf cd; ,lg;Gwk; tPw;wpUf;Fk; ghu;tjp

NjtpiaAk;> nrhy;ypd; nghUshf tpsq;Fk; cd;idANk mtkjpj;jhd;” vd;W rpdj;Jld;
$wp Kiwapl;lhu;. mtuJ nrhy; Ntw;gilNghy; ,iwtdpd; jpUr;nrtpapy; nrd;W ijj;jJ.
<) ,iwtd; Nfhtpiytpl;L ePq;Fjy; :
,ilf;fhldhUf;F kdkfpo;r;rp cz;lhf;f ,iwtd;> Qhdkakhfpa jk;Kila ,ypq;f
tbtj;ij kiwj;J ckhNjtpahNuhLk; flk;gtdj; jpUf;Nfhtpiy tpl;L ntspNawp>
Neu; tlf;Nf xU jpUf;Nfhtpiy cz;lhf;fp mq;Fr; nrd;whu;.
c) ,iwtdplk; kd;dd; Ntz;Ljy; :
“,iwtNd> vd;dhy;> vd; gilfshy;> vd; giftuhy;> jq;fSf;F ,ilA+W Vw;gl;ljh?
jtKk; jUkKk; RUq;fpaNjh? ,y;ywKk; JwtwKk; jj;jk; newpapy; ,Ue;J jtwpdNth?
vkJ je;ijNa ahd; mwpNad;” vd;W Ntz;bdhd; ghz;bad;.
C) kd;dd; jd; gpioia czu;jy; :
“,ilf;fhldhu; ghliy ,fo;e;j Fw;wk; jtpu NtW Fw;wk; cd;dplk; ,y;iy” vd;whu;
,iwtd;. thdpypUe;J xypj;j ,iwtdpd; nrhw;Nfl;Lg; ghz;ba kd;dd;> “Gz;zpaNd>
rpwpatu;fspd; Fw;wk; nghWg;gJ ngupatUf;Fg; ngUikay;yth?” vd;W Ntz;bdhd;.
v) GytUf;F kd;dd; rpwg;Gr; nra;jy; :
kd;dd;> jd; khspifapy; ,ilf;fhldhiu kq;fykhf xg;gid nra;J nghd;
,Uf;ifapy; tpjpg;gb mku;j;jp kd;dpg;Gf; Nfl;lhd;. Gytu;fSk; kd;did kd;dpj;jdu;.

2. ‘fw;if ed;Nw fw;if ed;Nw *J [PTA – 2, MDL -19]
gpr;ir GfpDk; fw;if ed;Nw’ vd;fpwJ ntw;wpNtw;if. NkupaplkpUe;J gwpf;fg;gl;l Gj;jfk;>
mr;rpWkpapd; tho;f;ifapy; fy;tpr; Rliu Vw;wpa fijiag; gw;wpa cq;fspd; fUj;Jfis tptupf;f.
Fwpg;Gr;rl;lfk;
Å Kd;Diu
Å gUj;jpg;G+tpy; kfpo;r;rpailAk; Nkup
Å NkupaplkpUe;J gwpf;fg;gl;l Gj;jfk;
Å Gjpa ek;gpf;if
Å KbTiu
Kd;Diu
rpy thu;j;ijfs; rpyuJ tho;f;ifiaNa cau;j;jptpLk; ty;yik gilj;jit.
cdf;Fg; gbf;fj; njupahJ vd;w %d;W thu;j;ijfs; Nkupapd; tho;f;ifia khw;wpa
cz;ik fij ,J. fy;tpawpT kWf;fg;gl;l fWg;gpd kf;fspd; ngUikkpF
ngz;kzpahf tsu;r;rp ngw;W> jd; r%fj;jpw;Nf xw;iwr; Rluhf xspu;e;J tho;e;jtu;jhd;
n
NkupN[d; vd;gtu;.
l.i
gUj;jpg;g+tpy; kfpo;r;rpailAk; Nkup :
da
,ay;-5
,ay;-5
mnkupf;fhtpd; Xu; Cupy; gUj;jpf;fhl;by; $yp Ntiy nra;J gpioj;J te;j rhk;
nkf;ypNahl;> ghl;]p jk;gjpaupd; kfs;jhd; Nkup vd;w fWg;G ituk;. rhk; -d; gps;isfspy;
ka
Nkup kpfTk; NtWgl;l ngz;zhf> Jbg;Gld; ngw;NwhUf;Fj; JizahfNt tyk; te;jhs;.
gUj;jpg;G+nkhl;L kyu;tij Kjypy; ghu;g;gts; jhdhf ,Uf;f Ntz;Lk; vd;W tpUk;gp
vi
ntw;wpAk; fz;lts;.
al
NkupaplkpUe;J gwpf;fg;gl;l Gj;jfk; :

.k
ngd; tpy;rdpd; khspif tPl;by; Ntiy nra;tJ mtu;fsJ njhlu;gzpahFk;.

xUehs; ghl;]pAk; NkupAk; gpd;Gwf; fjTg;gf;fkhf tPl;bDs; nrd;wdu;. nts;;isf;fhu
w
tPLfspy; fWg;gpdkf;fs; Kd;Gw thrypy; Eioa mDkjp vd;WNk ,y;iynad;gJ

w
epwntwpapd; cr;repiy. nts;isf; Foe;ijnahd;W Nkupia ‘cs;Ns th’ vd;wJ. Nkup

w
jaf;fj;Jld; cs;Ns Eioe;J tpisahl;Lg; nghUl;fisnay;yhk; ghu;j;jhs;. Nkirapd;

kPjpUe;j xU Gj;jfj;ij vLj;Jg; Gul;bg;ghu;j;jhs; Nkup. ‘cd;dhy; gbf;f KbahJ’ vd;W
nrhy;yp me;j rpWkp Nkupapd; ifapy; ,Ue;j Gj;jfj;ij ntLf;nfd;W gpLq;fpf; nfhz;lhs;.
Gjpa ek;gpf;if :
,r;nrayhy; kdk; Ntjid mile;j Nkup el;Gzu;tw;w me;j ,lj;jpypUe;J
ntspNawpdhs;. ‘jhd; vg;gbAk; gbj;Nj MfNtz;Lk;’ vd;W cWjpG+z;L ,iwtdplk;
kdKUfp Ntz;bdhs;. Nkupapd; Ntz;Ljiyf; Nfl;l ,iwtd; nts;is khspifapd;
jpUkjp tpy;rd; topahf cjtpdhu;. Nkup gs;spapy; Nru;e;J Mu;tj;Jld; gapd;W “vOjTk;
gbf;fTk; $batu;” vd;w gl;lj;ijg; ngw;whs;. gbg;gwptpy;yhj jd; Cu;kf;fSf;Fg; gy
mwpthu;e;j cjtpfs; nra;Jte;jhs;. ‘Gjpa ek;gpf;if’ vd;w Gj;njhsp tPrpaJ.
Nky;gbg;Gf;fhd tha;g;igAk; ngw;whs;.
KbTiu
,t;tpjk; khspif tPl;by; NkupaplkpUe;J gwpf;fg;gl;l me;jg;Gj;jfNk Nkupapd;
tho;f;ifapy; fy;tpr;Rliu Vw;wpaJ vdyhk;. xLf;fg;gl;l> fy;tp kWf;fg;gl;l
fWg;gpdr; r%fj;jpd; Fytpsf;F> tpbnts;sp rpWkp Nkup jhd; vd;gjpy; Iakpy;iy.
3. jkpopd; ,yf;fpa tsk; - fy;tp nkhop - gpwnkhopfspy; cs;s ,yf;fpa tsq;fs; - mwptpay;
fUj;Jfs; - gpwJiwf; fUj;Jfs; - jkpOf;Fr; nrOik [PTA - 4] (my;;yJ)
Kd;Diu - nkhop;ngau;g;G E}y;fs; - vl;Lj;jpf;fpd; fiyr;nry;tq;fs; nfhzu;e;jpq;F Nru;g;gPu; -
nkhopngau;g;Gk; fy;tpNa - KbTiu. [PTA –5]
Nkw;fz;l Fwpg;Gfisf; nfhz;L ‘nrk;nkhopj; jkpOf;F tsk; Nru;f;Fk; nkhopngau;g;Gf; fiy’ vd;w
jiyg;gpy; thu ,jo; xd;Wf;F eLg;gf;ff; fl;Liu vOJf. *c
QUNQNKRSMMNS2I)WVN1UXI)NQNKRSQJDXJ*IIL\
Fwpg;Gr;rl;lfk;
Å Kd;Diu
Å jkpopd; ,yf;fpa tsk;
Å nkhopngau;g;G - fy;tp nkhop
Å mwptpay; fUj;Jfs;
Å gpwJiwf; fUj;Jfs;
Å gpwnkhopfspy; cs;s ,yf;fpa tsq;fs;
Å KbTiu
n
Kd;Diu
l.i
xU Fwpg;gpl;l nkhopapd; ,yf;fpa tsikiaAk;> epy jdpj;Jtq;fisAk; >
da
,ay;-5
,ay;-5
tho;tpay;fisAk; ek; jha;nkhopapy; mwpe;Jnfhs;tjw;F cjTtJ nkhopngah;g;G MFk;.
ek; jha;nkhopahk; nrk;nkhopj; jkpOf;F nkhopngau;g;Gf;fiy vt;thW tsk; Nru;j;Js;sJ
ka
vd;gij ,f;fl;Liuapd; thapyhf ehk; mwpe;J nfhs;syhk;.
jkpopd; ,yf;fpa tsk; :
vi
Å cyf ,yf;fpaq;fSs; Kjd;ik ngw;Ws;sit rq;f ,yf;fpaq;fs;. ,t;tstpw;F tpupthf

cUthf;fg;gl;l ,yf;fpaq;fs;> cyfpy; NtW vk;nkhopapYk; ,y;iy vd;gJ cyf
al
,yf;fpaq;fis Ma;e;j fkpy;Rtygpy; vd;Dk; nrf; ehl;L nkhopapay; NguwpQupd; KbT.

.k
Å ,j;jid rpwg;Gila jkpo;nkhopapd; ,yf;fpaq;fis nkhopngau;g;Gr; nra;tjd; %yk;

w
ek;Kila gz;ghl;ilAk; ,yf;fpar; nrwpitAk; ehk; cyfwpar; nra;a KbAk;.

Å jkpopypUe;J Kjd;Kjyhf 1595,y; jpUf;Fws; kiyahsj;jpw;F nkhopngah;f;fg;gl;lJ.
w
Å 1730,y; ,yj;jPd; nkhopapy; tPukhKdpth; jpUf;Fwis nkhopngah;j;jhh;.

Å vl;tpd; mh;dhy;bd; Mrpa N[hjp vd;w E}y; ftpkzpahy; jOtp vOjg;gl;lJ.
w
Å ypNah lhy;];lhapd; md;dh fhPdh> NghUk; mikjpAk; Mfpad jkpopy; nkhopngah;f;fg;gl;Ls;sd.

nkhopngau;g;G - fy;tp nkhop :
Å ek;Kila ,yf;fpaq;fisg; gpwnkhopfspy; nkhopngau;g;gjhy; mk;nkhop NgRNthu; ek;
jkpo;nkhopapd; rpwg;gwpe;J jkpiof; fw;fj; njhlq;Ftu;.
Å ,jdhy; jkpo; cyfshtpa fy;tp nkhopahf Vw;wk; ngWk;. kdpj tsj;ij
KOikahfg; gad;gLj;j KbAk;@ Ntiytha;g;Gj; jsj;ij tpupthf;f KbAk;@
Å nkhopngah;g;G vd;gJ jdpf;fiy. nkhopngah;g;ghsh; vd;gth; ve;j nkhopAlDk;
jdpg;gw;Wf; nfhs;shky;> eLepiyapy; epd;W nkhopngah;f;f Ntz;Lk;. Fwpg;ghf
mtUf;F ,uz;L nkhopfspYk; mjhtJ jUnkhop> ngWnkhop Mfpa ,uz;bYk;
Gyik ,Uj;jy; Ntz;Lk;. ,U nkhopfspd; r%f> gz;ghl;Lr; $+o;epiyfis ed;F
mwpe;jpUj;jy; Ntz;Lk;. vdNt> nkhopngah;j;jy; vd;gJk; xU fy;tpNa MFk;.
mwptpay; fUj;Jfs; :
ek;Kila mwptpay; rpe;jid NkYk; Nkk;gl> gpw nkhopapy; cUthfpAs;s
mwptpay; fUj;Jfis jkpo; nkhopapy; nkhopngau;f;f Ntz;Lk;. Gjpa fz;Lgpbg;Gfspy;
tUk; gpwnkhop mwptpay; nrhw;fSf;Fupa Gjpa Gjpa nrhw;fs; jkpopy; cUthf;fg;gl
Ntz;Lk;. mg;NghJjhd; etPd cyfpy; jkpo;nkhop tsu;rr ; pailAk;.

gpwJiwf; fUj;Jfs; :
r%f Clfq;fs;> njhiyf;fhl;rp> thndhyp> jpiug;glk;> thu> khj> jpdrup
,jo;fs;> tpsk;guq;fs; vd midj;Jj; Jiwfspd; tsu;r;rpapYk; nkhopngau;g;G Kf;fpa
gq;fhw;WfpwJ. ,jd; fhuzkhf ek; nkhopapy; Gjpa rpe;jidfs;> Gjpa nkhopf;$Wfs;>
Gjpa nrhw;fs; cUthfp jkpo; tsu;r;rpaila VJthfpwJ.
gpwnkhopfspy; cs;s ,yf;fpa tsq;fs; :
“nrd;wpLtPu; vl;Lj;jpf;Fk; - fiyr;
nry;tq;fs; ahTk;nfhzu;e;jpq;Fr; Nru;g;gPu;” - vd;w ghujpapd; $w;iw ehk;
eilKiwg;gLj;j Ntz;Lk;. ,uhkhazk;> kfhghujk;> Nghd;wit tlnkhopapypUe;J
jkpopy; nkhopngau;f;fg;gl;lit. ,itNghd;Nw gpw ntspehl;L nkhopfspypUe;Jk;
,yf;fpaq;fs; ek; jha;nkhopapy; nkhopngau;j;jhy;jhd; ek;nkhop NkYk; nrOik ngWk;.
KbTiu
gd;dhl;L kf;fSld; goFk; tha;g;G mjpfhpj;Js;sjhy;> mtuth; nkhopfspy; cwtpid
Nkk;gLj;jpf; nfhs;s nkhopngah;g;G ,d;wpaikahjjhf khwptpl;lJ. fhy nts;sj;jhy; mbj;Jr;
nry;y Kbahj nkhopaha; ek; nre;jkpo;nkhop tpsq;FfpwJ. Nkw;fz;l Kiwfisf; nfhz;L
nkhopngau;g;Gf; fiyia ehk; jpwk;gl gad;gLj;jpdhy; ek; jha;nkhopf;F tsk; Nru;f;fyhk;.
n
l.i
nkhopia Ms;Nthk;!
da
,ay;-5
,ay;-5
ka
nkhopngau;gG
;
Mq;fpyr; nrhw;fSf;F epfuhd jkpo;r; nrhw;fisf; ftpijapy; fz;L vOJf. [PTA – 3]
vi
ahopir It’s like new lute music

al
miwf;Fs; ahopir Wondering at the lute music

.k
Vnjd;W nrd;W Coming from the chamber

vl;bg; ghu;j;Njd;; Entered I to look up to in still
w
Ngj;jp> My grand – daughter

w
nel;LUg; gz;zpdhs; Learning by rote the verses

ePjpE}y; jpul;ilNa.- ghujpjhrd; Of a didactic compilation. - Translated by Kavignar Desini
w
Å lute music - ahopir Å grand-daughter - Ngj;jp

Å chamber - miw Å rote - nel;LU(kdg;ghlk;) gz;Zjy;
Å to look up - vl;bg;ghu;j;jy; Å didactic compilation - ePjpE}y; jpul;L
ml;ltizapy; tpLgl;lij vOJf.

Ntu;r; tpidnar;rj;
vOtha;j; njhlu; nganur;rj;njhlu; tpspj; njhlu; Ntw;Wikj; njhlu;
nrhy; njhlu;
XL mUzh Xbdhs; Xba mUzh Xb te;jhs; mUzh XlhNj! mUzhtpw;fhf Xbdhs;
nrhy; mk;kh nrhd;dhu; nrhd;d mk;kh nrhy;ypr; nrd;whu; mk;kh nrhy;! fijiar; nrhd;dhu;
jh muru; je;jhu; je;j muru; je;J nrd;whu; muNr jUf! muirj; je;jhu;
ghu; Jspu; ghu;j;jhs; ghu;j;j Jspu; ghu;j;Jr; rpupj;jhs; JspNu ghu;;! JspUld; ghu;j;Njd;
th Foe;ij te;jJ te;j Foe;ij te;J epd;whd; Foe;ijNa th! Foe;ijAld; te;jhu;
njhlu;fspy; cs;s vOthiar; nrOik nra;f.

flk;gtdj;ij tpl;L ,iwtd; ePq;fpdhd;.
v.fh.
mofpa Fspu;e;j flk;gtdj;ij tpl;L ,iwtd; ePq;fpdhd;.
1. kuj;ij tsu;g;gJ ed;ik gaf;Fk;. [PTA - 6]
epoy; jUk; kuj;ij tsu;;g;gJ ed;ik gaf;Fk;.
2. tho;f;ifg;gazNk NtWgl;l ghlq;fisf; fw;Wj; jUfpwJ. [PTA - 6]
,d;gJd;gk; epiwe;j tho;f;ifg;gazNk NtWgl;l ghlq;fisf; fw;Wj; jUfpwJ.
3. fy;tpNa xUtUf;F cau;T jUk;.
ed;ndwpf; fy;tpNa xUtUf;F cau;T jUk;.
4. Foe;ijfs; jdpj;jdpNa vOjpj;juNtz;Lk;.
tpilfs; njupe;j Foe;ijfs; jdpj;jdpNa vOjpj;juNtz;Lk;.
kjpg;Giu vOJf.
n
gs;sp Mz;Ltpoh kyUf;fhf> ePq;fs; E}yfj;jpy; gbj;j fij / fl;Liu / rpWfij / ftpij
l.i
E}Yf;fhd kjpg;Giu vOJf.
da
Fwpg;G - E}ypd; jiyg;G - E}ypd; ikag;nghUs; - nkhopeil - ntspg;gLj;Jk; fUj;J -
,ay;-5
,ay;-5
E}ypd; eak; - E}y; fl;likg;G - rpwg;Gf; $W - E}y; Mrpupau; [PTA - 5]
ka
E}ypd; jiyg;G : njdhypuhkd; fijfs;
E}ypd; ikag;nghUs; :
vi
,e;E}ypy; njdhypuhkdpd; rkNah[pjg; Gj;jp $u;ikahy; epfo;e;j rk;gtq;fs; $wg;gl;Ls;sd.

al
Foe;ijfis <u;f;Fk; tifapy; tpj;jpahrkhd rpe;jidapy; ,g;Gj;jfk; mike;Js;sJ.

nkhopeil :
.k
rpWtu;fs; Kjy; tNahjpfu;fs; tiu vspikahf Gupe;J nfhs;Sk; tifapy; mike;Js;sJ.

w
ntspg;gLj;Jk; fUj;J :
Foe;ijfspd; rpe;jid Mw;wiy vt;thW cgNahfpg;gJ vd;W czu;j;JfpwJ. ,lk;>
w
nghUs;> Vty; mwpe;J Gj;jprhyp jdkhf tho;f;if elj;j Cf;Ftpf;fpwJ.

w
E}ypd; eak; :
thrfu;fis <u;f;Fk; tpjkhfTk; kpf vspa eilapy; eifr;Rit eak; kpf;fjhfTk; cs;sJ.
E}ypd; fl;likg;G :
,g;Gj;jfk; fpU\;zNjtuhau; kw;Wk; njdhypuhkdpd; el;ig ikakhf nfhz;L
Gidag;gl;Ls;sJ. ,jpy; njdhypuhkd; jd; rhku;j;jpaj;jhy; vt;thW muru;f;F cjTfpwhd;
vd;Wk;> mtd; fw;gid rf;jpiaAk; tptupf;fpwJ.
E}y; Mrpupau; :
njdhypuhkd; (Tenali Raman) (fp.gp.1480 - fp.gp.1528) vd;W jkpo; eifr;Rit cyfpy; kpfTk;
Gfo;ngw;w njdhyp uhkfpU\;zh vd;gtu; tp[aefuj;ij Mz;l fpU\;zNjtuhadpd;
mitia myq;fupj;j vl;L muritg;Gytu;fSs;(m\;ljpf;f[q;fs;) xUtu;.
rpwg;Gf; $W :
,e;jpa nkhopfspy; ,tiug; gw;wpa ghlf; Fwpg;Gfs; ,y;yhj nkhopNa fpilahJ vd;Dk;
msTf;Fg; gpugykhdtu;. ,tUila fijfis jp ml;ntd;ru;]; M/g; njdhypuhkd; (The
Adventures of Tenali Raman) vd;w ngaupy; fhu;l;^d; nel; xu;f; njhiyf;fhl;rp epWtdk;
fp.gp.2001-y; glkhf;fpaJ.

gbtj;ij epug;Gf. * * tpil gf;f vz; : 161 fhz;f* *
nkhopNahL tpisahL
Gjpu;g;ghliyg; gbj;J tpiliaf; fz;Lgpbf;f.
Gj;jf gf;f vz; : 125 ,y; Gjpiuf; fhz;f.
tpil : fhfk;
njhopw;ngau;fspd; nghUisg; Gupe;Jnfhz;L njhlu;fis KOik nra;f.
1. epyj;Jf;F mbapy; fpilf;Fk; Gijay; ahTk; muRf;Nf nrhe;jk;. nefpopg; nghUs;fis

kz;Zf;F mbapy; Gijj;jy; epyj;jb ePu;tsj;ijf; Fd;wr; nra;Ak;. (Gijay;> Gijj;jy;)
2. fhl;L tpyq;Ffisr; RLjy; jil nra;ag;gl;Ls;sJ. nra;j jtWfisr; Rl;ly; jpUe;j cjTfpwJ.
(Rl;ly;> RLjy;) [PTA – 2]
n
3. fhw;wpd; nky;ypa njhLjy; G+f;fisj; jiyahl;litf;fpwJ. iffspd; Neu;j;jpahd njhLj;jy;
l.i
G+f;fis khiyahf;FfpwJ. (njhLj;jy;> njhLjy;) [MDL – 19]
4. gRikahd fhl;rpiaf; fhZjy; fz;Zf;F ey;yJ. (fhZjy;> fhl;rp) [PTA-2]
da
,ay;-5
,ay;-5
5. nghJtho;tpy; ebj;jy; $lhJ. ebg;gpy; mtiu kpQ;r Ms; fpilahJ. (ebj;jy;> ebg;G)
ka
nray;jpl;lk;
vi
fhl;rpiaf; ftpijahf;Ff.
al
.k
kuj;ij cd; Njitf;fhf ntl;b

ntl;bakuj;jpd; kPNj Vwp mkh;e;J
w
kuk; tsh;g;gJ vg;gb? vd ghlk; elj;Jk; kdpjh

w
cdf;Fk; kuzk; tUk; kwthNj

w
kuq;fis tsh;f;f kwe;jhYk;

mopf;f kl;Lk; epidf;fhNj!
itj;j kuk; fhg;Nghk;!!
epw;f mjw;Fj; jf
gs;spapy; ehd;> tPl;by; ehd; - vd;Dk; jiyg;Gfspy; ePq;fs;> gs;spapYk; tPl;bYk; ele;Jnfhs;Sk;
Kiwfs; Ie;jpidg; gl;baypLf. [AUG–2022, PTA-4]
gs;spapy; ehd; tPl;by; ehd;
1. Neuj;ijr; rupahff; filg;gpbg;Ngd;. tPl;Lg; gzpfisg; gfpu;e;J nra;Ntd;.
2. cld;gapYk; khztupd; jpwikiag; ghuhl;LNtd;. vd; rNfhjuu;fis Cf;fg;gLj;JNtd;.
3. tFg;giwiaj; J}a;ikAld; itj;jpUf;f cjTNtd;. vd; miwia ehNd J}a;ik nra;Ntd;.
4. gs;sp tshfj;jpy; kuq;fs; tsu;g;Ngd;. tPl;il Rw;wp kuq;fs; el;L ePu; gha;r;RNtd;.
5. J}a;ikahd cilfis cLj;jp tUNtd;. jpdKk; fhiyapy; xU kzpNeuk; gbg;Ngd;.
fw;git fw;wgpd;...
f)))
ciueil : nkhopngau;g;Gf; fy;tp

1. jh$upd; fPjhQ;ryp jkpo;nkhopngau;g;Gg; ghly; xd;iwAk; fyPy; fpg;uhdpd; ftpij xd;wpd;
nkhopngau;g;igAk; E}yfj;jpy; gbj;J vOjp tUf. (Rakhf jahupj;Jf; nfhs;sTk;)
2. nkhopngau;g;Gr; rpWfij xd;iwg; gbj;J mjd; fijr;RUf;fj;ijAk; cq;fs; fUj;JfisAk;
tFg;giwapy; $Wf.
cj;jpugpuNjrf; fij - Jwtpapd; Nfhgk;
jkpopy; nkhopngau;j;jtu; - v];.V.ngUkhs;
Kd;ndhU fhyj;jpy; fhl;by; xU Jwtp gy Mz;Lfs; jtkpUe;J rpy
Mw;wy;fisg; ngw;whu;. xU ehs; jd;kPJ vr;rkpl;l fhfj;ij Nfhgkhfg; ghu;j;jhu;. fhfk;
vupe;J rhk;gyhdJ. jdJ jt typikapy; mjpf ek;gpf;if nfhz;lhu;. xUtifapy;
n
Mztkile;jhu; vd;Wjhd; nrhy;yNtz;Lk;.
l.i
fhl;bypUe;J ehL jpUk;gpdhu;. xU tptrhapapd; tPl;L Kd;dhy; epd;W Jwtp gpr;ir
Nfl;lhu;. tptrhapapd; kidtp tPl;bw;Fs;spUe;J “nfhQ;rk; nghWq;fs;> tUfpNwd;. vd;
da
,ay;-5
,ay;-5
fztUf;Fk; gps;isfSf;Fk; czT gilj;Jf;nfhz;L ,Uf;fpNwd;@” vd;whs;. Jwtp>
mg;ngz; te;jJk; Nfhgkhfg; ghu;j;jhu;. ngz;kzp Jwtpiag; ghu;j;J rpupj;Jf;nfhz;Nl “ehd;
ka
xd;Wk; fhfky;y” vd;whs;. Jwtp tpae;J gae;J Nghdhu;. mtisg;ghu;j;J “me;jf; fhfj;jpd;
fjpgw;wp cdf;F vg;gbj; njupAk;?” vd;W Nfl;lhu;.
vi
ngz;kzp> Jwtpiag; ghu;j;J> “ePq;fs; flTSf;F tpRthrpahf ,Uf;fyhk;. ehd;

al
vd; fztUf;Fk;> Foe;ijfSf;Fk; gf;jpNahL gzptpil nra;tjhy;> cq;fistpl> ehNd

jt typik kpf;fts;. vd;idg;NghyNt ,e;j Cupd; filrpapy; xU frhg;Gf;filf;fhud;
.k
,Uf;fpwhd;> mtidAk; Ngha;g; ghUq;fs;” vd;whs;. Jwtp frhg;Gf;filf;fhudplk; Nghdhu;.

mtd; Jwtpiag; ghu;j;jJNk> “cq;fis tptrhap kidtp vd;dplk; mDg;gpdhsh?”
w
vd;W Nfl;lhu;. Jwtp mtuplk; “cd;dhy; vg;gb ,ij Kd; $l;bNa njupe;Jnfhs;s
w
Kbe;jJ?” vd;W Nfl;lhu;. frhg;Gf;filf;fhud;> “ehd; tajhd vd; ngw;Nwhu;fisf; ftdpj;Jg;

w
gf;jp nra;fpNwd;. ,e;jj; njhopiyr; nra;tJ$l nry;tk; Nru;g;gjw;fd;W - mtu;fisAk;

vd;idAk; tho;tpf;fNt nra;fpNwd;” vd;W $wpdhu;.
Jwtp fpsk;Gk;NghJ frhg;Gf;filf;fhud; “JwtpNa! mwpitAk; jtj;ijAk;
Raeyj;Jf;fhf my;y> gpwiu thoitf;fg; gad;gLj;JtJk; jtNk” vd;whu;. Jwtp
mikjpahfpf; fhl;il Nehf;fpNa gazkhdhu;.
rpe;jid - tho;f;ifg; Nghuhl;lj;jpy; flikNahL tho;tJk; xU jtk;jhd;.
nra;As; : m) ePjpntz;gh- fh.g. nra;Fjk;gpg; ghtyu;

1. vjpu;fhyj;jpy; ePq;fs; gapy tpUk;Gk; fy;tp Fwpj;J tFg;giwapy; fye;Jiuahbf; Fwpg;Giu cUthf;Ff.
“vOj;jwptpj;jtd; ,iwtd; Mthd; ” vd;w rpwg;Gf;Fhpa Mrphpag;gzpNa ehd;
tpUk;Gk; gzpahFk;. Mrphpah; gzpiar; nra;tjw;F Njitahd fy;tpiag; gapy
tpUk;GfpNwd;. mjw;F Kjypy; gs;sp ,Wjpg;gbg;ghd gd;dpnuz;lhk; tFg;gpy; mjpf
kjpg;ngz; ngWNtd;. mjidj; njhlh;e;J fy;Y}hpapy; ehd; gp.v];.rp ,aw;gpay; Jiwiaj;
Njh;e;njLj;J ed;whfg; gbg;Ngd;. gpwF ,aw;gpay; Jiwapy; vk;.v];.rp KJfiy gbg;igAk;
Kbj;jgpwF fy;tpapay; fy;Y}hpapy; ,uz;L Mz;Lfs; fy;tpapay; gapw;rpia Kbg;Ngd;.
gpd;G> b.Mu;.gp. elj;Jk; Mrphpah;fSf; fhd Njh;it vjph;nfhz;L ntw;wp ngw;W ey;ynjhU
Mrphpauhf vdJ gzpiaj; njhlh;Ntd;.
nra;As; : M) jpUtpisahlw;Guhzk; - guQ;Nrhjp Kdptu;
1. ,ilf;fhld; gpzf;Fj; jPu;j;j glyj;ij ehlfkhf;fp tFg;gpy; ebj;Jf; fhl;Lf.
ehlfk; : ,ilf;fhld; gpzf;Fj; jPh;j;j glyk;

ghj;jpuq;fs; : kd;dd;> ,ilf;fhldhu;> ,iwtd;> fhtyd;
,lk; : ghz;baehL
fhtyd; kd;du; tho;f! muNr! jq;fisf; fhz xU Gytu; te;jpUf;fpwhu;.

kd;dh; mtiu clNd mioj;J th.
kd;dh;; thUq;fs; GytNu! jq;fspd; tUifahy; ,e;j mit kfpo;fpd;wJ.
Gytu; kd;dh! epd;nfhw;wk; epiyf;f.. ckJ jkpo;g;Gyik rpwf;f ePtpu; ePôp tho;f!
Gytu; ngUkhNd! jq;fisg; gw;wp ehd; Nfs;tpg;gl;bUf;fpNwd;. jq;fspd;
n
kd;du;
ftpj;jpwikia mwpaTk; Mtyha; cs;Nsd;.
l.i
(Gytu; ,ilf;fhldhu; jhk; ,aw;wpa ftpijapid kd;du; Kd; thrpf;fpwhu;.
da
,ay;-5
,ay;-5
Mdhy; kd;du; vt;tpj mirTkpd;wp Gytiu mtkjpf;fpd;whu;)
(Nfhgj;Jld;) kd;dh! vd; ftpijiaf; Nfl;Lr; Ritg;gPu; vd vjpu;ghu;j;Njd;.
ka
Gytu; Mdhy;> vd; ftpijfis mtkjpg;gjhfj; njupfpwJ. vdNt ehd; ,e;j
vi
mitapy; ,Uf;fg;Nghtjpy;iy! (vd;W $wp mitapypUe;J ntspNaWfpwhu;)

(Gyth; ,iwtdplk; KiwapLfpwhh;) ,iwth! midj;Jk; mwpe;jtNd! ghz;ba
al
kd;dd; ehd; ghba ftpijiar; rpwpJk; kjpahky; Gyikia mtkjpj;jhd;.

.k
Gytu; ghz;bad; vd;id ,fotpy;iy> nrhy;ypd; tbthfpa ghu;tjp NjtpiaAk;>

w
nrhy;ypd; nghUshfpa cd;idAk; md;Nwh mtkjpj;jhd;?

(Gytupd; Gyk;gy; ,iwtdpd; nrtpapy; gha;e;jjhy; Nfhtpiytpl;L ntspNaWfpwhu;)
w
(,iwtd; jpUKd; epd;W) ,iwth! vd;dhy;> vd; gilfshy;> vd; giftuhy;>

w
fhl;bYs;s tpyq;Ffshy; jq;fSf;F ,ilA+W Vw;gl;ljh? kiwatu; jk;

kd;dh;
ey;xOf;fj;jpy; Fiwe;jdNuh? jtKk; jUkKk; RUq;fpaNjh? ,y;ywKk;
JwtwKk; jj;jk; newpapy; ,Ue;J jtwpdNth? vd; je;ijNa ahd; mwpNad;.
kd;dh! ,ilf;fhldhupd; ghliy ,fo;e;j Fw;wk; jtpu NtW Fw;wk; cd;dplk;
,iwtd;
,y;iy. ,ilf;fhldhu;kPJ nfhz;l md;ghy; ,q;F te;Njhk;.
guk;nghUNs> Gz;zpaNd> rpwpatu;fspd; Fw;wk; nghWg;gJ ngupatUf;Fg;
kd;dh;;
ngUikay;yth? vd;Dila Fw;wj;ijg; nghWj;Jf;nfhs;s Ntz;LfpNwd;.
kd;duJ khspifapy;> md;wyu;e;j kyu;fshy; njhLj;j khiy G+uz Fk;gk;
nfhb Mfpatw;why; xg;gid nra;ag;gl;lJ@ xspAila kzpfs; gjpf;fg;
ngw;wJ. Gytu;fs; R+o mwpit mzpfydhfg; G+z;l ,ilf;fhldhiu
kd;dh;
kq;fykhf xg;gid nra;J nghd; ,Uf;ifapy; tpjpg;gb mku;j;jpdhd;.
(Gytu; FOit Nehf;fp) Gz;zpa tbthd Gytu;fNs! ehd; ,ilf;fhldhu;f;Fr;
nra;j Fw;wj;ijg; nghWj;Jf;nfhs;s Ntz;Lk;. (vd;W $wp tzq;fpdhd;)
Gyth;fs; kd;dh! eP $wpa mKjk; Nghd;w Fspu;e;j nrhy;yhy; vq;fs; rpdj;jP jzpe;jJ.
tpupthdk; : Gjpa ek;gpf;if - fkyhyad;

1. fy;tp tha;g;gw;w R+oypy; xw;iwr; Rluhf te;J xspNaw;wpdhu; Nkup nkf;ypNahl; ngj;A+d;. mJNghyj;
jkpofj;jpy; fy;tp tha;g;gw;wtu;fspd; tho;tpy; Kjw;Rlu; Vw;wpatu;fSs; ahNuDk; xUtu; Fwpj;j
nra;jpfisj; njhFj;Jr; rpy glq;fSld; FWk;Gj;jfk; xd;iwf; FOthf cUthf;Ff.
Kjy; ngz; kUj;Jtu; - Kj;Jnyl;Rkp nul;b
Fwpg;Gr;rl;lfk;
Å Kd;Diu
Å gpwg;G kw;Wk; ,sikf;fhyk;
Å kUj;Jtf; fdT
Å jkpo;g;gzp
Å r%fg;gzpfs; kw;Wk; ngz;fSf;fhd cupik
Å KbTiu
Kd;Diu
n
fp.gp.18 Mk; E}w;whz;by; Mz; Mjpf;fk; NkNyhq;fp ,Ue;j fhyj;jpy;> GJf;Nfhl;il
rk];jhdj;jpy; gpwe;J kpfg;ngupa NghuhspahfTk;> ,e;jpahtpd; Kjy; ngz; kUj;JtuhfTk;
l.i
jpfo;e;jtu; Kj;Jnyl;Rkp nul;b. ,tiu gw;wp tpupthf ,f;fl;Liuapy; fhzyhk;.
da
,ay;-5
,ay;-5
gpwg;G kw;Wk; ,sikf;fhyk;; :
Å Kj;Jnyl;Rkp [Piy 30> 1886 Mk; Mz;L GJf;Nfhl;il rk];jhdj;jpy; jpUf;Nfhfu;zk;
ka
vd;Dk; ,lj;jpy;> ehuhazrhkp re;jpuk;khs; jk;gjpaUf;F %j;j kfshf gpwe;jhu;.
Å ,tupd; je;ij gpugy tof;fwpQuhfTk;> jha; gpugy ghlfpahfTk; ,Ue;jdu;.
Å mf;fhyj;jpy; ngz;fy;tp vd;gJ Fjpiu nfhk;ghf ,Ue;jJ. je;ijapd; cWJizahy;
vi
4 tajpy; jpz;izg; gs;spapy; gapy njhlq;fp> gpd; gs;spg; gbg;ig Kbj;jhu;.

al
Å fy;Y}upapy; Nru;tjpYk; gy jilfs;. cs;@u; fy;Y}upfspy; ,lkpy;iy. mf;fhy

vjpu;g;Gfis jhz;b GJf;Nfhl;il kd;du; fy;Y}upapy; 'khu;j;jhz;l njhz;ilkhd;" kd;dupd;
.k
cjtpAld; Nru;e;jhu;. MapDk; cly; eyf;FiwT kw;Wk; jhapd; ,wg;ghy; fy;tp jilgl;lJ.
w
kUj;Jtf; fdT :
Å jhapd; ,wg;gpw;F gpd; NehAk; mjd; nfhLikfisAk; Neupy; mDgtpj;jjhy; kUj;Jtuhf
w
Ntz;Lk; vd;w ituhf;fpak; mtUf;F NkNyhq;fpaJ.

Å nrd;id kUj;Jt fy;Y}upapy; gapd;W> 1912-Mk; Mz;L ehl;bd; Kjy; ngz; kUj;Jtuhdhu;.
w
jkpo;g;gzp :
Å jkpopir ,af;fk;> jkpo; tsu;r;rp> jkpohrpupau;fspd; Cjpa cau;Tg; Nghuhl;lk; vdj;
jkpo;g;gzpfs; nra;jhu;. ];jpuP ju;kk; vd;w ngz;fs; khj ,jopd; Mrpupauhf ,Ue;jhu;.
r%fg;gzpfs; kw;Wk; ngz;fSf;fhd cupik :
Å 1926 Mk; Mz;L 43 ehLfspd; gpujpepjpfs; fye;J nfhz;l mfpy cyf ngz;fs; khehL>
gpuhd;rpy; eilngw;wJ. ,jpy; ,e;jpahtpd; rhu;gpy; Kj;Jnyl;Rkp fye;J nfhz;lhu;.
Å ,e;jpag; ngz;fs; rq;fj;jpd; Kjy; jiytu;.
Å rl;lkd;wj;Jf;Fj; Nju;e;njLf;fg;gl;l Kjy; ngz; vd;w ngUik ngw;whu;.
Å nrd;id khehfuhl;rpapd; Kjy; JizNkau; vd;Dk; ngUikAk; cz;L.
Å Njtjhrp Kiw xopg;G> ,Ujhu jilr;rl;lk;> ngz;fSf;Fr; nrhj;Jupik toq;Fk; rl;lk;>
ghy;a tpthfq;fis jil nra;Ak; rl;lk; Nghd;w rl;lq;fs; tu mauhJ ghLgl;lhu;.
Å milahw;wpy; ‘mt;it ,y;yk;;’ mikj;J mdhijahf;fg;gl;l Foe;ijfSf;F
vjpu;fhyj;ij cUthf;fpdhu;. milahw;wpy; Gw;WNeha; kUj;Jtkid mikj;jhu;.
tpUJ : kj;jpa muR 1956-,y; gj;k G+\d; tpUJ toq;fp nfsutpj;jJ.
KbTiu
r%f Kd;Ndw;wj;jpw;fhf ghLgl;l Kj;Jnyl;Rkp jpUkzk; nra;ahky; jd; tho;ehs;
KOtJk; r%fj;jpw;fhfTk;> kf;fSf;fhfTk; tho;eJ ; [Piy 22> 1968 md;W ,aw;if va;jpdhu;.

2. fy;tpf; fz; jpwe;jtu;fSf;fpilapy; iftplg;gl;l ngz;fSf;fhf cioj;j jkpofj;jpd; Kjy; ngz;
kUj;Jtu; Kj;Jnyl;Rkp gw;wpa xU njhFg;Ngl;bid cUthf;fp tFg;giwapy; fhl;rpg;gLj;Jf.
,sikf;fhyk; r%fg;gzpfs;
Kj;Jnyl;Rkp nul;b (#iy 30> 1886 - " mdhijahf;fg;gl;l
#iy 22> 1968) ,e;jpahtpd; ngz; Foe;ijfSf;fhf mt;it ,y;yk;
kUj;JtH> r%fg; Nghuhsp> cUthf;fk;
" milahW Gw;WNeha;
jkpohHtyH. ,tH 1912 Mk; Mz;L
nrd;id kUj;Jtf; fy;Y}upapy;
,Ue;J gl;lk; ngw;W kUj;Jtr; kUj;Jtkid cUthf;fk;.
Nritahw;wpdhH. " ‘];jpuP ju;kk;’ vd;w ngz;fs;
khj ,jopd; Mrpupau;
n
l.i
da
,ay;-5
,ay;-5
Gul;rpfs;
ka
tpUJ
" Njtjhrp Kiw xopg;G
Kj;Jnyl;Rkpapd; NritfSf;fhf "
vi
,Ujhuj; jilr; rl;lk;

"
kj;jpa muR 1956,y; gj;k g+\z;
ngz;fSf;Fr; nrhj;Jupik
al
tpUJ toq;fp nfsutpj;jJ.

" ghy;a tpthfj;jilr; rl;lk;
.k
w
w
,yf;fzk; : tpdh> tpil tiffs;> nghUs;Nfhs;

w
1. tpdh tifiaAk; tpil tifiaAk; Rl;Lf.

“fhkuhru; efu; vq;Nf ,Uf;fpwJ?” vd;w tpdhTf;F mwpahtpdh
m) Rl;Ltpil
“,e;j topahfr; nry;Yq;fs;.” vd;W tpilaspg;gJ.
“vdf;F vOjpj; jUfpwhah?” vd;w tpdhTf;F Vty; tpdh
M)
“vdf;F ahu; vOjpj; jUthu;fs;?” vd;W tpilaspg;gJ. tpdh vjpu; tpdhjy; tpil
2. ciuahlypy; ,lk;ngw;Ws;s tpdh tpil tiffisf; fz;L vOJf.

ghkfs; tzf;fk; Mjpiu! VNjh vOJfpwPu;fs; NghypUf;fpwNj? mwpah tpdh
Mjpiu Mkhk;! ftpauq;fj;Jf;Ff; ftpij vOjpf; nfhz;bUf;fpNwd;. Neu; tpil
ghkfs; mg;gbah! vd;d jiyg;G? mwpahtpdh
fy;tpapy; rpwf;Fk; jkpou;! Neu;tpil
Mjpiu
ePq;fs; ftpauq;fj;Jf;F vy;yhk; tUtPu;fNsh? khl;Bu;fNsh? Ia tpdh
ghkfs; Vd; tuhky;? tpdhvjpu; tpdhjy; tpil
,ay; - 6. epyh Kw;wk; 73
6. epyh Kw;wk;
gyTs; njhpf
1. Fspu; fhyj;ijg; nghOjhff; nfhz;l epyq;fs;… *, [PTA - 3]
m) Ky;iy> FwpQ;rp> kUj epyq;fs;
M) FwpQ;rp> ghiy> nea;jy; epyq;fs;
,) FwpQ;rp> kUjk;> nea;jy; epyq;fs;
<) kUjk;> nea;jy;> ghiy epyq;fs;
2. xapyhl;lj;jpy; ,Utupirapy; epd;W MLfpd;wdu;. ,j;njhlupd; nrag;ghl;L tpidj; njhlu; vJ?
m) xapyhl;lj;jpy; ,Utupirapy; epd;W MLtu;. *c [PTA - 6]
M) xapyhl;lj;jpy; ,Utupirapy; epd;W Mlg;gLfpwJ.
n
,) xapyhl;lk; ,Utupirapy; epd;W Mlg;gLfpwJ.
l.i
<) xapyhl;lk; ,Utupirapy; epd;W Mlg;gLfpd;;wdu;.
3. kyu;fs; jiuapy; eOTk;. vg;NghJ?
m) ms;sp Kfu;e;jhy;
da
M) jsug; gpizj;jhy;
*nr-1 [PTA - 1]
ka
,) ,Wf;fp Kbr;rpl;lhy; <) fhk;G Kwpe;jhy;
vi
4. fufhl;lj;ijf; Fk;ghl;lk; vd;Wk; Flf;$j;J vd;Wk; $Wtu;. ,j;njhlUf;fhd tpdh vJ? *c[PTA-5]
,ay;-6
,ay;-6
al
m) fufhl;lk; vd;why; vd;d?

M) fufhl;lk; vf;fhyq;fspy; eilngWk;?
.k
,) fufhl;lj;jpd; NtWNtW tbtq;fs; ahit?

w
<) fufhl;lj;jpd; NtW ngau;fs; ahit?

w
5. Nfhry ehl;by; nfhil ,y;yhj fhuzk; vd;d? *nr-3 [AUG – 2022, SEP – 2021, PTA – 4]
w
m) ey;y cs;sk; cilatu;fs; ,y;yhjjhy; M) Cupy; tpisr;ry; ,y;yhjjhy;

,) murd; nfhLq;Nfhy; Ml;rp Guptjhy; <) mq;F tWik ,y;yhjjhy;
$Ljy; tpdhf;fs;
6. $j;Jf;fiyQu; ghlj; njhlq;fpdhu;. $bapUe;j kf;fs; mikjpahapdu;.
- ,j;njhlu;fspd; rupahd fyitj; njhlu; *c [PTA - 2]
m) $j;Jf;fiyQu; ghltpy;iy vd;why; $bapUe;j kf;fs; mikjpahapuhu;.
M) $j;Jf;fiyQu; ghlj;njhlq;fpaJk; $bapUe;j kf;fs; mikjpahapdu;.
,) $j;Jf;iyQu; ghlj;njhlq;fpdhu; vd;gjhy; $bapUe;j kf;fs; mikjpahapdu;.
<) $j;Jf;fiyQu; ghlj;njhlq;fp $l;lj;jpypUe;jtu;fis mikjpg;gLj;jp itj;jhu;.
7. njhy;fhg;gpak; Fwpg;gpLk; ,irf;fUtp *c [MDL - 19]
m) [hy;uh M) giw ,) cWkp <) ehj];tuk;
8. Ky;iy epykf;fspd; czTg; nghUs;fs; *, [PTA - 6]
m) ntz;ney;> tuF M) kiyney;> jpiz
,) tuF> rhik <) kPd;> nre;ney;
FWtpdh
1. fhl;by; tpise;j tufpy; rikj;j czT kiof;fhy khiyapy; #lhf cz;zr; Rit kpFe;jpUf;Fk;.
,j;njhlupy; mike;Js;s Kjw;nghUs;> fUg;nghUs;fis tifg;gLj;jp vOJf. *, [PTA - 2]
Å Kjw;nghUs; x epyk; - fhL
x nghOJ : 1. ngUk;nghOJ - fhu;fhyk; (kiof;fhyk;)
2. rpWnghOJ - khiy
Å fUg;nghUs; : czT - tuF
2. “New;W ehd; ghu;j;j mUr;Rdd; jgR vd;w $j;jpy; mofpa xg;gidiaAk; rpwe;j ebg;igAk;
,dpa ghly;fisAk; Efu;e;J kpf kfpo;e;Njd;!” vd;W Nrfu; vd;dplk; $wpdhd;. ,f;$w;iw
maw;$w;whf vOJf. *c
Kd;jpdk;> mtd; ghu;j;j mUr;Rdd; jgR vd;w $j;jpy; mofpa xg;gidiaAk;> rpwe;j
ebg;igAk;> ,dpa ghly;fisAk; Efu;e;J kpf kfpo;e;jjhf Nrfu; vd;dplk; $wpdhd;.
3. cwq;Ffpd;w Fk;gfd;d ‘vOe;jpuha; vOe;jpuha;’ *nr-3 [SEP – 2020, PTA - 6]
fhyJ}jH ifapNy ‘cwq;Ftha; cwq;Ftha;’
n
Fk;gfd;did vd;d nrhy;yp vOg;Gfpwhu;fs;? vq;F mtid cwq;fr; nrhy;fpwhu;fs;?
Å “cwq;Ffpd;w Fk;gfUzNd! cd;Dila ngha;ahd tho;nty;yhk; Kbag; NghfpwJ.
l.i
mjidf; fhz;gjw;F cwf;fj;ij tpl;L vOe;jpLtha;!” vd;W nrhy;yp vOg;Gfpwhu;fs;.
da
Å “fhw;whb Nghy vy;yh ,lq;fspYk; jpupfpd;w tpy;iyg; gpbj;j fhyDf;Fj; J}juhdtu;
ifapy; gLj;J cwq;Ftha;…” vd mtd; cwq;f Ntz;ba ,lj;ij nrhy;fpd;wdu;.
ka
4. rhe;jkhdnjhU gpugQ;rj;ijr;
vi
Rkf;fpd;wd xy;ypj; jz;Lfs; - ,f;ftpij mbfs; czu;j;Jk; cs;soif vOJf. *nr-1 [PTA - 5]
,ay;-6
,ay;-6
al
Å ngz;fNs ,t;Tyfj;ijj; jhq;Fk; Nghuhspfs; vd;gij ,t;tbfs; mofhf vLj;Jiuf;fpd;wd.

Å G+f;fis xy;ypahd fhk;Gfs; jhq;Ffpd;wd. mjidg;;Nghy ngupa FLk;gr;Rikfis
.k
ngz;nzDk; xy;ypj;jz;L jhq;fpf;nfhs;fpwJ.

w
5. fPo;tUk; njhlu;fspy; nghUe;jhj fUg;nghUisj; jpUj;jp vOJf. *,

w
(m) cotu;fs; kiyapy; cOjdu;.

w
jpUj;jpa $w;W : Fwtu;fs; kiyapy; NjndLj;jdu;.

(M) Ky;iyg; G+r;nrbiag; ghu;j;jthNw gujtu; flYf;Fr; nrd;wdu;.
jpUj;jpa $w;W : nea;jy; g+r;nrbiag; ghu;j;jthNw gujth; flYf;Fr; nrd;wdu;.
rpWtpdh
1. itj;jpaehjGup KUfd; Foe;ijahf mzpe;jpUf;Fk; mzpfyd;fSld; nrq;fPiu Mba eaj;ij
tpsf;Ff. *nr-2 [PTA – 1, MDL -19]
Å KUfd; jpUtbfspy; mzpe;j nrk;nghd; fpz;fpzpfNshL rpyk;GfSk; Nru;e;J MbaJ.
Å ,ilapy; mzpe;jpUe;j miuQhz; fapw;NwhL> xsp tPRfpd;w miutlq;fs; MbaJ.
Å gRk;nghd; vd xspUk; njhe;jpAld; rpWtapW rupe;jhbaJ.
Å gl;lk; fl;ba new;wpapy; nghl;Lld; tl;ltbthd new;wpr;Rl;b gjpe;J MbaJ.
Å fhjpy; mzpe;Js;s fk;gpfshy; cUthd Fz;lyq;fSk; FiofSk; mire;J Mbd.
Å jiyapYs;s R+opAk;> cr;rpf; nfhz;ilAk; mjpy; Rw;wpAs;s Kj;JfNshL mire;J Mbd.
Å mofpa gtsk; Nghd;w jpUNkdpAk; Ml> nrq;fPiu MLf.
,t;thW itj;jpaehjGupapy; vOe;jUspAs;s KUfg; ngUkhd; mofpa mzpfyd;fSld;
nrq;fPiu Mbaijf; FkuFUguu; eak;gl vLj;Jiuf;fpwhu;.

2. etPd ftpijapy; ntspg;gLk; Ez;ik cs;sk;> G+j;njhLf;Fk; ehl;Lg;Gwg; ghlypy; ntspg;gLfpwJ.
xg;gpl;L vOJf. *nr-1 [PTA - 5]
,Wf;fp Kbr;rpl;lhy; ifahNy G+ntLj;jh - khupf;Ff;
fhk;Gfspd; fOj;J KwpAk;. fhk;gOfpg; NghFkpd;D
jsug; gpizj;jhy;
tpuyhNy G+ntLj;jh - khupf;F
kyu;fs; jiuapy; eOTk;.
ntk;gp tpLnkd;W nrhy;yp
thrypy; kuzk; epw;gjwpe;Jk;
tUe;jhky; rpupf;Fk; jq;fj; Jul;b nfhz;L - khupf;Fj;
,e;jg; G+it jhq;fp kynuLj;jhu;
vg;gbj; njhLf;f ehd; - etPd ftpij - ehl;Lg;Gwg; ghly;
tpil
etPd ftpij ehl;Lg;Gwg; ghly;
G+it ,Wf;fp Kbr;rpl;lhy; fhk;G KwpAk;. g+f;fisf; ifahy; vLj;jhy; ifapd;
jsug; gpizj;jhy; kyh;fs; jiuapy; eOTk;. ntg;gj;jhy; fhk;G mOfpg; NghFk;.
n
vg;gb fl;bdhYk; kuzk; vd;gJ cWjp vd;W tpuyhy; njhLj;jhy; g+f;fs; ntk;gp tpLk;.
l.i
vdNt> jq;fj;Jul;bahy; typf;fhky; g+f;fis
mwpe;jpUe;Jk; tUe;jhky; G+f;fs; rphpf;Fk;.
,j;jifa G+f;fis ngz;fNshL xg;gpLfpwhu;.
da
gwpj;J kyu;fshfNt gilj;jpLNthk;.
,j;jifa nkd;ik cs;sk; nfhz;l
ka
,j;jifa nkd;ik cs;sk; nfhz;l G+it g+f;fis vg;gb khupak;kDf;F khiyahf
vi
vg;gb njhLg;gJ vd;W etPd ftpij $WfpwJ. njhLg;gJ vd;W ehl;Lg;Gwg; ghly; $WfpwJ.
,ay;-6
,ay;-6
al
xg;gPL : ,t;tpU ghly;fSk; G+f;fspd; nkd;ik jd;ikia fUnghUshff; nfhz;L ghLfpd;wd.

.k
3. ‘flw;fiuapy; cg;Gf; fha;r;Rjy; eilngWfpwJ@ kiyg; gFjpfspy; kiyg; gapu;fSk; epyg; gFjpfspy;
w
coTj; njhopYk; eilngWfpd;wd’. - fhyg;Nghf;fpy; gy khw;wq;fs; epfo;e;jNghjpYk;> gz;ilj;

w
jkpoupd; jpizepiyj; njhopy;fs; ,d;wsTk; njhlu;tijAk; mtw;wpd; ,d;iwa tsu;r;rpiaAk;

w
vOJf. *, [PTA – 3]
flw;fiuapy; cg;Gf;fha;r;Rjy; :
Å kPd; gpbj;jy;> cg;G tpisj;jy; Nghd;wit nea;jy; epyg;gFjpapy; eilg;ngw;wJ.
Å ,d;Wk; kPdth;fs; flypy; kPd;fs; gpbj;J> gjg;gLj;jp ntspehLfSf;F Vw;Wkjp nra;fpd;wdu;.
Å gue;j gug;gstpy; cg;gsq;fspy; cg;G fha;r;rp Rj;jpfhpj;J Vw;Wkjp nra;fpd;wdu;.
kiyg; gFjpfspy; kiyg; gapu;fs; :
Å NjndLj;jy;> jpid tpijj;jy;> fpoq;F mfo;jy; Mfpait FwpQ;rp epy njhopy;fs;.
Å ,d;iwa R+o;epiyapy;> Njd; Vw;Wkjp njhopypy; Kf;fpa ,lk; tfpg;gjhy;> NjdP tsh;g;G
kf;fshy; tpUk;gp gpd;gw;Wk; Kf;fpa Ranjhopyhf cs;sJ.
Å jpid> tuF Nghd;w rpWjhdpaq;fis tpUk;gp cz;gjhy; mtw;iw mjpfk; gapupLfpd;wdu;.
epyg; gFjpfspy; coTj; njhopy; :
Å ney; gapuply;> fis gwpj;jy;> mWtil nra;jy; Nghd;w nray;fs; kUj epyj;jpy; nra;jdu;.
Å ,d;W mjpf tpisr;ry; juf;$ba GJikahd fyg;gpd ney; ufq;fs; gaphplg;gLfpd;wd.
Å ,jid nra;tjw;F kdpj Mw;wiy tpl ,ae;jpu Mw;wy; ngupJk; gad;gLj;jg;gLfpwJ.

4. glq;fs; ntspg;gLj;Jk; epfo;j;Jfiy Fwpj;J ,uz;L tpdhf;fisAk; mtw;Wf;fhd tpilfisAk;
vOJf. *c [PTA – 2, SEP – 2020]
m) fhypy; ryq;if M) jiyapy; itf;fg;gLk; fufk;

m) fhy;fspy; ryq;if mzpe;J MLk; VNjDk; xU epfo;j;Jf;fiy Fwpj;J vOJf.
Î Njtuhl;lk;
Å ,e;jf; fiy> Ntl;b fl;bAk; jiyapYk; ,ilapYk; rpWJzp fl;bAk; fhy;fspy;
ryq;if mzpe;Jk; vspa xg;gidAld; epfo;j;jg;gLfpd;wJ.
Å Njtuhl;lk; ‘thdj;Jj; Njtu;fs; Mba Ml;lk;’ vdg; nghUs; nfhs;sg;gLfpwJ.
n
Å Mz;fs; kl;LNk MLk; Ml;lk;. 8 Kjy; 13 fiyQu;fs; fye;J nfhs;s Ntz;Lk;.
l.i
Å cWkp(NjtJe;Jgp) Njtuhl;lj;jpw;Fhpa ,irf;fUtpahFk;.
M) fufhl;lk; vd;why; vd;d? tpsf;Ff.
da
Å ‘fufk;’ vd;Dk; gpj;jisr; nrk;igNah rpwpa Flj;ijNah jiyapy; itj;Jj;
ka
jhsj;jpw;F Vw;g MLtJ fufhl;lk; MFk;.
vi
Å fufr;nrk;gpd; mbg;ghfj;ij cl;Gwkhfj; jl;b> MLgtupd; jiyapy; ed;F gba

,ay;-6
,ay;-6
al
nra;fpd;wdu;.
Å jiyapy; nrk;G epw;f kziyNah gr;ruprpiaNah epug;Gfpd;wdu;.
.k
Å fz;zhbahYk;> g+f;fshYk; mo$l;ba fuff;$l;bd; eLtpy;> fpsp nghk;ikiag;

w
nghUj;jpa %q;fpy; Fr;rpiar; nrUfp itj;J MLfpd;wdu;.

Å ieahz;b
w
Nks ,ir> ehfRuk;> jtpy;> gk;ig Nghd;w ,irf;fUtpfs;

,irf;fg;gLfpd;wJ.
w
$Ljy; tpdhf;fs;
5. ‘ngha;f;fhy; Fjpiuahl;lk;| vd;Dk; epfo;fiy Fwpj;J ePq;fs; mwpe;jtw;iw vOJf. *c [PTA - 4]
Å Nghyr; nra;jy; vd;w gz;gpid mbg;gilahff; nfhz;l fiy ngha;f;fhy; Fjpiuahl;lk; MFk;.
Å ,J kuj;jhyhd ngha;f;fhypy; epd;W, Fjpiu tbTs;s fl;ilia clypy; Rke;J MLk; Ml;lk;.
Å fhy;fis kiwf;Fk; cauj;jpw;Fj; Jzpiaf; fl;bf;nfhz;L Fjpiu Nky; Vwpg;gazk;
nra;tJNghd;w fbthsj;ij Ml;b> fhiy cau;j;jp> ehd;FGwKk; XbAk; MLfpd;wdu;.
Å ieahz;b NksKk; ehjRuKk; ,irf;fg;gLfpd;wd. ,J kuhl;bau; fhyj;jpy; jQ;irf;F te;jJ.
Å NtW ngau;fs;: Gutp Ml;lk;> Gutp ehl;bak;> fr;rpnfhb(,uh[];jhd;)> Fjpiuf;fsp (Nfusk;).
6. fk;guhkhazk; - E}w;Fwpg;G tiuf. *nr-3 [MAY – 2022]
Å fk;gu;> ,uhkdJ tuyhw;iwj; jkpopy; toq;fp ,uhkhtjhuk; vdg; ngaupl;lhu;.
Å ,JNt fk;guhkhazk; vd miof;fg;gLfpwJ.
Å ,g;ghly;fs; re;jeak; kpf;fJ.
Å ,J MW fhz;lq;fis nfhz;lJ.
neLtpdh
1. nefpopg; igfspd; jPikiaf; $Wk; nghk;kyhl;lk; cq;fs; gs;spapd; Mz;L tpohtpy;
epfo;j;jg;gLfpwJ. mjw;Fg; ghuhl;Liu xd;wpid vOJf. *c
ghuhl;Liu
midtUf;Fk; tzf;fk;. Mz;L tpohtpy; rw;W Kd; epfo;e;j nefpopg;igfspd;
jPikiaf; $Wk; nghk;kyhl;lk; ek;ik tpag;gpd; cr;rpf;Nf mioj;Jr; nrd;wJ vd;why;
mJ kpifad;W… Mk;… ,d;W cyfpd; moptpw;Ff; fhuzkhd nefpopg;igapd; jPikfis
midtUf;Fk; jj;&gkhf tpsf;fpa nghk;kyhl;lk; kpfTk; mUikahf ,Ue;jJ.
g+kpia xU nghk;ikahf mikj;J> mJ nefpopg;igfshy; rpijf;fg;gLtijf;
fhl;ba tpjk; rpwg;ghf mike;jJ. g+kpapd; Mjq;fj;ij> Jd;gg;gLk; epiyia jd; Fuypy;
nfhz;L te;J ghu;itahsu;fis Mokhfr; rpe;jpf;f itj;j ek; gs;sp khztdpd; jpwik
msg;gupaJ. mtDf;F vk; gs;spapd; rhu;ghf kdk; epiwe;j ghuhl;Lfs;.
khL xd;W nefpopg;igapy; cs;s czit nefpopg;igNahL Nru;j;J jpd;Wtpl;L
mtjpAWtij kpf mUikahfg; gjpT nra;jpUe;jdu;. mk;khl;bd; Ntjidf;Fuypy;
fyq;fpg; Nghapdu; ghu;itahsu;fs;. kpfr;rpwg;ghf mike;jpUe;jJ mg;gFjp.
nefpopg; igapdhy; kdpju;fs; vjpu;nfhs;Sk; Neha;fshd %r;Rf;Foy; ghjpg;G> Rthrf;
n
NfhshW> kyl;Lj;jd;ik Vw;gLjy;> euk;Gj;jsu;r;rp> rpWePuff; NfhshW> Fly;Gz;> nrupkhdf;
l.i
NfhshWfs; Nghd;wtw;iwg; gy;NtW nghk;ikfisf; nfhz;L czu;j;jpajw;Fg; ghuhl;Lfs;.
‘khepy muR nefpopg;igfisg; gad;gLj;jf; $lhJ’ vd;W jilAj;juT
da
tpjpj;jpUf;fpwJ. mjid kPwpg; gy ,lq;fspy; nefpopg;igfis kf;fs; gad;gLj;jp
ka
tUfpwhu;fs;. ,jid nghk;kyhl;lj;jpd; %yk; ntspf;nfhzUk; NghJ ek;ikawpahky;
Nfhgk; Vw;gLtJ ,e;epfo;r;rpf;Ff; fpilj;j kpfg; ngupa ntw;wpahfNt fUj Ntz;Lk;.
vi
epfo;r;rpapd; ,Wjpapy; nghk;ikfs;

,ay;-6
,ay;-6
xopg;Nghk;……. xopg;Nghk;…….. nefpopg;igfis xopg;Nghk;…...
al
fhj;jpLNthk;…. fhj;jpLNthk;…. g+kpj;jhiaf; fhj;jpLNthk;…..

.k
nefpopg;igfis kwg;Nghk;…….. Jzpg;igfis vLg;Nghk;……

w
nefpopg;igfis tPrp…………… capu;fis Nerp………………

w
- Nghd;w tpopg;Gzu;T Kof;fq;fis Kof;fkpLk; fhl;rpfspy; ghu;itahsu;fisAk;

Nru;j;J Kof;fkpl itj;jJ midtiuAk; rpe;jpf;fr; nra;jJ. gyj;j ifj;jl;ly;fNshL
w
nghk;kyhl;lk; epiwT ngw;wJ khztg; gilg;ghspfSf;Ff; fpilj;j tpUjhFk;.

gs;sp Mz;L tpoh vd;why; MlYk; ghlYk; vd;wpy;yhky; ,JNghd;w fiyfs;
%yk; gy ey;y fUj;Jfis tpijj;Js;sdu;. mk;khztu;fSf;F midtupd; rhu;ghf
vq;fsJ ghuhl;Lfs;.. mtu;fs; njhlu;e;J vjpu;fhyj;jpYk; r%f mf;fiwNahL tpsq;f
Ntz;Lk;! vd;W cq;fs; rhu;ghf Nfl;Lf;nfhz;L tpilngWfpNwd;… ed;wp.
2. epfo;fiy tbtq;fs; - mit epfOk; ,lq;fs; - mtw;wpd; xg;gidfs; - rpwg;Gk; gioikAk; -
,j;jifa kf;fs; fiyfs; mUfp tUtjw;fhd fhuzq;fs; - mtw;iw tsu;j;njLf;f ehk;
nra;aNtz;Ltd - ,it Fwpj;J ehspjOf;fhd jiyaq;fk; vOJf. *c [PTA – 3]
Fwpg;Gr; rl;lfk;
Å Kd;Diu
Å epfo;fiy tbtq;fSk;> epfOk; ,lq;fSk;
Å xg;gidfs;
Å epfo;fiyapd; rpwg;Gk; gioikAk;
Å kf;fs; fiyfs; mUfp tUtjw;fhd fhuzq;fs;
Å epfo;fiyfis tsu;j;njLf;f ehk; nra;aNtz;Ltd
Å KbTiu

Kd;Diu
fz;Zf;Ff; fhl;rpiaAk; rpe;ijf;Ff; fUj;jpidAk; jUtd epfo;fiyfs;. jkpof
kf;fspd; gz;ghl;bd; gjpTfshf tpsq;Fgit ,f;fiyfs;. ,f;fiyfisf; Fwpj;J ,e;jf;
fl;Liu tpupthf vLj;Jiuf;fpwJ.
epfo;fiy tbtq;fSk;> epfOk; ,lq;fSk;
Å fufhl;lk;> kapyhl;lk;> fhtbahl;lk;> xapyhl;lk;. Njtuhl;lk;> Nru;itahl;lk;> ngha;f;fhy;
Fjpiuahl;lk;> jg;G Ml;lk;> Gyp Ml;lk;> njUf;$j;J> Njhw;ghitf; $j;J Mfpad
epfo;j;Jf; fiyfspd; tbtq;fs; MFk;.
Å epfo;fiyfs; NkilfspYk; jpwe;jntspfspYk; fsj;JNkLfspYk; epfo;j;jg;gLfpd;wd.
Å fufhl;lk;> kapyhl;lk;> fhtbahl;lk;> xapyhl;lk; Nghd;wit jpUtpohf;fspy; epfo;j;jg;gLfpd;wd.
Å nghk;kyhl;lk; (Njhw;ghitf; $j;J) Nghd;w fiyfSf;F Nkil mtrpakhfpd;wJ.
xg;gidfs; :
Å fufhl;lk; - Mz;> ngz; jiyapy; fpsp nghk;ik nghUe;jpa fufk; itj;J Ntlkpl;L MLjy;.
Å kapyhl;lk; - kapy; tbtf; $z;Lf;Fs; cliy kiwj;J ieahz;b Nksj;jpw;Nfw;g MLjy;
n
Å xapyhl;lk; - fhypy; ryq;if mzpe;J> ifapy; rpWJzpia ,irf;Nfw;g tPrp FOthf MLjy;.
l.i
Å Njtuhl;lk; - jiyapYk; ,Lg;gpYk; Jzp> fhy;fspy; ryq;if Nghd;W xg;gid nra;jy;.
Å jg;ghl;lk; da
- ‘jg;G’ vd;w Njhw;wf;fUtpia ,irj;Jf;nfhz;Nl mjd; ,irf;Nfw;g MLjy;.
Å ngha;f;fhy; Fjpiuahl;lk; - Fjpiu $l;il Rke;J murd;> murp Nghd;W xg;gid nra;jy;.
ka
epfo;fiyapd; rpwg;Gk; gioikAk; :
Å kf;fspd;
vi
vz;z ntspg;ghlhf> tho;f;ifiaf;fhl;Lk; fz;zhbahf> kf;fspd; rka

,ay;-6
,ay;-6
al
topghl;bYk; tho;tpay; epfo;TfspYk; gpupf;fKbahj gz;ghl;Lf; $Wfshf tpsq;Ffpd;wd.

Å ‘e
ePuw twpahf; fufj;J’ vd;w GwehD}w;W tup %yk; fufhl;lj;jpd; goikia mwpayhk;.
.k
Å rpyg;gjpfhuj;jpy; khjtp Mba Ml;lk; Flf;$j;J (fufhl;lk;) vdf; Fwpg;gplg;gl;Ls;sJ.

w
Å Njhw;ghitf; $j;J Fwpj;j nra;jpfs; jpUf;Fws;> jpUthrfk;> gl;bdj;jhu; ghly;fspy;

w
fhzg;gLfpd;wd. ,t;thW rpwg;Gk; gioikAk; epiwe;jjhf epfo;fiyfs; cs;sd.

w
kf;fs; fiyfs; mUfp tUtjw;fhd fhuzq;fs; :

Å guk;giu guk;giuahf ,j;njhopy;fisr; nra;Nthupd; re;jjpfs; gbj;J NtW gzpfSf;Fr;
nrd;WtpLtjhy; ,f;fiyfis Kd;ndLj;Jr; nry;y ahUk; ,y;yhj epiy Vw;gl;Ls;sJ.
Å ehfupfj;jpd; fhuzkhfTk;> fiyQu;fSf;Fg; Nghjpa tUkhdk; ,y;yhj fhuzj;jhYk;>
jpiuj;Jiw tsu;r;rpapdhYk; ,f;fiyfs; Fiwe;J tUfpd;wd.
epfo;fiyfis tsu;j;njLf;f ehk; nra;aNtz;Ltd :
Å fiyQhapW e.Kj;Jrhkp Vw;gLj;jpa $j;Jg;gl;liw Nghd;w gapw;rpg; gs;spfis
khtl;le;NjhWk; mikj;J> ,f;fiyfis muNrh> jdpahNuh tsu;j;njLf;f Ntz;Lk;.
Å Clfq;fs; ,f;fiyfSf;F Kd;Dupik mspj;J epfo;r;rpfis xspgug;g Ntz;Lk;.
Å gs;spfspYk;> FLk;g tpohf;fspYk; ek; ghuk;gupa eld epfo;r;rpfis Cf;Ftpf;f Ntz;Lk;.
Å fiyQu;fis ghuhl;b mtu;fis rpwg;gpf;Fk; tpjkhf tpUJfs; toq;f Ntz;Lk;.
KbTiu
epfo;fiy vd;gJ ekJ milahsk;. mij ehk; kPl;nlLj;J GJg;nghypTld; kPz;Lk;
mij kf;fsplk; gutr; nra;J> ekJ jkpofj;jpd; jdpj;Jtj;ij epiyepWj;JNthk;.
3. re;jf; ftpijapy; rpwf;Fk; fk;gd; vd;w jiyg;gpy; ,yf;fpa ciu vOJf. *nr-3 [SEP – 2020]
re;jf; ftpijapy; rpwf;Fk; fk;gd;
md;Gk; gz;Gk; nfhz;l jiytu; mtu;fNs! Nju;e;njLj;j G+f;fisg; Nghd;W tupir njhLj;J
mku;e;jpUf;Fk; Md;Nwhu;fNs! mwpQu; ngUkf;fNs! tzf;fk;. ,aw;if nfhY tPw;wpUf;Fk;
fhl;rpiag; ngupa fiyepfo;Nt elg;gjhd Njhw;wkhff; fk;gd; fhl;Lk; ftp... jz;liy
kapy;fs; Ml... ,t;Tiuiaj; njhlu;f!
re;jf; ftpijapy; rpwf;Fk; fk;gd;
m) kUj epy mofpa Njhw;wk;
M) Nfhry ehl;bd; ngUikfs;
,) ,uhkdpd; khepw Nkdpia tUzpj;jy;;
<) Ffd; jd; Ntjidia ntspg;gLj;Jjy;
c) Fk;gfUzid cwf;fj;jpypUe;J vOg;Gjy;
m) kUj epy mofpa Njhw;wk;
kUj epyj;jpd; ,aw;if moif kpf mofhf re;j eaj;NjhL tUzpf;fpwhu; fk;gu;.
n
NrhiyfspNy kapy;fs; MlTk;> jhkiu kyu;fs; tpsf;Ffis Ve;jp epw;fTk;> Nkfq;fs;
l.i
kj;jsk; Nghy; xypf;fTk;> Ftisf; nfhbfspy; kyu;fs; fz;Nghy; tpopj;Jg; ghu;f;fTk;>
ePu; epiyfspd; miyfs; jpiur;rPiyiag; Nghy; fhl;lTk;> ahopd; ,iriag; Nghy
da
tz;Lfs; ,dpikahfg; ghlTk; kUjk; tPw;wpUf;fpwJ vd;fpwhu; fk;gu;.
M) Nfhry ehl;bd; ngUikfs;
ka
Nfhry ehl;by; tWik ,y;iy. vdNt nfhilf;F ,lkpy;iy. NeUf;F Neu; epd;W
vi
Nghu;Gupgtu; ,y;iy. vdNt cly;typikia vLj;Jf;fhl;l tha;g;gpy;iy. ngha; NgRjy;

,ay;-6
,ay;-6
,y;iy. vdNt cz;ikapd; rpwg;Gj; njuptjpy;iy. Nfs;tpr;nry;tk; kpFe;J ,Ug;gjhy;
al
mwpahik rpwpJk; ,y;iy. xd;wpd; ,Ug;ghy; ,d;ndhd;iw milahsg;gLj;jp Nfhry

.k
ehl;bd; ngUikia Gyg;gLj;Jk; fk;gdpd; cj;jp Nghw;wj;jf;fJ.

w
,) ,uhkdpd; khepw Nkdpia tUzpj;jy;

gfytdpd; xsp ,uhkdpd; ePyNkdpapy; gl;Lf; fjpnuhspNa ,y;iynad;whfptpl;lJ.
w
mtd; epwk; ikNah? gr;irepw kufjNkh? kwpf;fpd;w ePyf;flNyh? kio jUk; fU NkfNkh?
w
vd $w Kbatpy;iy vd;W jd; ,ayhikia fk;gh; ftpj;jpwd; nghq;f vLj;Jiuf;fpwhh;.

<) Ffd; jd; Ntjidia ntspg;gLj;Jjy;
MoKk;> miyfisAk; nfhz;l fq;if Mw;iwf; fle;J ,th;fs; nry;thu;fsh?
ahidfisf; nfhz;l Nridiaf;fz;L> GwKJF fhl;b XLfpd;w tpy; tPudy;yd;. ‘vd;
ez;gd; eP’ vd;w ,uhkdpd; nrhy;iyf; fhg;ghw;WtJ vdJ flikay;yth? Njhoikia
vz;zhky; ,tu;fis fle;J Nghftpl;lhy; ,e;j Ntld; ,we;jpUf;f Ntz;Lk; vd
cyfj;jhu; gopj;Jiuf;fkhl;lhu;fsh? vd Ffd; ciug;gjha; moFw $Wfpwhu;.
c) Fk;gfUzid cwf;fj;jpypUe;J vOg;Gjy;
cwq;Ffpd;w Fk;gfUzNd! ck;Kila ngha;ahd tho;nty;yhk; ,d;wpypUe;J
,wq;fj; njhlq;fptpl;lJ. mjidf; fhz vOe;jpUf;f Ntz;Lk;. fhw;whbNghy vy;yh
,lq;fspYk; jpupfpd;w tpy;iyg; gpbj;j fhyDf;Fj; J}juhdtu; ifapy; ,dpg; gLj;J
cwq;Fthahf! vd;gjhff; $wg;gl;Ls;sJ. cyf;ifahy; khwpkhwp ,bf;Fk; xj;j Xir
eaj;jpy;> Fk;gfUzid vOg;Gk; fhl;rp ntspg;gLfpwJ.
,tw;wpd; %yk; fk;gh; re;jf;ftpij cyfpy; rpwfbj;Jg; gwe;jth; vd;gij kWf;f KbahJ.
nkhopia Ms;Nthk;!
nkhopngau;ff
; [AUG - 2022]
Koothu $j;J :
Therukoothu is, as its name njUf;$j;J vd;gJ, mjDila ngau;
indicates, a popular form of theatre Fwpg;gpLtJ Nghy njUf;fspy; epfo;j;jg;gLk; xU
gpurpj;jpg; ngw;w ehlff;fiyahFk;. ,J fpuhkg;Gw
performed in the streets. It is performed by
fiyQh;fshy; elj;jg;gLfpwJ. ,jd; fijfs;
rural artists. The stories are derived from ,uhkhazk;> kfhghujk; NkYk; gpw Guhz
epics like Ramayana, Mahabharatha and ,jpfhrq;fspypUe;J vLf;fg;gLfpwJ. ,e;j
other ancient puranas. There are more ehlfq;fspy; cs;s ciuahly;fSld; $ba
songs in the play with dialogues mjpfkhd ghly;fs;; epfo;tplj;jpNyNa mjd;
improvised by the artists on the spot. fiyQu;fshy; Nkk;gLj;jg;gLfpd;wd. gjpide;J
Kjy; ,UgJ fiyQh;fs; tiu xU rpwpa
n
Fifteen to twenty actors with a small
,irf;FONthL ,ize;J cUthtJjhd;
l.i
orchestra forms a koothu troupe. Though njUf;$j;J FOthFk;;. ,irf;FOtpy; ghlfh;
the orchestra has a singer, the artists sing da
,Ue;jNghjpYk; $j;Jf; fiyQu;fs;; jq;fs;
in their own voices. Artists dress nrhe;jf; FuypNyNa ghLthu;fs;;. kpFe;j vilAs;s
ka
themselves with heavy costumes and bright gsgsf;Fk; tz;z Milfs; kw;Wk; gpufhrkhd
makeup. Koothu is very popular among xg;gidfisj; jhq;fshfNt nra;J nfhs;thu;fs.;
vi
rural areas. $j;J> fpuhkg;Gwq;fspy; kpfTk; gpugykhdJ.

,ay;-6
,ay;-6
al
njhlu;fis milg;Gf;Fwpf;Fs; Fwpg;gpl;Ls;sthW khw;Wf.

.k
1. miog;Gkzp xypj;jJ. fay;tpop fjitj; jpwe;jhu;. - fyitr; nrhw;nwhluhf khw;Wf. [PTA - 5]

w
tpil : miog;Gkzp xypj;jjhy;> fay;tpop fjitj; jpwe;jhs;.

w
w
2. ,d;dhrpahu; Gj;jfq;fis tupirg;gLj;jpdhu;. mtw;iwg; Gj;jf mLf;fq;fspy; mLf;fp itj;jhu;.

Gj;jfq;fisf; Nfl;ltu;fSf;F vLj;Jf; nfhLj;jhu;. - njhlu; nrhw;nwhluhf khw;Wf.
tpil : ,d;dhrpahu; Gj;jfq;fis tupirg;gLj;jp> mLf;fq;fspy; mLf;fpf;>
Nfl;gtu;fSf;F vLj;Jf; nfhLj;jhu;.
3.xapyhl;lj;jpy; FOtpdu; xNu epwj; Jzpia Kz;lhRNghyf; fl;bf;nfhz;L> fhypy; ryq;if mzpe;Jnfhz;L>
ifapy; xU rpWJzpia ,irf;Nfw;g tPrpAk; MLtu;. - jdpr; nrhw;nwhlu;fshf khw;Wf.
tpil : xapyhl;lj;jpy; FOtpdu; xNu epwj; Jzpia Kz;lhRNghyf; fl;bf;nfhs;tu;.
fhypy; ryq;if mzpe;J nfhs;tu;. ifapy; xU rpWJzpia ,irf;Nfw;g tPrp MLtu;.
4. $j;Jf; fiyQu; ghlj;njhlq;fpdhu;. $bapUe;j kf;fs; mikjpahapdu;. - fyitr; nrhw;nwhluhf khw;Wf..
tpil : $j;Jf; fiyQu; ghlj; njhlq;fpaJk;> $bapUe;j kf;fs; mikjpahapdu;.
5. Xbf;nfhz;bUe;j kpd;tprpwp rl;nld epd;wTld;> miwapy; cs;stu;fs; Ngr;R jilgl;lJ.
- jdpr; nrhw;nwhlu;fshf khw;Wf. [PTA - 5]
tpil : Xbf;nfhz;bUe;j kpd;tprpwp rl;nld;W epd;wJ. miwapy; cs;stu;fs; Ngr;R jilgl;lJ.
gpwnkhopr; nrhw;fisj; jkpo;r;nrhw;fshf khw;wp vOJf. [PTA – 6, SEP – 2020]
Gjpu; tpil gpwnkhopr; nrhy; jkpo;r; nrhy;

cq;fsplk; VO juhrpd; ,uz;L jl;LfspYk; %d;W Nfhy;L gp];fl; jq;ff; fl;b
Nfhy;L gp];fl; %d;W Nfhy;L gp];fl;Lfis
A+]; gz;zp gad;gLj;jp
cs;sJ. mjpy; itAq;fs;. ,uz;L jl;LfSk;
xd;W kl;Lk; vil <f;Ftyhf ,Ue;jhy;> ifapy; kpr;rk; ntapl; vil
FiwthdJ. cs;s gp];fl;Nl ntapl; FiwthdJ. <f;Ftyhf rkkhf
gl;> xU gf;f juhRj; jl;L cau;e;jhy;
cq;fsplk; cs;s gl; Mdhy;
mjpy; cs;s %d;W gp];fl;Lfspy;
xU juhir ,U
xd;W ntapl; FiwthdJ. me;j %d;W vf;];ngupnkz;l;il Ma;it
Kiwfs; kl;LNk gp];fl;Lfis kl;Lk; vLj;J
A+]; gz;zp upg;gPl; kPz;Lk;
itj;Jf;nfhs;Sq;fs;. ,uz;L
ntapl; Fiwe;j jl;Lf;fspYk; xNu xU gp];fl;ilg; Md;riu tpilia
Nfhy;L Nghl;L ,Nj vf;];ngupnkz;l;il My; jp ng];l; tho;j;Jfs;
gp];fl;ilf; upg;gPl; nra;J Md;riuf;
fz;Lgpbf;fTk;. fz;LgpbAq;fs;! My; jp ng];l;! juhR Jyhf;Nfhy;
n
l.i
ehl;Lg;Gwg; ghlYf;Nfw;w R+oiy vOJf. kdpjDf;Fk; kyUf;Fkhd kzk;
Gj;jf gf;f vz; : 151 ,y; ghliyf; fhz;f.
da
tPRk; ,e;j eaTiuiaj; njhlu;f
tz;Lfis <u;f;Fk; thridapy;
ka
ghly; vOe;j #oy;
G+f;fsplk; trg;gLtJ kdpju;fNs!
gs;spf;$lk; nrd;W Vl;by; vOjpAk;>
vi
G+r;rpiaf; ftUk; tz;zq;fspy;

vOjpaijg; gbf;fTk; njupahj tay;
,ay;-6
,ay;-6
G+f;fsplk; tpOtJ kdpju;fNs!
al
tug;Gfspy; ehs;NjhWk; ghLgLk; Viog;

ngz;zpd; jd;dpiy tpsf;fk; jUk; ehl;Lg; G+f;fis EfUk; Ntfj;jpy;
.k
Gwg;ghlyhFk;. vOjg; gbf;fj; njupahjjhy; G+f;fis kpjpg;gJk; kdpju;fNs!

w
gpw Cu;fSf;Fr; nrd;Wtu ,ayhj epiyapy; G+f;fisj; njhLf;Fk; fuq;fspNy

vOe;jNj ,g;ghly;tupfs;. gjpe;jpLk; tpuy;fSk; kdpju;fNs!
w
w
fl;Liu vOJf. * * tpil gf;f vz; : 166 fhz;f* *
nkhopNahL tpisahL
njhlupy; tpLgl;l tz;zq;fis cq;fspd; vz;zq;fshy; epug;Gf.
1. thdk; fUf;fj; njhlq;fpaJ. kio tUk; NghypUf;fpwJ. [PTA -3]
2. midtupd; ghuhl;Lfshy;> ntl;fj;jpy; ghlfupd; Kfk; rpte;jJ. [PTA -3]
3. nts;is kdk; cs;stiu mg;ghtp vd;fpNwhk;.
4. fz;Zf;Ff; FSikahf ,Uf;Fk; gr;irg; Gy;ntspfspy; fjputdpd; kQ;rs; ntapy;
gutpf; fplf;fpwJ. [PTA – 3, SEP – 2020]
5. ntapypy; miyahNj; cly; fUj;J tpLk;.

nghUj;jkhdtw;iwr; nrhw;ngl;bapy; fz;L vOJf.
(jq;Fk;> kuk; tPL> mtpOk;> jaq;Fk;> kutPL> Njhw;ghit> tpUJ> Njhw;git> ftpOk;> tpUe;J)
1. tpul;lhjPu;fs; - gwitf;F kuk; tPL
ntl;lhjPu;fs; - kdpjUf;F mitjUk; kutPL
2. fhiy xspapdpy; kyupjo; mtpOk; [PTA - 4]
Nrhiyg; G+tpdpy; tz;bdk; ftpOk; [PTA - 4]
3. kiy Kfl;by; Nkfk; jq;Fk; - mijg; [PTA - 4]
ghu;f;Fk; kdq;fs; nry;yj; jaq;Fk; [PTA - 4]
4. tho;f;ifapy; Njhw;git kPz;Lk; nty;Yk; - ,ijj; [MDL - 19]
jj;Jtkha;j; Njhw;ghit $j;J nrhy;Yk;.
5. njUf;$j;jpy; ebfUf;Ff; ifjl;lNy tpUJ - mjpy; [MDL - 19]
tUk;fhR Fiwe;jhYk; mJNtatu; tpUe;J.
n
ryq;if xypj;jplr; re;jk; epiwe;jpl
l.i
Nru;e;Nj MbLk; xapyhl;lk;.
da
czu;r;rpg; ghlyhy; cs;sk; ftu;e;jpl
xUq;fpize; jhbLk; xapyhl;lk;.
ka
rpWJzp mirj;jpl rPuha; ,irnahL
rpwg;nghL MbLk; xapyhl;lk;.
vi
kf;fspd; fiyfs; khwh kuGfs;

,ay;-6
,ay;-6
al
kfpo;nthL MbLk; xapyhl;lk;.

.k
jiyKz; lhRld; jdpnahNu epwnkhL

njk;Gld; MbLk; xapyhl;lk;
w
cwq;fpLk; Ngu;fis cRg;gpNa tpl;LNk

w
tpopg;Gwr; nra;jpLk; xapyhl;lk;

w
epw;f mjw;Fj; jf [MDL – 19]
murpd; nghq;fy; tpohtpy; rpw;W}u;f; fiyfisf; fhl;rpahf;fpapUf;fpwhu;fs;. xUGwk; jpiufl;bj;

Njhw;ghitf; $j;J epfo;e;Jnfhz;bUf;fpwJ. ,d;ndhUGwk;; nghk;kyhl;lk; Mbf;nfhz;bUe;jdu;.
rw;W ele;jhy; jhiu jg;gl;il Koq;f xapyhl;lk; MbathW kz;zpd; kf;fs;… ,f;fiyfis
ePq;fs; ez;gu;fSld; ghu;j;jthWk; Ritj;jthWk; nry;fpwPu;fs;. ,f;fiyfisg; ghJfhf;fTk;
tsu;f;fTk; Nkd;NkYk; gutyhf;fTk; ePq;fs; nra;atpUg;gdtw;iw tupirg;gLj;Jf.
1. gpwe;j ehs; tpohf;fspy; kapyhl;lk; Kjyhd fiyfis epfo;j;j KidNtd;.
2. vq;fs; FLk;g tpohf;fspy; nghk;kyhl;lk; epfo;j;j vw;ghL nra;Ntd;.
3. jpUtpohf;fspy; jhiu jg;gl;il> xapyhl;lk; Kjypa fiyfis epfo;j;j Vw;ghL nra;Ntd;.
4. eyptile;j fiyQu;fSf;F muR Cf;fj;njhif fpilj;jpl cjtp nra;Ntd;.
5. fiyfis rpwg;ghf ntspg;gLj;jpatu;fSf;F tpUJ toq;f gupe;Jiu nra;Ntd;.
6. gs;spfspy; Njhw;ghitf;$j;J> jhiu jg;gl;il> xapyhl;lk; Nghd;w fiyfis thuk;
xUKiw elj;j jiyikahrphpahhplk; Ntz;LNfhs; tpLg;Ngd;.
fw;git fw;wgpd;...
ePq;fs; Ek; fw;gid tsj;jpw;Nfw;whw; Nghy vOjpg; goFf))
ciueil : epfo;fiy
1. ePq;fs; mwpe;j epfo;fiyfisj; jdpahfNth> FOthfNth tFg;giwapy; epfo;j;Jf.
2. ePq;fs; thOk; gFjpapYs;s epfo;fiyf; fiyQu;fis Neu;Kfk; fz;L> mtw;iwj; njhFj;J
tFg;giwapy; gbj;Jf; fhl;Lf. (my;yJ) %d;W epfo;fiy fiyQh;fis Neh;Kfk; fz;L
mth;fsJ fUj;JfisAk; mth;fsJ kWtho;tpw;fhd topKiwfshf ePq;fs; fUJtdtw;iwAk;
Fwpg;gpl;L vOJf. [PTA – 6]
n
1. Njhw;ghit fiyQh; - nry;tuh[;
l.i
jdJ fiyiag; NghyNt vspikahfg; NgRk; nry;tuh[;> mWgJ tajpYk;
da
thh;j;ij gprfhky; fijfisr; nrhy;fpwhh;. ,uhkhazk;> kfhghuj fh;z Nkhl;rk;>
mhpr;re;jpuh> ey;yjq;fhs;> etPd fhy gpur;rpidfs; vd Vuhskhd fijfSk;> mij
ka
epfo;j;Jk; fUtpahd mofhd nghk;ikfSkha; tho;fpw nry;tuh[pd; guk;giuf; fiy>
vi
Njhw;ghitf; $j;J. Njhypy; nra;j nghk;ikfspd; jiy> iffs;> Njhs; gl;ilfs;

,ay;-6
,ay;-6
Koq;fhy;fs; ,tw;wpy; fapWfisf; fl;b> me;j fapWfspd; kWKidia ,tu;fs;
al
tpuy;fspy; fl;b> ghly; kw;Wk; fijf;Fj; jFe;j khjphp ,af;Ffpd;wdu;. mDgtk;

.k
,y;iydh> jhsk;> ,ir Ngr;Rf;F Vw;g ,af;f KbahJ vd;fpwhh; nry;tuh[;. xU

w
fijf;F 10 my;yJ 12 nghk;ikfs; Njitg;gLk;. fijf;Nfw;g 4 NgNuh ,uz;L NgNuh

nghk;ikia Njitg;gLk;. `hh;Nkhdpak;> kpUjq;fk;> jNgyh thrpf;f 4 Ngh; Njitg;gLk;
w
vd;fpwhh; Njhw;ghit fiyQh; nry;tuh[;.

w
2. fufhl;lf; fiyQh; - kiyr;rhkp

kJiu NrJ nghwpapay; fy;Y}upapd; ,izg; Nguhrpupauhd kiyr;rhkp gs;spg;
gUtj;jpNyNa fuff; fiyahy; <Hf;fg;gl;ltH. Mwhk; tFg;Gg; gbf;Fk;NghNj jiyapy;
fuf nrk;G J}f;fp> ~NjNuhLk; vq;f rPuhd kJiuapNy..| vd;w ghlYf;Ff; fufhl;lk;
Mbajhf kiyr;rhkp $Wfpwhh;. ,tu; fiykhkzp NtY vd;gtuplk; Kiwg;gb fufk;
gapd;whH. fufhl;lj;jpy; ehl;lkpUe;jhYk; gbg;igAk; ,tu; tpltpy;iy. nghwpapay;
gbg;gpy; vk;.,.> tiu Kbj;jhH. Nguhrpupauhf ,Ue;Jnfhz;L fufk; MLtJ rq;flkhf
njupatpy;iyah? vd;W Nfl;lNghJ> ~~vdf;F ve;jr; rq;flKk; ,y;iy. Mdhy;> mtHfis
mq;fPfupf;f Mspy;iy. fiykhjh Mrp ,Ue;jhy; ahH Ntz;LkhdhYk; fhypy; ryq;if
fl;lyhk;. fle;j 7 Mz;Lfshf ehd; vdJ fy;Y}upapy; Mz;Lf;F 10 khztHfSf;fhtJ
fufk; nrhy;ypf; nfhLf;fpNwd;. gs;spfspy; ePr;ry;> fuhj;Nj> gujk; Nghd;wit Nghy
fufhl;lk;> rpyk;ghl;lk;> kapyhl;lk; cs;spl;l fiyfis khztHfSf;Fr; nrhy;ypf;
nfhLf;fyhk;. ,jd;%yk; mLj;j jiyKiwf;F ekJ ghuk;gupa fiyfis vLj;Jr;
nry;tJld; mf;fiyfis fw;Wj;jUk; ehl;Lg;Gwf; fiyQHfSf;F Ntiy tha;g;igAk;
mspf;f KbAk;.|| vd;whH kiyr;rhkp.
3. Gutp Ml;lf; fiyQh; - jQ;ir uh[uj;jpdk;

ehl;L g; Gwf; fiyfspy; rpwg;ghdJk; kf; fshy; Fwpg;ghff; Foe;ijfshy;
mjpfk; tpUk;g g; gLk; Ml;l k; ngha; f;fhy; Fjpiu Ml;l k;. ,e; j f; fiyapy; rpwg; ghf
Ngrg; gLgth; jQ;i r uh[uj; jpdk;. mthplk; fz;l Neh; Kfj; jpy; gpd;t UkhW $Wfpwhh;.
,f; fiy jkpofj;j py; kl;LNk gutyhf cs; s J vd; fpwhh;. Kd;d h; ,e;j Ml;lj;j pw;F f;
nfhe;jsk; vd;w ,irf; fUtpia gad;gLj; jpajhfTk; jw; NghJ ieahz;b
,irf;N fw; g ,t;thl;l k; Mlg;gLfpwJ vd;Wk; $wpdhh;. ,f; fiyia MLgth; fs;
,uh[h> ,uhzp Ntlk; G+z;L jhd; Ml Ntz;Lk;. ieahz;b ,irf;N fw;g
epfo;j ;jg;g Lk; ,f; fiyapd; MLfsk; Ch;tyk; vd jQ;ir uh[uj;jpdk; mth; fs; jd;
,dpikahd Ngr;R tof; fpy; tpthpf; fpwhh;.
epfo;fiyQh;fspd; kWtho;tpw;fhd topKiwfs;
fiyia urpg;gJNghy fiyQHfspd; tho;it urpf;f KbahJ. rkPg fhyq;fspy;
ehl;Lg;Gwf; fiyfs; gutyhf eype;J tUfpd;wd. epfo;fiyf; fiyQHfis
n
moptpypUe;J kPl;f Ntz;baJ ek; fl;lhaf; flikfspy; xd;W. rkPgf;fhyq;fspy;
l.i
,isQHfs; FWk;glq;fis ,af;FtJ mjpfkhfp tUfpwJ. mj;jifa ,isQHfs;
da
ehl;Lg;Gwf; fiyQHfSld; ,ize;J FWk;glq;fisAk; Mtzg;glq;fisAk; vLf;f
Kd;tu Ntz;Lk;. r%f tpohf;fspYk;> Md;kPf tpohf;fspYk; epfo;fiy fiyQHfis
ka
tutioj;J mtHfis nfsutg;gLj;j Ntz;Lk;@ tpohf;fspy; epfo;fiy epfo;r;rpfs;
vi
Vw;ghL nra;J> mf;fiyQu;fSf;F Ntiytha;g;igAk; Vw;gLj;jyhk;. ,it ,e;jj;

,ay;-6
,ay;-6
jiyKiwf; Foe;ijfSf;F Gjpa tifg; nghOJNghf;fhf ,Uf;Fk;. ,e;epfo;fiyfis
al
ehKk; fw;W tUq;fhyr; re;jjpfSf;Fk; nfhz;L nry;y Ntz;Lk;.

.k
w
w
nra;As; : m) G+j;njhLj;jy;
w
- ckh kNf];tup
1. xt;nthU ehSk; ePq;fs; ghu;f;Fk; fhl;rpfspy; / vjpu;nfhs;Sk; epfo;Tfspy; fz;LzUk; moif

%d;W epkplq;fs; nrhw;fspy; tptupf;f.
ez;gu;fs; midtUf;Fk; tzf;fk;…!
ek;ikr; Rw;wpapUf;Fk; midj;Jf; fhl;rpfSk; mofhditNa! mfd;W tphpe;j G+kp>
mz;zhe;J ghh;f;fj; njtpl;lhj Mfhak;> jpdk; ehk; Vw;Wk; jPgj;jpd; xspaha; jP>
kioj;Jspaha; kz;zpy; tpOe;J flyha; tphpe;j ePh;> xt;nthU %r;Rf; fhw;wpw;Fk; m];jpthu
Mf;rp[dha; fhw;W vd Ik;G+jq;fspd; fyitapy; ,aw;ifapy; cs;s midj;Jk; kpf
mofhditNa! fhiyapy; tPl;bypUe;J gs;spf;FtUk; Ntisapy; vd;id jiyairj;J
tuNtw;Fk;; kuq;fs; kpf mofhdit. ,irghb Mh;g;ghpf;Fk; gwitfspd; ,dpa hPq;fhuk;
Nfl;gjw;F mofhdJ! fhw;wpd; mirtpy; eldkhLk; ,iyfspd; ryryg;G mofhdJ!
,t;thNw ,aw;ifia ehk; Nerpf;fj; njhlq;fpdhy;... ek; tho;T ,dpikahFk;... ed;wp…!
nra;As; : M) Kj;Jf;Fkhurhkp gps;isj;jkpo;

- FkuFUguu;
1. re;jeakpf;f Foe;ijg; ghly;fs; rpytw;iwj; njhFj;J> tFg;giwapy; ghb kfpo;f.

nra;As; : ,) fk;guhkhazk; - fk;gu;

1. fk;guhkhazf; fijkhe;ju;fSs; vtNuDk; xUth; Fwpj;J tFg;gpy; ciuahw;Wf.
fk;guhkhazj;jpy; vd;idf; fth;e;j fijkhe;jh; Ffd;
Å Kd;Diu
Å Ffd; ,uhkidf; fhZjy;
Å fq;if fiuiaf; flj;jy;
Å ,uhkdpd; rNfhjud; - Ffd;
Å KbTiu
n
l.i
Kd;Diu
fk;guhkhazj;jpy; vd;idf; ftu;e;j fij khe;jh; Ffd; Mthd;. Ffd; vd;gtd;
da
kuf;fyq;fSf;F ehafd;> fq;ifj; JiwfSf;Fg; guk;giuahd cupikAld;> fq;ifapYs;s
efuq;fSf;Fk; Cu;fSf;Fk; nrhe;jkhdtd;> Ntlu;fspd; jiytd;> ehtha; Ntl;Ltd;> ,uhkd;
ka
tdthrk; nry;yj;njhlq;Fk;nghOJ Kjypy; mwpKfkhdtDk;> Jiz nra;jtDk; Mthd;.
Ffd; ,uhkidf; fhZjy; :
vi
,uhkd; fq;iff; fiuapy; te;jpUf;fpwhd; vd;w nra;jp Nfl;L> ,uhkidf; fhz

,ay;-6
,ay;-6
al
“tpy;ypypUe;J Gwg;gl;l mk;G Nghy” tpiue;J te;jhd; Ffd;. ,uhkidj; jd; fz;fshy;
fz;L fspj;J> fPNo tpOe;J tzq;fpdhd;. gpd; vOe;J> thiaf; ifahy; nghj;jp> cliy
.k
tisj;J mlf;fkhf epd;whd; vd;W th;zpf;fpwhu; fk;gu;.

w
,uhkd; Gd;difAld; rPijiaAk; ,yf;FtidAk; ghu;j;J “,td; ek;kPJ ePq;fhj

md;Gilatd;” vd;W $wpdhd;. gpd;G mUs; epiwe;j ghu;itAld; Ffid Nehf;fp>
w
“vy;yhtw;wpYk; ,dpa ez;gNd! ,t;tplj;jpy; vk;NkhL ,Ug;ghahf” vd;whd;.

w
fq;if fiuiaf; flj;jy; :

fq;ifiaf; fle;J nry;y cjTkhW ,uhkd; Ffid Ntz;bdhd;. fq;ifapy;
tpiue;J glfpidr; nrYj;JkhW FfDf;F ,uhkd; fl;lisapl;lhd;. capupd; VtYf;F nka;
nray;gLtJNghyf; FfDk; glfpid tpiuthfr; nrYj;jpdhd;. FfDila cjtpahy;
,uhkDk;> rPijAk;> ,yf;FtDk; fq;ifiaf; fle;J mf;fiuf;Fr; nrd;wdu;.
,uhkdpd; rNfhjud; - Ffd; :
,uhkd; Ffdplk; NtWghlw;w md;G ghuhl;b mtd; nfhLj;j czitr; rkkhf mku;e;J
cz;lhu;. ,uhkd; jd;id tpl;Ltpl;Lr; nrd;W tpLthNuh? vd;wQ;rpa Ffd;> “jq;fistpl;L xU
nehbg;nghOJk; gpupa khl;Nld;” vd;whd;. ,f;$w;W ,uhkid kpfTk; nefpor; nra;jJ. ,uhkd;>
“eP vdJ capu; Nghd;wtd;. vd; jk;gp ,yf;Ftd; cdf;Fj; jk;gp> cd;idf; fz;L Njhoik
nfhs;tjw;FKd; cld; gpwe;jtu;fshf ehy;tu; ,Ue;Njhk;. ,g;NghJ cd;NdhL Nru;j;J> cld;
gpwe;jtu;fs; Ituhfptpl;Nlhk;” vd;whd;. ,uhkd;kPJ nfhz;l md;G fhuzkhfNt Ntl;Ltj;
jiytdhd Ffd; ,uhkdpd; cld;gpwe;jtdhf Nghw;wg;gl;lhd;.
KbTiu
Ffdpd; md;ghd nray;fshy; mtd; ,uhkdpd; jk;gpahfpdhd;. fk;guhkhazj;jpy;
Ffd; gpujpgyd; guhky; cjTfpwhd;. ,jdhy;jhd; fk;guhkhazf; fijkhe;ju;fSs; Ffid
vdf;F gpbf;Fk;.
tpupthdk; : gha;r;ry; - rh. fe;jrhkp

1. cq;fs; njUf;fspy; fz;L kfpo;e;j gfy; Ntlf; fiyQu;fisg; Nghy Ntlkpl;L Mly; epfo;j;jpf; fhl;Lf.
(my;yJ) ‘gha;r;ry;’ fijapy; moF jd;id kwe;J Mbaijg; Nghd;W cq;fs; njUf;fspy;
ePq;fs; fz;L kfpo;e;j gfy; Ntlf; fiyQiuf; Fwpj;J moFw tpsf;fp vOJf. [SEP–2020]
gfy; Ntlf; fiyQu;fs;
Å Kd;Diu
Å Re;juj;jpd; Njhw;wk;
Å muf;fd; fk;rd;
Å fpU\;zgfthd; - fk;rd; tjk;
Å nka;kwe;J urpj;J - mioj;jy;
Å KbTiu
Kd;Diu
gfy; Ntlf; fiy jkpoHfspd; Mlw;fiyfSs; xd;W. Guhz ,jpfhr kdpjHfs;>
nja;tq;fs; Nghy Ntlkpl;L gfypy; njUj;njUthfTk;> tPL tPlhfr; nrd;Wk; Mbg; ghb
tUthh;fs;. ehd; fz;L kfpo;e;j Re;juk; vd;w gfy; Ntlf; fiyQiu gw;wp ,q;F fhz;Nghk;!
n
Re;juj;jpd; Njhw;wk; :
l.i
xU ehs; njUtpy; xUtu;> fpU\;zh! fpU\;zh!! vd $r;rypl;Lf; nfhz;Nl ghu;g;gjw;F
da
cly; KOtJk; ePy epwj; Njhw;wj;JlDk;> jiyapy; fPuplKk; kapy; ,wFk;> mzpfyd;fSld;>
ifapy; Gy;yhq;Foiy ,irj;J nfhz;L MbAk; ghbAk; kf;fis kfpo;tpj;Jf; nfhz;bUe;jhu;.
fpU\;z gfthd;> fk;rid tjk; nra;j fijia nrhy;tij ehd; Nfl;f njhlq;fpNdd;.
ka
muf;fd; - fk;rd; :
Re;juk;> “ef;fPudpd; Gj;jpuNd! epj;jKld; rj;jpaNd! mz;lq;fspd; fz;lq;fis
vi
ntd;nwLj;J nfhz;l xU Nfhkfd;;! tpz;Zyfpy; kz;Zyfpy; R+upa> re;jpud;;!” vd fpU\;zpd;

,ay;-6
,ay;-6
jha;khkdhd fk;ridg;gw;wp ghlyhf ghbdhu;. ‘tRNjtu; - Njtfp jk;gjpapd;; vl;lhtJ kfdhy;
al
fk;rDf;F rhT NeUk; vd;W fzpf;fg;gl;ljhy; mtu;fis rpiwapy; milj;J> gpwe;j VO

.k
gps;isfisAk; JbJbf;f nfhd;whd; me;j nfhûd;!’ vd cuf;f ghbaijf; Nfl;L Nfhgk;

nfhz;l kf;fs;> ‘mf;nfhûd; mopa Ntz;Lk;’ vd $r;rypl;ldu;.
w
fpU\;zgfthd; - fk;rd; tjk; :

w
fpU\;zd; me;j jk;gjpaUf;F vl;lhtJ gps;isahf gpwe;J fk;rid tjk; nra;jhd;.

w
Re;juk;> fpU\;z gfthid Nghw;wp…

‘fk;rid tjk; nra;j> thRNjtNu! jd; tpopahy; ey;top fhl;b> xspahy; mUs; $l;b>
md;ghy; Jau; Nghf;f> mtjupj;j fpU\;zd;! fz;zh! fUtz;zh! kd;dh! kzptz;zh
gy mw;Gjq;fs; Gupa mtjupj;jha; ePNa!!!’ ‘Ml;nfhs;gtDk; ehNd! Ml;Ltpg;gtDk; ehNd!’
vd fpU\;zpd; fijia cuf;f $wp Kbj;jhd;. mijf; Nfl;l kf;fSk; Re;juj;Jld; xU
muf;fd; mope;jijnahl;b Mbg; ghb fpU\;ziug; Nghw;wp nfhz;lhbdu;.
nka;kwe;J urpj;J – mioj;jy; :
Re;juk; fpU\;zid tUzpf;f tUzpf;f ehNd me;j fpU\;zdhf ,Uf;ff; $lhjh
vd;w Vf;f vz;zk; vd;Ds; te;jJ. Re;juj;jpd; Ngr;Rk;> fjhghj;jpuj;jpw;F Vw;g FuypYk;>
cly; tbtpYk; jd;id khw;wp kf;fSf;F njspthf fijia Gupa itf;Fk; jpwDk; vd;id
tpag;gpy; Mo;j;jpaJ! Re;juj;jplk; ehd; ‘jq;fisg; Nghy Ntlkpl;L vd; ez;gu;fSf;F ebj;J
fhl;l vdf;F cjTtPu;fsh’ vd Nfl;Nld;. mtUk; vt;tpj vjpu;ghu;g;Gkpd;wp cjtpdhu;.
midtUk; Mly; fiyia fuNfh\kpl;L Cf;fg;gLj;jp> tho;j;jpdu;.
KbTiu
fiyahdJ ‘gioad fopjYk;> Gjpad GFjYk;’ vd;gjw;Nfw;g ehSf;F ehs; tsu;e;J
kf;fis kfpo;tpf;fpwJ. jd; fiyia vy;yh epiyapYk; Nerpf;Fk; fiyQdhNyNa kf;fis
kfpo;tpf;f KbAk;. ,f;fijapy; tUk; Re;juk; > vd;id gfy; Ntl fiyQuhf cUthf;fpa
kfpo;r;rpNahL fisg;ig kwe;J kfpo;e;j hu;.
2. Nkilf; fiyQu;fSk;> gfy; Ntlf; fiyQu;fSk; vjpu;nfhs;Sk; ,lu;g;ghLfs; Fwpj;J tFg;giwapy;

tpthjpf;f / tpupthf vOJf. (my;yJ) “gha;r;ry;” rpWfijapy; moFtpd; fjhg;ghj;jpuk; Nghy;>
ePq;fs; fz;L kfpo;e;j gfy;Ntlf; fiyQu; Fwpj;j epfo;Tfis xg;gpl;Lk; mtu;fs; vjpu;nfhs;Sk;
,lu;ghLfs; Fwpj;Jk; tpupthf vOJf. [PTA – 1]
gfy; Ntlf; fiyQu;fs;
Å Kd;Diu
Å Nkilf; fiyQHfSk;> gfy; Ntlf; fiyQHfSk;
Å vd; kdk; ftHe;j fiyQu;
Å fiyapd; jw;Nghija epiy
Å fiyQHfs; re;jpf;Fk; ,lu;g;ghLfs;
Å KbTiu
Kd;Diu
Ke;ehl;fspy; Nkil fiyAk;> gfy; Ntlf; fiy nghpjhf Nghw;wg;gl;lJ. me;ehspy;
kf;fspd; Kf;fpakhd nghOJNghf;fpy; xd;whf ,Ue;jJ. Mdhy; ,f;fhyfl;lj;jpy;;
,f;fiyfs; ntFthf Fiwe;J tUfpwJ. ,d;Wk; rpy fpuhkg;Gwq;fspy; Mq;fhq;F
fhzg;gLfpwJ> vd;whYk; ntFthf kjpf;fg;gLtjpy;iy.
n
Nkilf; fiyQHfSk;> gfy; Ntlf; fiyQHfSk; :
l.i
Nkilfspy; ,jpfhrj;jpy; $wg;gl;l fjhghj;jpuq;fisAk; fw;gidf; fijfisAk;
Vw;W ebg;Nghiu Nkil fiyQHfs; vd;Nghk;.
da
Guhz ,jpfhr kdpjHfisg; NghyTk;> nja;tq;fisg; NghyTk; Ntlkpl;L f; nfhz;L
gfypy; njUj;njUthfTk;> tPL tPlhfr; nrd;W ghbf;nfhz;Lk;> ciuahbf;nfhz;L;k;
ka
tUNthiug; gfy; Ntlf;fiyQHfs; vd;Nghk;.
vd; kdk; ftHe;j fiyQu; :
vi
vd; njUtpy; ele;j Fwtd;> Fwj;jp ehlfk; vd;id ntFthf ftHe;jJ. mjpy;
,ay;-6
,ay;-6
mtHfs; G+z;bUe;j Ntlk; jj;&gkhf ,Ue;jJ. mtHfs; epfo;j;jpa “Fw;why FwtQ;rp” $j;J
al
kpfTk; cw;rhfkhf ,Ue;jJ vd;idAk; kwe;J ehDk; Ml Jtq;fptpl;Nld;.

.k
fiyapd; jw;Nghija epiy :

w
,f;fiyfs; efu;g;Gwq;fspy; nghpJk; Nghw;wg;gltpy;iy vd;whYk; fpuhkg;Gwq;fspy;

xU nghpa nghOJNghf;F epfo;r;rpahf ,Ue;J te;jJ. Mdhy; ,d;W njhopy;El;g
w
tsHr;rpahYk;> ];khHl; Nghd; tuthYk; fpuhkq;fspYk; ,f;fiyfs; fiy ,oe;J tUfpd;wd.

w
,tu;fs; elj;Jk; ehlfq;fSf;Fg; Nghjpa mstpy; $l;lk; $Ltjpy;iy. ,f;fiyQHfis

Nfyp fpz;ly; eifg;Gf;F cs;shfpd;wdh;. fiyia mLj;j jiyKiwf;F nfhz;L nry;y
,ayhky; jtpf;fpd;wdH. ,e;j ,ae;jpu cyfk; goik ,urpf;fNth Urpf;fNth Neukpuy;yhky;
Xbf;nfhz;Nl ,Ug;gJjhd; ek; goik moptjw;F KO fhuzk;.
fiyQHfs; re;jpf;Fk; ,lu;g;ghLfs; :
Mly; fiyQHfs; ek;Kila nghOJNghf;fpw;fhf mij Fy njhopyhfTk;; nra;J
te;jdH. Mdhy; jw;;NghJ mtHfs; mj;njhopiy nfhz;L ahrfk; Nfl;fpd;wdH. gy ,lq;fspy;
mtHfs; ,opTgLtijAk; fhz NeHfpwJ. mtHfSila md;whl Njitfis $l mtHfshy;
G+Hj;jp nra;a Kbtjpy;iy. Kd;ngy;yhk; ,tHfs; epfo;r;rp elj;Jk; Ch;fspNyNa cz;z>
cwq;f Vw;ghLfs; nra;J tuNtw;ghh;fs; mt;T+H kf;fs;. Mdhy; jw;NghJ ,tHfs; rhiy
Xuq;fspYk;> eilNkilfspYk; jq;Fk; mtyk; Vw;gl;Ls;sJ. NtlkpLtjw;fhfg; gad;gLj;jg;gLk;
Ntjpg;nghUl;fs; gpd;dhspy; mtu;fSf;F cly; uPjpahf Neha;fis cz;L nra;fpwJ.
KbTiu
gpwiu kfpo;tpf;fj; jq;fs; cliyAk;> cs;sj;ijAk; tUj;jpf;nfhs;Sk; Nkilf;
fiyQu;fSk;> gfy; Ntlf;fiyQu;fSk; ,e;jr; rKjhaj;jpy; kjpg;gpYk;> tUkhdj;jpYk;
jq;fis tsu;j;Jf;nfhs;sg; gy gpur;rpidfisr; re;jpf;fpd;wdh;. ,f;fiyfis mopahky;
ghJfhj;J> jkpopd goikia tUq;fhyj;jpw;f;F nfhz;LNrHf;f ek;khy; ,ad;wtw;iw nra;Nthk;.
,yf;fzk; : mfg;nghUs; ,yf;fzk;

1. gz;ilj; jkpoupd; jpizepiy tho;f;if KiwiaAk; ,d;iwa jkpoupd; tho;f;if KiwiaAk;
xg;gpl;L xt;nthUtu; fUj;ijAk; gjpTnra;J nghJf; fUj;ij mwpf.
" thoplk;
" czTg; gof;fk;
" cil mzpjy;
xg;gpl;Lf; fhuzpfs; " jpUkzKiw
" fhjy;
" njhopy;
" ,ir
fhuzpfs; gz;ilj; jkpoupd; tho;f;if Kiw ,d;iwaj; jkpoupd; tho;f;if Kiw

kf;fs; vy;yh tif epyq;fspYk;> kf;fs; Fwpg;gpl;l epyg;gFjpapYk;> efu
n
fhyepiyfspd; khWghl;lhYk; tho;f;iff;Fk; khwp tUfpd;wdh;. kiy>
l.i
thoplk;
jq;fs; tho;tplq;fis mikj;Jf; fhL> flNyhu gFjpfis
nfhz;ldu;.
czTfis epyj;jpd; jd;ikf;F mf;fhy
da
Rw;Wyhj;jyq;fshf fUjp kfpo;fpwhu;fs;.
czT tiffisAk;
ka
Vw;g tpistpj;J cz;L tho;e;jdu; cz;fpd;wdu;. mjDld; MNuhf;fpakw;w
czTg;gof;fk;
,jdhy; vt;tpj Neha; ghjpg;Gkpd;wp Jhpj czTfisAk; cz;fpd;wdu;.
vi
kf;fs; MNuhf;fpakhf tho;e;jdu;. ,ig gy;NtW Neha;fis jUfpd;wd.

,ay;-6
,ay;-6
al
kf;fs; jq;fs; tho;tplj;jpd; fhy ghuk;gupa MilfisAk;> Nkdhl;L

cil mzpjy; #o;epiy> trjp> gz;ghl;bw;F Vw;g MilfisAk;
.k
etPd Kiwapy;
cil mzpe;jdu;. cw;gj;jp nra;J> cLj;Jfpd;wdu;.
w
jpUkz rlq;Ffs;; gz;ghl;ilAk;> ghuk;gupa> gz;ghl;il gpd;gw;WtJld;>

w
jpUkz Kiw ghuk;gupaj;ijAk; gpd;gw;wp ehfuPf tsh;r;rpapdhy; rq;fPj; Nghd;w

fhyj;jpw;Fk;> trjpNfw;gTk; epfo;e;jd. $Ljy; tpohf;fSld; eilngWfpwJ.
w
fhjyu;fspd; mZFKiw fhjyu;fspd; mZFKiwahdJ

xOf;fKlDk;> ngw;Nwhupd; gz;ghl;il kwe;J ntspehl;by;
fhjy;
kupahijia ghjpf;fhj tz;zk; cs;sJNghy; gy tiffspy; fhjiy
ele;J nfhz;ldu;. ntspg;gLj;Jfpwhu;fs;.
jq;fs; epyq;fs; rhu;e;j mf;fhy njhopy;fis etPd Kiwapy;
njhopy; coTj;njhopYk;> gy;tif nra;fpd;wdu;. nkd;nghUs; rhu;e;j gy
ifj;njhopy;fSk; nra;J te;jdu;. Gjpa njhopy;fis ehnlq;Fk; nra;fpd;wdu;.
giw> aho;> gz; Mfpa ,ir Fwpj;j mf;fhy ,irNahLk;> fpl;lhu;> gpahNdh
,ir fUg;nghUs;fs; xt;nthU jpizf;F Nghd;w $Ljy; ,irf;fUtpfSld; cyf
Vw;whw; Nghy; khWgl;L ,Uf;Fk;. kf;fs; midtUf;Fk; nghJtha; ,Uf;fpwJ.
nghJf;fUj;J : jkpof kf;fs; ,d;Wk; gz;ila ehfuPfj;jpy; tho;gtu;fSk; cz;L.
,Ug;gpDk;> ehfuPf tsh;r;rpahYk;> ntspehl;L Nkhfj;jhYk; gz;ila tho;f;if Kiwia
kwe;J tho;tJld; mLj;j jiyKiwAk; jkpo;kuig kwf;Fk; mstpw;F ehfuPfkhdJ
tsue;J NkNyhq;fp epw;fpwJ.
tho;tpay; : jpUf;Fws; - jpUts;Stu;

1. GJf;ftpijiaAk; FwisAk; xg;gpl;Lg; NgRf.
GJf;ftpij Fws;
jf;fhspiaAk; ntz;ilf;fhiaAk;
js;Stz;bf;fhuu; juhrpy; epWf;ifapy;>
js;sp epw;Fk; gps;is
mtrpakhff; Nfl;Fk; Mapuk; &ghia
vg;gbf; nfhLf;f vd;Nw mtu; kdk; Nahrpf;Fk;…
“mj;jid fha;fisAk; tpw;why;jhd; mUnshLk; md;nghLk; thuhg; nghUshf;fk;
kPjp Ie;E}whtJ kpQ;Rk;; vd;d nra;a…” Gy;yhu; Gus tply;.
fha;fwp thq;fpatu;
ftdf; Fiwthff; nfhLj;j
,uz;lhapuk; &ghiaf;
$g;gpl;Lj; je;Jtpl;Lg;
gps;isf;F cjt ahuplk; Nfl;fyhk;
n
vd;gij mLj;jgb Nahrpf;Fk; mtu; kdk; !
Î GJf;ftpij tpsf;fk; :
l.i
Å thbf;ifahsh; ftdf;Fiwthf nfhLj;j ,uz;lhapuk; &ghiaf; jpUk;g je;Jtpl;L>
da
jd; gps;isf;F ahhplk; cjtp Nfl;fyhk; vd Nahrpf;fpwJ mthpd; kdk;.
Å ,f;fl;lhd ,e;j #o;epiyapYk; me;j gzj;ij vLj;Jf;nfhs;shky; Neu;ikahf
ka
mt;thbf;ifahsuplNk jpUg;gp nfhLj;jjpy; tWikapYk; nrk;ikAs;stuha;
tpsq;Ffpd;w js;Stz;bf;fhuhpd; jdpj;jd;ikia ekf;F tpsf;FfpwJ.
vi
Î jpUf;Fws; tpsf;fk; :
,ay;-6
,ay;-6
al
Å GJf;ftpijapy; tUk; js;Stz;bf;fhuu; Nghy mwtopapy;jhd; nghUis <l;l

.k
Ntz;Lk;; vd;gij <uhapuk; Mz;LfSf;F Kd;Ng jpUts;Stu; tpsf;fpAs;shu;.

Å kw;wtu;fsplk; ,uf;fKk; md;Gk; ,y;yhky; <l;Lk; nghUis Vw;Wf;nfhs;shky; ePf;fptpl
w
Ntz;Lk; vd;gij typAWj;jpAs;shu;.

w
xg;gPL : GJf;ftpijapy; jpUts;Stu; $WtJ Nghy mwtopapy; jhd; nghUs; Nru;f;f

w
Ntz;Lk;. jPa topapy; gzk; Nru;f;ff; $lhJ vd;w vz;zk; nfhz;ltuhfj;

js;Stz;bf;fhuu; rpj;jupf;fg;gLfpwhu;.
2. Fwpg;Gfs; czu;j;Jk; Fwspd; fUj;Jfs; Fwpj;Jf; fye;JiuahLf.
m) mtUf;F mwpTk; mjpfk;; gbg;Gk; mjpfk;. ahuhYk; mtUf;nfjpuhfr; nray;gl KbahJ.
mKjd; : fz;zh… vdf;F gbg;gpy; <LghL ,y;iy> mDgt mwptpidf; nfhz;L VNjDk;
njhopy; nra;J tho;tpy; Kd;NdwptpLNtd; vd;W $Wtij> vd; ngw;Nwhu; Vw;f
kWf;fpd;wdu;. vd;id gbg;gpy; rpwe;J tpsq;FkhW tw;GWj;Jfpd;wdu;.
fz;zd; : <uhapuk; Mz;LfSf;F Kd;dNu ts;Stu;>
kjpEl;gk; E}Nyh Lilahu;f; fjpEl;gk;
ahTs Kd;epw; git. - vd;w Fwspy; $wpapUf;fpwhu;.
‘mtUf;F mwpTk; mjpfk;; gbg;Gk; mjpfk;. ahuhYk; mtUf;nfjpuhfr; nray;gl
KbahJ.’ vd;W $Wk; mstpw;F ehk; tho gbg;Gk; mtrpak; vd;gjhy;jhd; cd;
ngw;Nwhu; mt;thW $Wfpd;wdu;.
mKjd; : mUikahd nghd;nkhop. vd; ngw;Nwhu; $wpaJ Nghy ehDk; ed;F gbj;J
ts;Stu; thf;fpw;fpzq;f tho;tpy; rpwf;fpNwd;!

M) vr;rupf;ifahf ,U. goFgtu;fspy; ahu; ey;ytu;> ahu; nfl;ltu; vd;W fz;Lgpbg;gJ fbdk;.
mKjd; : fz;zh> ehd; tFg;gpy; Kjy; khztdhf jpfo;tij vz;zp nghwhik nfhz;l
ekJ Njhop ahopdp> vd;Dila ghlg; Gj;jfq;fis gbg;gjw;fhf thq;fpr; nrd;W
jpUg;gpj; juhky; Vkhw;wpdhs;. mjdhy;> ehd; Nju;tpy; Fiwe;j kjpg;ngz;
ngWk;gb MdJ.
fz;zd; : mKjd;… ,jidNa> jpUts;Stu; $lh el;G vd;w mjpfhuj;jpy;
njhOjif As;Sk; gilnahLq;Fk; xd;dhu;
mOjfz; zPUk; midj;J. - vd;W $wpAs;shu;.
vdNt> vr;rupf;ifahf ,Uf;f Ntz;Lk;. goFgtu;fspy; ahu; ey;ytu;> ahu;
nfl;ltu; vd;W fz;Lgpbg;gJ kpfTk; fbdk;.
mKjd; : Mkhk;. eP $WtJ cz;ikNa fz;zh.
,) mtu; FLk;gk; Kd;NdwpapUg;gjw;Ff; fhuzk; njhlu;e;J Kay;tJk; njhopypy; mtUf;fpUe;j mwpTk;.
mKjd; : ek;Kila ez;gd; tstdpd; je;ij xU rpwpa kspiff; filapy; njhlq;fp>
jd;Dila ciog;ghy; ,d;W ngupa gy;nghUs; mq;fhbf;F KjyhspahFk;
n
mstpw;F cau;e;jpUg;gijf; ftdpj;jhah?
l.i
fz;zd; : Ms;tpidAk; Md;w mwpT nkdtpuz;bd;
ePs;tpidahy; ePSk; Fb.
da
tplhKaw;rp> rpwe;j mwpthw;wy; ,t;tpuz;ilAk; ,iltplhky; gpd;gw;Wtupd; Fb
ka
cau;e;J tpsq;Fk; vd;w ts;Stu; thf;fpw;F ,tNu rpwe;j vLj;Jf;fhl;L.
mKjd; : Mkhk;> ehKk; ek; tho;f;ifapy; ,jidg; gpd;gw;w Ntz;Lk;.
vi
<) tho;f;ifapy; ed;whfg; nghUsPl;L. mJjhd; cd;idj; jho;thf epidj;jtu;fspd; thia milf;Fk;.
,ay;-6
,ay;-6
al
mKjd; : vq;fs; tPl;bw;F vd; ngupag;gh te;jhu;. mtuJ tho;f;if epiyia $wp> vd;
.k
je;ijia ,opTgLj;jpdhu;. ,ij ghu;j;j vd; jhj;jh “tho;f;ifapy; ed;whfg;

nghUsPl;L. mJjhd; cd;idj; jho;thf epidj;jtu;fspd; thia milf;Fk; ”
w
vd;W $wpdhu;.
w
fz;zd; : kpfr; rup. ek;ikg; ghu;j;Jf; ifnfhl;br; rpupf;Fk; ek;Kila giftu;fis nty;Yk;
w
$u;ikahd MAjk; ehk; <l;Lk; nghUshFk;. ,jidNa ts;Stu;>

nra;f nghUisr; nrWeu; nrUf;fWf;Fk;
v/jdpw; $upa jpy;. - vd vOjpapUf;fpwhu;.
mKjd; : ehKk; ek; tho;tpy; ,f;Fwisg; gpd;gw;wp elf;f Ntz;Lk;.
c) mf;fk; gf;fj;jhuplk; gofhky; xJq;fpNa ,Ue;jhu;É Jizf;F ahUk; ,y;iy. ,g;NghJ clk;G
rupapy;yhjNghJ cjt ahUkpd;wpj; jpz;lhLfpwhu;.
mKjd; : vq;fs; tPl;bw;F mUfpy; cs;s khkh mf;fk; gf;fj;jhuplk; gofhky; xJq;fpNa
,Ue;jhu;@ ,g;NghJ clk;G rup ,y;yhky; ahUkpd;wpj; jpz;lhLfpwhu;.
fz;zd; : rpyu; ,g;gbj;jhd;… jpUts;StUk; ,ijg;gw;wp gifkhl;rp vd;w mjpfhuj;jpy;>
md;gpyd; Md;w Jizapyd; jhd;Jt;thd;
vd;gupAk; Vjpyhd; Jg;G - vd vOjpapUf;fpwhu;.
mKjd; : Mk;. eP $WtJ rup jhd;. ,g;gbj;jhd; me;j khkh ey;y epiyapy; ,Uf;Fk;NghJ
Rw;wj;jhuplk; md;G ,y;yhky; ,Ue;jhu;. ,g;nghOJ Neha; Nghd;w giftdpd;
typikia vjpu;nfhs;s nghUe;jpa Jizapy;yhky; kpfTk; Jd;gg;gLfpwhu;.
FW
Wtpdhf;fs;
1. fug;gpLk;ig ,y;yhu; - ,j;njhlupd; nghUs; $Wf. [PTA – 4]
fug;gpLk;ig ,y;yhu; - jk;kplKs;s nghUis kiwj;J itf;fhj ey;ytu;.
2. jQ;rk; vspau; giff;F - ,t;tbf;Fupa mirfisAk; tha;ghLfisAk; vOJf.
rPu; mir tha;ghL
jQ; / rk; Neu; Neu; Njkh
vsp / au; epiu Neu; Gspkh
giff; / F epiuG gpwg;G
3. tWikapd; fhuzkhf cjtp Nfl;L tUgtupd; jd;khdj;ij vs;speifahLtJ Fwpj;Jf; Fwspd;
fUj;J vd;d?
Å tWikapd; fhuzkhf cjtpNfl;L tUgtiu vs;sp eifahky; nghUisf; nfhLf;f
Ntz;Lk;. mt;thW nfhLg;gjhy; ,ug;gtupd; cs;sk; kfpo;r;rpapy; nghq;Fk;.
Å eifahbdhy; cs;sk; tWik nfhs;Sk;@ Jd;gk; milAk;.
4. gpd;tUtdtw;wpy; $uhd MAjk; vJ vd;W nre;ehg;Nghjhu; $Wfpwhu;? Vd; vd;gij vOJf.
n
(ngupafj;jp> ,Uk;G <l;b> cioj;jjhy; fpilj;j Cjpak;> tpy;Yk; mk;Gk;) [PTA - 3]
Å $uhd MAjk; : cioj;jjhy; fpilj;j Cjpak;
l.i
Å fhuzk; : xUtupd; gifia nty;Yk; $u;ikahd MAjk; ek; ciog;gpdhy; Nru;j;j
nry;tNk MFk;. ,JNt kdjpw;F typikiaj; jUtJ. da
ka
rpWtpdhf;fs;
vi
1. ts;Stk;> rpwe;j mikr;rUf;Ff; $wpa ,yf;fzq;fs; ekf;Fk; nghUe;Jtijf; Fws;top tpsf;Ff.

,ay;-6
,ay;-6
Å mikr;ru; mwpa Ntz;bait :
al
njhopy; nra;a Njitahd fUtp> mjw;F Vw;w fhyk;> nraypd; jd;ik> nra;Ak;Kiw
.k
Mfpa ehd;if mwpe;J nraiy nra;gtNu mikr;ru; Mthu;.

Å mikr;rupd; rpwg;G :
w
kdtypik> Fbkf;fisf; fhj;jy;> Ml;rp Kiwfisf; fw;wy;> E}y;fisf; fw;wy;>

w
tplhKaw;rp Mfpa Ie;Jk; rpwg;ghf mike;jtNu mikr;ruhthu;.

Å R+o;r;rpfis nty;gth; :
w
,aw;ifahd Ez;zwpTk; E}ywpTk; cila mikr;ru;fSf;FKd;> ve;j El;gkhd

R+o;r;rpfSk; epw;f KbahJ. tUk; R+o;r;rpfisj; jdJ Ez;zwpthNy mfw;wp tpLthd;.
Å cyfpay; eilKiwfis mwpjy; :
xU nraiyr; nra;tjw;Fupa Kiwfis E}y;topahf mwpe;jpUg;gpDk; cyfpay;
eilKiwfis mwpe;J nray;gl Ntz;Lk;.
2. gyuplk; cjtp ngw;Wf; fbd ciog;ghy; Kd;Ndwpa xUtu;> mtUf;F cjtpa ey;y
cs;sq;fisAk; Rw;wq;fisAk; mUfpy; Nru;f;ftpy;iy> mtUf;F czu;j;Jk; Nehf;fpy; ts;Stu;
Fwpg;gpLk; fUj;Jfs; ahit?
Å xUtu; Rw;wj;jhuplk; md;G ,y;yhkYk; nghUe;jpa Jiz ,y;yhkYk; ,Ue;jhy;> mtdhy;
giftupd; typikia vjpu;nfhs;s KbahJ vd;fpwhu; ts;Stu;.
“md;gpyd; Md;w Jizapyd; jhd;Jt;thd;
vd;gupAk; Vjpyhd; Jg;G.” (862)
Å gyuplk; cjtp ngw;Wf; fbd ciog;ghy; Kd;Ndwpa xUtu;> mtUf;F cjtpa ey;y
cs;sq;fisAk; Rw;wq;fisAk; mUfpy; Nru;f;ftpy;iy vd;why; mtu; vspjpy; giff;F
Ml;gl NeUk;.
7. tpijney;
gyTs; njhpf
1. rupahd mfutupiriaj; Nju;e;njLf;f. *nr-1 [PTA - 4]
m) coT> kz;> Vu;> khL M) kz;> khL> Vu;> coT
,) coT> Vu;> kz;> khL <) Vu;> coT> khL> kz;
2. ‘khytd; Fd;wk; Nghdhnyd;d? Ntytd; Fd;wkhtJ vq;fSf;F Ntz;Lk; ’ - khytd;
Fd;wKk; Ntytd; Fd;wKk; Fwpg;git KiwNa - *c [PTA - 1]
m) jpUg;gjpAk; jpUj;jzpAk; M) jpUj;jzpAk; jpUg;gjpAk;
,) jpUg;gjpAk; jpUr;nre;J}Uk; <) jpUg;guq;Fd;wKk; godpAk;
3. ‘jd; ehl;L kf;fSf;Fj; je;ijAk; jhAk; kfDkhf ,Ue;j murd;’ vd;Dk; nka;f;fPu;j;jpj; njhlu;
*nr-2
n
czu;j;Jk; nghUs;-
m) Nkk;gl;l epUthfj;jpwd; ngw;wtu; M) kpFe;j nry;tk; cilatu;
l.i
,) gz;gl;l kdpjNeak; nfhz;ltu; <) newpNahL epd;W fhty; fhg;gtu;
m) ehl;ilf; ifg;gw;wy; M) Mepiu ftu;jy;

da
4. ,Uehl;L muru;fSk; Jk;igg; G+itr; R+bg; NghupLtjd; fhuzk; __ *, [AUG - 22, SEP - 20, PTA - 2]
ka
,) typikia epiyehl;ly; <) Nfhl;ilia Kw;Wifaply;
*c [MAY - 22, SEP - 21, PTA - 3]
vi
5. jkpopdj;ij xd;WgLj;Jk; ,yf;fpakhf k.ngh.rp. fUjpaJ

m) jpUf;Fws; M) GwehD}W ,) fk;guhkhazk; <) rpyg;gjpfhuk;
al
$Ljy; tpdhf;fs;
.k
6. Fkhp khtl;lg; Nghuhl;lj;ij Kd;ndLj;Jr; nrd;wth; *c [PTA - 6]

w
m) jpU.gpuhfhrk; M) khu;~y; V.Nerkzp ,) jdpehafk; mbfs; <) e.Kj;Jrhkp

w
,ay;-7
,ay;-7
7. nka;f;fPu;j;jp vd;gJ *nr-2 [MAY - 2022]
m) fy;ntl;by; nghwpf;fg;gl;l rpw;gq;fs; M) mopahg;Gfo; ngw;w E}y;fs;
w
,) Gytu;fshy; vOjg;gl;L fy; jr;ru;fshy; fy;ypy; nghwpf;fg;gl;lit

<) nka;ahd Gfo;> nfhil> tPuk; Kjypad Fwpj;j E}y;fs;
8. ‘J}Rk; JfpUk; MuKk; mfpYk;’ - ,g;ghlyb ,lk; ngw;Ws;s E}y;: *nr-3 [MAY - 2022]
m) kzpNkfiy M) Njk;ghtzp ,) fk;guhkhazk; <) rpyg;gjpfhuk;
9. rpyg;gjpfhuj;jpy; Fwpg;gplg;gl;Ls;s kUT+u;ghf;fk; mike;Js;s efuk; : *nr-3 [SEP – 2021]
m) kJiu M) Gfhu; ,) tQ;rp <) Krpwp
FWtpdh
1. ghrtu;> thrtu;> gy;epz tpiyQu;> ckzu; - rpyg;gjpfhuk; fhl;Lk; ,t;tzpfu;fs; ahtu;? *nr-3
Å ghrtu; - ntw;wpiy tpw;gth; Å thrtu; - eWkzg; nghUs;fs; tpw;gtu; [AUG–2022, PTA–5]
Å ckzu; - cg;G tpw;gtu; Å gy;epz tpiyQu; - ,iwr;rpfs; tpw;gtu;
2. nka;f;fPu;j;jp ghlg;gLtjd; Nehf;fk; ahJ? *nr-2 [PTA - 3]
muru;fs; jq;fspd; GfioAk;> tuyhw;iwAk;> fhyk; fle;Jk; epiyf;f Ntz;Lk;
vd;gjw;fhf> mopahj tifapy; fy;ypy; nrJf;f ghLtNj nka;f;fPu;j;jpapd; Nehf;fkhFk;.
,ay; - 7. tpijney;; 93
3. tWikapYk; gbg;gpd;kPJ ehl;lk; nfhz;ltu; k.ngh.rp. vd;gjw;Fr; rhd;W jUf.

Å k.ngh.rptQhdk; gbg;gpd;kPJ mjpf Mu;tk; nfhz;ltu;. *c[MAY – 2022, SEP – 2021, PTA – 4]
Å gioa Gj;jfk; tpw;Fk; filfSf;Fr; nrd;W> Gj;jfq;fisf; Fiwe;j tpiyf;F thq;Fthu;.
Å xUKiw cztpw;F itj;jpUe;j gzj;jpy; Gj;jfq;fis thq;fpf;nfhz;L grpNahL ,Ue;jhu;.
4. Gwj;jpizfspy; vjpnujpu;j; jpizfis ml;ltizg;gLj;Jf. *, [MAY-2022]
Å ntl;rpj;jpiz x fue;ijj; jpiz (Mepiu rhu;e;jJ)
Å tQ;rpj;jpiz x fhQ;rpj;jpiz (Nghu; rhu;e;jJ)
Å nehr;rpj;jpiz x copiQj;jpiz (Nfhl;il rhu;e;jJ)
5. nghUj;jkhd ,lq;fspy; epWj;jf; FwpapLf. *c [SEP - 2021]
goq;fhyj;jpNy ghz;bad; Mz;l ngUikiaf;$wp Nrhod; Mz;l rpwg;igr; nrhy;yp Nrud; Mz;l
khz;gpidf; fhl;b ek; mUikj; jkpo;ehL Mq;fpNyaUf;F mbikg;gl;bUe;j rpWikiaAk;
epidT+l;b tpLjiyg; Nghupy; <Lgl tUkhW jkpou;f;F miog;G tpLj;jpUe;Njd;;. - k.ngh.rp.
tpil: goq;fhyj;jpNy ghz;bad; Mz;l ngUikiaf;$wp> Nrhod; Mz;l rpwg;igr; nrhy;yp> Nrud;
Mz;l khz;gpidf; fhl;b> ek; mUikj; jkpo;ehL Mq;fpNyaUf;F mbikg;gl;bUe;j rpWikiaAk;
n
epidT+l;b> tpLjiyg;Nghupy; <Lgl tUkhW jkpou;f;F miog;G tpLj;jpUe;Njd;;. - k.ngh.rp.
l.i
rpWtpdh da
1. ‘Kjy;kio tpOe;jJk;’ vd;dnty;yhk; epfo;tjhf F.g.uh. ftpghLfpwhu;?
ka
*nr-1 [PTA – 5]
Å Kjy; kio tpOe;jJk;> cOtjw;Nfw;g Nky;kz; gjkhfptpl;lJ.
vi
Å thdpy; nts;sp Kisf;Fk; Kd;Ng> cotu;fs; fhisfis Xl;b tpiue;J nrd;wdu;.

Å Vu; njhOJ> ,iwtid tzq;fp khLfis Vupy; g+l;b epyj;ij cOjdu;.
al
Å kio nghope;jjhy;> epyk; rpypu;j;J> ehw;W epkpu;e;J epw;Fk;.

.k
Å fpof;F ntSj;jJ@ coT nropj;jJ@ ftiy kwe;jJ.

w
2. mte;jp ehl;L kd;dd;> kUjehl;L kd;dDld; Nghu; Gupe;J me;ehl;ilf; ifg;gw;w epidf;fpwhd;;;
w
,ay;-7
,ay;-7
mg;Nghu; epfo;itg; Gwg;nghUs; ntz;ghkhiy $Wk; ,yf;fzj;jpd; top tpsf;Ff. *, [PTA- 5]
mte;jp ehl;L kd;dd; kUj ehl;Lld; Nghu; GupAk; epfo;Tfs; :
w
1. ntl;rpj;jpiz: Nghu; njhlq;Fk; Kd; mte;jp ehl;L kd;dd;> jd;Dila tPuu;fis kUj ehl;Lf;F
mDg;gp gRf;fis ftu;e;J tur; nra;thd;. mt;tPuu;fs; ntl;rpg; g+it mzpe;J nry;tu;.
2. fue;ijj;jpiz: mte;jp ehl;L tPuu;fshy; ftu;e;J nry;yg;gl;l gRf;$l;lq;fis kPl;L tu
kUj ehl;L tPuu;fs; fue;ijg; g+itr; #br; nry;tu;.
3. tQ;rpj;jpiz: kz;zhir fhuzkhf mte;jp ehl;L kd;dd;> kUj ehl;ilf; ifg;gw;w
NghUf;Fr; nry;thd;. mg;NghJ mte;jp ehl;L tPuu;fs; tQ;rpg;g+itr; #br; nry;tu;.
4. fhQ;rpj;jpiz: jd; ehl;ilf; ifg;gw;w te;j mte;jp ehl;L kd;dNdhL kUj ehl;L tPuu;fs;
fhQ;rpg;g+itr; #bg; NghupLtu;.
5. nehr;rpj;jpiz: mte;jp ehl;L kd;ddhy; Kw;Wifaplg;gl;l jk; kjpiyf; fhj;jy; Ntz;b
kUj ehl;L tPuu;fs; nehr;rpg;g+it mzpe;J NghupLtu;.
6. copiQj;jpiz: kUj ehl;bd; Nfhl;ilf;Fs; GFe;J kjpiyr; Rw;wp tisg;gu; mte;jp
ehl;L tPuu;fs;. mg;NghJ mtu;fs; copiQg;g+it mzpe;jpUg;gu;.
7. Jk;igj;jpiz: mte;jp ehl;L tPuu;fSk; kUj ehl;L tPuu;fSk; ntw;wp xd;iwNa
Fwpf;Nfhshff; nfhz;L Jk;igg;g+it mzpe;J NghupLtu;.
8. thifj;jpiz: Nghupy; ntw;wp ngWk; kd;dd; thifg;g+r; #b kfpo;thd;.

3. “jiyiaf; nfhLj;NjDk;; jiyefiuf; fhg;Nghk;” ,lk; Rl;bg; nghUs; tpsf;Ff.
,lk; : nrd;idia Me;jpuhtpypUe;J gpupj;njLj;jy; njhlu;ghd khefuhl;rp rpwg;Gf; $l;lnkhd;wpy;>
nrd;id gw;wpa jPu;khdnkhd;iw Kd;nkhope;J> k.ngh.rp. mtu;fs; $wpa Kof;fk; ,J.
nghUs; : capiuf; nfhLj;NjDk; jiyefuhd nrd;idiaf; fhf;f Ntz;Lk;. *c[AUG-22, SEP-21, PTA-6]
tpsf;fk; : Me;jpu khepyk; gpupAk; NghJ nrd;idjhd; mjd; jiyefuhf ,Uf;f Ntz;Lk; vd;W
Me;jpuj; jiytu;fs; fUjpdu;. mg;NghJ khefuj; je;ij nrq;fy;tuhad; jiyikapy; $ba
khefuhl;rp rpwg;Gf; $l;lnkhd;wpy;> nrd;id gw;wpa jPu;khdnkhd;iw Kd;nkhope;J k.ngh.rp.
mtu;fs; ‘jiyefuhd nrd;idia capiuf; nfhLj;NjDk; fhj;jpLNthk; ’ vd;W Koq;fpdhu;.
4. “gfu;tdu; jpupjpU efutPjpAk;@
gl;bDk; kapupDk; gUj;jp E}ypDk;
fl;L Ez;tpidf; fhUfu; ,Uf;ifAk;@
J}Rk; JfpUk; MuKk; mfpYk;” *nr-3
m) ,t;tbfs; ,lk;ngw;w E}y; vJ? rpyg;gjpfhuk;

M) ghlypy; mike;j Nkhidia vLj;J vOJf. gfu;tdu; - gl;bDk;
n
l.i
,) vJifr; nrhw;fis mbf;NfhbLf. gl;bDk; - fl;L
<) fhUfu; - nghUs; jUf.
c) ,g;ghlypy; Fwpg;gplg;gLk; eWkzg; nghUs;fs; ahit?
da nea;gtu; (nerthsu;)
mfpy;> re;jdk;
ka
5. gpd;tUk; gj;jpiag; gbj;J ikaf;fUj;ij vOJf. *nr-2
vi
NguurdJ nka;g; Gfio vLj;Jf;$WtJ nka;f;fPu;j;jp. nghJthf ,J Nrho

al
kd;dUila rhrdq;fspd; njhlf;fj;jpy; murDila ,j;jidahtJ Ml;rpahz;L vd;W

.k
$Wkplj;J mikf;fg;ngWk;. rpwg;ghf mtDila Nghu; ntw;wpfisAk; tuyhw;iwAk;

Kiwahff; $wp> mtd; jd; NjtpNahL tPw;wpUe;J ePL tho;f! vdf; $wp> gpwNf rhrdk;
w
vOe;j epfo;r;rpiaf; Fwpg;gpLk;.

w
,ay;-7
,ay;-7
Nrho kd;du; guk;giuapy; nka;f;fPu;j;jpNahL rhrdq;fisg; nghwpf;Fk; tof;fk;
w
neLehs; ,Ue;jjpy;iy. Kjy; ,uhruhrDila vl;lhk; Mz;by;jhd; nka;f;fPu;j;jp

fhzg;gLfpwJ. ,jd;fz; tkpr ghuk;gupak; tpje;J Xjg;gltpy;iy@ Vida gFjpfs;
cs;sd. vdpDk;> ,J kpfTk; RUf;fkhfNt cs;sJ. ,d;Dk; gpd;te;j nka;f;fPu;j;jpfspd;
tkpr guk;giuia kpfTk; tpupj;Jf; $wpAs;sd.
(my;yJ) nka;f;fPu;j;jpf; Fwpj;Jj; jhq;fs; mwpe;j ,uz;L fUj;Jfis vOJf. [PTA -2]
nka;f;fPu;j;jp
Å Nguurhpd; nka;g;GfioAk;> Nghu; ntw;wpfisAk;> tuyhw;iwAk; $Wk; rhrdk;> nka;f;fPu;j;jp MFk;.
Å ,J rhrdq;fspd; njhlf;fj;jpy; murDila Ml;rpahz;L $Wkplj;J mikf;fg;ngWk;.
Å Kjy; ,uhruhrdpd; vl;lhk; E}w;whz;by;jhd; nka;f;fPu;j;jp fhzg;gLfpwJ.
Å gpw;fhy nka;f;fPu;j;jpfspy; tkpr ghuk;gupak; gw;wp tpupthf vOjg;gl;Ls;sJ.
$Ljy; tpdh
6. gifNte;ju; ,UtUk; typikNa ngupJ vd;gij epiyehl;lg; NghupLk; jpiz Fwpj;J vOJf.
Å gifNte;ju; ,UtUk; typikia epiyehl;l NghupLk; jpiz Jk;igj;jpiz MFk;. *, [PTA- 4]
Å gifNte;ju; ,UtUk; jk; tPuu;fSld; Jk;igg; G+r;R+bg; Nghu;f;fsj;jpy; xUtNuhL xUtu; NghupLtu;.
neLtpdh
1. ehl;L tpohf;fs; - tpLjiyg; Nghuhl;l tuyhW – ehl;bd; Kd;Ndw;wj;jpy; khztu; gq;F –
Fwpg;Gfisf; nfhz;L xU gf;f mstpy; ‘khztg; gUtKk; ehl;Lg; gw;Wk;’ vd;w jiyg;gpy;
Nkil ciu vOJf. *c [SEP – 2020, PTA – 1]
Fwpg;Gr;rl;lfk;
Å Kd;Diu
Å ehl;L tpohf;fs;
Å tpLjiyg; Nghuhl;l tuyhW
Å ehl;bd; Kd;Ndw;wj;jpy; khztu; gq;F
Å KbTiu
khztg;gUtKk; ehl;Lg;gw;Wk;…
Kd;Diu
“ghUf;Fs;Ns ey;y ehL – vq;fs; ghuj ehL” vd;W ek; ,e;jpaj; jpUehl;bd;
ngUikiag; giwrhw;wp vd; ciuiaj; njhlq;FfpNwd;. khztu;fshfpa ehk; ,e;jpaj;
jpUehl;bd; Gjy;tu;fs;. vdNt ek; ehl;bw;F ek;khy; Kbe;j flikfis Mw;w Ntz;Lk;.
n
ehl;L tpohf;fs; :
l.i
ek; ehl;by; thOk; kf;fs; midtUk; kjk;> ,dk;> nkhop Mfpatw;iw kwe;J
nfhz;lhLk; tpohf;fNs ehl;L tpohf;fs; MFk;. ,e;jpa tpLjiy ehs;> FbauR ehs;>
da
kfhj;kh fhe;jpabfspd; gpwe;jehs;> jpahfpfs; jpdk;> Njrpa ,isQu; jpdk; Kjyhd
ka
ehs;fs; ek; ehL KOtJk; rpwg;ghff; nfhz;lhlg;gLk; tpoh ehs;fs; MFk;. ek; ehl;bd;
tpLjiyf;fhf cioj;j ey;Nyhu;fisAk;> ek; ehl;bd; ngUikfisAk;> rpwg;GfisAk;
vi
khztu;fs; mwpe;J nfhs;s ,t;tpohf;fs; ngupJk; cjTfpd;wd.

tpLjiyg; Nghuhl;l tuyhW :
al
,e;jpaj; jpUehL ePz;l neba tuyhW nfhz;l goikahd ehL. may;ehl;ltu;fspd;

.k
mbikj;jisapypUe;J ehk; tpLjiy ngw eilngw;w Nghuhl;lq;fs; fzf;fpylq;fhjit.

Î ,e;jpa tpLjiyg; Nghuhl;lk; fhe;jpabfspd; rj;jpahfpufg; Nghuhl;lj;jpy; Muk;gpj;jJ.
w
Î jPz;lhik tpyf;F> fju; tpu;g;gid Nghd;w gy Nghuhl;lq;fis epfo;j;jpdu;.

w
,ay;-7
,ay;-7
Î ‘,e;jpahit tpl;L nts;isaNd ntspNaW’ vd;W $wp Nghuhbdu;.
w
Î nrd;idia Me;jpuhtpd; jiyefuhf;f epidj;jtu;fsplkpUe;J nrd;idia kPl;ldu;.

goq;fhyj;jpNy ghz;bad;> Nrhod;> Nrud; Mz;l ngUikiaf; $wp> Mq;fpNyaUf;F
mbikg;gl;bUe;j rpWikia epidT+l;b tpLjiyg;Nghupy; <Lgl;ldu;. mj;jifa tpLjiyg;
Nghuhl;l tuyhw;wpidAk; mg;Nghuhl;lj;jpy; capu; ePj;j jpahfpfisAk; khztu;fshfpa
ehk; kwe;Jtplf;$lhJ. ,d;W ehk; Rthrpf;Fk; tpLjiyf;fhw;iw vspjhfg; ngw;wpltpy;iy.
ehl;bd; Kd;Ndw;wj;jpy; khztu; gq;F :
ehk; ek;Kila nray;fspy; xOfj;ijAk;> fl;Lg;ghl;ilAk; filg;gpbj;jhy; ehL
Kd;NdWk;. khztu;fs; xU rpy Jiwfis kl;Lk; Nju;T nra;J gbf;fhky; gy;NtW
JiwfspYk; fy;tpg; gapd;W ehl;bd; tsu;r;rpia ngUf;f Ntz;Lk;. J}a;ik ,e;jpah
,af;fj;jpy; ek; Rw;Wg;Gwj;ij J}a;ikahf itj;Jf; nfhs;Nthk;. khztu;fspd; MSikg;
gz;Gfis tsu;f;Fk; ehl;L eyg;gzpj;jpl;lk;> Njrpa khztu; gil> nrQ;rpYit rq;fk;>
Efu;Nthu; kd;wk; Nghd;w mikg;Gfspy; Nru;e;J ehl;bd; Kd;Ndw;wj;jpw;F cjt Ntz;Lk;.
KbTiu
khztu;fshfpa ehk; kjk;> ,dk;> rhjp> nkhop Mfpatw;why; NtWgl;L epw;fhky;
,e;jpad; vd;w czu;NthL nrayhw;WNthk;. cyf muq;fpy; ek; ehl;il tsg;gLj;JNthk;.
rpwg;Gwr; nra;Nthk;… vd;W $wp vd; ciuia epiwT nra;fpNwd;. ed;wp.

2. ghlg;gFjpapy; ,lk;ngw;Ws;s nka;f;fPu;j;jpg; ghlypd; eaj;ij tpsf;Ff. *nr-2
Fwpg;Gr;rl;lfk;
Å Kd;Diu Å njhileaq;fs;
Å nka;f;fPu;j;jp - nghUs; x Nkhid eak;
Å ikaf;fUj;J x vJif eak;
Å mzp eak;
Å nghUs; eak;
Å KbTiu
Kd;Diu
ghlg;gFjpapy; Nrho kd;dd; ,uz;lhk; ,uhruhr Nrhodpd; ngUikfisAk; tuyhw;iwAk;
$Wk; nka;f;fPu;j;jp nfhLf;fg;gl;Ls;sJ. mg;ghlypd; eaj;ij tphpthff; fhzyhk;.
nka;f;fPu;j;jp - nghUs; :
nka;f;fPu;j;jp = nka; - cz;ik> fPu;j;jp - Gfo;: murhz;l kd;ddpd; cz;ikahd
Gfio vLj;Jiuf;Fk; ,yf;fpaNk nka;f;fPu;j;jp. ,J fy;ntl;by; vOjg;gl;bUf;Fk;.
ikaf;fUj;J :
,uz;lhk; ,uhruhr Nrhodpd; Ml;rpr;rpwg;gpidAk; mtd; Ml;rp nra;j ehl;bd;
tsj;ijg; gw;wpAk; tpsf;FfpwJ.
n
nghUs; eak; :
l.i
,g;ghlypd; nghUs;fs; kiwnghUshf xg;gpLk; tifapy; nfhLf;fg;gl;Ls;sJ.
,g;ghlypd; Mrpupau; Nrho ehl;bd; ,aw;if tsj;jpy; ,Ug;gij $wp mit kf;fsplk;
da
,y;yhjpUg;gij Fwpg;gpl;L mjd; topNa ehk; nghUs; czu;e;J nfhs;sr; nra;Ak; eak;
kpfr; rpwg;ghfg; nghUe;jp cs;sJ.
ka
cjhuzkhf>
Å khq;fha;fs; kl;LNk tLg;gLfpd;wd> kf;fs; tLg;gLtjpy;iy.
vi
Å kyu;fs; kl;LNk gwpf;fg;gLfpd;wd> kf;fspd; cupikfs; gwpf;fg;gLtjpy;iy.

al
Å fhLfs; kl;LNk nfhbAilajha; cs;sd> kf;fs; nfhbatuha; ,y;iy.

.k
Å new;fjpu;fs; kl;LNk Nghuhf vOfpd;wd> Nghu; vd;gNj ehl;by; ,y;iy.

w
njhileaq;fs; :
Å Nkhid eak;: xU ghlypy; mbfspNyh> rPu;fspNyh Kjy; vOj;J xd;wp tUtJ Nkhid.
w
,ay;-7
,ay;-7
rPh;Nkhid: epd;Wfhty; - epidahJ@ newpG+z;L - newpay;yJ@
w
je;ijapy;Nyhu;-je;ijahfpAe;@ jhahhpy;Nyhh;-jhauhfpAk;@
ike;jhpy;nyhU - ike;juhfpAk;
mbNkhid: khNt – khkyNu@ fhTfNs - fs;Sz;gd@ ,aw;GytNu-,irg;ghzNu@
Å vJif eak;: xU ghlypy; mbfspNyh> rPu;fspNyh Kjy; vOj;J msnthj;J epw;f
,uz;lhk; vOj;J xd;wp tUtJ vJif.
rPh; vJif : newpG+z;L - newpay;yhJ@ je;ijapy;Nyhu; - je;ijahfpAe;@
jhahhpy;Nyhh; - jhauhfpAk;@ ike;jhpy;nyhU - ike;juhfpAk;
mb vJif: ,e;jpud; - te;jb@ gbahidNa – tbkzpr;rpyk;Ng@@ khNt – fhT@
faw; - ,aw;@ vd;W $wp – epd;Wfhty;@ tpop – nkhop@
mzp eak; : ctikazp
KbTiu
Nrhokd;dd; ,uz;lhk; ,uhruhrNrhodpd; ngUikfis mtd; ehl;bd; ,aw;if
tsj;ij vLj;Jf;$wp mjd; topNa vLj;Jiuj;jpUg;gJ Nghw;WjYf;FupaJ. ,g;ghly;
vspjpy; nghUs; nfhs;Sk;gbahfTk; re;j eaj;NjhLk; ,aw;wg;gl;bUf;fpwJ.
3. rpyg;gjpfhu kUT+u;g;ghf;f tzpf tPjpfis ,f;fhy tzpf tshfq;fNshLk; mq;fhbfNshLk;
xg;gpl;L vOJf. *nr-3 [AUG -2022, SEP – 2021, PTA – 2, MDL – 19]
Kd;Diu
tzpfkhdJ ehSf;F ehs; tsu;e;J kf;fspd; Njitfis G+u;j;jp nra;fpwJ. md;W
Kjy; ,d;W tiu xU ehl;bypUe;J kw;nwhU ehl;bw;F gz;lkhw;W KiwAk;> nghUs;fspd;
cw;gj;jpAk;> mijr; re;ijg;gLj;JjYk; ,Ue;Jf;nfhz;Ljhd; ,Uf;fpwJ. ,q;F kUT+h;g;ghf;f
tzpf tPjpfisAk; ,f;fhy tzpf tshfq;fisAk; gw;wpa xg;gPl;il tphpthff; fhzyhk;.
kUT+u;g;ghf;f tzpf tPjpfs; ,f;fhy tzpf tshfq;fs; / mq;fhbfs;
m) eWkzg;nghUs; tPjp tz;zg;nghUs;fs;> myq;fhug; nghUl;fs;>
tz;zf;Fok;G> Rz;zg;nghb> Fspu;e;j kzr;rhe;J> eWkzg;nghUs;fs; Nghd;wit jdpj;jdp
G+> eWkzg;nghUs;fs;> mfpy; Kjypatw;iw mq;fhbfspYk;> ,izatopapYk;
tpw;gtu;fs; tPjpfspy; tzpfk; nra;jhu;fs;. tpw;fg;gLfpd;wJ.
M) nerthsh; tPjp JzpfshdJ ,ae;jpuq;fspd; %yk; gy
gl;L> Kb> gUj;jp E}y; nfhz;L mofhfg; tz;z tbtq;fSf;F Vw;g etPd Kiwapy;
gpd;dpf; fl;Lk; ifj;njhopy; nerthsh;fs; nea;ag;gl;L> tzpf tshfq;fspy; tpw;gid
rpwe;J tpsq;fpdhu;fs;. nra;ag;gLfpd;wd.
n
,) tsk; epiwe e;j mfd;w tPjp
l.i
Kj;J> gtsk;> nghd;> kzp> ituk;> itûpak;
tpiykjpg;gpy;yhg; nghUs;fshd gl;Lk;>
Mfpait gy tbtq;fspy; trjpf;Nfw;gTk;
gtsKk;> Kj;Jk;> nghd;Dk;> kzpAk;
mstpy;yhky; nfhl;bf; fple;jd.
da
eiff;filfspy; tpw;fg;gLfpd;wd.
ka
<)) $y tPjp jhdpaq;fSk;> jpiz tiffSk;> Ke;jpup>
vl;Ltifj; jhdpaq;fSk; Ftpe;J fplf;Fk; ghjhk; Nghd;w gUg;G tiffSk; Ritf;Nfw;g
vi
$yf;filj; njUf;fs; ,Ue;jd. gy tbtq;fspy; nghl;lyq;fshf fpilf;fpd;wd.

al
c) czTg;nghUs;fs; tpw;gid mf;fhy czT tiffSld; JupjczT>

gpl;L tzpfk;> mg;gk; RLjy;> kPd;> cg;G> ghdq;fs;> nehWf;FjPdpfs; Nghd;w gz;zhl;L
.k
ntw;wpiy Kjypad tpw;wy;> Vyk; Kjypa czTfs; ngupa cztfq;fspy; Jtq;fp

w
Ie;J eWkzg;nghUs;> ,iwr;rp kw;Wk; js;Stz;bfspYk;> ,izatopapy; tPL

w
,ay;-7
,ay;-7
vz;nza; Nghd;w czT rhh;e;j tpw;gidAk; NjbAk; tpw;fg;gLfpd;wd. gjg;gLj;jg;gl;l
eilngw;wJ. czTfSk;> ,iwr;rpfSk; tpw;fg;gLfpd;wd.
w
C) gytif ifj;njhopyhsu;fs;;
mf;fhy njhopy;fSld;> fk;gsp gpd;Djy;>
ntz;fyk;> nrk;Gg; ghj;jpuq;fs; nra;Nthu;>
$ilg; gpd;Djy;> Mup Ntiy> nefpop
kuj;jr;ru;> nghw; nfhy;yu;> ,Uk;Gf; nfhy;yu;>
nghk;ikfs;> ,af;ff;$ba ,ae;jpu (NuhNgh)
Xtpau;> rpw;gpfs;> ,uj;jpd Ntiy nra;gtu;>
nghk;ikfs;> nkd;nghUs; rhu;e;j gzpfs; Nghd;w
ijaw;fhuu;> Njhy;nghUs; ijg;gtu;> kz;>
etPd njhopy;fSk; nray;gLfpd;wd.
Jzp> kuf;fl;il nghk;ikfs; nra;gtu;.
v) fiy ty;Yeu;fs; mf;fhy ghuk;gupa ,irNahL> gpahNdh> fpl;lhu;>
FoypYk; ahopYk; - Fuy;> Jj;jk;> iff;fpis> buk;]; Nghd;w etPdf; fUtpfspd; %yk;
cio> ,sp> tpsup> jhuk; vd VO ,irfis jpwikfis fhl;Lfpd;wdu;. ‘];Ky;’ Nghd;w
(r> up> f> k> g> j> ep vd;Dk; VO Ruq;fis) nraypfspd; cjtpNahL> rhkhd;au;fSk; ,ir
,irj;J jpwikia fhl;Lk; ty;Yeu;fs; ,Ue;jdu;. fiyQu;fs; Nghy; ghb kfpo;tpf;fpd;wdu;
KbTiu
rpyg;gjpfhu kUT+h;g;ghf;fj;jpy; eilngw;w tzpfq;fs; njUf;fspNy fhw;Nwhl;lkhd
R+oypy; ,Ue;jJ. kf;fs; njhif ,d;iwa tzpfj;ijAk; gz;lkhw;W KiwiaAk; epu;zapf;fpwJ.
vd;iwf;FNk kf;fspd; fhyj;jpw;Fk;> R+o;epiyf;Nfw;g tzpfkhdJ khwpf; nfhz;L jhd; ,Uf;Fk;.

4. epfo;Tfisj; njhFj;J mwpf;if vOJf. *J [PTA - 5]
kfspu; ehs;tpoh
,lk; : gs;spf; fiyauq;fk; ehs; : 08.03.2020
fiyauq;fj;jpy; Mrpupau;fs;> khztu;fs; $Ljy; - jiyikahrpupaupd; tuNtw;G - ,johsu;
fiyaurpapd; rpwg;Giu - Mrpupau;fspd; tho;j;Jiu - khztj; jiytupd; ed;wpAiu.
kfspu; ehs;tpoh mwpf;if

ehs; : 08.03.2020
,lk; : gs;spf; fiyauq;fk;
08.03.2020 md;W kfspu; ehs; tpohthdJ vk; gs;spapy; kpfTk; rpwg;ghf
nfhz;lhlg;gl;lJ. fhiy 10 kzp mstpy; jkpo;j;jha; tho;j;Jld; tpoh ,dpNj njhlq;fpaJ.
Mrpupau;fSk; khztu;fSk; jpushf tUif Gupe;jpUe;jdu;. Mrpupau;fs;> khztpfs; rpyu;
ngz; tpLjiyiag; Nghw;Wk; Fk;kp ghliy ghb eldkhbdu;. 10.30 kzpastpy; vk;gs;spj;
n
l.i
jiyikahrpupau; tuNtw;Giu $w tpoh ,dpNj Muk;gkhdJ.
jiyikahrpupau;> ‘kq;ifauha; gpwg;gjw;Nf ey;y khjtk; nra;jply; Ntz;Lkk;kh’ - vd;W
da
$wp jdJ tuNtw;Giuia Muk;gpj;jhu;. mLj;j fzk; muq;fk; KOtJk; funthyp Nfl;lJ. gs;spf;F
ka
rpwg;G tpUe;jpdhuhf tUif Gupe;jpUf;Fk; gd;Kfj; jd;ik nfhz;l ,johsu; fiyaurp
mtu;fis tuNtw;gjpy; ngUkfpo;r;rp miltjhf ghuhl;bg; Ngrpdhu;. jiyikahrpupau;>
vi
Mrpupau;fs;> khztpfs; midtiuAk; tuNtw;w gpwF jd; ciuia Kbj;jhu;.

al
tpohtpw;Fr; rpwg;G tpUe;jpduhf tUifGupe;j ,johsu; fiyaurp mtu;fs; ‘epkpu;e;j

.k
ed;dil …’ vd;w ghujpahupd; ftpijiaf; $wp jd; ciuia njhlq;fpdhu;. kfspu;ehs;

w
tpohtpd; Nehf;fk;> mjd; rpwg;Gfisg; gw;wp tpupthf vLj;Jf; $wpdhu;. NkYk;> ,d;iwa ehspy;
w
,ay;-7
,ay;-7
fpuhkg;Gwj;jpy; ,Ue;Jte;J tpisahl;Lj;Jiwapy; Mrpa jlfsg;Nghl;bapy; 800 kPl;lu; Xl;lj;jpy;
w
,e;jpahTf;fhd Kjy; jq;fg;gjf;fj;ij ntd;w jq;f kq;if Nfhkjp khupKj;Jitg;

gw;wpg;Ngrpdhu;. ,t;thW gyj;Jiwfspy; rhjpj;jg; ngz;fisg; gw;wpf; $wpdhu;. ngz;fs; gs;sp>
fy;Y}up> gzp vq;F nrd;whYk; gy ,d;dy;fis re;jpf;f Neuplk;. Mdhy;> mij kd
ijupaj;Jld; vjpu;nfhz;L tho;tpy; Kd;Ndw Ntz;Lk;. mJNghy;> ,g;gs;spapy; gbf;Fk;
xt;nthU khztpAk; jq;fSf;Ff; fpilf;Fk; tha;g;Gfisg; gad;gLj;jp tho;tpy; rhjidfs;
gy gilf;f Ntz;Lk; vd;W $wp khztpfis cw;rhfg;gLj;jpdhu;.
mjd;gpwF> vk;gs;sp Mrpupau;fs; xt;nthUtuhf kfspu; jpd tho;j;Jf;fisf; $wpr;
rpwg;Giu Mw;wpdhu;fs;. Mrpupau;fs; rpyu; jhq;fs; mwpe;j rhjidg; ngz;fs; gw;wp
ciuahw;wpdhu;fs;. NkYk; rpyu;> jhq;fs; jpUkzj;jpw;F gpwF jhd; gbj;J Mrpupauhf
gzpahw;Wfpd;wdu; vd;wdu;. ,it khztpfSf;F Gjpa cj;Ntfj;ij mspj;jJ.
,Wjpahf khztj;jiytp mKjh> “ngz; tPl;il Ms;gts; kl;Lk; my;y> ehl;il
MSk; jpwik gilj;jts;> ngz;zhf gpwe;jJ ek; ngUik” vd;W $wp midtUf;Fk;
ed;wpAiu toq;f ehl;Lg;gz;Zld; tpoh ,dpNj KbTw;wJ.
$Ljy; tpdhf;fs;
5. kq;ifauha;g; gpwg;gjw;Nf vd;Dk; ghlj;jpy; ,lk;ngw;Ws;s %tu; gw;wp RUf;fp vOJf.*J [AUG -2022]
Kd;Diu
ngz;fs; ,d;W midj;Jj; JiwfspypYk; Mz;fSf;F epfuhf ru;t ty;yik
gilj;j rf;jpfshf khwptpl;ldu;. ,j;jifa rhjidfisg; Gupa Kd;Djhuzkhf
tpsq;fpa ngz; rhjidahsu;fisg; gw;wp tpupthff; fhzyhk;.
vk;. v];. Rg;Gyl;Rkp (Kfpy; ehr;rp) :
,sikf;fhyk; :
Å kJiu rz;Kf tbT Rg;Gyl;Rkp tPizf; fiyQuhd jd; jhaplkpUe;J ,iriaf; fw;whu;.
Å Ie;jhk; tFg;G tiu kl;LNk gbj;j ,tu; gjpNdO tajpy; nrd;id kpa+rpf;
mfhnjkpapy; Nkijfs; gyu; Kd;G fr;Nrup nra;J ghuhl;ilg; ngw;whu;.
Gfo; je;j ghly;fs; :
Å ,tu; ebj;j kPuh jpiug;glk; kpfg; ngupa ntw;wpiag; ngw;wJ.
Å fhw;wpdpNy tUk; fPjk;> Fiwnahd;Wkpy;iy Mfpad ,tu; ghba Gfo; ngw;w ghly;fshFk;.
Å [tù;yhy; NeU> rNuh[pdp ehAL MfpNahupd; ghuhl;ilg; ngw;wtu;.
Å
n
,uFgjp ,uhft ,uh[huhk; vd;w ghliyg;ghb fhe;jpabfspd; ghuhl;ilg; ngw;whu;.
Å
l.i
,q;fpyhe;jpYk; If;fpa ehLfs; rigapYk; ,tu; ghly;fisg; ghbAs;shu;.
tpUJfSk; ngUikfSk; :
Å ,irg;Nguurp vd;W NeU ngUkfdhuhy; miof;fg;gl;ltu;.
da
Å jhkiuazp tpUJ> ,e;jpa khkzp tpUJ> gd;dhl;L tpUjhd kfNrNr tpUJ ngw;wtu;.
ka
Nkhfdh (ghyru];tjp) :
vi
,sikf;fhyk; :
al
Å ,tu; gujehl;baj;jpy; Gfo; ngw;wtu;.

Å VO tajpy; fhQ;rpGuj;jpy; gujehl;baj;ij Kjd;Kjypy; NkilNawp muq;Nfw;wpdhu;.
.k
Å gjpide;J tajpy; nrd;id rq;fPj rkh[k; muq;fpy; ,tupd; eld epfo;r;rp eilngw;wJ.
w
Å ,irNkij gz;bl; ,utprq;fu; ghuhl;bdhu;. mtuJ jk;gp %yk; gy tha;g;Gfs; fpilj;jd.

w
,ay;-7
,ay;-7
Gfo; je;j eldq;fs; :
Å ek; ehl;Lg; gz;zhfpa “[dfzkd” ghlYf;F nka;g;ghLfNshL gujehl;bak; Mbdhu;.
w
Å INuhg;gh> mnkupf;fh Kjypa cyf ehLfspy; ,tupd; gujehl;bak; muq;NfwpAs;sJ.

Å nrt;tzp tpUJ ngw;wtu;.
khjtp (rpd;dg;gps;is) :
r%fg;gzp :
Å fsQ;rpak; vd;w ngaupy; ,tu; kfspu; Ra cjtpf; FO cUthf;fpdhu;.
Å ,jpy; tajhdtu;fs;> khw;Wj;jpwdhspfs; vd midtiuAk; ,tu; ,izj;jhu;.
Å ,jid ghuhl;b khtl;l Ml;rpj;jiytu; fz;khapy; kPd; gpbf;Fk; Fj;jifia nfhLj;jhu;.
Å Rdhkpahy; ghjpf;fg;gl;lNlhUf;F ,tu; jiyikapy; kPl;Gg;gzpfs; Nkw;nfhz;lhu;.
Å ,d;W ,f;FO gy khepyq;fspypy; gy yl;rk; ngz;fNshL Ntiy nra;fpwJ.
tpUJfSk; ngUikfSk; :
Å ngz; Mw;wy; tpUJ (];jpuP rf;jp Gu];fhu;) ngw;whu;.
Å ,tu; jkpof murpd; xsit tpUijAk;> J}u;ju;\dpd; nghjpif tpUijAk; ngw;whu;.
Å mz;ikapy; jhkiuj;jpU tpUijAk; ngw;whu;.
KbTiu
ngz;fs; ehl;bd; fz;fs; vd;gij cyFf;F czu;j;jpa rhjidg; ngz;fs;
topapy; ehKk; nrd;why; ew;GfioAk; cau;e;j epiyiaAk; milayhk;.

6. ,uz;lhk; ,uhruhr Nrhod; nka;f;fPu;j;jpapy; mike;Js;s fUj;Jfis tptupf;f. *nr-2 [PTA - 4]
murhz;l kd;ddpd; cz;ikahd Gfio vLj;Jiuf;Fk; ,yf;fpaNk nka;f;fPu;j;jp.
ghlg;gFjpapYs;s nka;f;fPu;j;jp ,uz;lhk; ,uhruhr Nrhodpd; Ml;rpr;rpwg;gpidAk;> mtd;
Ml;rp nra;j ehl;bd; tsj;ijg; gw;wpAk; tpsf;FfpwJ.
m) ehl;Ltsk; kw;Wk; kf;fspd; epiy :
Å ahidfNs gpzpf;fg;gLfpd;wd> kf;fs; xUNghJk; gpzpf;fg;gLtjpy;iy.
Å rpyk;Gfs; kl;LNk Gyk;Gfpd;wd> kf;fs; Gyk;Gtjpy;iy.
Å Xilfs; kl;LNk fyf;fkilfpd;wd> kf;fs; xUNghJk; fyf;fkiltjpy;iy.
Å Mw;wpd; ePu; kl;LNk rpiwg;gLj;jg;gLfpd;wd> kf;fs; rpiwg;gLj;jg;gLtjpy;iy.
Å khq;fha;fs; kl;LNk tLg;gLfpd;wd> kf;fs; tLg;gLtjpy;iy.
Å kyu;fs; kl;LNk gwpf;fg;gLfpd;wd> kf;fs; cupikfs; gwpf;fg;gLtjpy;iy.
Å fhLfs; kl;LNk nfhbAilajha; cs;sd> kf;fs; nfhbatuha; ,y;iy.
M) jpUehl;bd; ,ay;G :
Å ePz;l kiyfNs ,Us; R+o;e;jpUf;fpd;wd> kf;fs; tWikNahL tho;tjpy;iy.
Å ,skhd;fspd; fz;fs; kl;LNk kUSfpd;wd> kf;fsplk; fz;fspy; kUl;rpapy;iy.
Å Fsj;J kPd;fNs gpwo;e;J nry;fpd;wd> kf;fs; epiy gpwo;tjpy;iy.
n
Å nrtpypj;jhau; kl;LNk rpdq;fhl;Lth;> NtW ahUk; rpdk; nfhs;tjpy;iy.
l.i
Å Gytu; ghl;by; kl;LNk nghUs; nghjpe;J ,Uf;fpd;wJ> kf;fsplk; kiwthd nghUl;fs; ,y;iy.
Å ,irg;ghzNu njUtpy; Mbg;ghLtu;> Njitaw;W NtW vtUk; mt;thW nra;tjpy;iy.
,) newp epd;W fhty; Ghpgtd; Nrhod; :
da
ka
,uz;lhk; ,uhruhrNrhod; je;ijapy;yhNjhUf;Fj; je;ijaha; ,Ue;J>
jhapy;yhNjhUf;Fj; jhaha; ,Ue;J> kfdpy;yhNjhUf;F kfdhf ,Ue;J> cyf
vi
caph;fSf;F vy;yhk; capuhf ,Ue;J newpNahL fhty; fhf;fpd;whd;.

<) Gfopdj;jpd; jiytd; :
al
tpop ngw;w gadhfTk;> nka; ngw;w mUshfTk;> nkhop ngw;w nghUshfTk;> Gfopidg;
.k
ngw;w E}yhfTk; ,uz;lhk; ,uhruhrNrhod; jpfo;fpd;whd;. ,Wjpapy; Gfo; midj;jpw;Fk;

jiytdhfp vy;yhtw;iwAk; fhg;gtdhf ,Uf;fpd;whd;.
w
w
,ay;-7
,ay;-7
w
nkhopia Ms;Nthk;!
nkhopngau;ff
; . [PTA – 4, SEP – 2020]
Among the five geographical divisions of the rq;f ,yf;fpaj;jpy; $wg;gl;l jkpofj;jpd;
Tamil country in Sangam literature, the Ie;J tif epyq;fspy; kUj epyk;jhd;
kpFe;j tskhdjhfTk; coTj;njhopYf;F
Marutam region was fit for cultivation, as it had
Vw;wjhfTk; ,Ue;Js;sJ. Xu; cotdpd;
the most fertile lands. The property of a farmer
nropg;G Njitahd #upa xsp> gUt kio>
depended on getting the necessary sunlight,
kz;zpd; tsk; Mfpatw;iwg; ngWtjpy;
seasonal rains and the fertility of the soil. ,Ue;jJ. ,j;jifa ,aw;iff; $Wfspy;
Among these elements of nature, sunlight was #upa xspNa Kjd;ikahdjhf
considered indispensable by the ancient Tamils. goe;jkpouhy; fUjg;gl;lJ.
,ay; - 7. tpijney;; 101
gpd;tUk; njhlu;fisf; nfhz;L nghUj;jkhd njhlu; mikf;f.

tug; NghfpNwd;> ,y;yhky; ,Uf;fpwJ> nfhQ;rk; mjpfk;> Kd;Df;Fg; gpd;> kwf;f epidf;fpNwd;
tug; NghfpNwd; ,d;Dk; rpwpJ Neuj;jpy; tug; NghfpNwd;.
,y;yhky; ,Uf;fpwJ Foe;ij ,y;yhjjhy; vd; mf;fh tPl;by; kfpo;r;rp ,y;yhky; ,Uf;fpwJ.
nfhQ;rk; mjpfk; mk;kh itj;j gharj;jpy; ,dpg;Gf; nfhQ;rk; mjpfk;.
Kd;Df;Fg; gpd; Kd;Df;Fg; gpd; khwpg; NgRtJ rupahd gz;gd;W.
kwf;f epidf;fpNwd; vd; tho;tpy; ele;j tpgj;ij kwf;f epidf;fpNwd;.
njhifr; nrhw;fisg; gpupj;J vOjp> jkpo; vz;ZU jUf.

%Nte;ju;fshy; ehw;wpirAk; Nghw;wp tsu;f;fg;gl;l Kj;jkpNo> cyf nkhopfspy;
cau;e;jnjd;w nrk;khe;j $w;wpw;F> jkpo; ,yf;fpaq;fspy; mike;Js;s ,Ujpiz mikg;Ng
fhuzkhFk;. Kg;ghiy KOikahfj; je;j jkpopd; rpwg;gpid Ie;jpizfspy; moFw
tpsf;Fgit rq;f ,yf;fpaq;fs;. ehdpyj;jpy; grpj;jtu;f;F mWRit czTNghy;
gj;Jg;ghl;Lk; vl;Lj;njhifAk; gbg;gtu;f;F kdjpw;fpdpik <e;J jkpo;g;ngUik rhw;WfpwJ.
n
%d;W + Nte;ju; %d;W -௩ ehd;F + jpir ehd;F - ௪
l.i
%Nte;ju; ehw;wpir
Kj;jkpo; %d;W + jkpo; %d;W -௩ da

,Ujpiz ,uz;L + jpiz ,uz;L- ௨
Kg;ghy; %d;W + ghy; [PTA -6] %d;W - ௩ Ie;jpiz Ie;J + jpiz [PTA -6] Ie;J - ௫
ka
ehdpyk; ehd;F + epyk; ehd;F - ௪ mWRit MW + Rit MW -௬
vi
gj;Jg;ghl;L gj;J + ghl;L gj;J - f0 vl;Lj;njhif vl;L + njhif vl;L - ௮

al
.k
fbjk; vOJf.
w
ftpijia ciuahlyhf khw;Wf. [PTA - 6] Gj;jf gf;f vz; : 181 ,y; ciuahliyf; fhz;f.
w
,ay;-7
,ay;-7
w
mk;kh! vd; fhJf;F xU NjhL mtrpak; Ntz;Lk;. NjhL ,y;yhky;

kfs;
ntWq;fhNjhL vd;dhy; ,Uf;f KbahJ. nrhy;yptpl;Nld;…
fhJf;Fj; NjhL kl;Lk; moF fpilahJ. ePjpAilNahu; nrhy;tijf;
jha; ftdpj;Jg; gzpthd nrhw;fisAk; ey;y fUj;Jf;fisAk; jpdKk; Nfl;L
cd; fhJf;F mzpfyd;fshf mzpe;J nfhs;.
kfs; fld; thq;fpahtJ vd; iff;F ,uz;L tisay;fs; thq;fpj; jhq;fk;kh?

tisay; ,y;iyah? vd;W gs;spapy; vd;id vy;NyhUk; Nfyp nra;fpwhh;fs;.
mwpthh;e;j kfNs Nfs;….. ek; tPL Njb tUk; tpUe;jpdu; kfpo cgrupg;gNj
jha; cdf;F tisayhFk;. mJ my;yhJ mtu;fs; $WtJ Nghy; eP ntWk;
tisaiy mzpe;jhy; mJ cdf;Ff; iftpyq;fhfj;jhd; ,Uf;Fk;.
kfs; Mguzq;fs; ,y;yhJ njUtpy; Nghdhy; vd;id ahu; kjpg;ghu;fs;? ,ij nrhd;dhy;
cq; fSf;F Nfhgk; tUfpwJ. vd; Fiwia ahH eP f; f KbAk; mk; kh?
fy;tp fw;gJjhd; ngz;fSf;F cz;ikahd Mguzk;. khzpf;ff;fy; itj;j
jha; mzpfyd; jPuhj Jd;gj;ijNa jUk;. fy;tp fw;w ngz;fis ,e;ehL md;NghL
fz;zpy; itj;Jg; ghh;j;Jf; nfhs;Sk; vd;gij eP czu;e;Jnfhs;.
nkhopNahL tpisahL
Cu;g;ngau;fspd; k&cit vOJf.
[SEP – 2021]
v.fh: jQ;rhT+u; jQ;ir GJf;Nfhl;il GJif jpUr;rpuhg;gs;sp jpUr;rp
cjfkz;lyk; cjif Nfhak;Gj;J}u; Nfhit ehfg;gl;bdk; ehif
GJr;Nrup GJit Fk;gNfhzk; Fle;ij jpUney;Ntyp ney;iy
kd;dhu;Fb kd;id kapyhg;G+u; kapiy irjhg;Ngl;il irij
glk; jUk; nra;jpiag; gj;jpahfj; jUf.

gz;ilf; fhyj;jpy; vjpup ehl;L murid
tPo;j;j kd;du;fs; Fjpiug;gil>
fhyhl;gil> ahidg;gilNahL nrd;W
Nghupl;L ntw;wp ngw;wdu;. gz;ilf;
fhyj;jpy; %tifg; gilfs; ,Ue;jd
n
vd;gij ,j;jiyKiwapdUf;F ,g;glk;
l.i
njuptpf;fpwJ. ,jpypUe;J xU ehl;bd;
typik> mjd; giltPuu;fisg;
da
nghWj;jJ vd;gij czu KbfpwJ.
fhl;rpiaf; fz;L ftpDw vOJf.
ka
fyg;igiaj; NjhspNy Rke;J
vi
Ntl;bia ,Lg;gpy; mzpe;J

itfiwapy; fodp nry;Yk; cotNd…!
al
Vu; gpbj;J>
.k
coT nra;J>
ePu; ,iwj;J>
w
gapu; tsu;j;J>
cyNfhu; midtupd;
w
,ay;-7
,ay;-7
grpiag; Nghf;Fk; cotNd…..
ePNa ,iwtd;……!
w
epw;f mjw;Fj; jf.

murhy; epWtg;gLk; fl;llq;fspYk; rpiyfspYk; epWtpath; ngah;> epWtg;gl;l fhyk;> Nehf;fk; rhh;e;j
gpw nra;jpfSk; jhq;fpa fy;ntl;Lfisg; ghh;j;jpUg;gPh;fs;. ,it ekJ ,d;iwa tuyhw;iwg;
Gyg;gLj;Jgit. mJNghyNt Nfhtpy;fspYk; goikahd epidTr; rpd;dq;fspYk; fl;bath;fs;
ngah;fSk; tuyhWk; ,lk;ngw;wpUf;Fk;. mit ek; gok;ngUikiaAk; tuyhw;iwAk; mwpar; nra;Ak;
mhpa Mtzq;fs; vd;W mwptPu;fs;jhNd? ,tw;iwg; guhkhpf;fTk;> ghJfhf;fTk; cq;fshy;
,ad;w nray;fs;… [PTA – 1, SEP – 2020]
fy;ntl;Lfspd; top mwpayhFk; nra;jpfis mtw;wpd; kjpg;igf; Fiwf;Fk;gb vJTk;
vd; ez;gu;fSf;Ff; $WNtd;. $w mDkjpf;f khl;Nld;.
fy;ntl;Lfs; Fwpj;J mtu;fisg; tuyhw;Wr; rhrdk; vd;gij czur;
ngUkpjk; milar; nra;Ntd;. nra;Ntd;.
fy;ntl;L kd;du;fisg; gpd;gw;wp ehl;Lg;gw;iw fy;ntl;L $Wk; ,yf;fpa> fiy
tsu;f;fyhk; vd;gij czu;j;JNtd;. tuyhw;iw kf;fs; mwpar; nra;Ntd;.
njhy;ypay; Muha;r;rpahsu;fs; fy;ntl;L gw;wpa fy;ntl;Lfis Nrjg;gLj;j
tpopg;Gzu;it Vw;gLj;jp ghJfhf;f Ntz;Lk;. mDkjpf;fkhl;Nld;.
,ay; - 7. tpijney;; 103
fw;git fw;wgpd;...
f)))
ciueil : rpw;wfy; xsp- k.ngh. rptQhdk;

1. vtNuDk; Xu; mwpQu; tho;tpy; ele;j epfo;Tfspy; cq;fisf; ftu;e;j xd;iw mtNu nrhy;tijg;
Nghd;W jd; tuyhwhf khw;wp vOJf. [PTA – 4]
fy;tp fz; jpwe;j fhkuh[u;
Å Kd;Diu
Å gs;spg;gUtk;
Å Kjy; murpay; tpij
Å jkpof Kjy;tu;
Å fy;tp Nkk;ghl;L gzp
n
Å KbTiu
l.i
Kd;Diu
da
,d;W tpUJefu; vd;W miof;fg;gLk; tpUj;jg;gl;b khtl;lj;jpy; Fkhurhkp-rptfhkp
jk;gjpapdu;f;F tug;gpurhjkhf 1903Mk; Mz;L [Piy khjk; 15 Mk; ehs; ehd; gpwe;Njd;. vd;
ghl;b ghu;tjp mk;khs; vdf;F itj;;j ngau; ‘fhkhl;rp’. Mdhy; tPl;bNyh ‘uh[h’ vd;W
ka
miog;ghu;fs;. gpd;dhspy; vd; ngau; ‘fhkuh[;’ vd;whdJ.
vi
gs;spg;gUtk; :
al
vd; Ie;jhtJ tajpy; xU tp[ajrkp ed;dhspy; gs;spg; gbg;ig ehd; Jtq;fpNdd;. vd;
ngw;Nwhu;fs; mij rpW tpohthfNt nfhz;lhbdu;;. mJ xU jpz;izg; gs;sp$lk;. mq;F Nghjpa
.k
trjp ,y;iy vd;gjhy; ‘Vdhjp ehadhu; tpj;jpah rhiy’-apy; xuhz;L fhyk;> gpd;du; ‘rj;jpupa
w
tpj;jpahrhiy’ cau;epiyg;gs;spapy; gbj;Njd;. gy nry;te;ju;fs; mg;gs;sp Vio khztu;fSf;F

gpb muprp toq;fpdhu;fs;. gpd;dhspy; ehd; gs;spfspy; mky;gLj;jpa ‘kj;jpa czTj; jpl;lj;jpw;F’
w
,ay;-7
,ay;-7
,e;j rk;gtKk; xU fhuzk;. FLk;g #o;epiy fhuzkhf MwhtJ tFg;Gld; vd; gbg;ig
w
epWj;jpf; nfhz;Nld;. gpd; vd; jha;khkh Jzpfilapy; Ntiyapy; mku;e;Njd;.

Kjy; murpay; tpij :
vdf;F VO taJ> vd; ez;gu;gfSld; nrd;wNghJ njUntq;Fk; ‘te;Nj khjuk;’
Ngh];lu; xl;lg;gl;L ,Ue;jJ. mg;NghJ jpBu; vd;W Mq;fpy NghyPrhupd; thfdk; jpG> jpG
vd;W te;J me;j Ngh];liu vq;fs; fz; Kd;Nd fpopj;J vwpe;jdu;. me;j fhl;rp vd;id
rw;Nw ghjpj;jJ. Mq;fpNyau;fspd; mf;fpukq;fis nra;jpjhs;fspy; gbj;J te;j ehd;>
gj;jpupf;iffisg; gbj;Jk; murpay; $l;lq;fspy; jiytu;fspd; Ngr;irf; Nfl;Lk; vd; murpay;
mwpit tsu;j;J nfhz;Nld;.
jkpof Kjy;tu; :
Mq;fpNya muR ,aw;wpa ‘nusyl;’ rl;lj;ij vjpu;j;J fhe;jp[p rj;ahfpufg; Nghuhl;lk;
elj;jpdhu;. mg;Nghuhl;lj;jpy; ngUk; gq;F tfpj;Njd;. md;wpypUe;J Njrpa ,af;f
nray;ghLfspYk; ftdj;ij nrYj;jpNdd;. 1952 ,y; ,uh[h[p mtu;fs; Kjyikr;ruhd NghJ>
Dr. Rg;Guhaid fhq;fpu]; jiytu; Mf;fpdhu; vd; Ntz;LNfhSf;F ,zq;fNt mt;thW nra;jhu;.
fUj;J NtWghLfshy; rl;lrig fhq;fpu]; jiytu; Nju;jy; kPz;Lk; eilngw;wJ. mjpy; khngUk;
ntw;wpg;ngw;Nwd;. vdf;F tpUg;gkpy;yhjNghjpYk; by;yp jiyikapd; tpUg;gj;jpw;f;F ,zq;f
kf;fs; Kbit Vw;W 1954 Mk; Mz;L Vg;uy; 13 Mk; ehs; jkpof Kjy;tu; MNdd;.

fy;tp Nkk;ghl;L gzp :
1954 Mk; Mz;L Dr. mofg;g nrl;bahu; jiyikapy; xU cau;fy;tp FO mikj;J
ghlj;jpl;lq;fis GJg;gpj;Njd;. fpuhkq;fspy; xt;nthU iky; njhiyTf;Fk; xU gs;spf;$lk;
mikf;f jpl;lk; tFj;Njd;. xU Mz;bw;Fs; jkpofj;jpy; Rkhu; 3000 gs;spf;$lq;fs;
jpwf;fg;gl;ld. vdpDk;> gy khztu;fs; fpuhkq;fspy; fy;tp fw;f Kd;tutpy;iy. mtu;fs;
xUNtis Nrhw;Wf;F gps;isfis Ntiyf;F mDg;gp te;jdu;. ,r;rk;gtk; vd; kdij
cYf;fNt kjpa czT jpl;lj;;ij mky;gLj;jpNdd;. gpd;G mij juk; kpf;fjhfTk; nra;Njd;.
fy;tp rk;ge;jg;gl;l midj;ijAk; ,ytrkhf;fp midtUf;Fk; fy;tp fpilf;f toptFj;Njd;.
KbTiu
1976 ,y; ,e;jpahtpd; caupa Fbkfd; tpUjhd ghuj uj;dh tpUJ mtUf;F
toq;fg;gl;lJ. xU kdpjDf;F fy;tp> jpwk;> nry;tk; ,e;j %d;WNk kpfTk; Kf;fpak; vd;W
nrhy;thu;fs;. Mdhy; ,e;j %d;WNk ngupjhf ,y;yhj xUtu; ,e;j cyfj;ijNa jd;gf;fk;
jpUk;gp ghu;f;f itj;jtu; ekJ ngUe;jiytu; fhkuhruhf kl;LNk.
2. ePq;fs; gbj;Jr; Ritj;j tuyhw;Wf; fijfs; gw;wp tFg;giwapy; ciu epfo;j;Jf.
n
tplhKaw;rpNa ntw;wpapd; jpwTNfhy;
l.i
md;G ez;gu;fNs! fle;j thuk; Qhapw;Wf;fpoik E}yfj;jpw;Fr; nrd;w ehd; gy
da
ey;y fijfisg; gbj;Njd;. mtw;wpy; vd;idf; ftu;e;j fij xd;iw cq;fsplk; $w
tpiofpNwd;. Vndd;why; mf;fij ek;kpy; gyuplk; khw;wj;ij Vw;gLj;Jk; vd;W ek;GfpNwd;.
ka
,q;fpyhe;J ehl;bd; xU gFjpahf ,Ue;j gFjp ];fhl;yhe;J. mg;gFjpapd;
vi
kd;ddhf fp.gp. 1306Mk; Mz;L Kb#lg;gl;ltd; jhd; ,uhgu;l; G&];. ,td; kpfr; rpwe;j
al
tPud;. jd; ehl;bd; tpLjiyf;fhfg; Nghuhbatd;. ,q;fpyhe;J ehl;bypUe;J ];fhl;yhe;J

tpLjiy ngw Ntz;Lk; vd;gjw;fhf gy Nghu;fis epfo;j;jpatd;. xU Kiw ,q;fpyhe;J
.k
ehl;bd; gilfsplk; Njhw;W Xl Ntz;ba epiy Vw;gl;lJ. mt;thW Xb fhl;by; ,Ue;j

w
Fif xd;wpy; tho;e;jhd; ,uhgu;l; G&];. Fiwe;j mstpyhd tPuu;fSk; mtNdhL

w
,ay;-7
,ay;-7
mf;fhl;by; kiwe;J tho;e;jdu;.
w
jd;Dila ehl;bw;F tpLjiy ngw;Wj; ju Ntz;Lk; vd;w rpe;jid mtDs; Xbf;

nfhz;bUe;jJ. Fifapd; Nkw;$iuapy; rpye;jp xd;W tiy gpd;dpaJ. xt;nthU
,ioahf vLj;J tiy gpd;dpf; nfhz;bUe;jJ. xt;nthU KiwAk; fPNo tpOtJk; gpd;G
Kaw;rpj;J kPz;Lk; tiy gpd;d vOtJkhf rpye;jp nrayhw;wpf; nfhz;bUe;jJ. gy Kiw
rpye;jp ,t;thW Kaw;rp nra;J… Kaw;rp nra;J…. jdf;Fj; Njitahd mofhd
tiyiag; gpd;dp Kbj;jJ. mijf; fz;lJk; ,uhgu;l; G&];..f;F %isapy; kpd;dy; ntl;baJ.
FifapypUe;J ntspte;j kd;dd; jkJ tPuu;fis mioj;J cyfpd; Gfo; ngw;w
me;j thrfj;ijf; $wpdhd;. “Kjd;Kiw ntw;wpngwtpy;iy vd;why; njhlu;e;J Kaw;rp
nra; ” (If at first you don’t succeed, try, try and try again) mjd; gpwF tpupthfj; jpl;lkpl;L
fp.gp. 1314Mk; Mz;L gd;dhf;gu;d; Nghupy; ntWk; Ie;jhapuk; Nghu; tPuu;fisf; nfhz;L
,Ugjhapuk; Nghu; tPuu;fisf; nfhz;l vjpup ehl;Lg; giliar; rpjwbj;jhd; ,uhgu;l; G&];.
MfNt ez;gu;fNs…! ntw;wp vd;gJ Kjy; Kiw fpilg;gjd;W… Kad;W
fpilg;gJ… tplhKaw;rpNa ntw;wpapd; jpwTNfhy;…. Kaw;rpfs; Njhw;fyhk;… Mdhy; ehk;
Kaw;rpf;fj; Njhw;ff;$lhJ… Kaw;rpg;Nghk;… ntw;wp ngWNthk;…. ! ed;wp ez;gu;fNs…!
,ay; - 7. tpijney;; 105
nra;As; : m) Vu; Gjpjh?- F.g. uh[Nfhghyd;

1. Kjy; kio tpOe;jJk; njhlu;e;J epfOk; coTr; nray;fis ‘Vu;Gjpjh?’ ftpij nfhz;L tptupj;J
vOjp> ‘nghd;Ndu; G+l;Ljy; jkpou; gz;ghl;bd; kFlk;’ vd;gijAk; tpsf;Ff. *nr-1 [PTA – 6]
Vh; Gjpjh? – nghd; Vh; G+l;Ljy;
Å Kd;Diu Å vy;iyj; nja;tk; vy;yhk; fhf;Fk;
Å tpiue;J Ngh ez;gh! Å ehl;LNthk; nfhOit…
Å fhl;ilf; fPWNthk; Å jkpoh; gz;ghl;bd; kFlk; - nghd; Vh; G+l;Ljy;
Å Gjpajy;yhjit> Gjpait Å KbTiu
Kd;Diu
rq;fj; jkpoupd; jpiztho;T> Ntshz;ikia mbg;gilahff; nfhz;lJ. cONthu; cyfpw;F
mr;rhzp Nghd;wtu;. jkpo; kugpd; ‘nghd; Vu; G+l;Ljy;’ vd;w gz;ghl;L epfo;T gy;fpg; ngUf
Kd;dj;jp Vuhf ehk; Kd;dpw;f Ntz;Lk; vd F.g.uh mtu;fs; jk; ftpij %yk; vLj;Jiuf;fpwhu;.
jkpoh; gz;ghl;bd; kFlk; - nghd; Vu; G+l;Ljy; :
n
Ntshz;ik nropf;fTk;> khDlk; jiof;fTk;> rpj;jpiuj; jpq;fs; Kjy; ehspy; topgLtJ
l.i
nghd; Vu; g+l;Ljy; vdg;gLk;. ,J jkpou; gz;ghl;bd; kFlkhfg; Nghw;wg;gLfpwJ.
Kjy; kio tpOe;jJk; da
Kjy; kio tpOe;J> cOtjw;Nfw;g Nky; kz; gjkhfptpl;lJ. vdNt> mjpfhiy nts;sp
ka
Kisf;Fk; Kd;Ng cOtjw;F fhisfNshL tpiue;J nry;! vdf; ftpQh; Fwpg;gpLfpwhh;.
fhl;ilf; fPWNthk; :
Å tay; gFjpf;Fr; nrd;W nghd;Ndiu njhOJ ,iwtid tzq;f Ntz;Lk;.
vi
Å gpd;G fhisfis Vupy; G+l;b> tpijg;gjw;F Vw;w tifapy; taiy cOjy; Ntz;Lk;.
al
vJ GjpJ :
.k
Å fhisfSf;F Vu; Gjpajy;y> mtw;wpd; fOj;jpy; G+l;lg;gl;l Efj;jbiaf; fz;litNa.

Å cOtjw;F epyk; Gjpajy;y> mtw;wpd; fiufSk; gpbj;jJ jhd;.
w
Å Vu; gpbj;J cOfpd;w iffSk; Gjpajy;y> nga;fpd;w fhu; kioAk; Gjpajy;y.

w
,ay;-7
,ay;-7
Å tpijf;Fk; ehs; GjpJ> el;rj;jpuk; GjpJ.
w
Å cotu;fspd; Cf;fk; GjpJ> cuk; GjpJ.

coTj;njhopy; :
Å fhis khLfisj; jahh;nra;J> epyj;jpy; nfhOnfhk;gpidg; gjpar; nra;a Ntz;Lk;.
Å mt;thW Vhpid mOj;Jk;NghJ fPo; kz; NkyhfTk;> Nky; kz; fPohfTk; GuSk;.
Å kio nga;jTld;> epyk; rpypu;f;Fk;. tskhd kz;zpy; ehw;W epkph;;e;J nropj;J tsUk;.
Å ehd;F jpirAk; fhf;Fk; vy;iyj; nja;tk; taiy ed;whff; fhty; fhj;Jf; nfhs;Sk;.
ehl;LNthk; nfhOit…
gz;ghl;bid ntspg;gLj;Jk; coTj;njhopiyg; gw;wpf; ftiy nfhs;sNtz;lhk;.
fpof;Fj; jpirapy; Njhd;Wk; R+upadpd;> nghd;; Nghd;w fjpu;fs; guTk; Ntisapy;>
epyj;jpid cOtjw;fhf fyg;igapy; ,Uk;igg; nghUj;JNthk;.
KbTiu
jkpo; kuG kw;Wk; gz;ghl;bid ntspf;fhl;Lk; coTj; njhopypd; Nkd;ikia czu;e;J>
mj;njhopypidr; nra;jy; Ntz;Lk;. gUtk; mwpe;J> mjw;Nfw;g coTj; njhopiy
Nkw;nfhz;lhy; eyk; gaf;Fk; vd;gij F.g.uh mtu;fs; ,dpikahf vLj;Jiuf;fpd;whu;.
coTz;nldpy; cah;Tz;L
nra;As; : M) nka;f;fPu;j;jp - ,uz;lhk; ,uhruhr Nrhod;

1. cq;fs; Cupy; cs;s gz;ila tuyhw;Wr; rpd;dq;fspd; xspg;glq;fisj; jpul;b g; glj;njhFg;NgL
xd;iw cUthf;Ff.
nra;As; : ,) rpyg;gjpfhuk; - ,sq;Nfhtbfs;

1. rpyg;gjpfhuf; fijr; RUf;fj;ij mwpe;J te;J tFg;giwapy; $Wf.
m) Nfhtyd; fz;zfp jpUkzk;
Nrhoehl;ilr; Nrh;e;j khrhj;Jthd; kfd; NfhtyDk;> kheha;fd; kfs; fz;zfpAk; kzk;
Ghpe;J kfpo;Tld; tho;e;J te;jdh;.
M) Nfhtyd; khjtpAld; ,izjy;
jiyf;Nfhy; gl;lk; ngw;w> Mlw;fiy mofp khjtpapd; muq;Nfw;wj;jpd;NghJ Mba
n
Mly; fz;L kdk; kaq;fpa Nfhtyd; fz;zfpia jtph;j;J khjtpAld; tho;e;J te;jhd;.
l.i
,) khjtpAld; kdk; NtWgLjy;
da
Nfhtyd; nry;tk; KOtJk; ,oe;j epiyapy;> khjtpiag; gpupe;J fz;zfpia
te;jilfpd;whd;. ,oe;j nghUis kWgbAk; <l;l epidf;fpwhd;.
ka
<) Nfhtyd; fz;zfp kJiu tUjy;
Nfhtyd; ,utpy; fz;zfpia mioj;Jf;nfhz;L ,oe;j nghUis <l;Lk; Nehf;fj;NjhL
vi
fTe;jpabfs; JizNahL kJiu nry;fpwhd;.

c) fhw;rpyk;ig tpw;wy;
al
nghUsPl;Ltjw;F cWJizahf> fz;zfp jd; fhw;rpyk;igf; fow;wpf; nfhLf;fpwhs;.

.k
Nfhtyd; mjidg; nghw;nfhy;ydplk; nfhLf;fpwhd;. Kd;dNu> ghz;ba kd;dd; nrg;gdpl>

w
nfhLj;jpUe;j murpapd; fhw;rpyk;igf; fsthba nghw;nfhy;yd;> NfhtyNd murpapd;

fhw;rpyk;igf; fsT nra;jtd; vdg; ngha;Aiuj;jhd;.
w
,ay;-7
,ay;-7
C) Nfhtyd; nfhy;yg;gLjy;
w
tof;ifj; jPu tprhhpf;fhj neLQ;nropad;> NfhtyDf;F kuzjz;lid tpjpf;fpwhd;.

vdNt> Nfhtyd; nfhiyf;fsj;jpy; nfhy;yg;gLfpwhd;.
v) fz;zfp kJiuia vhpj;jy;
Nfhtyd; nfhy;yg;gl;l nra;jp mwpe;j fz;zfp jd; trkpUe;j kw;nwhU fhw;rpyk;Gld;
murit nrd;W> murdplk; ePjp Nfl;lhs;. murpapd; fhw;rpyk;G Kj;J kzpfshy; MdJ.
fz;zfpapd; fhw;rpyk;Ngh khzpf;fg;guy;fis cilaJ. Kbtpy; cz;ikAzHe;j
ghz;bad; mupaizapypUe;J fPNo tPo;e;J capH tpLfpwhd;. mtidj; njhlHe;J murp
Nfhg;ngUe;NjtpAk; caphpoe;jhs;.
V) fz;zfpf;Ff; Nfhapy; vOg;Gjy;
fz;zfp Fd;wf;FwtHfsplk; jhd; cw;w Jd;gk; gw;wpf; $Wfpwhs;. gpd;G thDyNfhH
mts; fztDld; te;J mtis mioj;Jr; nry;fpd;wdH. fz;zfpapd; ,e;j tuyhW
nrq;Fl;Ltdplk; $wg;gLfpwJ. nrq;Fl;Ltd; ,kaj;jpy; fy;nyLj;Jf; fq;ifapy; ePuhl;b
tQ;rp efupy; fz;zfpf;Ff; Nfhapy; fl;Lfpwhd;. ,itjhd; rpyg;gjpfhuf; fijr; RUf;fkhFk;.
2. rpyg;gjpfhuk; fhl;Lk; kUT+u;g;ghf;fk; gw;wpa tptupg;ig ,d;iwa filj;njUTld; xg;gpl;L ciuahLf.

tpil gf;f vz; : 97 ,y; 3 MtJ Nfs;tpf;fhd gjpiyf; fhz;f.
,ay; - 7. tpijney;; 107
tpupthdk; : kq;ifauha;g; gpwg;gjw;Nf…

1. cq;fs; Cupy; fbd ciog;ghsu; - rpwg;Gkpf;ftu; - Nghw;wj;jf;ftu; - vd;w epiyfspy; ePq;fs;
fUJfpd;w ngz;fs; njhlu;ghd nra;jpfisj; njhFj;J toq;Ff.
Fwpg;G : G+ tpw;gtu;> rhiyNahu cztfk; elj;Jgtu;…
ngau; : fz;zk;kh
gzp : G+ tpw;gid
rpwg;G : fbd ciog;ghsp> tWikapYk; Neu;ikahdtu;
kf;fs; mjpfk; elkhLk; rhiyNahug; gFjpapy;jhd; fz;zk;kh G+ tpw;Wf; nfhz;bUf;fpwhu;;
mtspd; fztu; tpgj;jpy; ,we;Jtpl;lhu;. ,uz;L gps;isfSf;Fk; czT> cil> gs;spr;nryT
vd;w FLk;gr;Rik. ‘G+ tpw;gid nra;J mjd;%yk; nghUsPl;bf; FLk;gj;ij elj;jyhk;’ vd;W
mts;> tpbaw;fhiyapy; vOe;J G+r;re;ijf;Fr; nrd;W G+ thq;fp mjidj; njhLj;J
tpw;gidf;F vLj;J tUthu;. mtspd; tpahghuk; ehs; KOtJk; njhlUk;. ,ilapilNa
Foe;ijfSf;F czT jahupj;Jf; nfhLg;gJ> mtu;fisg; gs;spf;F mDg;gp itg;gJ> tPl;L
n
Ntiyfis nra;tJ vd gk;gukhf jd; FLk;gj;jpw;fhf ciof;Fk; fbd ciog;ghsp.
l.i
mj;njhopiy Neu;ikAld; elj;jpdhu;. G+it epahakhd tpiyapy;> rupahf mse;J tpw;ghu;.
vy;NyhuplKk; kyu;e;j Kfj;Jld; ,dpikahfg; Ngrp tpahghuk; nra;jhu;. Mjyhy; vy;NyhUk;
da
mtuplNk thbf;ifahfg; G+f;fis thq;fpr; nry;tu;. gz;bif ehl;fspy; ehk; VNjDk; $Ljy;
gzk; nfhLj;jhy; mij thq;f khl;lhu;. mjw;F gjpyhf NkYk; xU Kok; G+ thq;fpr; nry;Yq;fs;
ka
vd;W $Wthu;. Vnddpy;> fz;zk;kh ‘ciog;gpdhy; kl;LNk Cjpak; <l;l Ntz;Lk;’ vd;w vz;zk;
vi
nfhz;ltu;. tWikapYk; jd; ,U gps;isfisAk; ed;F gbf;f itj;J> gl;lk; ngw;W

tho;f;ifapy; Kd;Ndw nra;jpUf;fpwhu; fbd ciog;ghsp G+ tpw;Fk; fz;zk;kh.
al
ehd; ghu;j;j tifapy; G+ tpahghuk; nra;Ak; fz;zk;kh xU fbd ciog;ghsu;>

.k
rpwg;Gkpf;ftu;> Nghw;wj;jf;ftu; vd;Nw $w Ntz;Lk;. ngz;ik nty;f!

w
ngau; : Mg;gf;fhu Kdpak;kh

w
,ay;-7
,ay;-7
gzp : rhiyNahu cztfk;
rpwg;G : ciog;ghsp> Neu;ikahdtu;> Ritahf czT rikg;gtu;.
w
cztfk; vd;gJ grpg;gpzpapidg; Nghf;Fk; xU ,lkhFk;. vq;fs; Cupy; Kdpak;kh

vd;w Vio ngz;kzpapd; Mg;gf;fil xd;W ,Ue;jJ. mtH RitahfTk; jukhfTk; Mg;gk;
nra;J tpw;ghH. mjdhy; mtu; filia Nehf;fpf; Foe;ijfs; Kjy; ngupNahu; tiu nry;tu;.
mtuJ fbd ciog;ghy; Mg;gf;fil rpw;Wz;b cztfkhf khwpaJ. mf;filapy;
,l;yp> Njhir> nghq;fy; vd rpw;Wz;b czTfis tpw;whu;. jukhd czT> rl;dp> rhk;ghu;
Ritahfj; jahupg;gJ> thbf;ifahsu; Kfk; Nfhzhky; cgrupg;gJ Nghd;w ey;y Fzq;fs;
mtuplk; kpFe;jpUe;jd. vdNt mtuJ cztfj;jpw;Fg; gOj;j kuj;ij ehbg; gwitfs;
nry;tJNghy; kf;fs; kpfg;ngupa mstpy; MjuT mspj;jdu;.
Kdpak;kh tWikapYk; Neu;ikNahL tho;e;J te;jhu;. mNjrkak; tWikapdhy; thLk;
kf;fs; jk;kplk; czT Ntz;b te;jhy;> mtu;fSf;F ,ytrkhf czT nfhLg;ghu;. Kdpak;kh
xU ehspy; Fiwe;jJ gj;J NgUf;fhtJ ,t;thW mKJ gilg;ghu;. mtuJ fbd ciog;G>
rpwg;Gkpf;f cgrupg;G> vy;NyhUk; Nghw;Wk;gbahd czTj;jahupg;G vd Gfo; ngw;W
tpsq;Ffpd;whu;. ciog;Ng cau;T> vd;Dk; nfhs;if nfhz;ltu;. ngz;ikiag; Nghw;WNthk;.
8. ngUtop
gyTs; njhpf
1. Nkd;ik jUk; mwk; vd;gJ… *c [SEP – 2021, PTA - 4]
m) ifkhW fUjhky; mwk; nra;tJ M) kWgpwg;gpy; gad; ngwyhk; vd;w Nehf;fpy; mwk; nra;tJ
,) Gfo; fUjp mwk; nra;tJ <) gjpYjtp ngWtjw;fhf mwk; nra;tJ
2. ‘tPl;ilj; Jilj;Jr; rhak; mbj;jy;’ ,t;tb Fwpg;gpLtJ *nr-1 [PTA - 5]
m) fhyk; khWtij M) tPl;ilj; Jilg;gij
,) ,ilawhJ mwg;gzp nra;jiy <) tz;zk; G+Rtij
3. cyfNk tWikAw;whYk; nfhLg;gtd; vd;Wk; nghUs;fspd; ,Ug;igf; $l mwpahky; nfhLg;gtd;
vd;Wk; ghuhl;lg;gLNthu; *c [SEP – 2020, PTA - 6]
n
m) cjpad;@ Nruyhjd; M) mjpad;@ ngUQ;rhj;jd;
l.i
,) Ngfd;@ fps;sptstd; <) neLQ;nropad;@ jpUKbf;fhup
4. fhyf;fzpjk; ftpijapy; ,lk;ngw;w njhlu; da
m) ,fo;e;jhy; vd;kdk; ,we;JtplhJ M) vd;kdk; ,fo;e;jhy; ,we;JtplhJ
*nr-2 [PTA - 6]
ka
,) ,fo;e;jhy; ,we;JtplhJ vd;kdk; <) vd;kdk; ,we;JtplhJ ,fo;e;jhy;
5. rpyg;gjpfhuj;jpYk; kzpNkfiyapYk; mike;j ghtpdk; *, [AUG – 2022, PTA - 2]
vi
m) mftw;gh M) ntz;gh ,) tQ;rpg;gh <) fypg;gh

al
$Ljy; tpdhf;fs;
*c [MAY – 2022]
.k
6. fhdil vd;gijg; gpupj;jhy;> nghUe;jhj njhliuj; Nju;f.

m) fhd; mil - fhl;ilr; Nru; M) fhd; eil - fhl;Lf;F elj;jy;
w
,) fhy; eil - fhyhy; elj;jy; <) fhy; cil - fhyhy; cilj;jy;

7. ‘va;Jtu; va;jhg; gop’ - ,f;Fwsbf;Fg; nghUe;Jk; tha;ghL vJ?
w
*, [AUG – 2022, PTA - 1]

m) $tpsk; Njkh kyu; M) $tpsk; Gspkh ehs;
w
,) Njkh Gspkh fhR <) Gspkh Njkh gpwg;G
FWtpdh
,ay;-8
,ay;-8
1. ‘nfhs;Nthu; nfhs;f; Fiug;Nghu; Fiuf;f! *nr-2
cs;tha; thu;j;ij clk;G njhlhJ’
m) mbnaJifia vLj;njOJf. M) ,yf;fzf; Fwpg;G vOJf – nfhs;f> Fiuf;f
m) mb vJif nfhs;Nthu;> cs;tha;
M) ,yf;fzf;Fwpg;G tpaq;Nfhs; tpidKw;W: nfhs;f> Fiuf;f
2. Fws;ntz;ghtpd; ,yf;fzj;ij vOjp vLj;Jf;fhl;Lj; jUf. *, [PTA – 1]

Fws; ntz;gh :
Å ,J ntz;ghtpd; nghJ ,yf;fzk; mikag;ngw;W ,uz;L mbfsha; tUk;.
Å Kjyb ehd;F rPuhhf (mstb) tUk;. ,uz;lhk; mb %d;W rPuhf (rpe;jb) tUk;.
v.fh : cyfj;Njh nlhl;l nthOfy; gyfw;Wk;
fy;yhu; mwptpyh jhu;.
,ay; - 8. ngUtop 109
3. Fwpg;G tiuf – mitak;. *c [MAY – 2022, PTA – 5]

Å mwk; $Wk; kd;wq;fNs mitak; vdg;gl;ld.
Å ,it murdpd; mwnewp Ml;rpf;F Jiz Gupe;jd.
Å “mwk; mwf;fz;l newpkhd; mitak;” vd;fpwJ GwehD}W.
Å “ciwA+upypUe;j mwmitak; jdpr;rpwg;Gg; ngw;wJ” vd;W ,yf;fpaq;fs; Fwpg;gpLfpd;wd.
Å “kJiuapy; ,Ue;j mitak; Jyhf;Nfhy; Nghy eLepiy kpf;fJ” vd kJiuf;fhQ;rp Fwpg;gpLfpwJ.
4. fhyf;fOij fl;nlWk;ghdJk; ftpQu; nra;tJ ahJ? *nr-1 [PTA - 6]
Å ehk; rd;dypid Rj;jk; nra;J itj;jhYk; rpy fhyq;fs; fopj;J mJ kPz;Lk;
mOf;fhfptpLk;. mij thspj;jz;zPu;> rhaf;Ftis> fe;ijj;Jzp> fl;ilj; J}upif
Nghd;wtw;iwf; nfhz;L Rj;jk; nra;Ak; gzp Xa;tjpy;iy.
Å rd;diy Rj;jk; nra;tJ xU njhlu; ,af;fk;. mJNghy ek; kdjpy; Vw;glf;$ba
rQ;ryk;> mOf;F Nghd;wtw;iw mwf;fUj;Jfs; %yk; njhlu;e;J Rj;jg;gLj;j Ntz;Lk;.
Vnddpy;> cyfk; epiyj;jpUg;gjw;fhd mbg;gil fhuzNk njhlu; ,af;fNk.
Å ‘rd;diyr; Rj;jk; nra;Ak; gzpAk; kdij Rj;jk; nra;Ak; mwg;gzpAk; ,t;Tyfpy;
Xa;tjpy;iy’ vd;W ftpQu; ‘fhyf;fOij fl;nlDk;ghdJk;’ vd;W Fwpg;gpLfpwhu;.
5. tQ;rpg;ghtpw;F cupa Xir J}q;fy; Xir MFk;. Js;sy; Xir fypg;ghTf;F cupaJ.
n
,j;njhlu;fis xNu njhluhf ,izj;J vOJf. *,
l.i
tQ;rpg;ghtpw;Fj; J}q;fy; XirAk;> fypg;ghtpw;Fj; Js;sy; XirAk; cupaJ.
$Ljy; tpdhf;fs;
da
6. nfhil vd;gJk; Xu; mwk; vd;gjid xsitahu; vt;thW Fwpg;gpLfpwhu;? *c [PTA - 2]
Æ “cyfNk tWikAw;whYk; nfhLg;gtd; mjpad;” vd;fpwhu; xsitahu;.
ka
Æ ,t;thW nfhil vd;gJk; Xh; mwk; vd;W xsitahh; Fwpg;gpLfpwhu;.
7. ntz;gh> Mrpupag;ghtpd; Xirfis vOJf. *, [SEP – 2021, MAY – 2022]
vi
Å ntz;ghtpd; Xir - nrg;gNyhir Å Mrpupag;ghtpd; Xir - mftNyhir

al
8. gh vj;jid tifg;gLk;? mit ahit? *, [AUG – 2022]

.k
gh ehd;F tifg;gLk;. mit

Å ntz;gh Å Mrpupag;gh Å fypg;gh Å tQ;rpg;gh
w
9. ftpQd; ahNdhu; fhyf; fzpjk; -vdj; njhlq;Fk; ftpQu; fz;zjhrdpd; ftpijapy; cq;fisf; ftu;e;j
%d;W njhlu;fis vOjp fhuzj;ijf; Fwpg;gpLf. (m) fhyf;fzpjk; ftpijapy; ftpQu; fz;zjhrd;
w
Fwpg;gpl;Ls;s fUj;JfSs; cq;fisf; ftu;e;j Ie;J fUj;Jfis vOJf. *nr-2 [MAY – 2022, PTA – 4]
w
njhlu; fhuzk;
khw;wk; fhz;gJ vdJ kdpjj; jd;ikapd; jj;JtkhFk;
“khw;wk; vdJ khdplj; jj;Jtk;” vd;W ekf;Nfhu; nra;jp nrhy;yp efu;e;JNghd tpjk;
,ay;-8
,ay;-8
ek;ikj; jpUk;gpg; ghu;f;f itf;fpwJ.
“vt;ntit jPik vt;ntit ed;ik vd; topapy; vit jPik> vit ed;ik vd;gij
vd;g jwpe;J VFnkd; rhiy” mwpNtd; vd;Dk; ,t;tupfs; vdf;F gpbj;jitahFk;.
ek;ik Ml;rp nra;Ak; jiytu; khwyhk;> Ml;rp
“jiytu; khWtu;@ ju;ghu; khWk;@
khwyhk;> Mdhy; khw;wk; vd;Dk; jj;Jtk; kl;LNk
jj;Jtk; kl;LNk ml;ra ghj;jpuk;” epiyahdJ vd;W $wpaJ kpfTk; mUik.
kw;wtu; vd;d epidg;ghu;fs; vd;W vz;zpdhy; mtd;
ftpQd; my;yd;. Vw;Wf; nfhs;Nthu; Vw;Wf;nfhs;sl;Lk;.
“nfhs;Nthu; nfhs;f@ Fiug;Nghu; Fiuf;f!”
,fo;e;J NgRNthu; Ngrl;Lk; vd;W Jzpe;J
nrayhw;wpdhy;jhd; epiyj;jpUf;f KbAk; vd;W
mOj;jkhf nrhd;djhy; ,j;njhlu; vd;idf; ftu;e;Js;sJ.
“ehNd njhlf;fk;@ ehNd KbT@ KjYk; ehNd> KbTk; ehNd> ehd; $WtNj ,e;ehl;bd;
ehDiug; gJjhd; ehl;bd; rl;lk;!” rl;lk; vd;W ftpQu; $WtJ tPuj;ij ntspg;gLj;JfpwJ.

10. ntz;ghtpd; nghJ ,yf;fzj;ij vOJf. 11. “fUtpAk; fhyKk; nra;ifAk; nra;Ak; *, [MAY- 22]
Å nrg;gy; Xir ngw;W tUk;. *, [PTA - 6] mUtpidAk; khz;l jikr;R”-
Å <w;wb Kr;rPuhfTk;> Vida mbfs; ,f;Fwl;ghtpid myfpl;L tha;g;ghL jUf.
ehw;rPuhfTk; tUk;. rPu; mir tha;ghL
Å ,aw;rPu; ntz;lis> ntz;rPu; ntz;lis fU/tpAk; epiu epiu fUtpsk;
kl;LNk gapd;W tUk;. fh/yKk; Neu; epiu $tpsk;
Å ,uz;lb Kjy; gd;dpuz;L mb tiu nra;/if/Ak; Neu; Neu; Neu; Njkhq;fha;
mikAk;. (fypntz;gh gjpd;%d;W mbf;F nra;/Ak; Neu; Neu; Njkh
Nkw;gl;L tUk;) mU/tpid/Ak; epiu epiu Neu; fUtpsq; fha;
Å <w;Wr;rPu; ehs;> kyu;> fhR> gpwg;G vd;Dk; khz; /l Neu; Neu; Njkh
tha;ghl;by; KbAk;. jikr;R epiuG gpwg;G
12. “nraw;if mwpe;jf; filj;Jk; cyfj;; 13. “mupatw;Ws; vy;yhk; mupNj ngupahiug;;
jpaw;if mwpe;J nray;” [SEP – 2021] Ngzpj; jkuhf; nfhsy;” [PTA - 1]
rPu; mir tha;ghL rPu; mir tha;ghL
nraw;/if epiu Neh; Gspkh mup/atw;/Ws; epiu epiu Neu; fUtpsq;fha;
mwpe;/jf; epiu Neh; Gspkh vy;/yhk; Neu; Neu; Njkh
filj;/J}k; epiu Neh; Gspkh mup/Nj epiu Neu; Gspkh
cy/fj; epiu Neh; Gspkh ngup/ah/iug; epiu Neu; Neu; Gspkhq;fha;
jpaw;/if
n
epiu Neh; Gspkh Ng/zpj; Neu; Neu; Njkh
mwpe;/J epiu Neh; Gspkh jk/uhf; epiu Neu; Gspkh
l.i
nray; epiu kyh; nfhsy; epiu kyu;
ile;Jld; khz;l jikr;R” [PTA - 2]

da
14. “td;fz; Fbfhj;jy; fw;wwpjy; Ms;tpidNah 15. 'njhOjif As;Sk; gilnahLq;Fk; xd;dhu;
mOjfz; zPUk; midj;J" [PTA-3, SEP-20]
mir tha;ghL
rPu; mir tha;ghL rPu;
ka
td;/fz; Neu; Neu; Njkh njhO/jif epiu epiu fUtpsk;
Fb/fhj;/jy; epiu Neu; Neu; Gspkhq;fha; As;/Sk;; Neu; Neu; Njkh
vi
fw;/wwp/jy; Neu; epiu Neu; $tpsq;fha; gil/nahLq;/Fk; epiu epiu Neu; fUtpsq;fha;
xd;/dhu;
al
Ms;/tpid/Nah Neu; epiu Neu; $tpsq;fha; Neu; Neu; Njkh

ile;/; Jld; Neu; epiu $tpsk; mO/jfz; epiu epiu fUtpsk;
.k
khz;/l Neu; Neu; Njkh zP/Uk; Neu; Neu; Njkh

midj;J epiuG gpwg;G
w
jikr;R epiuG gpwg;G

16. 'CioAk; cg;gf;fk; fhz;gu; ciytpd;wpj;; 17. “cyfj;Njh nlhl;l nthOfy; gyfw;Wk;
w
jhoh JQw;W gtu;" [PTA - 4] fy;yhu; mwptpyh jhu;” [AUG -2022, PTA - 5]
w

C/io/Ak; Neu; Neu; Neu; Njkhq;fha; cy/fj;/Njh epiu Neu; Neu; Gspkhq;fha;
cg;/gf;/fk; Neu; Neu; Neu; Njkhq;fha; nlhl;/l Neu; Neu; Njkh
fhz;/gu; Neu; Neu; Njkh nthO/fy; epiu Neu; Gspkh
,ay;-8
,ay;-8
ciy/tpd;/wpj; epiu Neu; Neu; Gspkhq;fha; gy/fw;/Wk; epiu Neu; Neu; Gspkhq;fha;
jh/oh Neu; Neu; Njkh fy;/yhu; Neu; Neu; Njkh
JQw;/W epiu Neu; Gspkh mwp/tpyh epiu epiu fUtpsk;
gtu; epiu kyu; jhu; Neu; ehs;
18. 'gz;vd;dhk; ghlw; fpiagpd;Nwy; fz;vd;dhk; 19. 'nghUsy; ytiug; nghUshfr; nra;Ak;
fz;Nzhl;lk; ,y;yhj fz;" [PTA - 6] nghUsy;y jpy;iy nghUs;" [MDL - 19]
gz;/vd;/dhk; Neu; Neu; Neu; Njkhq;fha; nghU/sy;; epiu Neu; Gspkh
gh/lw; Neu; Neu; Njkh yt/iug; epiu Neu; Gspkh
fpia/gpd;/Nwy; epiu Neu; Neu; Gspkhq;fha; nghU/sh/fr; epiu Neu; Neu; Gspkhq;fha;
fz;/vd;/dhk; Neu; Neu; Neu; Njkhq;fha; nra;;/Ak;; Neu; Neu; Njkh
fz;/Nzhl;/lk; Neu; Neu; Neu; Njkhq;fha; nghU/sy;/; y epiu Neu; Neu; Gspkhq;fha;
,y;/yh/j Neu; Neu; Neu; Njkhq;fha; jpy;/iy Neu; Neu; Njkh
fz; Neu; ehs; nghUs; epiu kyu;
rpWtpdh
1. ‘rq;f ,yf;fpaq;fs; fhl;Lk; mwq;fs; ,d;iwf;Fk; NjitahditNa’ vd;gjw;Fr; rpy vLj;Jf;fhl;Lfs;
jUf. (m) rq;f ,yf;fpaq;fspy; fhzg;gLk; Ie;J mwf;fUj;Jfisj; njhFj;J> mit ,d;Wk;
NjitNa vd;gjid epWTf. *c [MAY – 2022, SEP - 2021, PTA – 1, 5]
*Fwpg;G : ,t;tpdh neLtpdh gFjpapy; mjpfk; Nfl;fg;gl;Ls;sJ*
Kd;Diu
“mwk; nra tpUk;G” vd;gJ %j;Njhu; nkhopahFk;. mwj;ijNa kdpj cwtpd; ikakhff;
nfhz;l fhyNk rq;f fhykhFk;. rq;f ,yf;fpaq;fs; fhl;Lk; mwf;fUj;JfisAk; mit
,d;Wk; Njit vd;gJ Fwpj;J ,f;fl;Liuapy; fhzyhk;.
murpaypy; mwk; :
Æ kd;dh;fSila nrq;NfhYk;> ntz;nfhw;wf;FilAk;> mwj;jpd; FwpaPLfshfg; Nghw;wg;gl;ld.
Æ Cd; nghjpg; gRq;Filahh; kd;dd; mwj;jpd; mbg;gilapy; Muha;e;J jz;lid toq;f
Ntz;Lk; vd;W $Wfpwhh;.
Æ ePh;epiy ngUf;fp> epytsk; fz;L> czTg;ngUf;fk; fhz;gJk;> mjid midtUf;Fk;
fpilf;fr;nra;tJk; murdpd; flik.
,d;iwa Njit: kf;fSf;Ffhd mbg;gil trjpfs; fpilg;gjpy; gy rpf;fy;fs; cs;sd.
mjdhy; Ml;rpahsh;fs; kf;fspd; Njitfis czh;e;J nghJeyj;Jld; nray;gl Ntz;Lk;.
n
Nghu; mwk; :
l.i
Æ Nghh; mwk; vd;gJ tPukw;Nwhh;> GwKFfpl;Nlhh;> rpwhh;> KjpNahh; MfpNahiu vjph;j;Jg;
Nghh; nra;ahikiaf; Fwpf;fpwJ.
da
Æ Nghhpd; nfhLikapypUe;J gR> ghh;g;gdh;> ngz;fs;> Nehahsh;> Gjy;tiug; ngwhjth;
MfpNahUf;Fj; jPq;F tuhky; Nghu; Ghpa Ntz;Lk; vd;W Gwg;ghly; $WfpwJ.
ka
Æ jk;iktpl typik Fiwe;jhNuhL Nghh; nra;a $lhJ vd;W MT+h; %yq;fpohh; Fwpg;gpLfpwhh;.
,d;iwa Njit: jw;fhyj;jpy; ehl;bw;F ,ilNa Nghh; eilngwhtpl;lhYk;> kf;fSf;F
vi
,ilNa rhjp> kjk; vd;w ngahpy; Vw;gLk; td;Kiwfis xLf;fg; Nghh; mwk; Njitg;gLfpwJ.
nfhil mwk; :
al
Æ xU kdpjd; jd;Dila kfpo;r;rpia kwe;J kw;wtu; kfpo;r;rpia ehLtjpy;jhd;

.k
cz;ikahd kfpo;r;rp mlq;fpapUf;fpwJ. nfhil vd;gJk; Xh; mwk; vd;gjid xsitahh;

“cyfNk tWikAw;whYk; nfhLg;gtd; mjpad;” vd mjpaidg; Gfo;e;J $Wfpwhh;.
w
Æ nfhilapd; rpwg;ghy; ts;sy; vOtu; Nghw;wg;gLtJ> goe;jkpou; nfhil khl;rpiag; Gyg;gLj;JfpwJ.

w
,d;iwa Njit: jw;NghJs;;s nghUshjhu R+o;epiyapy; nfhil vd;gNj mhpjhfp tUfpwJ.

Njitf;FhpNahh;f;Ff; nfhil mspj;jy; vd;gJ kpfTk; mtrpakhd mwkhFk;.
w
cjtp :
Æ cjtp nra;jiy <oj;Jg; G+jd; Njtdhh; ‘cjtpahz;ik’ vd;W Fwpg;gpLfpwhh;.
Æ jd;idj; jhz;bg; gpwiug; gw;wpr; rpe;jpf;Fk;NghJ> ,Uf;Fk; epiyia xJf;fp> jhd;
,Uf;f Ntz;ba epiy vJ? vd;gij kdpjd; czh;fpwhd;.
,ay;-8
,ay;-8
Æ cz;ikahd nry;tk; vd;gJ gpwh;Jd;gk; jPh;g;gJjhd; vd;fpwhh; ey;Ntl;ldhh;.
,d;iwa Njit: ,wg;gpw;F gpd;Dk; gpwUf;F cjTk; njhopy;El;gk; cs;s ,f;fhyj;jpy;
gpwUf;F cjTk; kdg;ghz;ik nfhz;lhNy midtu; tho;itAk; Nkd;gLj;jg;gLk;.
tha;ik :
Æ ,d;gj;jpd; fjitAk;> Jd;gj;jpd; fjitAk; jpwg;gJk; ehNt MFk;. nka; NgRk; eh
kdpjid cau;j;JfpwJ. ngha; NgRk; eh kdpjidj; jho;j;JfpwJ.
Æ ‘gpioah ed;nkhop’ vd;W tha;ikiaAk; ‘ngha; nkhopf; nfhLQ;nrhy;’ vd;W
ngha;iaAk; gw;wp ew;wpiz Fwpg;gpLfpd;wJ.
,d;iwa Njit: ,d;W kdpju;fs; ngha; Ngrpg; Ngrp cyfNk ngha;ikahfp tpl;l
epiyapy; cz;ik Ngrp tha;ikia epiyepWj;JtJ kpfTk; mtrpakhfpwJ.
KbTiu
rq;f ,yf;fpaq;fs; fhl;Lk; mwq;fs;> xU kdpjd; jdpahfTk; r%f cWg;gpddhfTk;
,aq;Ftjw;Fk;> mtdJ gz;G eyid cUthf;Ftjw;Fk; cjTk; tpjpKiwfshfj;
jpfo;fpd;wd. ,J ,d;wsTk; NjitNa vd;gij ,f;fl;Liuapy; mwpe;Njhk;.

2. Mrpupag;ghtpd; nghJ ,yf;fzj;ij vOJf. *, [SEP – 2020]
Æ mfty; Xir ngw;W tUk;.
Æ <uirr;rPu; kpFjpahfTk;> fha;r;rPu; FiwthfTk; gapd;W tUk;.
Æ Mrpupaj;jis kpFjpahfTk;> ntz;lis> fypj;jis Mfpait tputpAk; tUk;.
Æ %d;wb Kjy; vOJgtu; kdepiyf;;Nfw;g mikAk;.
Æ Vfhuj;jpy; Kbj;jNy ,jd; rpwg;G.
3. ‘Rw;Wr;#oiyg; NgZtNj ,d;iwa mwk;’ vd;w jiyg;gpy;> ngw;Nwhu; Mrpupau; $l;lj;jpy;
NgRtjw;fhd ciuf;Fwpg;G xd;iw cUthf;Ff. (Fwpg;G: Rw;Wr;#oy; khRgLtijj; jLf;f rl;lq;fs;
,aw;wg;gl;bUe;jhYk;> xt;nthUtupd; cs;sj;jpYk; Vw;gLk; khw;wNk Rw;Wr;#oiyg; ghJfhf;Fk;)
Æ mwk; vd;why; xOf;fk; vdg; nghUs;gLk;. *c
Æ khRghL epiwe;j ,t;Tyfpy; Rw;Wr;#oiyg; NgZtNj mjpfk; Njitg;gLk; xU xOf;fkhFk;.
Æ tPl;ilAk; ehl;ilAk; J}a;ikahf itj;jpUj;jy;.
Æ Rw;Wr;;#oYf;F mbj;jskhd fhLfisAk;> fhl;L tpyq;FfisAk; ghJfhj;jy;.
Æ MW kw;Wk; Fsq;fis Kiwahf guhkupj;jy;.
Æ Fg;igfisr; Rj;jk; nra;J Fg;igj;njhl;bapy; NghLjy;.
Æ thfd ,af;ff; fl;Lg;ghL kw;Wk; khRf; fl;Lg;ghl;L tpjpfis filg;gpbf;f typAWj;jy;.
Æ njhopw;rhiyf; fopT kWRow;rp kw;Wk; nefpopg;nghUl;fspd; jPikfis tpthpj;jy;.
n
Æ muR rl;lq;fs; ,aw;wpdhYk; jdpkdpj khw;wNk Rw;Wr;R+oiyg; ghJfhf;Fk;.
l.i
Rw;Wr;#oiyf; fhg;Nghk;> Rfkhf tho;Nthk;!
xU gj;jp mikf;f.
da
4. thspj; jz;zPu;> rhaf; Ftis> fe;ijj; Jzp> fl;ilj; J}upif - ,r;nrhw;fisj; njhlu;GgLj;jp
*nr-1 [PTA – 2]
ka
vq;fs; gs;spapy; ehl;L eyg;gzpj;jpl;l Kfhk; eilngw;wJ. mg;NghJ gs;spiaj;
J}a;ikg;gLj;Jk; gzpapy; ehq;fs; <Lgl;Nlhk;. ehd; fe;ijj; Jzp nfhz;L rd;dy;
vi
fk;gpfisj; Jilj;J Rj;jk; nra;Njd;. gpwF ez;gu;fs; rhaf; Ftisapy; nts;is

al
Rz;zhk;igr; RLePupy; fiuj;J vLj;J te;jdu;. fl;ilj; J}upif nfhz;L Rtw;Wf;F

nts;isabj;Njhk;. Rz;zhk;Gj; Jspfs; jiuapy; rpe;jpapUe;jd. mjid thspj; jz;zPu;
.k
vLj;J te;J Jilg;gj;jhy; tFg;giwfspd; jiug;gFjpiaf; fOtpr; Rj;jk; nra;Njd;.

w
neLtpdh
w
1. gs;spj;jplypy; fpilj;j gzg;igia cupatuplk; xg;gilj;jijAk; mjw;Fg; ghuhl;Lg; ngw;wijAk; gw;wp

w
ntspA+upy; ,Uf;Fk; cwtpdu; xUtUf;Ff; fbjk; vOJf. *c [AUG -2022, PTA – 6]

2. fhyf;fzpjk; ftpijapy; nghjpe;Js;s eaq;fisg; ghuhl;b vOJf. *nr-2 [SEP – 2021, PTA – 5]
,ay;-8
,ay;-8
ftpQd; ahNdhu; fhyf; fzpjk;
fUg;gL nghUis cUg;gl itg;Ngd;! Fwpg;Gr;rl;lfk;
Gtpapy; ehNdhu; GfOilj; nja;tk; Å Kd;Diu
nghd;dpDk; tpiykpF nghUnsd; nry;tk;! Å jpuz;l fUj;J
,itrup nad;why; ,ak;Gtnjd; njhopy; Å ika fUj;J
,itjt whapd; vjpu;g;gnjd; Ntiy! Å njhil eaq;fs;
Å mzp eak;
Mf;fy; mspj;jy; mopj;jy;,k; %d;Wk; Å KbTiu
mtDk; ahDNk mwpe;jit@ mwpf! - fz;zjhrd;
Kd;Diu
ftpQu; fz;zjhrd; ghku kf;fSf;Fk; jkpo; ,yf;fpaq;fis vspa nkhopapy; nfhz;L
Nru;j;jtu;. ek; ghlg;gFjpapy; ,lk; ngw;Ws;s fhyf;fzpjk; vd;w ftpijapy; ifahz;Ls;s
eaq;fs; gw;wpg; gpd;tUkhW tpupthff; fhzyhk;.

jpuz;l fUj;J : thiof;F moF FUj;J
ghlYf;F moF fUj;J
ftpQdhfpa ehd; Xu; fhyf;fzpjk; MNtd;. nghUs; nghjpe;j ghly;fis ehd;
cUthf;FNtd;. nghd;idtpl tpiy kjpg;GilaJ vd; ftpr;nry;tk;. vitnay;yhk;
rupNah mijr; nrhy;tJ vd; njhopy;. vitnay;yhk; jtNwh mij vjpu;g;gJ vd; Ntiy.
Mf;fy;> mspj;jy;> mopj;jy; Mfpa Kj;njhopy;fSk; flTSk; ehDk; kl;LNk czu;e;jit.
fhyj;jpw;Nfw;g khw;wk; ngw;Wf;nfhz;Nl ,Ug;gtd; ehd; vd;W ftpQh; ciuf;fpwhh;.
ikaf;fUj;J :
ftpQd; vd;gtu; cz;ikg;nghUis cUthf;Fk; fhyf;fzpjk; Mthu;.
njhil eaq;fs; : njhilaw;w ghl;L eilaw;Wg; NghFk;
vd;gjw;F Vw;gj; njhileaq;fs; mikag; ghly; njhFf;fg;gl;Ls;sJ.

Ò Nkhid eak; :
Fatdpd; iftz;zk; ghidapNy
Gytdpd; iftz;zk; NkhidapNy
Å rPu;NjhWk; my;yJ mbNjhWk; Kjy; vOj;J xd;wptuj; njhLg;gJ Nkhid eakhFk;.
n
Å v.fh : h mb Nkhid - ftpQd; - fUg;gL@
l.i
Gtpapy; - nghd;dpDk;
,itrup - ,itjtwhapd;@ Mf;fy; - mtDk;
h ruP ; Nkhid - ftpQd; - fhyf;fzpjk;@
da Gtpapy; - GfOil
ka
nghd;dpDk; - nghUnsd;@ ,itrup - ,ak;Gtnjd;
Mf;fy;- mspj;jy; - mopj;jy;@ mtDk; - mwpe;jit - mwpf
vi
Ò vJif eak; : ghlYf;F vJ ifnfhLf;fhtpl;lhYk;

al
vJif iff;nfhLf;Fk;
.k
Å nra;Aspy; rPu;NjhWk;> my;yJ mbNjhWk; KjnyOj;J msnthj;J epw;f

w

Å v.fh : ruP ; vJif : fUg;gL - nghUis - cUg;gl; mwpe;jit - mwpf
w
mb vJif: ,itrup - ,itjtwhapd;

w
Ò Kuz;; njhil : Nfhl;ilf;F moF muz;

ghlYf;F moF Kuz;
,ay;-8
,ay;-8
Å nra;Aspy; khWgl;l vjpuhd nrhy;Yk; nghUSk; mike;J tUtJ Kuz; njhil.
Å v.fh : rup u jtW> Mf;fy; u mopj;jy;
mzp eak; :
NfhapYf;F moF kzp
ghlYf;F moF mzp
h cUtf mzp: ftpQu; jd;idf; fhykhfpa fzpjk;> GfOilj; nja;tk; vd;fpwhu;.
h cah;T etpw;rp mzp: cs;sij cs;sthW $whky; nghd;dpDk; tpiykpF nghUnsd;nry;tk;
vd;W jd;id cau;j;jpg; ghbAs;sjhy; ‘cau;T etpw;rp mzp’ gapd;W te;Js;sJ.
KbTiu
fz;zjhrd; jpiug;glg; ghly;fspy; kl;Lk; Kj;jpiuiag; gjpf;ftpy;iy. jdpf;ftpijfspYk;>
Gjpdq;fspYk; jd; nrhy;yhw;wiyAk; fw;gidj;jpwidAk; ntspf;nfhz;L te;Js;shu;.
mtUila jpiug;glg;ghly;fs; fhyj;jhy; mopahjit. ,f;ftpij mjw;F rhd;whFk;.

3. Fwpg;Gfisf; nfhz;L xU gf;f mstpy; ehlfk; vOJf. *J [PTA - 6]
khztd; - nfhf;ifg; Nghy> Nfhopiag; Nghy – cg;igg; Nghy ,Uf;f Ntz;Lk; - nfhf;F
fhj;jpUe;J fpilf;Fk; tha;g;igg; gad;gLj;jpf;nfhs;Sk; - Fg;igiaf; fpswpdhYk; jdJ
czit kl;LNk vLj;Jf;nfhs;Sk; Nfhop – fz;Zf;Fj; njupahtpl;lhYk; cg;gpd; Ritia
czu KbAk; - Mrpupau; tpsf;fk; - khztd; kfpo;r;rp.
ehlfk;
,lk; : gs;spf;$lk;
gq;F ngWNthu; : jkpohrpupau; kw;Wk; khztu;fs;
fhl;rp : gj;jhk; tFg;Gf;F Kjy; ghlNtisapy; jkpohrpupau; tFg;giwf;Fs; Eiofpwhu;.
khztu;fs; : tzf;fk; Iah!

jkpohrpupah; : tzf;fk; khztu;fNs! mkUq;fs;. ,d;W ehd; cq;fs; tho;f;iffhd rpy
mwpTiufisf; $wg;NghfpNwd;.
khztu;fs; : $Wq;fs; Iah! Mu;tKld; cs;Nshk;!
jkpohrpupau; : xt;nthU khztDk; nfhf;ifg;Nghy> Nfhopiag;Nghy> cg;igg;Nghy ,Uf;f Ntz;Lk;!
n
vopyd; : Gupatpy;iyNa Iah! nfhf;ifg; Nghy khztd; xw;iwf; fhypy; epw;f Ntz;Lkh?
l.i
jkpohrpupah; : (rpupj;jgb) vopyd; ehd; $wpaJ nfhf;ifg; Nghd;W epw;gij my;y! mjd;
da
czu;itf; nfhz;bUf;f Ntz;Lk; vdf;$wpNdd;. mjhtJ ePu;epiyfspy; nfhf;F
jdf;fhd ,iu fpilf;Fk; tiu epjhdkhf fhj;jpUe;J kPd;fs; te;jTld;
ka
Fwpitj;J gpbf;Fk;. mJNghy> xU khztd; jd;Dila yl;rpaj;ij miltjpy;
ftdkhfTk;> Fwpf;NfhYlDk; ,Uf;f Ntz;Lk;. Gupfpwjh khztu;fNs?
vi
mKjd; : ed;whfg; GupfpwJ Iah! Nfhopiag;Nghy; vg;gb Iah ,Uf;f KbAk;?

al
jkpohrpupau; : Nfhop vd;d nra;Ak;? cztpw;fhff; Fg;igiaf; fpsWk;. Mdhy;> me;jf;

.k
Fg;igfis tpl;Ltpl;L jdf;Fj; Njitahd czit kl;Lk; vLj;Jf;nfhs;Sk;.

mJNghy> khztu;fs;> jhk; re;jpf;Fk; jPikfisj; J}ukhfj; js;sp> ed;ikfis
w
kl;Lk; vLj;Jf;nfhs;s Ntz;Lk;.

w
tstd; : kpfTk; mUikahf $WfpwPu;fs; [ah! mJNghy cg;igg;Nghy gaDs;sjhf

w
,Uf;f Ntz;Lk; rupjhNd Iah?

jkpohrpupau; : cg;G ek; ifapy; ,Uf;Fk;NghJ njupAk;. mNj VNjDk; xU nghUNshL
fye;Jtpl;lhy; njupAkh?
,ay;-8
,ay;-8
khztu;fs; : njupahJ [ah!
jkpohrpupau; : kpfTk; rup. cg;gpd; Ritia jdpahf ek;khy; mwpa KbAkh?
khztu;fs; : mwpa KbAk; [ah!
jkpohrpupau; : cg;ig ve;j czNthL fyf;fpdhYk;> mJ ,Uf;fpwJ vd;W $w KbAk;. Mdhy;>
mJ fz;Zf;Fj; njupahJ. mJNghy khztu;fs; ve;jj; Jiwapy; ,aq;fpdhYk;
mjpy; jdJ jdpj;jd;ikia ntspg;gLj;j Ntz;Lk;. vd;d khztu;fNs ,d;W
ehd; $wpa mwpTiufs; vg;gb ,Ue;jd? cq;fs; fUj;Jfisf; $Wq;fs;?
mKjd; : Iah! ePq;fs; Muk;gj;jpy; “nfhf;ifg;Nghy> Nfhopiag;Nghy> cg;igg;Nghy” vdf;
$Wk;NghJ xd;Wk; Gupatpy;iy. Mdhy; ,g;nghOJ ed;whfg; Gupe;jJ Iah! ePq;fs;
$wpa fUj;Jfis vq;fs; tho;f;ifapy; epr;rak; filg;gpbj;J tho;tpy; ey;y
epiyia mile;J cq;fSf;Fg; Gfo; Nru;g;Nghk;!
(khztu;fs; midtUk; kfpo;r;rpapy; funthyp vOg;gp ed;wp $wpdu;.)
$Ljy; tpdhf;fs;
4. ,uhkhDru; ehlfj;jpy; ntspg;gLk; kdpj Neaj;ij tptupf;fTk;. / ,uhkhDru; ehlfj;jpidr; RUf;fp
fijaha; vOJf. *J [AUG – 2022, SEP – 2021]
Fwpg;Gr;rl;lfk;
Å Kd;Diu
Å jz;Lk; nfhbAkhf
Å FUtpd; fl;lis
Å jpUke;jpuj;ij kf;fSf;F ciuj;jy;;
Å FUtpd; NfhgKk; MrpAk;
Å KbTiu
Kd;Diu :
,iwtid topgLtjw;F mwpT topia tpl ,ja topNa rpwe;jJ vd vz;zpa
,uhkhDru; jhd; ngw;w eyj;ij jhNd itj;Jf;nfhs;s Ntz;Lk; vd vz;zhky;
jd;dykw;w gz;G nfhz;L mtu;fsJ gpwtpg; gpzp ePq;f top nra;jhu;. ,uhkhDrupd; kdpj
Neaj;ijg; gw;wp ,q;F RUf;fkhf ghu;g;Nghk;.
jz;Lk; nfhbAkhf :
‘jpUke;jpuj; jpUtUs; ngwj; jz;Lk;> nfhbAkhf ,uhkhDriu tur; nrhy;Yq;fs;’
n
l.i
vd;W G+uzu; jpUtuq;fj;jpw;F nra;jp mDg;Gfpwhu;. mjdhy; ,uhkhDru;> jpUtUis ngw
tpUk;Gk; $Nuru;> Kjypahz;lhd; Mfpa ,UtiuAk; jk;NkhL mioj;Jf;nfhz;L G+uzu;
da
,y;yj;jpw;F te;jhu;. mtu;fisf; fz;l G+uzu; Nfhgk; nfhz;L “mk;ke;jpuj;ij $w
ck;ik kl;Lk; jhNd mioj;Njd;> eP cwTfSld; Vd; te;jha;?” vd tpdtpdhu;. mjw;F
ka
,uhkhDru; “jhq;fs; $wpa jz;L> nfhbf;F ,izahdtu;fs; ,tu;fs;. vdNt> Nfhgk;
nfhs;shJ gupT nfhz;L jpUtUs; Gupa Ntz;Lk;” vd;W Ntz;bdhu;.
vi
FUtpd; fl;lis :
G+uzu; %tiuAk; tPl;bw;Fs; mioj;J “ehd; $wg; NghFk; jpUke;jpu kiwg;
al
nghUs;fs; cq;fs; %tUf;F kl;LNk njupa Ntz;Lk;. NtW ahuplkhtJ ,ijf; $wpdhy;
.k
mJ Mrpupau; fl;lisia kPwpajhFk;. mg;gb ele;jhy; mjw;Fj; jz;lidahf eufNk

fpl;Lk;” vd;W jpUke;jpuj;ij $wpdhu;. “jpUkfSld; $ba ehuhazdpd; jpUg;ghjq;fisg;
w
Gfyplkhff; nfhs;fpNwd;. jpUTld; Nru;e;j ehuhazid tzq;FfpNwd; ” vd;W G+uzu;

w
$wpa jpUke;jpuj;ij %tUk; %d;W Kiw cuf;fr; nrhy;yp tpilg;ngw;whu;fs;.

w
jpUke;jpuj;ij kf;fSf;F ciuj;jy; :

jpUf;Nfhl;bA+u; nrsk;a ehuhazd; jpUf;Nfhtpypd; kjpy; Rtupd; Nky; ,uhkhDru;
epd;W nfhz;L> cuj;j Fuypy; Ngrj; njhlq;fpdhu;. “fpilg;gjw;Fupa gpwtpg;gpzpiaj;
jPu;f;Fk; mUkUe;jhd jpUke;jpuj;ij cq;fSf;Ff; $WfpNwd;. midtUk; ,ize;J
,ay;-8
,ay;-8
ke;jpuj;ijr; nrhy;Yq;fs;” vd;W mtu; jpUke;jpuj;ij nrhy;yr; nrhy;y midtUk;
cuj;j Fuypy; %d;W Kiw $wpdhu;fs;.
FUtpd; NfhgKk; MrpAk;:
FUtpd; nrhy;iy kPwpajw;fhf Nfhgk; nfhz;L G+uzu; ,uhkhDriu Nfl;ljw;F
“fpilg;gjw;Fupa ke;jpuj;ijj; jq;fspd; jpUtUshy; ehd; ngw;Nwd;. me;j jpUke;jpuj;ij
midtUf;Fk; $wpdhy; Jd;gj;jpy; cod;W Ngij tho;T tho;e;J tUk; gy;yhapuf;fzf;fhd
kf;fs; jq;fspd; gpwtpg;gpzp ePq;fp NgW ngWthu;fs;” vd;W $wpdhu;. ,uhkhDrupd; gue;j
kdijf; fz;l G+uzu;> mtiu kd;dpj;J ,iwtdpd; Mrp ngw mtiu tho;j;jpdhu;.
,uhkhDrj;jpw;Fj; jd; kfd; nrsk;a ehuhazid milf;fykhf mspj;jhu;.
KbTiu :
‘ehd; kl;Lk; jz;lidg;ngw;W eufj;ijr; Nru;Ntd;. Mdhy; vd; kf;fs; midtu;f;Fk;
eyk; fpl;Lk;. vy;yhUk; eyKld; tho;thu;fs;’ vd;w ,uhkDrupd; nraypy; ,Ue;J gpwUf;fhf
eufKk; nry;yj; Jzpe;j mtupd; jd;dykw;w kdpjNeag; gz;ghdJ ntspg;gLfpwJ.

5. ‘vd; kf;fs; midtu;f;Fk; eyk; fpl;Lk; vy;yhUk; eyKld; tho;thu;fs; ’ – vd;w ,uhkhDrupd;
$w;Wf;F Vw;g jd;dkyw;w gz;Gfisf; nfhz;ltu;fshf ehk; tho Ntz;Lk; vd;gij ePq;fs;
mwpe;j vLj;Jf;fhl;LfSld; tpsf;Ff. *J [PTA - 4]
Kd;Diu
‘vd; kf;fs; midtUf;Fk; eyk; fpl;Lk;. vy;yhUk; eyKld; tho;thu;fs; ’ vd;w
,uhkhDrupd; $w;Wf;F ,zq;f gy kdpju;fs; ,q;F tho;e;J fhl;b cs;sdu;. mjpy; ahk;
mwpe;j khkdpju;fis gw;wp ,f;fl;Liuapy; fhz;Nghk;.
fhkuhru; :
ngUe;jiytu;> fUg;G fhe;jp vd;W vy;NyhuhYk; md;Gld; miof;fg;gLk; fhkuhru; xU
jd;dykw;w jiytu;. Vio khztu;fspd; grpia Nghf;fp midtUf;Fk; ,ytr fy;tpia
toq;fpdhu;. jkpofj;jpy; njhopy; Gul;rp Vw;gl fhuzkhf ,Ue;jtu; fhkuhru;. jdf;fhfTk;
jd; FLk;gj;jpdUf;fhfTk; ve;j xU murhq;f rYiffisAk; gad;gLj;jpf; nfhs;shjtu;.
xU Kiw fhkuhrUk;> NeUTk; kfpOe;jpy; nrd;w NghJ rhiyapy; Xukhf epd;w %jhl;bia
ahu; vd;W NeU Nfl;f ‘vd; jha;jhd;’ vd;W $wpapUf;fpwhu;. ,t;thW> kf;fNshL kf;fshf
tho;e;jtu; ‘kf;fs; jiytu;’ fhkuhru;. mtu; ,wg;Gf;Fg; gpd; mtuplk; ,Ue;jJ rpy fju;
Ntl;b> rl;ilfs; kw;Wk; 150 &gha; gzk; kl;LNk.
n
V.gp.N[. mg;Jy; fyhk; :
l.i
‘vjpu;fhy ,e;jpah ,isQu;fs; ifapy;’ vd;Wk; ‘fdT fhZq;fs; me;j fdit
epidthf;f ghLgLq;fs;’ vd;Wk; $wpdhu; mg;Jy; fyhk;. ehk; midtUk; mwpe;j tpQ;Qhdp
da
jd; fy;tpAk;> mwpTk; gzk; rk;ghjpf;Fk; fUtp my;y> mij jd; jha;ehl;bd;
ka
Kd;Ndw;wj;jpw;fhf kl;LNk gad;gLj;JNtd; vd;Wk; cWjpNaw;wtu;;. ePq;fs; Vd; jpUkzk;
nra;J nfhs;stpy;;iy vd;fpw Nfs;tpia gyKiw vjpu;nfhz;Ls;shu; fyhk;.
vi
mjw;F mtupd; gjpy; : jpUkzk; vd; fdTfs; kw;Wk; ,yl;rpaj;ij rpijj;JtpLk;

al
vd;whu;. ,t;thW mZrf;jp> VTfiz jpl;lq;fspy; jd;id KOikahf <LgLj;jpf;nfhz;L

ehl;bd; tpQ;Qhd tsu;r;rpf;fhf mauhJ ghLgl;lhu;. xUKiw VTfiz Nrhjidapd; NghJ
.k
mjd; ntw;wpf;fhf jd; ,e;J> fpwp];Jt ez;gu;fSld; Nru;e;J $l;L gpuhu;j;jid nra;jhu;.
w
,jpypUe;J> mtu; kjr;rhu;gw;w jiytu; vd;gJ ntspg;gLfpwJ.

md;id njurh :
w
‘md;id njurh’ vDk; ngaiu ‘md;id’ vd;Dk; nrhy; ,y;yhky; ahUk;

w
nrhy;tjpy;iy. me;jstpw;F mtu; ek; kdjpy; tho;e;J nfhz;Nl ,Uf;fpwhu;. jd; tho;f;if
KOtJNk kf;fs; gzpf;fhf mu;g;gzpj;jtu;. mjpYk; Mjutw;wtu;fs;> Nehahspfs;>
Foe;ijfs; vd midtUf;fhfTk; njhz;L Gupe;J te;jhu;.
,ay;-8
,ay;-8
nghWikapd; kW cUtk; vd;Dk; njurhtpw;F xUKiw> nuhl;b filf;fhuu; xUtu;
nfhLj;j gupRk;> mij md;id njurh ifahz;l tpjKk; cyf kf;fspd; neQ;ir
cYf;fpaJ. Nghupd; Kidapy; rpf;fpa 37 Foe;ijfis kPl;l njurh> mtu;fSf;F czT
Ntz;b nuhl;b filapy; ahrfk; Nfl;L epd;whu;. mg;nghOJ fil cupikahsu; njurhtpd;
ifapy; ckpo;e;jhu;. mijAk; nghWj;j njurh> ‘,J vdf;F ,Uf;fl;Lk;> vd; Foe;ijfSf;F
czT nfhLq;fs;’ vd;W jd; nghWik Fzk; khwhJ Ntz;b epd;whu;;.
KbTiu
‘vd; kf;fs; midtu;f;Fk; eyk; fpl;Lk; vy;yhUk; eyKld; tho;thu;fs;’ vd;w
,uhkhDrupd; $w;Wf;F Vw;g ,JNghd;w jd;dkyw;w gz;Gfisf; nfhz;ltu;fshf gyu; ek;
jha;jpUehl;by; cs;sdu;. mtu;fis Nghy; ,Uf;f ,ayhJ NghdhYk; midtuplKk; md;G
nrYj;jthtJ fw;W nfhs;s Ntz;Lk;.
“md;gpyhu; vy;yhk; jkf;Fupau; md;Gilahu;
vd;Gk; cupau; gpwu;f;F”.
nkhopia Ms;Nthk;!
nkhopngau;ff
;
Once upon a time there were two beggars in Rome. The first beggar used to cry in the streets of
the city, “He is helped whom God helps”. The Second beggar used to cry, “He is helped who the king
helps”. This was repeated by them everyday. The Emperor of Rome heard it so often that he decided
to help the beggar who popularized him in the streets of Rome. He ordered a loaf of bread to be baked
and filled with pieces of gold. When the beggar felt the heavy weight of the bread, he sold it to his
friend as soon as he met him. The latter carried it home. When he cut the loaf of bread he found
sparkling pieces of gold. Thanking God, he stopped begging from that day. But the other continued
to beg through the city. Puzzled by the beggar’s behaviour, the Emperor summoned him to his
presence and asked him, “What have you done with the loaf of bread that I had sent you lately?” The
man replied, “I sold it to my friend, because it was heavy and did not seem well baked” Then the
n
Emperor said, “Truly he whom God helps is helped indeed”, and turned the beggar out of his palace.
l.i
Kd;nghU fhyj;jpy; Nuhk; efupy; ,uz;L gpr;irf;fhuu;fs; ,Ue;jdu;. Kjy; gpr;irf;fhud;>
“flTs; ahUf;F cjTfpwhNuh> mtNd cjtpiag; ngWthd;” vd;W efuj;jpd; njUf;fspy;
da
fj;jpf;nfhz;Nl nry;thd;. ,uz;lhtJ gpr;irf;fhud;> “murd; ahUf;F cjTfpwhNuh> mtNd
cjtpiag; ngWthd;” vd;W fj;jpf;nfhz;Nl nry;thd;. ehs;NjhWk; ,UtUk; njUf;fspy; ,t;thNw
ka
fj;jpf;nfhz;L nrd;wdu;. Nuhkg; Nguuru; ,ij mbf;fb Nfs;tpg;gl;L> jd;Dila Gfio Nuhk
tPjpfspy; Gfo;e;J $wpatDf;F cjt KbT nra;jhu;. xU nuhl;bj; Jz;bd; cs;Ns
vi
jq;ff;fl;bfis itj;J jahupj;J mtDf;Fj; nfhLj;jhu;. nuhl;bj;Jz;Lfs; fdkhf ,Ue;jjhy;

al
Kjy; gpr;irf;fhu ez;gid re;jpf;Fk; Nghnjy;yhk; tpw;W tpLfpwhd; ,uz;lhtJ gpr;irf;fhud;.

Kjy; gpr;irf;fhud; tPl;bw;Fr; nrd;W> nuhl;bj; Jz;il ntl;bg; ghu;j;j NghJ xspUk;
.k
jq;ff; fl;bfisf; fz;lhd;. flTSf;F ed;wp nrhy;yp md;W Kjy; mtd; gpr;irnaLg;gij
w
epWj;jpf; nfhz;lhd;.
w
,uz;lhk; gpr;irf;fhud; kPz;Lk; njUtpy; gpr;ir vLj;Jf; nfhz;bUe;jhd;. ,e;j nray;

murDf;Fg; Gjpuhf ,Ue;jJ. clNd mtid mioj;J> “ehd; cdf;F mspj;j nuhl;bj;
w
Jz;Lfis vd;d nra;jha;?” vd;W Nfl;lhu;. mjw;F mtd;> “ehd; mij vd;Dila ez;gDf;F
tpw;Wtpl;Nld;. Vnddpy; mJ mjpf vil nfhz;ljhfTk;> rupahf NtfhkYk; ,Ue;jJ” vd;W gjpy;
$wpdhd;. mjw;F murd;> “cz;ikapy; flTs; ahUf;F cjt epidf;fpwhNuh> mtNu cjtpiag;
ngWfpwhu;” vd;W $wptpl;L> me;jg; gpr;irf;fhuid muz;kidia tpl;L ntspNaw;wpdhu;.
,ay;-8
kuGj; njhlUf;fhd nghUswpe;J njhlupy; mikj;J vOJf. ,ay;-8

nghUs; fw;gid nra;jy; [PTA - 3]
1. kdf;Nfhl;il
njhlu; ciof;fhky; tho;tpy; Kd;Ndwyhk; vd;W kdf;Nfhl;il fl;lhNj.
2. fz;Zk; nghUs; KOf;ftdj;Jld; [PTA – 3, 4]
fUj;Jk; njhlu; khztu;fs;> Nju;Tf;fhff; fz;Zk; fUj;Jkhfg; gbj;jdu;.
3. ms;sp nghUs; msTf;F Nky; nryT nra;jy;
,iwj;jy; njhlu; jiytu;> Nju;jypy; ntd;w kfpo;r;rpapy;> gzj;ij ms;sp ,iwj;jhH.
nghUs; fhye;jho;j;Jjy; [PTA - 5]
4. Mwg;NghLjy;
njhlu; FLk;g rz;ilfSf;F Mwg;NghLjy; jPu;T ju tha;g;Gs;sJ.
5. fapW jpupj;jy; nghUs; ,y;yhjijr; nrhy;yy; [PTA – 4]
($Ljy; tpdh) njhlu; fz;zd; ntspehl;by; ngupa gjtpapy; ,Ug;gjhff; fapW jphpf;fpwhd;.

gpd;tUk; ciuahlypy; cs;s Ngr;R tof;fpid vOj;J tof;fhf khw;Wf.
[PTA – 5, SEP – 2020, 2021]
Ngr;R tof;F
“jk;gP? vq;f epf;fpNw?”
“ePq;f nrhd;d vlj;Jyjhz;Nz!
vjpu;j;jhg;Gy xU B ];lhy; ,Uf;FJ.”
“mq;qdf;Fs;sNa B rhg;Ll;L> Ngg;gug; gbr;rpf;fpl;L ,U… eh nturh te;JUNtd;”
“mz;Nz! rk;Ktj;ijAk; $l;bf;fpl;L thq;fz;Nz! mtndg; ghj;Nj nuhk;g ehshr;R!”
“mtk; ghl;bNahl ntspA+u; NghapUf;fhd;. cq;$Uf;Nf mtndf; $l;bf;fpl;L tu;Nwd;. ”
“nuhk;gr; rpd;d taRy ghu;j;jJz;Nz! mg;gk; mtDf;F %Z taR ,Uf;Fk;!”
“,g;g xrukh tse;Jl;lhd;! xdf;F milahsNk njupahJ! CUf;F vq;$l tUthk;ghNud;!
rup> Nghid itap. ehq; nfsk;gpl;Nld;…”
“rupq;fz;Nz”
vOj;J tof;F
“jk;gp! vq;Nf epw;fpwha;?”
“ePq;fs; nrhy;ypa ,lj;jpy;jhd; mz;Nz!
vjpNu xU NjePu;f;fil ,Uf;fpwJ”.
n
“mq;NfNa NjePu; Fbj;Jtpl;Lr; nra;jpj;jhisg; gbj;Jf; nfhz;L ,U. ehd; tpiuthf te;J tpLNtd; ”.
l.i
“mz;Nz! rz;Kfj;ijAk; $l;bf; nfhz;L thUq;fs;> mtidg; ghu;j;J ePz;l ehl;fs; Mapw;W”.
“mtd; ghl;bNahL ntspA+u; Ngha; ,Uf;fpwhd;. cq;fs; CUf;Nf mtidf; $l;bf; nfhz;L tUfpNwd;”.
da
“kpfr;rpwpa tajpNy ghu;j;jJ mz;Nz! mg;NghJ mtDf;F %d;W taJ ,Uf;Fk;! ”
ka
,g;nghOJ caukhf tsu;e;Js;shd;. cdf;F milahsNk njupahJ! CUf;F vd;NdhL
tUthd;! ghu;! rup njhiyNgrpia itj;JtpL ehd; Gwg;gl;Nld;”.
“rupq;f mz;Nz!”
vi
[PTA – 2, MDL – 19, MAY – 2022]

al
fbjk; vOJf.
.k
eak; ghuhl;Lf
w
Fwpg;Gr;rl;lfk;
w
NfhilapNy ,isg;ghw;wpf; nfhs;Sk;tif fpilj;j

Fspu;jUNt jUepoNy epoy;fdpe;j fdpNa m) jpuz;l fUj;J <) nrhy; eak;
w
XilapNy CWfpd;w jPQ;Ritj;jz; zPNu M) ikaf;fUj;J c) gh tif

cfe;jjz;zPu; ,ilkyu;e;j Rfe;jkz kyNu ,) njhil eak; C) mzp eak;
NkilapNy tPRfpd;w nky;ypaG+q; fhw;Nw x Nkhid eak;
nkd;fhw;wpy; tpisRfNk Rfj;jpy;cWk; gaNd x vJif eak;
,ay;-8
x ,iaG eak;
,ay;-8
MilapNy vidkze;j kzthsh nghJtpy;
MLfpd;w muNrvd; myq;fy;mzpe; jUNs.
- ts;syhu;
epoy; jUk; kuq;fs;
m) jpuz;l fUj;J : thiof;F moF FUj;J
ghlYf;F moF fUj;J
x Nfhilapy; ,isg;ghWk; tifapy; fpilj;j Fsph;r;rp nghUe;jpa jU Mdtd;. kuk;(jU)
jUk; epoyhfTk;> epoypd; Fsph;r;rpahfTk;> epoy;jUk; fdpahfTk; ,Ug;gtd;.
x XilapNy CWfpd;w ,d;Rit ePuhfTk;> ePhpd; ,ilapy; kyu;e;J Rfe;jk; jUk;
thrkyuhfTk; jpfo;gtd;. NkilapNy tPRfpd;;w nkd;G+q;fhw;whfTk;> nkd;fhw;W jUk;
RfkhfTk; Rfj;jpd; gadhfTk; ,Uf;Fk; ,iwth.
x ,t;Tyf tho;tpy; vd;idAk; Vw;Wf;nfhz;l jiytNd nghJtpNy MLfpd;w>
Ml;Ltpf;fpd;w vk; muNr! ehd; jUk; ghkhiyia mzpe;J vdf;F mUs; nra;thahf!

M) ikaf;fUj;J :
,iwtdpd; ,dpa jd;ikia ,g;ghly; kpfTk; mofhf vLj;Jiuf;fpwJ.
,) njhil eak; :
njhilaw;w ghl;L
eilaw;Wg; NghFk;
vd;gjw;F Vw;gj; njhileaq;fs; mika ghly; njhFf;fg;gl;Ls;sJ.
Ò Nkhid eak; :
Fatdpd; iftz;zk; ghidapNy

Gytdpd; iftz;zk; NkhidapNy
Å nra;Aspy; rPu;NjhWk; my;yJ mbNjhWk; Kjy; vOj;J xd;wptuj;njhLg;gJ
Nkhid eakhFk;.
Å v.fh : NfhilapNy> nfhs;Sk;> Fspu;jU @ NkilapNy> nky;ypa> nkd;fhw;W
MilapNy> MLfpd;w @ muNr> myq;fy;> mzpe;jUNs
Ò vJif eak; :
n
l.i
ghlYf;F vJ ifnfhLf;fhtpl;lhYk;
vJif iff;nfhLf;Fk;
da
Å nra;Aspy; rPu;NjhWk; my;yJ mbNjhWk; KjnyOj;J msnthj;J epw;f>
ka
Å v.fh : NfhilapNy> XilapNy @ NkilapNy> MilapNy
vi
Ò ,iaG eak; :
al
fz;Zf;F ik moF
.k
nra;ASf;F ,iaG moF

Å xU nra;Aspd; mbNjhWk; ,Wjp vOj;Njh> mirNah> rPNuh xd;wptuj;;njhLg;gJ
w
,iaGj; njhilahFk;.
w
Å v.fh : jz;zPNu> kyNu

w
<) nrhy; eak; :

NfhapYf;F kzp moF
ghlYf;F nrhy; moF
,ay;-8
vd;gjw;fpzq;f Gytu; ghlypy;> Fspu;jUNt> jUepoNy> jPQ;Ritj; jz;zPNu> ,ay;-8

tpisRfNk Nghd;w eakpf;f nrhw;fisg; gad;gLj;jpAs;shH.
c) ghtif : ,g;ghly; vz;rPu;f; fopnebyb MrpupatpUj;jg;gh tifiar; rhu;e;jJ.
C) mzp eak; :
NfhapYf;F moF kzp
ghlYf;F moF mzp
vd;gjw;fpzq;f ,iwtid cUtfg;gLj;Jk; “cUtf mzpAk;” ,iwtid
Nkk;gLj;jp cau;j;jpg; Gfo;e;J ghbapUg;gjhy; “cau;T etpw;rp mzpAk;” mike;J
ghlYf;F eak; $l;bAs;sJ.
Î jiyg;G : nfhLf;fg;gl;Ls;s ghlYf;F Vw;w jiyg;G ‘epoy; jUk; kuq;fs;’.
nkhopNahL tpisahL
fz;Lgpbj;J vOJf.
xd;W> ,uz;L> %d;W> ehd;F> Ie;J> MW> VO> vl;L> gj;J Mfpa vz;Zg; ngau;fs; ,lk;
ngWk; jpUf;Fwisf; fz;Lgpbj;J vOJf….
vz;fs; jpUf;Fws;
xWj;jhu;f; nfhUehis ,d;gk; nghWj;jhu;f;Fg;
xd;W
nghd;We; JizAk; Gfo; - (156)
vz;nzd;g Vid naOj;njd;g ,t;tpuz;Lk;
,uz;L
fz;nzd;g thOk; capu;f;F. - (392)
J}q;fhik fy;tp JzpTilik ,k;;%d;Wk;
%d;W
ePq;fh epydhd; gtu;f;F - (383)
n
mwk;nghUs; ,d;gk; capur;rk; ehd;fpd;
l.i
ehd;F
jpwe;njupe;J Njwg; gLk; - (501)
Ie;J
md;Gehz; xg;GuT fz;Nzhl;lk; tha;iknah
ile;Jrhy; G+d;wpa J}z;. - (983)
da
ka
gilFb $oikr;R el;guz; MWk;
MW
cilahd; murU NsW - (381)
vi
xUikf;fz; jhd;fw;w fy;tp xUtw;

al
VO
nfOikAk; Vkhg; Gilj;J - (398)
.k
Nfhspy; nghwpapd;; FzkpyNt vz;Fzj;jhd;

vl;L
jhis tzq;fhj; jiy. - (9)
w
gy;yhu; gifnfhsypw; gj;jLj;j jPikj;Nj

w
gj;J
ey;yhu; njhlu;if tply;. - (450)
w
nrhw;fisg; gpupj;Jg; ghu;jJ

; g; nghUs; jUf.
1. fhdil 2. tUe;jhkiu 3. gpz;zhf;F 4. gyifnahyp
,ay;-8
fhd; + mil [PTA-3] fhl;ilr; Nru; ,ay;-8

1. fhdil fhd; + eil fhl;Lf;F elj;jy;
fhy; + eil fhyhy; elj;jy;
tUk; + jhkiu tUfpd;w jhkiu kyu;
2. tUe;jhkiu
tUk; + jh + kiu jhTk; khd; tUfpwJ
tUe;jh + kiu tUe;jhj khd;
gpz; + ehf;F vs;spypUe;J vz;nza; vLj;j gpd; kpQ;RtJ
3. gpz;zhf;F
gps; + ehf;F gpsTgl;l ehf;F
gy + if + xyp gy iffs; jl;Lk; xyp
4. gyifnahyp
gyif + xyp gyifapd; xyp

tWik ePq;ff; nfhLj;J thOk;
tz;ik tsu Ntz;LNk!
kWik Nehf;fpr; nra;Ak; vz;zk;
kiwe;J Nghjy; Ntz;LNk!
ntWik ahfh JdJ nry;tk;
tsu;e;J NkYk; caUNk!
ngWNthu; KfKk; caUNk!
ghu;f;Fk; tho;Tk; epiyf;FNk!
epw;f mjw;Fj; jf
ehk; vg;NghJk; xNu kdepiyapy; ,Ug;gjpy;iy. ek;ikr; Rw;wp epfOk; nray;fshy; ehk;
miyf;fopf;fg;gLfpNwhk;. cld;gapy;gtUlNdh> cld;gpwe;jtUlNdh vjpu;ghuhky; rr;ruT
Vw;gLfpwJ…. ,e;jr; rkaj;jpy; rpdk;nfhs;sj; jf;f nrhw;fisg; NgRfpNwhk;@ Nfl;fpNwhk;@
iffyg;gpy; <LgLfpNwhk;@ ,JfhWk; fw;w mwq;fs; ekf;Ff; ifnfhLf;f Ntz;lhkh? khzt
epiyapy; ehk; gpd;gw;w Ntz;ba mwq;fSk; mjdhy; Vw;gLk; ed;ikfSk;… [PTA–2, SEP–2021]
ehk; nra;aNtz;Ltd (mwq;fs;) mwq;fs; jUk; ed;ikfs;
Å ey;y nrhw;fisNa Nju;e;njLj;Jg; Å ey;y ez;gu;fisg; ngwyhk;@ vjpupfisAk;
n
NgRjy;. ez;guhf;fyhk;.
l.i
Å xUtiug; gw;wp ,d;ndhUtuplk;
Å Njitaw;w rz;ilfs;> giffis jtpu;fF
da ; k;
khw;wpg; NgrhjpUj;jy;.
Å gopthq;Fk; vz;zj;ijf; iftply;. Å kdjpd; ghuk; ,wq;fp mikjp fpl;Lk;.
ka
Å ngupNahu; nkhop Nfl;ly;. Å tho;T ey;topg;gLk;. jtW
Wfs; jpUj;jg;gLk;.
vi
Å ngha;ia jtpu;j;J cz;ik NgRjy;. Å Neu;ikAlDk;> JzpTlDk; thoyhk;.

al
.k
fw;git fw;wgpd;...
w

w

f))
w
nra;As; : m) Qhdk; - jp.nrh. NtZNfhghyd;

,ay;-8
,ay;-8
1. Jspg;gh xd;wpidj; Nju;;e;njLj;J mjpy; ntspg;gLk; fUj;jpidg; gw;wp tFg;giwapy; ,uz;L
epkplk; ciu epfo;j;Jf. “tpw;gidapy;
fhw;Wg; nghl;lyk;
rpf;fdkha; %r;RtplTk;”
Î Jspg;gh (i`f;$) – nghUs;: %d;W my;yJ ehd;F tupfspy; ngUk; fUj;ijr;
nrhy;ypr; nry;Yk; ,ay;G Jspg;ghtpw;F cz;L.
Î tpsf;fk;: ,dptUk; fhyq;fspy; kdpjd; capu;tho mtrpakhd fhw;iwg;
nghl;lyq;fspy; milf;fg;gl;L filfspy; tpw;fg;gLk;. mg;nghl;lyq;fis thq;fp ehk;
Rthrpj;Jf; nfhs;s Ntz;Lk;. tpiyAk; rw;W mjpfkhfNt ,Uf;Fk;. MfNt mbf;fb
%r;R tpl;L Rthrpj;jhy; cdf;Fr; nryT mjpfkhFk;. vdNt eP rpf;fdkhf %r;R
tpl;Lf;nfhs; vd;gij ,j;Jspg;gh ekf;F kiwKfkhf vr;rhpf;fpwJ.
2. jpUf;Fws; mwj;Jg;ghypy; cs;s mjpfhuq;fspd; jiyg;gpid vOjp> mfu tupirg;gLj;jp mjd;
nghUspid vOJf. (Rakhf jahupj;Jf; nfhs;sTk;)
ciueil : rq;f ,yf;fpaj;jpy; mwk;

1. ghlg;gFjpapy; nfhLf;fg;gl;Ls;s mwf;fUj;Jfis typAWj;Jk; rq;f ,yf;fpag; ghlybfs; Ie;jpidj;
njhFj;J mit $Wk; mwr; nra;jpfis vOJf.
tpil gf;f vz; : 110 ,y; 1 MtJ Nfs;tpf;fhd gjpiyf; fhz;f.
2. nfhd;iw Nte;jd; Kjyhd gpw;fhy mwE}y;fspd; ngau;fis mwpe;J> mtw;Ws; VNjDk; xU E}ypd;
mwf; fUj;Jf;fis vLj;Jf; nfhz;L mit ,d;Wk; nghUe;jp epw;gJ Fwpj;Jf; fye;JiuahLf.
g+q;Nfhij : kfpo;ntz;gh eykh..? vd;d gbj;Jf;nfhz;bUf;fpwha;?
kfpo;ntz;gh : eyk;… g+q;Nfhij… mwE}y; gbj;Jf; nfhz;bUf;fpNwd;.
g+q;Nfhij : mwE}y;fs; vd;why; jpUf;Fws;> Mrhuf;Nfhit> ehybahu; ,itjhNd..?
kfpo;ntz;gh : Mkhk;… mitAk; mwE}y;fNs… Mdhy; ehd; gbg;gJ gpw;fhy mwE}y;..
g+q;Nfhij : gpw;fhy mwE}y;fsh… mit vd;ndd;d?
kfpo;ntz;gh : Mj;jpr;#b> nfhd;iwNte;jd;> %Jiu> ey;top> ntw;wpNtw;if> cyfePjp>
ePjpntz;gh> ePjpnewp tpsf;fk; Nghd;wit gpw;fhy mwE}y;fshFk;.
n
,tw;wpy; cs;s fUj;Jfs; ,f;fhyj;jpw;F kpfg; nghUj;jkha; mike;Js;sd.
l.i
g+q;Nfhij : mg;gbah…? vt;thW nghUe;JfpwJ vd;W vLj;Jf;fhl;L $Wfpwhah?
kfpo;ntz;gh : epr;rakhf. xsitahu; vOjpa Mj;jp#bia ehk; rpWtajpy; gbj;jpUg;Nghk;.
da
,g;NghJ gbj;jhYk;> mjd; Mokhd fUj;Jfs; ekf;F kpfTk; gadspg;gitahf
cs;sd. fy;tp> xOf;fk;> <if> Nghu; gw;wpa ew;fUj;Jfs; ,e;E}ypy; cs;sd.
ka
jdpkdpj xOf;fj;jpw;fhf mwk; nra tpUk;G> MWtJ rpdk;> FzkJ
vi
iftpNly;> $bg;gpupNay; vdTk; rKjha xOf;fj;jpw;fhf xg;GuT xOF>

CUld; $b tho;> #J tpUk;Ngy; vdTk; mwTiu toq;fpAs;shu;.
al
g+q;Nfhij : xg;GuT xOF vd;why; vd;d?

.k
kfpo;ntz;gh : cyf kf;fspd; tho;f;if Kiwf;F Vw;g> xt;nthUtUk; tho Ntz;Lk;.

mt;thW thohky; khWgl;L tho;gtd; jdpkukhfp epw;ghd; vd;Dk; fUj;jpidNa
w
xg;GuT xOF vd xsitahu; ghbAs;shu;. ,Nj fUj;ij> cyfj;NjhL xl;l

w
xOfy; gyfw;Wk; fy;yhu; mwptpyh jhu; vdj; jpUts;StUk; vLj;Jiuj;Js;shu;.

w
g+q;Nfhij : vz; vOj;J ,fNoy; vd;W$l gbj;jpUf;fpNwd;. mjd; nghUs; vd;d?

kfpo;ntz;gh : ‘vz;’ vd;gJ fzpjk; Kjyhd mwptpay; fy;tpiaAk;> ‘vOj;J’ vd;gJ
,yf;fpak; Kjyhd fiyapay; fy;tpiaAk; Fwpf;Fk;. ,it ,uz;Lk;
,ay;-8
,ay;-8
kdpjdpd; ,U fz;fisg; Nghd;wit. kdpjdpd; ,U fz;fSk; Nru;e;J xU
ghu;itiaf; nfhLg;gJNghy ,it ,uz;Lk; Nru;e;J ekf;F mwpitf; nfhLf;fpd;wd.
g+q;Nfhij : mUikahd tpsf;fk;.. fy;tp gw;wp NtW vd;d nrhy;ypapUf;fpwhu; xsitahu;?
kfpo;ntz;gh : ,sikapy; fy;> Nfs;tp Kay;> Ngijik mfw;W ,t;thwhf fy;tp gw;wp gy
nghd;nkhopfs; xsitg; ghl;b ekf;F mUspAs;shu;. XJtJ xopNay; vd;w
xw;iw tupapy; fy;tpapd; Kf;fpaj;Jtj;ij xsitahu; $wpAs;shu;. mjhtJ>
kdpjDf;F mbg;gilahdJ fy;tp. fy;tpf;Ff; fiu fpilahJ. Mdhy;>
fw;fpd;w kdpjdpd; tho;ehs; FiwT. Fiwe;j tho;ehisf; nfhz;l kdpjd;
,iltplhJ fw;f Ntz;Lk;. mg;nghOJjhd; mwpitg;ngw KbAk; vd;fpwhu;.
g+q;Nfhij : kpf mUikahf> vLj;Jiuj;jha; kfpo;ntz;gh… kpfTk; ed;wp…
kfpo;ntz;gh : ,d;Dk; epiwaf; fUj;Jfis ek; ,yf;fpaq;fs; $Wfpd;wd. Xa;T
Neuq;fspy; ePAk; Njbg; gbj;jhy; epiwa mwpe;J nfhs;syhk;.
nra;As; : M) fhyf;fzpjk; - fz;zjhrd;
1. ftpr;rf;futu;j;jpapd; ftpijiaAk; ftpaurdpd; ftpijiaAk; xg;gpl;Lf; fUj;Jiuf;f. [PTA - 1]

ftpr;rf;futu;j;jpAk; ftpauRk;
ejpapd; gpioad;W
eWk;Gdypd;ik md;Nw ejpnts;sk; fha;e;J tpl;lhy;
gjpapd; gpioad;W ejpnra;j Fw;wk; ,y;iy
gae;j ek;ikg; Gue;jhd; tpjpnra;j Fw;wk; ,d;wp
kjpapd; gpioad;W
kfd; gpioad;W ike;j NtW - ahuk;kh!
tpjpapd; gpio eP - fz;zjhrd;
,jw;nfd;id ntFz;lnjd;wd; - fk;gd;
ftpr;rf;futh;j;jp fk;gh; ftpij – tpsf;fk; :
Å #oy;: fk;guhkhazj;jpy; ,uhkdpd; kzp Kbiag; gwpj;J mtidf; fhL nry;yf; $wpajhy;
,yf;FtDf;F Nfhgk; cz;lhfpwJ. ,uhkd; mtidj; jLj;J mikjpg;gLj;Jfpwhd;.
Å ‘jtW ele;jJ vd;Nw nfhz;lhYk; mjw;F ahUk; fhuzk; ,y;iy. ejpapy; ePu; ,y;iy
vd;why; mJ ejpapd; Fw;wk; md;W… kio nghopahj ,aw;ifapd; Fw;wk;…’
n
Å ‘ehd; fhdfk; nry;tjw;F ek; je;ij fhuzk; ,y;iy… ek; jha; ifNfap fhuzk;
l.i
,y;iy… gujd; fhuzk; ,y;iy… tpjpapd; gpioNa fhuzk;’ vd;W ,uhkd; $Wfpwhd;.
,ijj;jhd; ftpr;rf;futu;j;jp fk;gu; Nkw;fz;l mbfspy; kpf mofhff; $Wfpwhh;.
ftpauR fz;zjhrd; ftpij – tpsf;fk; :
da
Å ,lk;: rpth[pfNzrd; ebj;j ‘jpahfk;’ vd;w jpiug;glj;jpy;> ‘kdpjdp;d; gz;Gfs; khw;wk;
ka
ngw;W ehafd; kPJ Rkj;jg;gl;l gop ghtq;fSk; tpjp nra;j gpioapd;wp NtW ahUkpy;iy’
vd;W ehafd; Fwpg;gpLtjhf fz;zjhrd; ghly; vOjpapUf;fpwhh;.
vi
Å ejpapy; ePu; ,y;iynad;why; mJ ejpapd; Fw;wk; ,y;iy> kio nghopahjNj fhuzk;.

al
mJNghy;> ek; Jd;g epiyf;F NtW ahUk; fhuzkpy;iy> tpjp jhd; fhuzk;. ,jw;fhf
ehk; kw;wtu; kPJ Fw;wk; Rkj;j KbahJ.
.k
xg;gPL : fk;gupd; rpe;jidia fz;zjhrd; vspikg;gLj;jp je;Js;shu;. ejpapd; twl;rpiaAk;>

w
kdpj tho;tpy; Vw;gLk; Jd;gj;ijAk; ,t;tpU ghly;fspy; xg;gPL nra;Js;sdu;.

w
tpupthdk; : ,uhkhDru; - ehlfk;

w
1. fUj;Jfis ciueilahf gbg;gjpYk;> ehlfkhf gbg;gjpYk; ePq;fs; czUk; NtWghLfs; Fwpj;njOJf.

ciueilahfg; gbg;gjdhy; :
Å vOjg; gbf;fj; njupe;jtu;fNs ciueiliag; gbj;Jr; Ritf;f KbAk;.
,ay;-8
,ay;-8
Å ciueilahfg; gbg;gJ xUtu; kl;Lk; NgRtJ Nghd;wjhFk;.
Å nkhopeil> njspe;j ePNuhil Nghy mike;jpUf;Fk;.
Å ciueilapy; czu;r;rp ntspg;ghLfisNah> Vw;w ,wf;fq;fisNah fhz ,ayhJ.
Å ciueilahfg; gbg;gjhy; vOj;jhw;wy;> Ngr;rhw;wy; tsUk;.
Å tpdhf;fSf;fhd tpilfis ciueilapy; gbg;gJjhd; vspJ.
Å ciueiliaj; njhlu;e;J gbf;Fk;NghJ fisg;G> rypg;G Vw;gLk;.
ehlfkhfg; gbg;gjdhy; :
Å ,Utu; my;yJ mjw;F Nkw;gl;ltu;fspd; ciuahlyhf mikAk;.
Å nkhopeil NtWgl;ljhf ,Uf;Fk;. Vw;w ,wf;fq;fs;> czu;r;rp nka;g;ghLfSld; ,Uf;Fk;.
Å gbg;gjw;F Rthurpakhf ,Uf;Fk;. fisg;Ngh> rypg;Ngh Vw;glhJ.
Å ehlfj;jhy; vOj;jhw;wy;> Ngr;rhw;wy;> ebg;ghw;wy;> xg;gid Mfpad tsUk;.
Å fhg;gpaq;fis> nrtptopf; fijfis ehlfq;fshfg; gbg;gjhy; tpiuthfg; gbj;jplyhk;.
Å ehlf tbtpy; gbg;gjhy; ghku kf;fSf;Fk; vspjpy; GupAk;.
Å ehlfk; thapyhfNt kf;fspd; mwpT tsu;r;rp ngw;wJ vd;gJ Fwpg;gplj;jf;fJ.

2. ,e;ehlfk; ntspg;gLj;JtJ Nghd;W ,uhkhDru; tho;f;if epfo;Tfs; rpytw;iwj; njhFj;J> mit
Fwpj;j cq;fspd; fUj;Jfis vLj;Jiuf;f.
m) nghy;yhd; ey;yhdhfg; ngau;ngw;wJ :
Å xUKiw ,uhkhDrupd; rPlu;fspy; xUtuhd ey;yhd; rf;futu;j;jp Mw;WePupy; kpje;J te;j
jPz;lj;jfhjtupd; gpzj;ij vLj;J> ,Wjpr; rlq;Ffisr; nra;J Gijj;jhu;.
Å mt;T+u; me;jzu;fs; mtuJ nraiyf; fz;L ntWj;Jr; rhjptuk;ig kPwpajhff; Fiw
$wpdu;. Cu; $bg; ‘nghy;yhd;’ vd;W gopj;jdu;.
Å me;epiyapy; ,iwtd; mu;rr ; fu; %ykhf ‘ehl;Lf;Fg; nghy;yhd; ekf;F ey;yhd;’ vd;W
mtu; ngUikia CUf;F czu;j;jpdhu;.
Å ,uhkhDrupd; rPu;jpUj;jk; ,iwtdhYk; Vw;Wf; nfhs;sg;gl;lJ vd;gjw;F ,J rhd;whFk;.
M) rhjhuz kf;fSld; rq;fkk; :
Å Mo;thu; jpUefu; nrd;wpUe;jNghJ ele;j epfo;r;rp. nghUie ejpj;Jiwapy; ePuhb
jpUkz;fhg;G mzpe;J ,uhkhDru; Mjpehjd; jpUf;Nfhapy; Nehf;fpg; Gwg;gl;lhu;. Rw;wpYk;
rPlu;fs; ,Ue;jdu;. mg;NghJ mtu; jpUtbfspy; tpOe;J tzq;fpa ‘<uq;nfhy;yp’ vd;w
ryitj; njhopyhsp xUtd; jd;kf;fs; ehy;tiuAk; ,uhkhDriu tzq;f tUkhW
‘rlNfhgh> fhupkhwh> tFshguzh> FU$u;ek;gp’ vd;W ngau;fisr; nrhy;yp mioj;jhu;.
Å ek;kho;thupd; jpUg;ngau;fshff; fz;l ,uhkhDru; xUfzk; jpifj;J epd;whu;. “,e;j
n
<uq;nfhy;ypiag;Nghy ,y;ywj;ijj; jOtp> NjD}Wk; Mo;thu; jpUg;ngau;fisg; gps;isfSf;F
,l;L thahu miog;gjd;%yk; ehT+wp epw;Fk; NgWngw;whd;” vd;W ghuhl;b kfpo;e;jhu;.
l.i
,yf;fzk; : gh-tif> myfpLjy; da
ka
1. ghlE}ypy; ,lk;ngw;Ws;s ftpijfisAk; mtw;wpd; ghtiffisAk; tifg;gLj;jpg; gl;bay; ,Lf.
Å ntz;gh : ePjp ntz;gh> jpUtpisahlw;Guhzk;> jpUf;Fws;> Njk;ghtzp.
vi
Å fypg;gh : fhrpf;fhz;lk;> fk;guhkhazk; (fyp tpUj;jk;).

Å Mrpupag;gh : kiygLflhk;> ngUkhs; jpUnkhop> nka;f;fPu;j;jp> rpyg;gjpfhuk;> fhyf;fzpjk;>
al
Qhdk;> Vu; Gjpjh?> md;idnkhopNa> GwehD}W> ts;sshu; ghly;> ew;wpiz (Neupir)

.k
Å ,izf;Fws; Mrpupag;gh : G+j;njhLj;jy;> rpj;jhS> fhw;Nw th.

w
2. ntz;ghtpy; mike;j E}y;fs;> Mrpupag;ghtpy; mike;j ,yf;fpaq;fs; gw;wp tFg;gpy; fye;JiuahLf.

w
Mrpupau; : khztu;fNs! ntz;ghtpYk;> Mrpupag;ghtpYk; cs;s E}y;fis gw;wp

njupe;jtw;iw $Wq;fs; ghu;g;Nghk;!
w
ftpjh : rup> MrpupaNu! ‘cyfg;nghJkiw’> ‘,izapy;iy Kg;ghy; ,e;epyj;Nj’ vd;W

$wg;gLk; jpUf;Fws;> 1330 Fws;fis nfhz;l Fws; ntz;ghthy; MdJ.
Mrpupau; : mUik! jpUf;Fwspd; ngUikia Ngrpf;nfhz;Nl Nghfyhk;.
mfpyd; : MrpupaNu! rq;f ,yf;fpaq;fshd “ew;wpid ey;y FWe;njhif Iq;FE}W......
,ay;-8
,j;jpwj;j vl;Lj;njhif” vd;w vl;Lj;njhif ghlypy; fypj;njhif fypg;gh ,ay;-8

ghtifiaAk;> gupghly; gupghl;L vd;w ghtifAk; nfhz;lJ. ,Jjtpu kw;wit
Mrpupag;ghthy; MdJ! NkYk; gj;Jghl;L ghlyhdJ Mrpupag;ghthy; MdJ!
Mrpupau; : rpwg;G! vl;Lj;njhifAk;> gj;Jghl;Lk; midj;J E}y;fspd; rpwg;igAk; Nghw;Wk;.
nry;tp : MrpupaNu! ehd;F mbfis nfhz;l ntz;ghthy; mike;jJ ‘ehybahh;’> ,e;E}y;
‘ehyb ehD}W’ vdTk;> jpUf;FwSf;F ,izahd ePjp EhyhfTk;> ntz;ghNthL
njhlu;Gila gonkhop rhu;e;j ePjpfis $Wtjhy; ‘gonkhop ehD}whfTk;’ jpfo;fpwJ.
Mrpupau; : jpUf;FwSk; ehybahUk; ePjp E}ypd; ,U fz;fs;!
fky; : ‘ey;top’ kw;Wk; ,ul;ilf; fhg;gpaq;fshd rpyg;gjpfhuKk;> kzpNkfiyAk;
Mrpupag;ghtpy; mike;J ePjpE}ypYs;s %d;W mw fUj;JfSld;;> tho;tpy;
kf;fs; gpd;gw;w Ntz;ba ey;y topfisAk; mofhf vLj;Jiuf;fpwJ.
Mrpupau; : mw;Gjk;! khztu;fNs... jkpo; E}y;fspYs;s ghf;fspd; ngUikfisg; gw;wp
mofhf ciuahbajw;F vd; kdkhu;e;j ghuhl;Lfs;!
,ay; - 9. md;gpd; nkhop 125
9. md;gpd; nkhop
gyTs; njhpf
1. “,ts; jiyapy; vOjpaNjh
fw;fhyk;jhd; vg;NghJk; …” - ,t;tbfspy; fw;fhyk; vd;gJ *nr-1 [PTA - 2]
m) jiytpjp M) gioa fhyk; ,) Vo;ik <) jiyapy; fy; Rkg;gJ
2. Rje;jpu ,e;jpahtpd; kfj;jhd rhjidAk; rthYkhf n[afhe;jd; fUJtJ
m) murpd; eyj;jpl;lq;fisr; nray;gLj;jy; *nr-1 [MAY - 22, PTA - 2]
M) ngw;w Rje;jpuj;ijg; Ngzpf; fhj;jy;
,) mwptpay; Kd;Ndw;wk;
<) ntspehl;L KjyPLfs;
n
3. G+f;ifiaf; Ftpj;Jg; G+Nt GupnthL fhf;f vd;W ______ Ntz;bdhu;. *nr-2
l.i
m) fUizad;> vyprngj;Jf;fhf M) vyprngj;> jkf;fhf
,) fUizad;> G+f;fSf;fhf <) vyprngj;> G+kpf;fhf
4. tha;ikNa kioePuhfp - ,j;njhlupy; ntspg;gLk; mzp
da *, [AUG - 22, PTA - 2, MDL – 19]
ka
m) ctik M) jw;Fwpg;Ngw;wk; ,) cUtfk; <) jPtfk;
5. fiyapd; fztdhfTk; rKjhaj;jpd; Gjy;tdhfTk; ,Ue;J vOJfpNwd; - ,f;$w;wpypUe;J
vi
ehk; Gupe;Jnfhs;tJ : *c [SEP - 20, PTA - 2]

al
m) jk; tho;f;ifapy; ngw;w tpisTfisf; fiyahf;fpdhu;

M) r%fg; ghu;itNahL fiyg;gzp GupaNt vOjpdhu;
.k
,) mwj;ijf; $Wtjw;fhf vOjpdhu;

w
<) mofpaYld; ,yf;fpak; gilj;jhu;

w
$Ljy; tpdh
w
6. fUizad; vd;gth; ahh;? *nr-2 [PTA - 1]

m) Kdptd; M) tPukhKdptu; ,) mUsg;gd; <) ,uhag;gd;
FWtpdh
1. jPtf mzpapd; tiffs; ahit? *, [PTA - 1, 5]
1. Kjy; epiyj; jPtfk; 2. ,ilepiyj; jPtfk; 3. filepiyj; jPtfk;
,ay;-9
,ay;-9
2. ehd; vOJtjw;F xU J}z;LjYk; mjw;Fupa fhuzKk; cz;L - ,j;njhliu ,U njhlu;fshf;Ff.

Å ehd; vOJtjw;F xU J}z;Ljy;; cz;L. *c [AUG - 2022]
Å ehd; vOJtjw;Fupa fhuzk; cz;L.
3. “fha;kzp ahF Kd;du;f; fha;e;njdf; fha;e;Njd;” - ctik czu;j;Jk; fUj;J ahJ? *nr-1 [PTA - 1]
fUizad; tsu;e;J ngupatdhtjw;F Kd;ghfNt mtDila jha; vyprngj; ,we;J
Nghdij epidj;J> ,sk;gapu;; Kw;wp ney;kzp MFk; Kd; kioapy;yhky; thbf; fha;tJ
Nghy mtd; thLtij> Nkw;fz;l ctik czu;j;JfpwJ.

4. ‘md;Gk; mwDk; cilj;jhapd; ,y;tho;f;if *, [AUG -2022, PTA - 3]
gz;Gk; gaDk; mJ’ - ,f;Fwspy; gapd;W te;Js;s mzpapd; ,yf;fzk; ahJ?
(my;yJ) epuy; epiu mzp vd;why; vd;d? rhd;Wld; tpsf;Ff. [PTA – 4, SEP – 2020]
mzpapd; ngau; epuy;epiw mzp

mzp gpupg;G epuy; (tupir) + epiw (epWj;jy;)
nrhy;iyAk; nghUisAk; tupirahf epWj;jp mt;tupirg;gbNa
mzp ,yf;fzk;
,izj;Jg; nghUs; nfhs;tNj epuy; epiw mzp vdg;gLk;.
“md;Gk; mwDk; cilj;jhapd; ,y;tho;f;if
rhd;W
gz;Gk; gaDk; mJ.”
,y;tho;f;if md;Gk; mwDk; cilajhf tpsq;Fkhdhy;> mJNt me;j
ghlypd; tpsf;fk;
tho;f;ifapd; gz;Gk; gaDk; MFk;.
,f;Fwspy; md;Gk; mwDk; vd;w nrhw;fis tupirahf epWj;jp> gz;Gk;
mzpg; nghUj;jk;
gaDk; vd;w nrhw;fis Kiwg;glf; $wpAs;sjhy; ,J epuy;epiw mzpahFk;.
5. ‘tho;tpy; jiyf;fdk;’> ‘jiyf;fdNk tho;T’ vd;W eh$u;&kp ahUila tho;itf; Fwpj;Jf; $Wfpwhu;?
tho;tpy; jiyf;fdk; : *nr-1
n
l.i
rpy kdpju;fs; tho;tpy; nry;tk;> Gfo;> gjtp fhuzkhf ahiuAk;
kjpg;gjpy;iy. ,tu;fis ‘tho;tpy; jiyf;fdk;’ nfhz;ltu;fs; vd;fpwhh;
ftpQh; eh$u;&kp.
jiyf;fdNk tho;T :
da
ka
fl;bl Ntiyapy; jiyapy; Rikfisr; Rke;J nry;Yk; rpj;jhSfs;
tho;it ‘jiyf;fdNk tho;T’ vd;fpwhu; ftpQu; eh$h;&kp.
vi
al
$Ljy; tpdhf;fs;
6. Njk;ghtzp – Fwpg;G tiuf. *nr-2 [AUG - 2022]
.k
Å Njk;gh + mzp - thlhj khiy; Njd; + gh + mzp - Njd; Nghd;w ,dpa ghly;fspd; njhFg;G.
w
Å fpwp];Jtpd; tsu;g;Gj; je;ij R+irag;giu ghl;Lilj; jiytdhff; nfhz;L ghlg;gl;;l E}y;.

Å ,g;ngUq;fhg;gpak; 3 fhz;lq;fs;> 36 glyq;fis cs;slf;fp 3615 ghly;fisf; nfhz;Ls;sJ.
w
w
7. n[afhe;jdpd;> jpiug;glkhd gilg;Gfis vOJf. *c [SEP – 2021, AUG – 2022]

Å rpy Neuq;fspy; rpy kdpju;fs; Å xU ebif ehlfk; ghh;f;fpwhs;
Å CUf;F E}WNgu; Å cd;idg;Nghy; xUtd; Å ahUf;fhf mOjhd;
rpWtpdh
1. ‘rpj;jhspd; kdr;Rikfs;
nrq;fw;fs; mwpahJ’ - ,lQ;Rl;bg; nghUs; jUf. *nr-1 [SEP - 2020]
,ay;-9
,ay;-9
(my;yJ) eh$u;&kp ntspg;gLj;Jk; kdpjj;ij mtuJ ftpij topahff; Fwpg;gpLf. [PTA - 6]

,lk; ftpQu; eh$u;&kp vOjpa ‘rrpj;jhS’ ftpijapy; ,t;thpfs; ,lk; ngw;Ws;sd.
Ò mLj;j Ntis czTf;fhf rpj;jhS mOf;fhky; fw;fis Rkf;fpwhs;.
Ò rpj;jhs; jiyapy; Rkf;Fk; nrq;fw;fspd; Rikfistpl> mtsJ kdjpy;
tpsf;fk; Rkf;Fk; tWik cs;spl;l Rikfs; Vuhskhdit.
Ò nrq;fw;fs; capuw;wit MfNt rpj;jhspd; kdr;Rikfis mwptjpy;iy.
Ò nrj;Nj NghdhYk; rpwpjsNt rydk; jhd; Vw;gLj;Jk; vd;W $Wfpwhu; ftpQu;.

2. n[afhe;jd; jk; fijkhe;ju;fspd; rpwe;j $Wfisf; Fwpg;gplj; jtWtjpy;iy vd;W mNrhfkpj;jpud;
$Wfpwhu;. ,f;$w;iw nka;g;gpf;Fk; nray; xd;iwj; ‘ju;f;fj;jpw;F mg;ghy;’ fij khe;ju; thapyhf tpsf;Ff.
Î fij RUf;fk; : *c [PTA - 4, MDL - 19]
Å ‘jh;f;fj;jpw;F mg;ghy;’ fijapy; tUk; fjhghj;jpuk; ,uapy; gazj;jpw;F Njitahd
gd;dpuz;lzhit kl;Lk; itj;Jf;nfhz;L kPjKs;s gzj;ij gpr;irf;fhuDf;F Nghl;Ltpl;lhu;.
me;j ju;kk; vt;thW mtiu fhj;jJ vd;gij kpf mofhf $wpAs;shu; n[afhe;jd;.
Î fij khe;jh; thapyhf nka;g;gpf;Fk; rpwe;j $Wfs; :
Å “tof;fk;Nghy>‘Njhy;tpNa epr;rak;’ vd;w kdg;ghd;ikAld; CUf;F Nghd ehd;>
tof;fj;Jf;F khwhf md;W Njhw;Wg;NghNdd;. Njhy;tp epr;rak; vd;w vd; kdg;Nghf;F
Njhw;wJ.” fijkhe;jupd; ntw;wpia Njhy;tpapd; %yk; ntspg;gLj;jpAs;shu; n[afhe;jd;.
Å “fhirj;jhd; fld; juyhk;> jUkj;ijj; juKbAkh? jUkj;ij ahrpj;Jjhd; ngwNtz;Lk;”
vd;w $w;wpy; nfhLj;j jUkj;ij jpUk;g ngwKbahky;> gazk; jilgl;L jtpf;Fk;
fijkhe;jupd; epiyia n[afhe;jd; kpf mofhf fhl;bAs;shu;.
,jd;Kyk; n[afhe;jd; fij khe;jupd; kdg;Nghuhl;lq;fis rpj;jupf;f jtwpajpy;iy vd $wyhk;.
3. vitnay;yhk; mwpNad; vd;W fUizad; $Wfpwhu;? *nr-2
n
Å ehd; capu; gpiof;Fk; top mwpNad;.
l.i
Å mwptpDf;Fg; nghUe;jpathW cWg;Gfs; ,aq;Fjy; ,y;yhj clypd; jd;ikia mwpNad;.
Å clYf;F Ntz;ba czitj; Njbf;nfhz;L tUk; toptiffis mwpNad;. da
Å fhl;by; nry;tjw;fhd topfisAk; mwpNad; - vd;W fUizad; $Wfpwhu;.
ka
4. ftpQu; jhk; $wtpUk;Gk; fUj;jpw;F Vw;wthW jw;Fwpg;Ngw;w mzp miktij vLj;Jf;fhl;Lf..
(my;yJ) jw;Fwpg;Ngw;w mzpiar; rhd;Wld; tptup. *, [SEP - 2021, PTA – 2]
vi
mzp ,yf;fzk; ,ay;gha; epfOk; epfo;r;rpapd; kPJ ftpQd; jd; Fwpg;ig Vw;wpf; $WtNj
al
jw;Fwpg;Ngw;w mzp MFk;.

“NghUoe; njLj;j Mnuapy; neLq;nfhb
.k
rhd;W
thuy; vd;gdNghy; kwpj;Jf;if fhl;l ”
w
nghUs; Nfhl; il kjpy;Nky; ,Ue;j nfhbahdJ ‘tuNtz;lhk;’ vdj; jLg;gJNghy

w
iffhl;baJ vd;gJ nghUs;.

kJiuf;F NfhtyDk; fz;zfpAk; nrd;wNghJ> kjpypd; NkypUe;j
w
nfhbfs; fhw;wpy; ,aw;ifahf mire;jd. Mdhy;> ,sq;Nfhtbfs;>

Nfhtyd; nfhiy nra;ag;gLthd; vd mf;nfhbfs; ifia mirj;J>
mzpg; nghUj;jk;
‘,k;kJiuf;Fs; tuNtz;lhk;’ vd;W njuptpg;gJNghy mirtjhfj; jk;
Fwpg;igf; Vw;wpf; $Wfpwhu;. ,ay;ghf epfOk; epfo;r;rpapd;kPJ ftpQd;
jd; Fwpg;ig Vw;wpf; $Wtjhy;> ,J jw;Fwpg;Ngw;w mzpahFk;.
$Ljy; tpdhf;fs;
5. Kd;Diuapy; Kfk; fhl;Lk; n[afhe;jd; - Vd;? *c [PTA - 5]
Å vOj;jhsupd; gilg;G Nehf;fj;ijAk;> gilg;gpd; jd;ikiaAk; tho;f;ifr; rpf;fy;fs;
,ay;-9
,ay;-9
Fwpj;j fz;Nzhl;lj;ijAk; czu;j;JtJjhd; Kd;Diu MFk;.

Å jd;Dila gilg;GfSf;Fj; jhNd Kd;Diufs; vOjpf;nfhs;Sk; n[afhe;jd;> gpd;du;
tutpUf;Fk; Nfs;tpfSf;Fk; gjpy;fshf mtw;iw Mf;fptpLthu;.
Å vLj;Jf;fhl;lhf ‘ghhPRf;Fg; Ngh’ vd;w Gjpdj;jpd; Kd;Diuapy; “xU Njrj;jpd; xU
ehfhpfj;jpd; xU fhyj;jpd; xU tsh;r;rpapd; xU tho;f;ifapd; ciufy; ,yf;fpak; …
ePq;fs; fij vd;W epidj;Jf; nfhz;bUf;fpwPu;fNs mJ fhyj;jpd;> xU tho;f;ifapd;
rhrdk;” vd;W Fwpg;gpLfpwhu;.

6. vjw;fhf vOJfpNwd;? vd;W n[afhe;jd; $wpa fhuzq;fisf; Fwpg;gpLf. *c [PTA - 3]
Å ehd; vOJtjw;F xU J}z;LjYk; mjw;Fupa fhuzKk; cz;L.
Å ehd; vOJtJ> tho;f;ifapypUe;J ehd; ngWk; fy;tpapd; tpisTk;> vd; Kaw;rpapd; gaDkhFk;.
Å ekJ mwpahikahy; mt];ijfSf;F cs;shfp> gpwiuAk; ekJ mwpahikahy;
mt];ijf;F cl;gLj;jhky;> r%fg; ghu;itNahL fiyg;gzp GupaNt ehd; vOJfpNwd;.
7. jd;ikazp vd;gjid tpsf;fp mjd; tiffisf; Fwpg;gpLf. *, [PTA - 3]
Å jd;ikazp tpsf;fk;: vt;tifg;gl;l nghUshf ,Ue;jhYk; ,aw;ifapy; mike;j mjd;
cz;ikahd ,ay;Gj; jd;ikapidf; Nfl;gtu;fspd; kdk; kfpOkhW cupa nrhw;fis
mikj;Jg; ghLtJ jd;ikazpahFk;. ,jidj; jd;ik etpw;rp mzp vd;Wk; $Wtu;.
Å tiffs;: nghUs; jd;ikazp> Fzj;jd;ikazp> rhjpj;jd;ikazp> njhopw;jd;ikazp
8. jPtf mzpia tpsf;fp> mjd; tiffis vOJf. *, [MAY – 2022, PTA - 6]
Å jPtf mzp tpsf;fk;: nra;Aspd; Xuplj;jpy; epd;w xU nrhy; mr;nra;Aspd; gy ,lq;fspYs;s
nrhw;fNshL nrd;W nghUe;jpg; nghUis tpsf;Ftjhy; ,t;tzp jPtf mzp vdg;gLfpwJ.
Å tiffs;: 1) Kjy; epiyj; jPtfk; 2) ,ilepiyj; jPtfk; 3) filepiyj; jPtfk;
9. jPtf mzpiar; rhd;Wld; tpsf;Ff. *, [PTA - 1]
n
l.i
mzp nra;Aspd; Xuplj;jpy; epd;w xU nrhy; mr;nra;Aspd; gy ,lq;fspYs;s
,yf;fzk; nrhw;fNshL nrd;W nghUe;jpg; nghUis tpsf;FtJ jPtf mzp MFk;.
“Nre;jd Nte;jd; jpUneLq;fz;> njt;Nte;ju;
da
Ve;J jle;Njhs;> ,opFUjp - gha;e;J
ka
rhd;W
jpirmidj;Jk;> tPur; rpiynghope;j mk;Gk;
kpir midj;Jk; Gd;FyKk; tPo;e;J.”
vi
al
murDila fz;fs; Nfhgj;jhy; rpte;jd. mNj mstpy; gifkd;du;fspd;

ghlypd;
Njhs;fs; rpte;jd@ FUjp gha;e;J jpirfs; rpte;jd@ typa tpy;yhy; va;ag;gl;l
nghUs;
.k
mk;Gfs; rpte;jd@ FUjp NkNy tPo;jyhy; gwitf; $l;lq;fs; ahTk; rpte;jd.

Kjypy; epw;Fk; ‘Nru;e;jd’ vd;w nrhy; ghlypy; tUfpd;w fz;fs;> Njhs;fs;>
w
mzpg;
jpirfs;> mk;Gfs;> gwitfs; Mfpa midj;NjhLk; nghUe;jp ‘rpte;jd’
w
nghUj;jk;
vd;w nghUis jUtjhy; jPtf mzp vdg;gLfpwJ.
w
10. jd;ikazp Fwpj;J vOJf. *, [MDL - 19]

vt;tifg;gl;l nghUshf ,Ue;jhYk; ,aw;ifapy; mike;j mjd;
mzp
cz;ikahd ,ay;Gj; jd;ikapidf; Nfl;gtu; kdk; kfpOkhW cupa
,yf;fzk;
nrhw;fis mikj;Jg; ghLtJ jd;ik mzp MFk;.
“nka;apw; nghbAk; tpupj;j fUq;FoYk;
ifapy; jdpr;rpyk;Gk; fz;zPUk; - itiaf;Nfhd;
rhd;W
fz;lsNt Njhw;whd;> mf;fhupifjd; nrhw;nrtpapy;
,ay;-9
,ay;-9
cz;lsNt Njhw;whd; capu;.”

clk;G KOtJk; J}rpAk;> tpupe;j fUikahd jiyKbAk;> ifapy; xw;iwr;
ghlypd; rpyk;NghL te;j Njhw;wKk; mtsJ fz;zPUk; fz;l mstpNyNa itia
nghUs; ejpghAk; $ly; efuj;J murdhd ghz;bad; Njhw;whd;. mtsJ nrhy;> jd;
nrtpapy; Nfl;lTld; capu; ePj;jhd;.
mzpg; fz;zfpapd; Jau; epiwe;j Njhw;wj;jpid ,ay;ghf cupa nrhw;fspy;
nghUj;jk; $wpajhy; ,J jd;ik etpw;rp mzp vdg;gLk;.
neLtpdh
1. fUizadpd; jha; kiwTf;F> tPukhKdptu; G+f;fs; Nghd;w ctikfshYk; cUtf kyu;fshYk;
epfo;j;jpa ftpjhQ;rypia tptupf;f. *nr-2 [MAY – 2022, SEP – 2021, PTA – 3]
Fwpg;Gr;rl;lfk;
Å Kd;Diu
Å ctikfs;
Å cUtfq;fs;;
Å fUizad; kPJ ,aw;if nfhz;l gupT
Å KbTiu
Kd;Diu
jha; vd;Dk; jPgk; Rlh;tpl;L vhptjhy;jhd; ghrk; vDk; xsp ,e;j cyfpy; ,d;dKk;
kpd;DfpwJ. jhia ,oe;j fUizadpd; mtyr;Ritiaf; fhl;Lfpd;whu; tPukhKdptu;.
ctikfs; :
Å rtf;Fop – mofpa kyh;g;gLf;if :
fUizad;> jd; kyu; Nghd;w ifiaf; Ftpj;J> “g+kpj;jhNa! vd; md;idapd;
n
l.i
cliy eP md;NghL fhg;ghahf” vd;W Ntz;b> jd; md;idapd; cliy kz; ,l;L
%b mlf;fk; nra;jhd;. mjd;Nky; kyu;fisAk; fz;zPiuAk; xU Nrug; nghope;jhd;.
Å kdk; thLjy; - ,sk; gaph; thLjy; : da
,sk;gapu; tsu;e;J Kjpu;e;J ney;kzpfisf; fhZk; Kd;Nd kioj;Jsp ,y;yhky;
ka
thbf; fha;e;Jtpl;lijg;Nghy> fUizad; thLtjhf tPukhKdpth; $Wfpwhu;.
Å fUizad; Jauk; - kuf;fpisapypUe;J gwpf;fgl;l kyu;> mk;G Jisj;j Gz; :
vi
kuf;fpisapypUe;J gwpf;fg;gl;l kyiug;Nghyf; fUizadpd; kdk; tUe;jpaJ.

al
jPiaAk; eQ;irAk; Kidapy; nfhz;l mk;G Jisj;j Gz;zpd; typiag;Nghy

.k
mtupd; Jauk; ,Ue;jJ vd tPukhKdpth; $Wfpwhu;.

Å md;idapd; gphpT – Jiziag; gphpe;j gwit :
w
fUizad; Jiziag; gpupe;j gwitNghy> jd; md;idiag; gpupe;J thLfpwhd;.

w
rupe;j tOf;F epyj;jpNy jdpNa tplg;gl;L topnjupahky; miygtd;Nghy

w
thLfpwhd; vd tPukhKdptu; Fwpg;gpLfpwhu;.

cUtfq;fs; :
Å jhapd; nrhw;fs; - kioePh; :
jhapd; thahNy kzpNghyf; $Wk; cz;ikahd nrhw;fisNa kioePuhf
cl;nfhz;L tho;e;jjhff; fUizad; $Wfpwhd;.
Å jhapd; mutizg;G – kzpkhiy :
jhapd; khu;gpNy xU kzpkhiynad mire;J> moFw tho;e;jjhf fUizad; $Wfpwhd;.
,ay;-9
,ay;-9
fUizad; kPJ ,aw;if nfhz;l ghpT :

fUizadpd; Gyk;giyf; Nfl;L> Njd;kyh;fs; G+j;j kuq;fspy; cs;s> kzk; tPRk;
kyh;fSk;> kyh;e;j RidapYs;s gwitfSk;> tz;LfSk; mOtd Nghd;W $r;rypl;ld.
KbTiu
fUizadpd; jha; kiwTf;F> ,aw;ifapy; epfOk; epfo;Tfis ctikfshfTk;
cUtfq;fshfTk; vLj;Jf;$wp tPukhKdptu; ftpjhQ;ryp nrYj;jpAs;shu;.
tPukhKdpthpd; nrhy;yhw;wyhy; fUizadpd; jtpg;ig czuKbfpwJ.

2. n[afhe;jd; epidTr; rpwg;gpjio> thu ,jo; xd;W ntspapl ,Uf;fpwJ. mjw;fhd xU
Rtnuhl;bia tbtikj;J mspf;f. *c [AUG – 2022, PTA - 2]
Y2M-\IJJSMKNIG
Q>DIKHMGSGHSLG7U
USZJJSMRQWVSD3O/WSRK
n[afhe;jdpd; gpwe;jehspy;
flY}H khefupy; XH ,dpa tpoh
jkpio Nerpf;Fk; midtUk; tUf…!!
jkpopd;gk; ngWf…!!!
n
l.i
ehs; : 24.04.2020
da
Neuk; : fhiy 10 kzp
ka
,lk; : fz;zjhrd; muq;fk; - flY}H
vi
jhuif khj ,jo; n[afhe;jd; epidTr; rpwg;gpjo; ntspaPl;L

al
tpohtpd; rpwg;G epfo;Tfs;

.k
jiyik : vOj;jhsH n[aNkhfd;

ntspapLgtH : vOj;jhsH v];. ,uhkfpU\;zd;
w
Kjy; gpujpiag; ngw;Wf; nfhs;gtH : vOj;jhsH utp Rg;gpukzpad;

w
n[afhe;jd; epidTr; rpWfijg; Nghl;bapy; fye;J nfhz;L ntw;wp

ngw;wtHfSf;Fg; guprspg;gtH : vOj;jhsH ehQ;rpy; ehld;
w
rpwg;Gg; gl;bkd;wk;
n[afhe;jdpd; GfOf;Fg; ngupJk; fhuzk; mtupd;
rpWfijfNs… ehty;fNs… jpiug;glq;fNs…
eLtH: vOj;jhsH R. ntq;fNlrd;
thjpLNthH: Gfo;ngw;w jkpof vOj;jhsHfs;
epfo;tpd; Kbtpy;
n[afhe;jd; vOjp ,af;fpa
,ay;-9
,ay;-9
cd;idg; Nghy; xUtd;

jpiug;glk; jpiuaplg;gLk;
midtUk; tUf…! XH ,dpa mDgtj;ijg; ngWf…!
miog;gpd; kfpo;tpy;
jhuif khj ,jo; tpohf;FOtpdH – flY}H
3. mofpuprhkpapd; ‘xUtd; ,Uf;fpwhd;’ rpWfijapy; kdpjj;ij ntspg;gLj;Jk; fij khe;ju; Fwpj;J

vOJf. *J [MAY - 2022,PTA – 3, MDL - 19]
Fwpg;Gr;rl;lfk;
Å Kd;Diu
Å Fg;Grhkp tPug;gdpd; el;G
Å Fg;Grhkp itj;jpaj;jpw;fhf nrd;id nry;Yjy;
Å tPug;gdpd; fbjk;
Å MWKfj;jpd; kdpjk;
Å gf;fj;J tPl;Lf;fhuuplk; ntspg;gl;l kdpjk;
Å KbTiu
Kd;Diu
F. mofpuprhkp vOjpa ‘xUtd; ,Uf;fpwhd;’ rpWfijapy; kdpjj;ij ntspg;gLj;Jk;
khe;ju;fs; gw;wp ,f;fl;Liuapy; tpupthff; fhz;Nghk;.
Fg;Grhkp tPug;gdpd; el;G :
h fhQ;rpGuj;jpy; Fg;GrhkpAk; tPug;gDk; capu; ez;gu;fshf ,Ue;jdu;. Fg;Grhkpf;F mk;kh>
mg;gh ,y;iy. jha;khkd; tPl;by; jq;fp> xU irf;fps; filapy; $yp Ntiy ghu;j;J te;jhd;.
h Fg;Grhkp Neha; fhuzkhf Ntiy ,oe;J> jha;khkd; tPl;by; Jd;gg;gl;lhd;. mtu;fs;
n
vjpu; tPl;by; ,Uf;Fk; tPug;gd; mt;tg;NghJ mtid mioj;J rhg;ghL NghLthd;.
h tPug;gd; xd;Wk; trjpahdtd; my;yd;. xU rpg;ge;jpahf Ntiy nra;gtd;jhd;.
l.i
tUkhdk; ,y;yhj ehl;fspYk;> fld; thq;fpahtJ Fg;Grhkpf;F cjtp nra;J te;jhd;.
Fg;Grhkp itj;jpaj;jpw;fhf nrd;id nry;Yjy; : da
h Fg;Grhkpf;F NehAk; rupahftpy;iy. NtiyAk; ,y;iy. jd; Neha;f;F itj;jpak;
ka
ghu;g;gjw;fhf nrd;idapy; cs;s rpj;jp tPl;bw;F te;jhd;. ,q;NfAk; ahUk; mtid xU
nghUl;lhfNt fUjtpy;iy. mtid murhq;f kUj;Jtkidapy; flikf;Fr; Nru;j;Jtpl;ldu;.
vi
h ,e;epiyapy; tPug;gd;> MWKfk; vd;gtu; nrd;id nry;fpwhu; vd;gjwpe;J> %d;W &gha;

al
fld; thq;fp> mijAk; xU fbjj;ijAk; Fg;Grhkpaplk; nfhLf;fr; nrhd;dhd;.

tPug;gdpd; fbjk; :
.k
h mf;fbjj;jpy;> jd; capu; ez;gid gpupe;J kpfTk; thLtjhfTk;> mtid fhzKbahky;

w
,Ug;gij vz;zp tUe;JtjhfTk; vOjpapUe;jhd;. jd; ez;gDf;fhf ,iwtid

Ntz;bf;nfhs;stjhf $wpdhd;. MWKfk; nrd;id tUtij mwpe;J> fldhf thq;fpa
w
%d;W &gha; gzj;ijAk; ,f;fbjj;ijAk; nfhLj;Js;Nsd; vd vOjpapUe;jhd;.

h el;Gf;F ,yf;fzkhd tPug;gdpd; cs;sj;ijAk; mjpy; xspe;jpUf;Fk; ntFspj;jdkhd
w
kdpjj;ijAk; ehk; czuyhk;.

MWKfj;jpd; kdpjk; :
h Fg;Grhkpiag; ghu;f;f te;j MWKfk; tPug;gdpd; %d;W &gha; kw;Wk; fbjj;ij kl;Lk; nfhLj;Jr;
nry;yhky; jd;Dila Foe;ijfSf;fhf thq;fpa ,uz;L rhj;Jf;Fbg; goq;fisAk; xU
&gha; gzj;ijAk; nrd;idapy; gf;fj;J tPl;Lf;fhuuplk; nfhLj;Jr; nry;fpwhd;.
h MWKfk; Fg;GrhkpNahL ngupa el;gpy; ,y;iy vd;whYk; MWKfj;jplkpUe;J
ntspg;gLk; kdpjk; gpwUf;fhf fyq;Fk; kdij ekf;F vLj;jpak;GfpwJ.
gf;fj;J tPl;Lf;fhuuplk; ntspg;gl;l kdpjk; :
h ngau; nrhy;yg;glhj ,f;fjhghj;jpuk; fijapd; njhlf;fj;jpy; kidtpapd; ,uf;ff;
,ay;-9
,ay;-9
Fzj;jpw;F vjpuhdtuhfTk; fy;neQ;Rf;fhuuhfTk; nrhy;yg;gLfpwJ.

h Mdhy; fijapd; ,Wjpapy; tPug;gd; kw;Wk; MWKfk; Fg;Grhkpapd; Nky; itj;jpUe;j
el;gpd; El;gj;ij czu;e;J kdk; khwpf; Fg;Grhkpia kUj;Jtkidf;Fr; nrd;W ghu;f;f
Ntz;Lk; vd $WtJ mtUf;Fs;Sk;; kdpjk; ,Ug;gij ntspg;gLj;JfpwJ.
KbTiu
vy;yh kdpju;fSf;Fs;Sk; kdpjk; kiwe;jpUf;Fk;. kw;wtu;fsplkpUe;J ntspg;gLk;
kdpjj;ijf; fz;L ek;Ks; ,Ug;gJk; ntspg;gLk;. ,f;fijiag; gbf;Fk; xt;nthUtUf;Fk;
Fg;Grhkpf;F cjtpl Ntz;Lk; vd;w vz;zk; vOtijj; jtpu;f;f ,ayhJ.

$Ljy; tpdh
4. vOj;jhsu; n[afhe;jdpd; ‘,d;DnkhU Kfk;’ Fwpj;Jk; mtuplk; ‘njhLj;j Nfs;tpfSf;F mtu;
nfhLj;j gjpy;fSkhf’ n[afhe;jd; gw;wp ePq;fs; mwpe;jtw;iw tpsf;Ff. *c [PTA - 6]
Fwpg;Gr;rl;lfk;
Å Kd;Diu
Å n[afhe;jdpd; gd;Kfj;jd;ik
Å n[afhe;jdpd; ‘,d;DnkhU Kfk;’ ftpij
Å n[afhe;jdpd; mwpthh;e;j vjph;tpid
Å KbTiu
Kd;Diu
midj;J JiwfspYk; jdJ Kj;jpiuiag; gjpj;j n[afhe;jd; mth;fspd;
jdpj;jd;ikiag; gw;wp tphpthff; fhzyhk;. fUj;jhoKk;> RitAk; nfhz;l gilg;Gfisj;
kf;fsplk; nfhz;L Nru;f;FkhW ,tuJ eilAk; Nghf;Fk; jdpj;jd;ik tha;e;jit.
n[afhe;jdpd; gd;Kfj;jd;ik :
Å rkfhy epfo;Tfspy;> rkfhy nkhopapy;> rkfhy czu;Tfis mwpe;J jlk; gjpj; jtu;.
Å rpWfij> Gjpdk;> jpiug;glk;> Kd;Diu> Ngl;b vdg;gy Jiwfspy;; jlk; gjpj;Js;shu;.
n
Å r%f mikg;gpd; Kuz;ghLfis vOj;jpNy mg;gl;lkhff; fhl;b> Neu;Kf vjpu;Kf tpisTfisg;
l.i
ngw;wtu;. cs;slf;f tpupthy; kdpjhgpkhdj;ij thrf neQ;rq;fspy; tpijj;jtu;.
n[afhe;jdpd; ‘,d;DnkhU Kfk;’ ftpij :
da
Å n[afhe;jd; rpy ftpijfisAk;> jpiug;ghly;fisAk; gilj;jpUf;fpwhh;. mtuJ
ka
gilg;ghw;wypd; ,d;ndhU gf;fk; mJthFk;.
Å gl;Lf;Nfhl;ilf; fy;ahzRe;juk; gw;wpa mtupd; ftpij>
vi
“vz;zKk; vOj;Jk; cau;e;jpUf;Fk; - Vio

al
fz;zPUk; ghlypy; fye;jpUf;Fk;.

.k
gz;nzhL re;jKk; gha;e;J tUk; - gioa

kz;zpd; thilAk; Nru;e;JtUk;”
w
Å ,g;ghly; %yk; ghkuidg; ghLtjpYk;> vOJtjpYk; ,UtUNk xNu fUj;Jilatu;fs;

w
vd;gjpy; vt;tpj khw;Wf; fUj;Jkpy;iy vd;gJ njspthfpwJ.

w
n[afhe;jdpd; mwpthh;e;j gjpy;fs; :

Å rpWfijapy;> jdpj;jd;ik tha;e;j jpwik ntspg;gLj;j filg;gpbf;Fk; EZf;fq;fs; ahit?
“EZf;fkh? mg;gbj; jdpahf ehd; vijAk; ifahStjhf vz;zpr; nra;tjpy;iy.
vd; kdj;jhy;> Gj;jpahy;> czu;thy; ehd; mwpe;J mDgtg;glhj vijg; gw;wpAk; ehd;
vOjpdjpy;iy. vd;idg; ngupJk; ghjpg;git kdpj tho;tpd; gpur;ridfNs. vd;idg;
nghWj;jtiuapy; vOj;jhsDf;F mtDila gilg;GfSf;F mbg;gilahf mika
Ntz;baJ kdpj tho;tpd; gpur;ridfNs” vd n[afhe;jd; gjpyspj;jhh;.
Å Rje;jpu ,e;jpahtpd; kfj;jhd rhjid kw;Wk; kpfg; ngupa rthy; vJ?
,ay;-9
,ay;-9
“kfj;jhd rhjid kw;Wk; kpfg; ngupa rthy; - ngw;w Rje;jpuj;ijg; Ngzpf;fhj;jJ.”

Å Njrk; nry;Yk; ghij kw;Wk; vOj;Jyfpd; Nghf;F vg;gb ,Uf;fpwJ?
“fhye;NjhWk; khw;wq;fisg; ghh;f;fpNwhk;. ehKk; khwpf;nfhz;Nl ,Uf;fpNwhk;.”
KbTiu
n[afhe;jdpd; rpe;jidfs; r%fj;jpy; mtiuj; jdpj;J milahsk; fhl;Lfpd;wd.
gs;spf;fy;tp msNt gbj;jpUe;j ,tu; jkpo; ,yf;fpa cyfpy; kpfg; ngupa MSikahfg;
ghHf;fg;gLfpwhu;. tho;f;ifia jk; thu;j;ijfspy; moFwg; gilj;Js;shu;.
nkhopia Ms;Nthk;!
nkhopngau;ff
;
1. Education is what remains after one has fy;tp vd;gJ xUtu; gs;spapy;
forgotten what one has learned in School. fw;Wf;nfhz;ljpy; kwe;jJ Nghf
vQ;rpapUg;gjhFk;.
- Albert Einstein
- My;gu;l; Id;];ild;
2. Tomorrow is often the busiest day of the ehis vd;gJ ngUk;ghYk; me;j thuj;jpd;
week. kpfTk; gugug;ghd ehshfNt ,Uf;Fk;.
- ];ghdp\; gonkhop
- Spanish Proverb
3. It is during our darkest moments that we ekJ ,Us;R+o;e;j fhyq;fspy;jhd; ehk;
must focus to see the light. xspiaf; fhz ftdk; nrYj;j Ntz;Lk;.
n
- mup];lhby;
- Aristotle
l.i
4. Success is not final, failure is not fatal. It ntw;wp vd;gJ Kbtd;W> Njhy;tpnad;gJ
da
is the courage to continue that counts. jiytpjpAkd;W. ijupak;;jhd; mtw;wpd;
ka
vz;zpf;ifiaj; njhlur; nra;fpwJ.
- Winston Churchill
- tpd;];ild; ru;rr
; py;
vi
ctikiag; gad;gLj;jpr; nrhw;nwhlu; cUthf;Ff.

al
1. jhkiu ,iy ePu;Nghy :

.k
%lDf;Ff; $Wk; mwpTiufs; jhkiu ,iy ePu;Nghy mtd; kdj;jpy; gjpahJ.

w
2. kioKfk; fhzhg; gapuN; ghy :

w
jhia ,oe;j gps;is> jhapd; md;gpw;fhf Vq;FtJ kioKfk; fhzhg; gapu;Nghy ,Ue;jJ.
w
3. fz;zpidf; fhf;Fk; ,ik Nghy :

jha; jd; gps;isiaf; fz;zpidf; fhf;Fk; ,ikNghy; vg;NghJk; ghJfhg;ghs;.
4. rpiy Nky; vOj;J Nghy :
vd; je;ijapd; mwpTiufs; rpiyNky; vOj;Jg; Nghy vd; cs;sj;jpy; gjpe;Jtpl;ld.
nghUj;jkhd epWj;jf; FwpapLf.

[AUG – 2022, PTA – 2, MDL - 19]
Nruu;fspd; gl;;lg; ngau;fspy; nfhy;yp ntw;gd; kiyakhd; Nghd;wit Fwpg;gplj;jf;fit
,ay;-9
,ay;-9
nfhy;yp kiyia ntd;wtd; nfhy;yp ntw;gd; vdTk; gpw kiyg;gFjpfis ntd;wtu;fs;

kiyakhd; vdTk; ngau; R+l;bf;nfhz;;ldu; ,jw;Fr; rq;f ,yf;fpaj;jpy; rhd;Wfs; cs;sd.
tpil
Nruu;fspd; gl;;lg; ngau;fspy; nfhy;ypntw;gd;, kiyakhd; Nghd;wit Fwpg;gplj;jf;fit.
nfhy;yp kiyia ntd;wtd; ‘nfhy;ypntw;gd;’ vdTk;, gpw kiyg;gFjpfis ntd;wtu;fs;
‘kiyakhd;’ vdTk; ngau; R+l;bf;nfhz;;ldu;. ,jw;Fr; rq;f ,yf;fpaj;jpy; rhd;Wfs; cs;sd.

tho;j;Jiu vOJf.
cq;fs; gs;spapy; eilngWk; ehl;L eyg;gzpj;jpl;l Kfhkpd; njhlf;f tpohtpy; khztu;fSf;F
tho;j;Jiu toq;f ciu xd;iw cUthf;fpj; jUf.
“khztu;fSf;F tho;j;Jiu”
md;Gs;s khztu;fNs! ehl;Leyg;gzpj; jpl;lKfhkpy; fye;Jnfhz;L
gpwu;gzp nra;ag; gapw;rpngw te;jpUf;Fk; cq;fs; midtiuAk; ghuhl;b kfpo;fpd;Nwd;.
“md;gu;gzp nra;avid Mshf;fp tpl;Ltpl;lhy;
,d;gepiy jhNdte;J va;Jk; guhguNk!” – (155) vd;gJ jhAkhdtupd; nghd;tupfs;.
gpwu; gzp nra;Ak;NghJ ekf;F ,d;gepiy jhdhfNt te;JNrUk;. ,e;j khztg;
gUtj;jpNy ehl;L kf;fspd; eyk; gw;wpa rpe;jidia tsu;j;njLj;Jg; gzpahw;Wk;
gf;Ftj;ijg; ngw;Wf;nfhz;L gadila Ntz;Lk; vd;gNj ehl;L eyj;jpl;l Kfhkpd;
caupa Nehf;fk; vd;gijg; Gupe;J nfhs;Sq;fs;.
,sk; rpq;fq;fNs! cq;fspd; Jzpthd nray;ghLfSk;> vjpu;fhyr; rpe;jidfSk;
cq;fSf;nfd kl;Lk;> cq;fs; eyd;fSf;fhf kl;Lk; itj;Jf; nfhz;lhy; mjpy; vd;d
rhjid ,Uf;fg;NghfpwJ? ,jdhy; kdpjk; thog; Nghfpwjh? ,y;iy. ehk; gpwUf;fhfTk;
n
thOk;NghJjhd; ehk; tho;tjpy; nghUs; ,Uf;fpwJ. Raeyk; tho;e;j Jk; ,y;iy. gpwu;
l.i
eyk; tPo;e;jJk; ,y;iy. cz;ikahd tho;T vd;gJ gpwu;eyNk!
“jkf;nfd Kayh Nehd;whd; da
gpwu;f;nfd KaYeu; cz;ik ahNd ” – (Gwk;- 182)
ka
vd;w GwehD}w;W tupfs; ,ijj;jhNd nrhy;Yfpd;wd.
vjpu;fhyr; rpw;gpfNs! cq;fisg; Nghd;w Jbg;Gs;s ,isQu;fis ek;gpj;jhd; ek;
vi
ehL ,Uf;fpwJ vd;gij kwthjPu;fs;. ePq;fs; ehl;Lf;fhfr; nra;Ak; eyg;gzpfs; rpwg;gila

al
Ntz;Lk;. ehl;L eyg;gzpjpl;l Kfhkpy; epiwNthL gq;F ngw;W ey;y Kiwapy; Kbf;f
.k
Ntz;Lk; vd;w vz;zj;NjhL cq;fs; midtiuAk; kdkhu tho;j;jp vd;Dila ciuia

Kbf;fpd;Nwd;. ed;wp !!!
w
ghlypy; ,lk;ngw;Ws;s jkpo;g; Gytu;fspd; ngau;fisf; fz;lwpe;J vOJf.

w
fk;gDk; fz;Nlj;Jk; ckWg; Gytiu ve;jf; Gytu;fspd; ngau;fs;

w
nfhk;gDk; gzpAk; mwk;ghLQ; [thJ MRftpia Å fk;gd; Å ckWg; Gytu;

fhrpk;Gytiu> Fzq;Fbahiu Nrfdhg; Gytiu Å [t;thJ Gytu; Å fhrpk; Gytu;
nra;Fjk;gpg; ghtyiur; rPu;jkpo; kwf;fhjd;Nwh Å Fzq;Fbahu; (Fzq;Fb k];jhd; Gytu;)
[PTA – 4, SEP – 2020] Å Nrfdhg; Gytu; Å nra;F jk;gpg; ghtyu;
FWf;nfOj;Jg; Nghl;b
Î ,lkpUe;J tyk; 1. fhiy 2. Njkh 11. fypj;njhif 14. fatu;
,ay;-9
,ay;-9
Ð NkypUe;J fPo; 1. fhu;fhyk; 2. NjtNeag;ghthzu; 3. FWe;njhif 4. %q;fpy;

7. jpq;fs; 10. rpq;fk; 12. iff;fpis
Í tykpUe;J ,lk; 15. xsitahu; 16. cUtfk;
Ï fPopUe;J Nky; 5. vl;L 6. Njk;ghthzp 8. nrq;fPiu 9. jpUf;Fws;
13. nka;f;fPu;j;jp 17. gps;isj; jkpo; 18. tpidj;njhif
Nky;epiy tFg;G – Nru;f;if tpz;zg;gk;

ed;wpAiu vOJf.
gs;sp tshfj;jpy; eilngw;w ‘kuk; eLtpohTf;F’ te;jpUe;j rpwg;G tpUe;jpdUf;Fk;>
ngw;NwhUf;Fk; gs;spapd; ‘gRikg; ghJfhg;Gg; gil’ rhu;ghf ed;wpAiu vOJf.
ed;wpAiu
,d;W ek;gs;sp tshfj;jpy; kuk; eLtpoh kpfTk; rpwg;ghf ele;J KbT
ngw;wikf;F ed;wp nrhy;yf; flikg;gl;Ls;Nsd;. vq;fspd; miog;gpid Vw;W> ,q;F
eilngw;w kuk; eLtpohtpy; fye;J nfhz;L> kuq;fspdhy; Vw;gLk; gad;fis tptupj;J>
ciuahw;wpa rpwg;G tpUe;jpdu; mtu;fSf;F ek; midtupd; rhu;ghf ed;wpiaj; njuptpj;Jf;
nfhs;fpNwd;. tpohtpdpy; gq;Fngw;W gs;spapd; gRikg; ghJfhg;Gg; gil Fwpj;j
nray;ghLfisf; fz;L gs;sp khztu;fSf;F Cf;fk; Cl;l te;jpUe;j ngw;Nwhu;fSf;Fk;>
gs;spapd; gRikg; ghJfhg;Gg; gil rhu;ghf kdkhu;e;j ed;wpiaj; njuptpj;Jf; nfhs;fpNwd;.
kuk; eLtpohtpw;fhd 1000 kuf;fd;Wfis toq;fpa ‘ntw;wpf;F top’ FOkj;jpd;
epWtdUf;F vq;fs; neQ;rhu;e;j ed;wpfs;. kuk; eLtpohtpw;F FWfpa fhyj;jpy; midj;J
Vw;ghLfisAk; nra;j gRikg; ghJfhg;Gg; gil FOtpdUf;F vq;fs; kdkhu;e;j ed;wpfs;.
,e;j tpoh rpwg;Gw eilngw mDkjp mspj;j jiyikahrpupau; mtu;fSf;Fk;> cWJizaha;
epd;w Mrpupag; ngUkf;fSf;Fk;> xj;Jiog;G ey;fpa midj;J cs;sq;fSf;Fk;> vk;gs;spapd;
n
gRikg; ghJfhg;Gg;gil rhu;ghf ed;wpiaj; njuptpj;J tpil ngWfpNwd;.
“kuk; tsu;Nghk;! ,aw;ifia fhg;Nghk;!”
l.i
ed;wp! tzf;fk;.
da
ka
nkhopNahL tpisahL
vi
tpsk;guj;ij ehspjOf;fhd nra;jpahf khw;wpaikf;f.

al
Gj;jf gf;f vz; : 228

.k
“r
rhiyg; ghJfhg;G” njhlh; md;W – mJ njhlUk; tho;f;ifKiw
rhiy tpgj;Jfs; Vw;glhky; jLf;f murhq;fk; rhiy tpjpfis Vw;gLj;jpAs;sJ.
w
mt;tpjpfisg; gpd;gw;wp elg;gJ ek; flikahFk;.

w
thfdq;fis xUq;fpizf;f rpf;dy;fs; mikj;Js;sJ. rptg;G epwk; thfdj;ij

epWj;j Ntz;Lk; vd;gijAk;> kQ;rs; epwk; thfdj;ij Gwg;gl/epWj;j jahuhFk;
w
vd;gijAk;> gr;ir epwk; thfdq;fs; Gwg;glyhk; vd;gijAk; Fwpf;Fk;.

rhiyapd; Xuq;fspy; ,Uf;Fk; mwptpg;G gyiffisg; Gupe;J thfdq;fis ,af;f
Ntz;Lk;. mg;gyifapy; ,lJGwk; tise;J nry;Yk; rhiy> T rhiyr; re;jpg;G> Y rhiyr;
re;jpg;G> rpjwpa rhiyr; re;jpg;Gfs;> ghjrhupfs; flf;Fk; ,lk; Nghd;w FwpaPLfis fz;L
mjw;F Vw;wthW nry;y Ntz;Lk;.
thfdq;fspd; Ntf tuk;G 50f;F Fiwthf ,Ug;gpd; tpgj;J jLf;fg;gLk;. kUj;Jt
mtru Cu;jpapd; vr;rupf;if tpsf;F kw;Wk; rq;nfhyp fz;lTld; gpw thfdq;fs; xJq;fp
toptpl Ntz;Lk;. ,t;thwhf> rhiy tpjpfis kjpj;J gpd;gw;wp> tpgj;J elf;fhky; jLg;gJ
,ay;-9
,ay;-9
ek; xt;nthUthpd; md;whlf; flikahFk;.

nghJeyd; fUjp ntspapLNthh; jpUr;rp khtl;l Nghf;Ftuj;Jf; fhty; Jiw.
ed;wp
Nghf;Ftuj;Jf; fhty; Jiw
ehs; : 03-07-2021 jpUr;rp khtl;lk;.
$Ljy; tpdh
1. Ch;j p Xl;L eUf;f hd newpfs; ,uz; b id vOJf. [SEP – 2020]
Å kfpOe; j py; nry; g tu; f s; fl; l hak; ,Uf; i fg; g l; i l mzpaNtz;L k; .
Å rhiyapd; Xuq;fspy; ,Uf;Fk; milahsg; gyiffisg; Ghpe;J Ch;jpfis ,af;fNtz;Lk;.

fP o ;f ;f hZk; ehs;f hl;b apy; Gjd; fpoikia xd; w hk; Njjpahff; nfhz; L jkpnoz; f shy; epug; Gf.
QhapW jpq;fs; nrt;tha; Gjd; tpahod; nts;sp rdp
௧1 ௨2 ௩3 ௪4
U5 ௬6 ௭7 ௮ 8 ௯9 f0 10 ff 11
fc12 ௧௩ 13 ௧௪ 14 fU15 ௧௬ 16 fv17 fm18
௧௯ 19 c0 20 cf21 cc22 ௨௩ 23 ௨௪ 24 cU25
௨௬ 26 cv27 cm28 ௨௯ 29 ௩0 30 ௩f31
tyf;ifapy; nry;Ngrp gpbj;jgb
ts;sy;Nghy; ,lf;ifapy; nfhLj;jgb
cyTfpd;w cj;jku;fs; cs;sgb
cjTfpwhu; mijAk;glk; vLj;jgb
gytpjkha; tpsk;guNk nra;Ak;gb
ghu;g;gtu;fs; ts;snyd vz;Zk;gb
n
epykpjpNy jUknudg; Nghw;Wk;gb
l.i
ek;gitg;gu; ,tu;fs;jpwk; Njhw;Fkb
epw;f mjw;Fj; jf da
ePq;fs; nra;j> ghu;j;j cjtpfshy; va;jpa kdepiy Fwpj;J vOJf.
ka
cjtp kdepiy
vi
tFg;giwapy; vOJNfhy; nfhLj;J ,f;fl;lhd R+oypy; nra;j cjtpahy; vdf;F

cjtpaNghJ kdepiwT@ mtUf;F kdkfpo;;r;rp!
al
cwtpdUf;F vd; mk;kh gzk; fy;Y}upg; gbg;igj; njhlu Kbe;jjhy;

.k
mspj;J cjtpaNghJ cwtpdUf;F Vw;gl;l ed;wpAzu;T!

w
grpahy; thbatUf;F czT mtUf;F grp ePq;fp> ed;wpAzu;T Vw;gl;lJ@

mspj;jNghJ vdf;F kdepiwT!
w
top njupahky; jtpj;jtUf;F rupahd top njupe;jjhy; gakpd;wp kfpo;r;rpAld;

w
topfhl;b cjtpaNghJ nrd;whu;.
fw;git fw;wgpd;...
f))
ciueil : n[afhe;jk;(epidT
,ay;-9
,ay;-9
,jo;)
1. tFg;G khztu;fspd; gilg;Gfisj; jpul;bf; FOthf ,ize;J ifnaOj;J ,jo; xd;iw cUthf;Ff.
nra;As; : m) rpj;jhS- eh$u; &kp

1. kdpjNeaj;ij ntspg;gLj;Jk; GJf;ftpijfisj; njhFj;J tFg;giwapy; gbj;Jf; fhl;Lf.
nra;As; : M) Njk;ghtzp - tPukhKdptu;

1. tPukhKdptu; jkpofj;jpy; jq;fpg; gzpnra;j ,lq;fisg;gw;wpAk; mq;F mth; Mw;wpa
jkpo;g;gzpfisg; gw;wpAk; E}yfj;jpw;Fr; nrd;W nra;jpfisj; jpul;Lf.
m) tPukhKdpth; jkpofj;jpy; jq;fpg; gzp nra;j ,lq;fs; :
Å tPukhKdpth; jdJ Kg;gjhtJ tajpy; ypRgdpypUe;J Nghu;j;JfPrpaf; fg;gnyhd;wpy;
,e;jpahTf;Fg; Gwg;gl;Lf; Nfhthtpw;F te;J Nru;e;jhu;.
Å 1710Mk; Mz;L nfhr;rpapy; cs;s mk;gyf;fhL vd;w gFjpapypUe;J eilgazk;
Nkw;nfhz;L kJiu khtl;lk; fhkehaf;fd;gl;b te;jile;jhu;.
Å gpd;G jpUney;Ntyp> J}j;Jf;Fb> kzg;ghL Mfpa ,lq;fSf;Fr; nrd;whu;.
Å mupaY}u; khtl;lj;jpy; nfhs;splk; Mw;wq;fiuapy; mike;Js;s Vyhf;Fwpr;rp vd;w
Cupy; kupad;idf;F Xu; Myak; mikj;jhu;
Å flY}u; khtl;lk; Nfhdhd;Fg;gk; vd;w Cupy; ngupaehafp md;id Myaj;ijf; fl;bdhu;.
Å fhkehaf;fd;gl;bapy; tpz;zurp md;id Myaj;ijf; fl;bdhu;.
Å Vyhf;Fwpr;rpf;Fj; jpUf;fhtY}u; vd;W khw;wpg; ngaupl;ltu; tPukhKdptu;.
n
M) tPukhKdpthpd; jkpo; gzpfs; :
l.i
Å tPukhKdptu; jkpofk; te;jgpd;> Rg;ujPf; ftpuhauplk; jkpo; ,yf;fz> ,yf;fpak; fw;W
,yf;fpag; NgUiufs; elj;JksTf;Fg; Gyik ngw;whu;. da
Å “jkpo; - ,yj;jPd;” mfuhjpia cUthf;fpdhu;. mjpy; 1000 jkpo;r; nrhw;fSf;F
ka
,yj;jPd; tpsf;fk; mspf;fg;gl;lJ. ,JNt> Kjy; jkpo; mfuKjyp MFk;.
Å ‘njhd;D}y; tpsf;fk’; vd;w E}ypy; vOj;J> nrhy;> nghUs;> ahg;G> mzp Mfpa Ie;J
vi
,yf;fzq;fisj; njhFj;jhh;.
al
Å nfhLe;jkpo; ,yf;fzk; vd;w E}ypy;> jkpopy; Kjd;Kjyhfg; Ngr;Rj; jkpio tpthpj;jhu;.

Å jpUf;Fwspy; mwj;Jg;ghiyAk; nghUl;ghiyAk; nkhopngah;j;jth; tPukhKdptNu Mthh;.
.k
Å ciueilapy; Ntj tpsf;fk;> Ntjpah; xOf;fk;> Qhdf;fz;zhb> nre;jkpo;

w
,yf;fzk;> gukhh;j;j FUtpd; fij> thkd; fij Nghd;w E}y;fisg; gilj;j hu;.
w
Å Njk;ghtzp fhg;gpak; ,aw;wpajw;fhf ‘nre;jkpo;j; Njrpfu;’ vd;Dk; gl;lk; toq;fg;gl;lJ.

w
2. fz;zjhrdpd; ,NaR fhtpaj;jpy; kiyg;nghopTg; gFjpiag; gbj;J mjpy; tUk; mwf;fUj;Jfis vOJf.
1. Viofs; NgW ngw;Nwhh;.
2. cg;ghfTk; xspahfTk; ,Uq;fs;.
3. tQ;rkpy;yhj neQ;rj;JlNd gpwu;gop nrhy;yhJ tho;gtu; tpz;zurpw;F cupatu;.
4. fz;jhd; clYf;F tpsf;F. mJ ,UshapuhjthW ghh;j;Jf; nfhs;Sq;fs;.
5. xU fd;dj;jpy; miwe;jtDf;F kW fd;dj;ijAk; fhl;Lq;fs;.
6. gifthplk; md;gha; ,Uq;fs;.
7. ntsp Ntlf;fhuiug;Nghy; gpwiuf; Fiw nrhy;ypj; jPh;g;G mspf;fhjPh;.
,ay;-9
,ay;-9
8. tapNw ngupjha; tho;e;jpLk; tho;T tho;td;W.

9. rhe;jk; cilNahu; juzp KOJk; jkf;Fupajha;g; ngWtu;.
10. js;shLk; cyfj;jpw;Fj; ju;kk; xd;why; fyfk; mlq;fptpLk;.
11. ,uf;fk; cilNahu; ,iwtdpd; ,uf;fj;ijg; ngWtu;.
12. Nguhir Ntz;lhk;. tpz;Zyf nry;tj;ijr; Nrkpg;gPu;.
13. CUf;Fj; jPikfs; nra;J cs;sk; kfpo;e;jpUj;jy; ghtk;.
14. ,iwtidg;Nghy; epiwTs;stuha;> ,uf;fKs;stuha; ,Uq;fs;.
15. kd;dpg;Nghu; kd;dpg;Gg; ngWtu;.
tpupthdk; : xUtd; ,Uf;fpwhd;- F. mofpuprhkp

1. r%fj; njhz;L nra;J cau;e;j tpUJfisg; ngw;w MSikfisg; gl;baypl;L mtu;fs; nra;j
r%fg;gzp Fwpj;Jf; fye;JiuahLf.
Nkjh gl;fu;
Å fpuhkg;Gw tsq;fis> Rw;Wr;R+oy;fisf; fhf;Fk; cupikf;Fuyha;j; jpfo;gtu;.
Å ru;jhu; rNuhtu; miz kw;Wk; gy ngupa mizfspd; fl;Lkhdg; gzpapd; fhuzkhf
ntspNaw;wg;gl;l ,yl;rf;fzf;fhd kf;fspd; kWtho;Tf;fhfg; ghLgLgtu;.
Å gy Nghuhl;lq;fspy; ifjhfpr; rpiw nrd;wtu;.
Å Rq;fhu;\; (Nghuhl;lk;) kw;Wk; epu;khz; (fl;Lkhdg; gzpfs; Mfpa mZF Kiwfs;) top
fpuhk kf;fNshLk; FOf;fNshLk; ,izj;J cioj;J tUgtu;.
Å jhuhs kakhf;fy;> jdpahu; kakhf;fy;> cyf kakhf;fy; Mfpatw;iw vjpu;j;Nj tUfpwhu;.
Å kjr; rhu;gw;w> murpay; fyg;gpy;yhj jd;iknfhz;l mikg;ig cUthf;fpatu;.
Å ‘nut [Ptd;’ vd;w ghlj;jpl;lj;ij cUthf;fpj; jha;nkhopf; fy;tpia kf;fSf;F toq;fpatu;.
Å jPdhehj;kq;Nf\;fu; tpUJ> kfhj;kh G+Ny tpUJ> Nfhy;LNkd; Rw;Wr;R+oy; tpUJ> gRik
ehlh tpUJ> kdpj cupikg;ghJfhg;ghsu; tpUJ Nghd;w tpUJfisg; ngw;wtu;.
md;id njurh
Å A+Nfh];Nytpah ehl;ilr; rhu;e;j ngz;Jwtp md;id njurh ,e;jpahtpw;F te;J
n
Fwpg;ghff; nfhy;fj;jhtpy; Nrupapy; jdJ gzpapidj; njhlq;fpdhu;.
l.i
Å “mwg;gzp ,af;fk;” vd;w Gjpa rigapid epWtp> ‘Nkhj;jp[py;’ vd;w Nrupg;gFjpiag;
gzpapd; njhlf;fkhf Muk;gpj;jhu;. ‘Nrupfspd; Njtij’ vd;Nw miof;fg;gl;lhu;.
da
Å Nrupf;Foe;ijfs; fy;tp gapyg; gs;sp xd;iwj; njhlq;fpdhu;.
Å tPjpfspy; miyAk; KjpNahu;fSf;fhf KjpNahu; ,y;yKk;> Fg;;igj; njhl;bfspy;
ka
tPrg;gLk; Foe;ijfSf;fhf epu;ky rpRgtDk;> njhONehahspfSf;fhf njhONehahsu;
fhg;gfKk;> mtu;fSf;fhd FbapUg;GfSld; ifj;njhopy; gapw;wfKk; njhlq;fpdhu;.
vi
Å ,e;jpa murpd; gj;k=tpUJ> ghujuj;dhtpUJ> gpypg;igd;]; murpd; ‘uhNkhd;rha;’ tpUJ>

al
mnkupf;fhtpd; N[hrg; nfd;db tpUJ> ,q;fpyhe;jpd; nlk;gp];ld; tpUJ> Rtpl;ru;yhe;jpd;

ghy;rhd; tpUJ> mikjpf;fhd Nehgy; gupR Nghd;w caupa tpUJfisj; ngw;Ws;shu;.
.k
2. “mfef el;gNj el;G” - vd;w jiyg;gpy; ez;gu;fSf;F cjtpa R+oy;fisr; Ritgl vOJf.
w
“Kfef el;gJ el;gd;W neQ;rj;J

mfef el;gJ el;G”
w
- vd;W jpUts;Stu; $wpa el;gpyf;fzg;gb vd; tho;tpy;

ele;j xU #oiy ,q;F fhz;Nghk;.
w
ntFehl;fSf;Fg; gpwF vd;Dila ez;gd; mKjidr; re;jpj;Njd;. mtd; fyq;fpa

tpopfNshL ,Ue;jijf; fz;L kdk; gijj;J> tptuk; Nfl;Nld;. mtDila je;ij xU
rhiy tpgj;jpy; rpf;fpajhy; mjpfsT ,uj;jk; ntspNawp> jw;NghJ kUj;Jtkidapy;
elf;ftpUf;Fk; mWitr; rpfpr;irf;F Kd; ,uj;jk; nrYj;jg;gl Ntz;Lk; vd ftiy
Njha;e;j thu;j;ijfis ntspg;gLj;jpdhd;.
‘FUjpf; nfhilahsu; Njit’ vd Gupe;J> mg;ghtpd; ,uj;jtif vd;dntd;W
tpdtpNdd;. ‘O -ve’ vd;whd;. ,J fpilg;gJ mupjhapw;Nw vd vz;zpathNw vd;Dila
Gydf;FOtpy; (thl;]g;) ,Ue;j ez;gu;fsplk; tprhupj;j NghJ> xU ez;gd; rk;kjpj;jhd;.
mKjd; vd; ,U iffisAk; gpbj;J mOifAk; rpupg;Gk; fye;J ed;wp nrhd;dhd;.
,ay;-9
,ay;-9
ez;gu;fSf;Fs; vd;d ed;wp… ,g;NghJ je;ijf;F ,uj;jk; nfhLg;gtid cdf;F

ed;whf njupAk;? ahh; mtd;? vd mKjd; Nfl;l NghJ> eP ahiu fy;Y}upapy; giftd; vd
xJf;fpdhNah mtNd cd; je;ijf;F cjt Kd; te;jtd;.
kUj;Jtkidf;F cldbahf te;J> ,uj;jj;ij je;J vd; je;ijia fhg;ghw;wpajw;F
mtdplk; ed;wp kl;Lk; nrhy;yhJ kdkhu kd;dpg;Gk; Nfl;L fz;zPu; ky;f fl;bf;nfhz;L
jOtpdhd; mKjd;. mjw;F mtd;> ‘Mgj;jpy; cjTgtNd cz;ikahd ez;gd; eP vd;Wk;
vd; ez;gNd!’ vd;whd;.
,g;NghJ mtd; je;ij eykhf cs;shu;… jd; jtiw czu;e;j mKjdpd;;
Kfk; kl;Lk; kyuhJ> ez;gu;fis vz;zp kdjpy; epidj;J epidj;J kfpo;fpwhd;.
,yf;fzk; : mzp
1. Kd; tFg;Gfspy; fw;w mzpfis vLj;Jf;fhl;LfSld; njhFj;J xg;gilT xd;iw cUthf;Ff.
m) nrhw;nghUs; gpd;tUepiyazp
mzp xU nra;Aspy; Kd;dh; te;j nrhy; mNj nghUspy; gyKiw tUtJ
,yf;fzk; nrhw;nghUs; gpd;tUepiy mzpahFk;.
,d;ikapd; ,d;dhj jpahnjdpd; ,d;ikapd;
rhd;W
,d;ikNa ,d;dh jJ.
nghUs; xUtUf;F tWikiag; Nghd;W Jd;gk; jUtJ vJ vd;why; mJ tWikNa MFk;.
nghUj;jk; ‘tWik’ vd;W nghUs;gLk; ‘,d;ik’ vd;w nrhy; kPz;Lk; kPz;Lk; tUfpwJ.
M) ctikazp
Î xU nghUis ,d;ndhU nghUSld; xg;gpl;L moF gLj;jpf; $WtjhFk;.
mzp
Î xU nra;Aspy; ctkhdk;> ctNkak;> ctk cUG Mfpa %d;Wk;
,yf;fzk;
n
ntspg;gilahf te;jhy; mJ ctik mzpahFk;.
l.i
NtnyhL epd;whd; ,Lntd; wJNghYk;
rhd;W
NfhnyhL epd;whd; ,uT.
da
nrq;Nfhy; cila murd; xUtd; jd; mjpfhuj;jpid gad;gLj;jp ‘thp’ vd;w
nghUs;
ka
ngahpy; kf;fsplk; gzk; tR+ypg;gJ> Nty; Kjypa MAjq;fisf; nfhz;L
topg;gwp nra;tjw;Fr; rkk; MFk;.
Í ctkhdk; - NtnyhL epd;whd; ,Lntd;wJ
vi
Í ctNkak; - NfhnyhL epd;whd;

al
nghUj;jk;
Í ctk cUG - NghYk;
.k
,) tQ;rg;Gfo;r;rpazp
w
mzp nra;Aspy; xd;iwg; Gfo;tJNghyg;gopj;jYk;> gopg;gJNghyg; Gfo;tJk;

w
,yf;fzk; tQ;rg;Gfo;r;rp mzp MFk;.

w
Njtu; midau; fatu; mtUk;jk;

rhd;W
Nktd nra;njhOf yhd;.
NjtUk; fatUk; xU jd;ikah;@ vt;thW vdpy; Njth;fisg; Nghyf;
nghUs;
fath;fSk; jhk; tpUk;Gtdtw;iwr; nra;J xOFth;.
Í Gfo;tJ Nghyg; gopg;gJ : Njtu; midau; fatu;
nghUj;jk;
Í gopg;gJ Nghyg; Gfo;jy; : mtUk;jk; Nktd nra;njhOf yhd;
2. ghlg;gFjpapy; cs;s jpUf;Fwspy; gapd;WtUk; mzpfisf; fz;lwpe;J tFg;giwapy; tpsf;Ff.

,ay;-9
,ay;-9

tpdhj;jhs; tbtikg;gpd; njhFg;Gfs;
tp.vz; : 1 - 15 gFjp – I : rupahd tpil 15ൈ 1 ൌ 15
tp.vz; : 1 – 11 nra;As;> ciueil> ,yf;fzk;> nkhopg;gapw;rp Nfs;tpfs;
Fwpg;G : tpdh vz; 1 Kjy; 11 tiu nra;As;> ciueil> ,yf;fzk;> nkhopg;gapw;rp gFjpapypUe;J
xU kjpg;ngz; tpdhf;fs; rupahd tpiliaj; Nju;T nra;f vd;w mikg;gpy; Nfl;fg;gLk;.
1. “epyhitAk; thdj;J kPidAk; fhw;iwAk; (,ay; - 4) [SEP – 2021]
Neu;g;gl itj;jhq;Nf
FyhTk; mKjf; Fok;igf; Fbj;njhU
Nfhy ntwpgilj;Njhk;;” - ghujpahu;
,g;ghlypy; ,lk;ngw;Ws;s mbvJifr; nrhw;fisj; Nju;e;njLf;fTk;.
m) thdj;J - itj;jhq;Nf M) fhw;iwAk; - Fbj;njhU
,) epyhitAk; - FyhTk; <) itj;jhq;Nf - ntwpgilj;Njhk;
2. tpLgl;l czT tiffis tupirg;gLj;Jf. [PTA - 4]
gr;ruprpiaf; nfhz;L ___ nra;J ghrpg;gUg;gpid tWj;J ___ gpbj;J Nful;ilj; Jutp nea;apl;L___ nra;J
Kbj;j mk;kh> ,Wjpahf cUisf; fpoq;ifr; rPtp ___ nra;J midtiuAk; czT cz;z mioj;jhu;.
n
m) nghq;fy;> cUz;il> rPty;> my;th M) rPty;> cUz;il> my;th> rPty;
l.i
,) nghq;fy;> cUz;il> my;th> rPty; <) cUz;il rPty;> my;th> nghq;fy;
[QR] [PTA - 1]
3. nfhLf;fg;gl;l nrhw;fs; mike;j nghUj;jkhd njhliuj; njupf.
(Vup> MW> kiy> kio> Nkfk;> Fsk;)
m) kiykPJ kionga;J Mw;W nts;sk; ngUf;nfLj;J XbaJ
da
ka
M) fUj;j Nkfk; kiykPJ kioiag; nghopa MW> Vup> Fsk; midj;Jk; ePuhy; epuk;gpd
,) jpuz;l Nkfq;fs; kiyapy; khupahfp MW> Vup> Fsq;fspy; epiwe;jd
vi
<) kiykPJ kionga;a Vup Fsq;fs; epiwe;J gpd; flypy; nrd;W fye;jJ
al
$Ljy; tpdhf;fSf;F me;je;j gFjpapy; cs;s gyTs; njupf tpdhf;fis ghu;f;fTk;.
tp.vz; : 12 – 15 ghly; nghUSzu; jpwd;

.k
w
Fwpg;G : tpdh vz; 12 Kjy; 15 tiu nra;As; gFjpapypUe;J ghly; xd;W nfhLf;fg;gl;L ehd;F
xU kjpg;ngz; tpdhf;fs; Nfl;fg;gLk;.
Å ghly; ,lk;ngw;w
w
E}y;ngaH> MrpupaH ngaH> gpupj;J vOJjy;> tpupj;J vOJjy;> nrhw;nghUs;>

vJif> Nkhid> ,yf;fzf;Fwpg;G> ghly; nghUs; Mfpatw;iw mwpe;J nfhs;Sq;fs;.
w
1. “fhw;Nw th [AUG – 2022] ii) ‘g;uhz u]k;’ - nghUs; jUf.

kfue;jj; J}isr; Rke;J nfhz;L> kdj;ij m) capu;tsp M) fhu;gd;-il-Mf;i]L
kaYWj;J fpd;w ,dpa thridAld;th ,) i`l;Nuh fhu;gd; <) fe;jf-il-Mf;i]L
,iyfspd; kPJk;> ePuiyfspd; kPJk; iii) ‘kpFe;j’ - ,yf;fzf; Fwpg;G jUf.
cuha;e;J> kpFe;j m) tpidnar;rk; M) Kw;nwr;rk;
g;uhz-u]j;ij vq;fSf;Ff; nfhz;L nfhL” ,) nganur;rk; <) tpidj;njhif
i) ‘kapYWj;J’ vd;gjd; nghUs;: iv) ‘ePuiyfspd;’ – gpupj;njOJf.
m) tpsq;fr; nra; M) kaq;fr; nra; m) ePu;൅miyfspd; M) ePupd;൅miyfspd;
,) mlq;fr; nra; <) rPuhf ,) ePuiy൅fspd; <) ePu൅ miyfspd;
2. “nre;jkpNo! cs;SapNu nrg;ghpa epd; ngUik ii) ‘nre;jkpo;’ vd;gJ :
ve;jkpo;eh vt;thW vLj;Nj ciu tphpf;Fk;? m) gz;Gj;njhif M) tpidj;njhif
Ke;ijj; jdpg;GfOk; Kfpo;jj ; ,yf;fpaKk; ,) ctikj;njhif <) ck;ikj;njhif
tpe;ij neLepiyg;Gk; Ntwhh; GfOiuAk;.” iii) ‘cs;SapNu’ vd;W ftpQu; ahiu miof;fpwhh;?
[MAY – 2022, SEP – 2021] m) jk; jhia M) jkpo; nkhopia
tpdhj;jhs;
tpdhj;jhs;
njhFg;G
njhFg;G
i) ve;jkpo;eh vd;gijg; gpupj;jhy; ,t;thW tUk;– ,) jha; e hl; i l <) jk; Foe;ijia
m) ve;; +jkpo;; +eh M) ve;j + jkpo; + eh iv) ‘Ntwhh; GfOiuAk;’ - ,j;njhlhpy; ‘Ntwhh;’
vd;gJ : m) jkpoh; M) rhd;Nwhh;
,) vk; + jkpo; + eh <) ve;jk; + jkpo; + eh ,) Ntw;W nkhopapdh; <) Gyth;
tpdhj;jhs; tbtikg;gpd; njhFg;Gfs; 141
3. “nrk;ngh dbr;rpW fpq; fpzpNahL rpyk;G fye;jhlj; iv) ‘Fz;lyKk; FiofhJk;”-

jpUtiu aiuQh ziukzp nahLnkhsp jpfoiu tlkhlg; ,yf;fzf;Fwpg;G jUf.
igk;ngh dRk;gpa njhe;jp nahLQ;rpW gz;b rupe;jhlg; m) vz;Zk;ik M) ck;ikj;njhif
gl;l Ejw;nghyp nghl;nlhL tl;lr; Rl;b gjpe;jhlf; ,) gz;Gj;njhif <) mLf;Fj;njhlu;
fk;gp tpjk;nghjp Fz;ly Kq;Fio fhJ kire;jhlf;” v)fpz;fpzp> miuehz;> Rl;b vd;gd KiwNa-
[6.M
M] [PTA – 2, SEP – 2020] m) fhypy; mzptJ> ,ilapy;
mzptJ> jiyapy; mzptJ
i) ,g;ghlypd; Mrpupau; M) new;wpapy; mzptJ> ,ilapy;
m) fPue;ijahu; M) FkuFUguu; mzptJ> jiyapy; mzptJ
,) ek;G+jdhu; <) nra;Fjk;gpg; ghtyu; ,) fhypy; mzptJ> ,ilapy;
ii) ,g;ghlypy; ,lk;ngw;Ws;s gps;isj;jkpo;g; gUtk;- mzptJ> new;wpapy; mzptJ
m) mk;khid M) rg;ghzp <) ,ilapy; mzptJ> fhjpy;
,) rpWNju; <) nrq;fPiu mzptJ> jiyapy; mzptJ
vi) rPh; vJifr; nrhw;fisf; Fwpg;gpLf.
iii) ghlypd; ,yf;fpa tif m) gl;l> nghl;nlhL
m) gj;Jg;ghl;L M) rpw;wpyf;fpak; M) nrk;nghd;> igk;nghd;
,) vl;Lj;njhif <) gjpndz;fPo;f;fzf;F ,) rhpe;jhl> gjpe;jhl <) gz;b> Fz;lyk;
4. “ede;jiy cyfk; tis, NekpnahL 5. 'md;W mtz; mir,> my;Nru;e;J my;fp>
n
tyk;Gup nghwpj;j khjhq;F jlf;if[2.M M] fd;W vup xs;,zu; fLk;nghL kiye;J
l.i
ePu;nry> epkpu;e;j khmy; Nghy> [MDL - 19] Nre;j nraiyr; nrg;gk; Nghfp> [PTA -3]
ghL,kpo; gdpf;fly; gUfp> tyd; Vu;G> myq;F fio euYk; Mupg;gLfu;r; [7.,]
da
NfhL nfhz;L vOe;j nfhLQ;nryT vopyp rpyk;G mile;jpUe;j ghf;fk; va;jp
Nehdhr; nrUtpd; tyk;gL Nehd;jhs;
ka
ngUk;ngay; nghope;j rpWGd; khiy”
i) ,g;ghly; ,lk; ngw;w E}y; [PTA – 1] khd tpwy;Nts; tapupak; vdpNd>"
m) Ky;iyg;ghl;L M) kiygLflhk; i) ‘mir,| -,r;nrhy;ypd; ,yf;fzf;Fwpg;G
vi
,) ew;wpiz <) FWe;njhif m) tpidj;njhif M) gz;Gj;njhif

al
,) nrhy;ypir msngil
ii) ede;jiy cyfk; - ,j;njhlupd; nghUs; <) nra;Aspir msngil
.k
m) rpwpa cyfk; M) jiyaha cyfk;

ii) ‘rpyk;G mile;jpUe;j ghf;fk; va;jp| -
,) eide;j cyfk; <) mfd;w cyfk;
,t;tbapy; ‘ghf;fk;| vd;Dk; nrhy;ypd; nghUs;
w
iii) ghlypy; ,lk; ngw;Ws;s mbvJif m) rpw;Whu; M) Ng&u; ,) flw;fiu <) %Jhu;
w
nrhw;fs;
iii) ghly; ,lk;ngw;w E}y;-
m) ngUk;ngay;> nghope;j
w
m) rpyg;gjpfhuk; M) kiygLflhk;
M) ghL,kpo;> gdpf;fly; ,) Ky;iyg;ghl;L <) fhrpf;fhz;lk;
,) ghL,kpo;> NfhLnfhz;L
<) ePu;nry> epkpu;e;j iv) ghlypy; ,lk;ngw;Ws;s mb vJiff; nrhw;fs;
m) md;W> fd;W> myq;F> rpyk;G
iv) ghlypy; ,lk; ngw;Ws;s msngil – M) md;W> mtz;> mir,> my;fp
m) jlf;if M) tis, ,) Nre;j> nraiy> nrg;gk;> rpyk;G
,) ngUk;ngay; <) nfhLQ;nryT <) my;fp> va;jp> Nghfp> vdpNd
6. 'mUisg; ngUf;fp mwpitj; jpUj;jp [5.m m] iii) ghlypd; rPu; Nkhidr; nrhw;fs; -
kUis mfw;wp kjpf;Fk; njUis [PTA-4] m) mUis> mUj;JtJk;
mUj;JtJk; Mtpf;F mUe;Jizaha; ,d;gk; M) mUis> mwpit
nghUj;JtJk; fy;tpnad;Nw Nghw;W." ,) mfw;wp> mUe;Jizaha;
i) ghly; ,lk;ngw;w Ehy;- <) mwpit> mfw;wp
m) ePjpntz;gh M) GwehDhW iv) mUe;Jizaha;-,r;nrhy;iyr; gpupj;jhy;
tpdhj;jhs;
tpdhj;jhs;
,) ntw;wp Ntw;if <) nfhd;iw Nte;jd; m) mUe;Jiz + aha;

njhFg;G
njhFg;G
ii) capUf;F mupa Jizaha; ,d;gk; Nru;g;gJ M) mUe;J + Jizaha;

m) md;G M) fy;tp ,) mUik + Jizaha;
,) kaf;fk; <) nry;tk; <) mU + Jizaha;

7. 'Kj;jkpo; Ja;g;gjhy; Kr;rq;fk; fz;ljhy;8. 'tpRk;gpy; Cop Co; Co; nry;yf; [PTA- 6]
nkj;j tzpfyKk; Nktyhy; -epj;jk; fU tsu; thdj;J ,irapy; Njhd;wp>[4.M M]
mizfple;Nj rq;fj; jtu;fhf;f Mopf;F cU mwpthuh xd;wd; CopAk;@
,izfple;j Njjkpo; <z;L." [PTA - 5]ce;J tsp fpsu;e;j Cop Co; CopAk;"
i) ,g;ghly; ,lk;ngw;w E}y; - [1.M
M] i) Co; Co; - ,yf;fzf; Fwpg;G
m) ew;wpiz M) Ky;iyg;ghl;L m) ,ul;ilf; fpstp M) gz;Gj;njhif
,) FWe;njhif <) jdpg;ghly; jpul;L ,) mLf;Fj;njhlu; <) tpidj;njhif
ii) ghlypy; ,lk;ngw;Ws;s nghUj;jkhd mzp. ii) ghlypd; Mrpupau;
m) ,ul;Lw nkhopjy; mzp M) jPtf mzp m) fPue;ijahu; M) g+jQ;Nre;jdhu;
,) tQ;rg; Gfo;r;rp mzp <) epuy; epiw mzp ,) eg;g+jdhu; <) FyNrfuho;thu;
iii) jkpOf;F ,izaha;g; iii) ghlypy; czu;j;jg;gLk; fUj;J
ghlypy;
nghUj;jg;gLtJ m) jj;Jtf; fUj;J M) mwptpay; nra;jp
m) rq;fg; gyid M) fly; ,) epiyahik <) murpay; mwk;
,) mzpfs; <) Gytu;fs; iv) tpRk;G> ,ir>Cop -ghlypy; ,r;nrhw;fs;
czu;j;Jk; nghUs;fs; KiwNa
iv) njhopw;ngau; my;yhj nrhy; - m) fhw;W>Xir>fly; M) Nkfk;>,b>Mok;
m) Ja;g;gjhy; M) Nktyhy; ,) thdk;>Ngnuhyp>Afk;
,) mzpfyd; <) fz;ljhy; <) thdk;> fhw;W> fhyk;
n
Fwpg;G : nrhy;Yk; nghUSk; 12 - 15 tiu cs;s tpdhf;fspy; Nfl;fg;gLk;.
l.i
QUK\<NQJK86N
1. mKjCw;W 1. Ja;g;gJ - fw;gJ> jUjy;
da
Fwpg;G : ghlGj;jfj;jpy; ,lk;ngw;Ws;s nrhy;Yk; nghUSk; nfhLf;fg;gl;Ls;sd.
2. Nktyhy; - nghUe;Jjyhy;> ngWjyhy;
ka
3. Nekp - rf;fuk; 4. yaj;Jld; - rPuhf 5. kaYWj;J - kaq;fr;nra;
6. NfhL - kiy 7. J}ca; - J}tp 8. g;uhz-u]k; - caph;tsp
vi
2. capupd; Xir
9. Rty; - Njhs; 10. tpupr;rp - ew;nrhy; 11. eWtP - eWkzKila kyu;fs;
al
12. ede;jiy cyfk; - mfd;w cyfk; 13. nfhLQ;nryT - tpiuthfr; nry;Yjy;

14. my;fp - jq;fp 15. mUFw - mUfpy; 16. Kfkd;- tpUe;Njhk;gy; nrhw;fs;
.k
3. $l;lhQ;NrhW 17. fLk;G - Rw;wk; 18. euYk; - xypf;Fk; 19. mir, - ,isg;ghwp
w
20. Mup - mUik 21. gLfu; - gs;sk; 22. Ntit - nte;jJ

23. ,wb - jpid 24. tapupak; - $j;ju; 25. nghk;ky; - NrhW
w
26. Cop - Afk; 27. khshj - jPuhj 28. RbDk; - Rl;lhYk;

29. Co; - Kiw
w
30. tpRk;G - thdk; 31. khak; - tpisahl;L

4. ehd;fhk; jkpo;
32. jz;ngay; - Fspu;e;j kio 33. <z;b - nrwpe;J jpuz;L
34. gPL - rpwg;G 35. Mu;jUG - nts;sj;jpy; %o;fpf; fple;j
36. jhu; - khiy 37. jku; - cwtpdu; 38. Nfs;tpapdhd; - E}y; ty;yhd;
39. Kb - jiy 40. ftup - tprpwp 41. ePgtdk; - flk;gtdk;
5. kzw;Nfzp
42. KdpT - rpdk; 43. Etd;w - nrhy;ypa 44. kPdtd; - ghz;ba kd;dd;
45. Nfz;ikapdhd; - el;gpdd; 46. mfj;J ctif - kdkfpo;rr ; p
6. epyh Kw;wk; 47. gz;b - tapW 48. mRk;gpa - xsp tPRfpw 49. Kr;rp - jiyAr;rpf; nfhz;il
50. J}R - gl;L 51. fhUfu; - nea;gtu; 52. Rz;zk; - eWkzg;nghb
53. nehil - tpiy 54. Jfpu; - gtsk; 55. XReu; - vz;nza; tpw;Nghu;
7. tpijney;
56. fpop - Jzp 57. ntWf;if - nry;tk; 58. kz;zPl;lhsu; - rpw;gp
59. ghrtu; - ntw;wpiy tpw;Nghu; 60. fz;Zs; tpidQu; - Xtpau;
61. nfhk;G - fpis 62. Nrf;if - gLf;if 63. tha;e;j - gaDs;s
64. Gio - Jis 65. ahf;if - cly; 66. ,sq;$o; - ,sk;gapu;
tpdhj;jhs;
tpdhj;jhs;
njhFg;G
njhFg;G
67. fhd; - fhL 68. gpzpj;J - fl;b 69. fha;e;Njd; - tUe;jpNdd;

9. md;gpd; nkhop
70. Njk;g - thl 71. jaq;fp - mire;J 72. ca;Kiw - thOk; G+kp
73. mRk;G - epyk; 74. fbe;J - tpyf;fp 75. Xu;e;J - epidj;J
76. gliy - khiy 77. Jzu; - kyu;fs; 78. ctkzp - kzkyu;
\II]I)ZSJ*
Fwpg;G : ghlGj;jfj;jpy; ,lk;ngw;Ws;s ,yf;fzf;Fwpg;G nfhLf;fg;gl;Ls;sd.
1. %J}u;> ed;nkhop> nre;jP gz;Gj;njhiff fs;
2. cWJah;> tsu;thdk;> gapy;njhopy;> fha;kzp> ca;Kiw> nra;Kiw tpidj;njhiff fs;
3. jlf;if cupr;nrhy; njhlu;
4. Co; Co; mLf;Fj; njhlu;
5. tpaj;jy;> Nehf;fy;> vOjy;> ciuj;jy;> nrg;gy;> ,Uj;jy;> toq;fy; njhopw;ngau;fs;
6. vd;dh mirr;nrhw;fs;
7. fzPu; (fz;zPu; vd;gjd; ,ilf;Fiw) ,ilf;Fiw
8. mir,> nfoP, nrhy;ypir msngil
9. Nfs;tpapdhd; [MDL – 19] tpidahyizAk; ngau;
10. fhf;nfd;W (fhf;fntd;W vd;gjd; njhFj;jy; tpfhuk;) njhFj;jy; tpfhuk;
11. nka;Kiw Ntw;Wikj;njhif
12. MLf tpaq;Nfhs; tpidKw;W
13. fhlDf;Fk; fgpyDf;Fk;> Fz;lyKk; FiofhJk;> tz;zKk; Rz;zKk; vz;Zk;ik
14. ifnjhOJ %d;whk; Ntw;Wikj;njhif
15. thuh (xd;wd;) <Wnfl;l vjph;kiw nganur;rk;
16. if Kiw %d;whk; Ntw;Wik cUGk; gaDk; cld;njhf;f njhif
n
l.i
gFjp – II : gpupT – 1
tp.vz; : 16 - 21 da 4ൈ 2ൌ 8
ciueil kw;Wk; nra;As; tpdhf;fs;
ka
Fwpg;G :
Å ,g;gFjpapy; nra;As; kw;Wk; ciueilg; gFjpapy; ,Ue;J ,uz;L kjpg;ngz;
vi
tpdhf;fs; 6 tpdhf;fs; nfhLj;J 4 vOJkhW Nfl;fg;gLk;.

Å tpilfSf;Nfw;w tpdh mikj;jypy; xU tpdhTk; mtw;Ws; Nfl;fg;gLk;.
al
Å tpdh vz; 21 fl;lha tpdhthFk;. ,J jpUf;Fws; gFjpapy; mikAk;.

njhlf;fk; nfhLj;J my;yJ KbT nfhLj;J xU Fws; Nfl;fg;gLk; my;yJ
.k
jpUf;Fws; njhlu;ghd Nfs;tpfs; ,lk;ngWk;.

w
tpilfSf;Nfw;w tpdh mikj;jy;

w
1. m) rjhtjhdk; vd;Dk; fiyapy; rpwe;J tpsq;fpatu; nra;Fjk;gpg; ghtyu;. [AUG-2022]

nra;Fjk;gpg; ghtyu; ve;j fiyapy; rpwe;J tpsq;fpdhh;?
w
M) guQ;Nrhjp Kdptu; jpUkiwf; fhl;by; gpwe;jtu.;

guQ;Nrhjp Kdptu; vq;F gpwe;jhu;?
2. m) nrhw;nghopTfisf; Nfl;gjd; %ykhf k.ngh.rp ,yf;fpa mwpT ngw;whu;. [MAY-2022]
k.ngh.rp vjd; %yk; ,yf;fpa mwpit ngw;whu;?
M) 1906 -Mk; Mz;L t.c. rpjk;gudhu; Mq;fpNyau;fSf;F vjpuhfr; RNjrpf; fg;gy;
epWtdj;ijj; njhlq;fpdhu;.
ve;j Mz;L t.c. rpjk;gudhu; Mq;fpNyau;fSf;F vjpuhfr; RNjrpf; fg;gy; epWtdj;ijj;
njhlq;fpdhu;?
3. m) cyfj;jpNyNa xU nkhopf;fhf cyf khehL elj;jpa Kjy; ehL kNyrpah. [SEP-2021]
cyfj;jpNyNa xU nkhopf;fhf cyf khehL elj;jpa Kjy; ehL vJ?
M) jkpo;j;njd;wy; jpU.tp.f. Nghy ,ikfis %bagb vOJk; Mw;wiyf; fw;Wf;nfhz;lth;
jkpo;j;jpU. ,uh. ,sq;Fkudhh;.
jkpo;j;njd;wy; jpU.tp.f. Nghy ,ikfis %bagb vOJk; Mw;wiyf; fw;Wf;nfhz;lth; ahh;?
4. m) k.ngh.rp. mk;khidg; ghly;fis mbf;fb ghbg;ghb gps;isg;gUtj;jpNyNa ,yf;fpa
tpdhj;jhs;
tpdhj;jhs;
njhFg;G
njhFg;G
mwpit tsh;j;Jf; nfhz;lhh;. [SEP - 2020]

k.nghrp. gps;isg;gUtj;jpy; vt;thW ,yf;fpa mwpit tsh;;j;Jf; nfhz;lhu;?
M) nea;jy; epyj;jth; ghzh;fis tuNtw;Wf; Foy; kPd; fwpAk; gpwTk; nfhLj;jdh;.
nea;jy; epyj;jth; ghzh;fis vtw;iw nfhLj;J tuNtw;wdh;?

5. m) jg;ghl;lk; epfo;j;jg;gLk; #oYf;Nfw;g gy;NtW Ml;lf;$Wfisf; nfhz;Ls;sJ. [PTA - 1]
jg;ghl;lk; vijg; nghWj;J Ml;lf;$Wfisf; nfhz;Ls;sJ?
M) xapyhl;lj;jpy; Njhyhy; fl;lg;gl;l Flk;> jtpy;> rpq;fp> Nlhyf;> jg;G Nghd;w ,irf;fUtpfs;
gad;gLj;jg;gLfpd;wd.
xapyhl;lj;jpy; gad;gLj;jg;gLk; ,irf;fUtpfs; ahit?
6. m) ehaf;fu;> kuhl;bau; Ml;rpf; fhyq;fspy; kpFjpahd rj;jpuq;fs; topr;nry;NthUf;fhff; fl;lg;gl;ld.
ahUila Ml;rpf; fhyj;jpy; kpFjpahd rj;jpuq;fs; topr;nry;NthUf;fhff; fl;lg;gl;ld?
M) mnkupf;fhtpd; kpdNrhl;lh jkpo;r;rq;fk; ‘thio ,iy tpUe;J tpohit’ Mz;LNjhWk;
nfhz;lhb tUfpwJ. [PTA - 2]
‘thio ,iy tpUe;J tpohit’ Mz;LNjhWk; nfhz;lhLk; jkpo;r;rq;fk; vJ?
7. m) xU ehl;L tsj;jpw;Fj; jf;fgbNa> me;ehl;L kf;fspd; mwpnthOf;fq;fs; mike;jpUf;Fk;.
ehl;L kf;fspd; mwpnthOf;fk; vt;thW mikAk;? [PTA – 3, MDL - 19]
M) nrhy;yhuha;r;rpapy; ghthzUk; tpae;j ngUkfdhu; jkpo;j;jpU ,uh. ,sq;Fkudhu;.
nrhy;yhuha;r;rpapy; ghthzUk; tpae;j ngUkfdhu; ahu;? [PTA – 3]
,) 1956-Mk; Mz;L etk;gu; 1-Mk; ehs; fd;dpahFkup khtl;lk; jkpo;ehl;Lld; ,ize;jJ.
fd;dpahFkup khtl;lk; vg;NghJ jkpo;ehl;Lld; ,ize;jJ? [MDL - 19]
8. m) nraw;if Ez;zwpTf; fUtpahd thl;rd;> rpy epkplq;fspy; Nehahsp xUtupd;
Gw;WNehiaf; fz;Lgpbj;jJ. [PTA – 4]
n
ve;j nraw;if Ez;zwpTf; fUtp rpy epkplq;fspy; Gw;WNehiaf; fz;Lgpbj;jJ?
l.i
M) Ntu;L];kpj; vd;w vOj;jhsp> jfty;fisf; nfhz;L rpy nehbfspy; mofhd
fl;Liuia cUthf;fptpLk;.
da
rpy nehbfspy; jfty;fisf; nfhz;L mofhd fl;Liuia cUthf;FtJ vJ?
9. m) rhiyfspy; ,lg;gf;fk; tz;bfs; nry;tNj rhiy tpjpfspy; Kjd;ikahd tpjp.
ka
rhiy tpjpfspy; Kjd;ikahd tpjp vJ? [PTA – 5]
M) Xl;Leu; cupkk;> Cu;jpapd; gjpTr; rhd;wpjo;> Cu;jpapd; top kw;Wk; fhg;gPl;Lr; rhd;wpjo;
vi
Nghd;wtw;iw Cu;jp Xl;Lgtu; xt;nthUtUk; fl;lhakhff; ifapy; itj;jpUf;f Ntz;Lk;.

Cu;jp Xl;Lgtu;fs;; fl;lhakhff; ifapy; itj;jpUf;fNtz;ba Mtzq;fs; ahit?
al
10. m) nkhopngau;g;G> nkhopapy; GJf;$Wfis cUthf;fp nkhoptsu;rr ; pf;F toptFf;fpwJ.

.k
nkhopngau;g;G vt;thW nkhop tsu;r;rpf;F toptFf;fpwJ? [PTA - 6]

M) jkpo;E}y;fs;> Mq;fpyk;> kiyahsk;> njYq;F> ,e;jp> fd;dlk;> tlnkhop> u\;ankhop
w
tq;fnkhop> kuhj;jp nkhop Nghd;w gy;NtW nkhopfspy; nkhopngau;f;fg;gl;ls;sd.

w
jkpo;E}y;fs; ve;nje;j nkhopfspy; nkhopngau;f;fg;gl;Ls;sd?

11. m) NjtNeag; ghthzu; cyfj;jkpo;f; fofj;ij epWtpj; jiytuhf ,Ue;jtu;.
w
cyfj;jkpo;f; fofj;ij epWtpj; jiytuhf ,Ue;jtu; ahu;?

M) G+tpd; Njhw;wepiy mUk;G vdg;gLk;. G+tpd; Njhw;wepiyia Fwpf;Fk; nrhy; vJ?
tp.vz; : 21 fl;lha tpdh – jpUf;Fws;
Fwpg;G : ,g;gFjp tpdhtpw;F tpilaspf;f 3 kw;Wk; 4 nfhLf;fg;gl;Ls;s jpUf;Fws;fis ed;F
gbj;Jf; nfhs;f.
gFjp – II : gpupT – 2
tp.vz; : 22 - 28 5ൈ 2 ൌ 10
,yf;fzk; kw;Wk; nkhopg;gaw;rp
Fwpg;G : ,g;gFjpapy; ,yf;fzk; kw;Wk; nkhopg;gapw;rpg; gFjpapy; ,Ue;J ,uz;L kjpg;ngz;
tpdhf;fs; 7 tpdhf;fs; nfhLj;J 5 vOJkhW Nfl;fg;gLk;.
Å gFgj cWg;gpyf;fzk; xU tpdhthf Nfl;fg;gLk;.
tpdhj;jhs;
tpdhj;jhs;
Å ,yf;fz Nfs;tpfSf;F ,yf;fzg; gFjpapy; gapw;rp nra;aTk;.

njhFg;G
njhFg;G
Å nkhopg;gapw;rp Nfs;tpfSf;F ghlg;gFjpapy; cs;s midj;J nkhopg;gapw;rp

gFjpfisAk; ed;F gapw;rp nra;aTk;. NkYk; ,q;Ff; $Ljyhfr; rpy jiyg;Gfs;
njhFj;J toq;fg;gl;Ls;sd. mtw;iwAk; gapw;rp nra;Jnfhs;sTk;.
J)JMF:JJS\II]N
v.fh : tho;f = tho; + f tho; - gFjp @ f - tpaq;Nfhs; tpidKw;W tpFjp
1. gFjp gFgjj;jpd; Kjypy; epw;Fk;. (tpidg;gFgjj;jpy; Vty;tpid Nghy; tUk;)
2. tpFjp gFgjj;jpd; filrpapy; tUk;. (tpidKw;wpy; tUk; tpFjpahdJ ghy;> vz;> ,lk;>
Mfpatw;iw czHj;Jk;)
3. ,ilepiy ngaUf;Nfw;whw;Nghy; gFjpf;Fk; tpFjpf;Fk; ,ilapy; tUk;. (fhyk; fhl;Lk;)
4. re;jp gFjpf;Fk; ,ilepiyf;Fk;; eLtpy; tUk;.
5. rhupia ,ilepiyf;Fk; tpFjpf;Fk;; ,ilapy; tUk;.
6. tpfhuk; Nkw;fz;l cWg;Gfspy; Vw;gLk; khw;wk; tpfhuk; vdg;gLk;.
Kf;fpa Fwppg;Gfs;
Æ j;> f;> g; - vd;Dk; %d;W vOj;JfSs; xd;Nw ngUk;ghYk; re;jpahf tUk;.
Æ re;jp tuNtz;ba ,lj;jpy; Gs;spapy;yhj vOj;J te;jhy; mjidr; rhupia vdf; Fwpg;gpl Ntz;Lk;.
Æ md;> m – vd;Dk; ,uz;lDs; xd;Nw rhupiaahf tUk;.
Æ rhupia tuNtz;ba ,lj;jpy; Gs;sp ngw;w vOj;J capu; Vw ,lkspj;J te;jhy; mjid
vOj;Jg;NgW vdf; Fwpg;gply; Ntz;Lk;.
Æ tpFjp jdpNa tuhky; Jizahfg; ngw;W tUk; vOj;Nj vOj;Jg;NgW MFk;.
n
,ay; - 2. capud
p ; Xir
l.i
nghwpj;j = nghwp + j; + j; + m [PTA - 3]
nghwp - gFjp @ j; - re;jp @ j; - ,we;jfhy ,ilepiy @ m
,ay; - 3. $l;lhQ;NrhW
da - nganur;r tpFjp
ka
ciuj;j = ciu + j; + j; + m [PTA-4]
ciu - gFjp tUf = th (tU) + f [PTA-2]
- re;jp
vi
j; th - gFjp (‘tU’ vdj; jpupe;jJ tpfhuk;)

j; - ,we;jfhy ,ilepiy f - tpaq;Nfhs; tpidKw;W tpFjp
al
m - nganur;r tpFjp
kiye;J = kiy+ j;(e;) +j j; + c [SEP – 2020] nghopej
; = nghop + j;(e;) + j; + m
.k
kiy - gFjp nghop - gFjp

- re;jp> ‘e;’ MdJ tpfhuk; - re;jp> ‘e;’ MdJ tpfhuk;
w
j; j;
j; - ,we;jfhy ,ilepiy j; - ,we;jfhy ,ilepiy
w
c - tpidnar;r tpFjp m - nganur;r tpFjp

,ay; - 4. ehd;fhk; jkpo; ,ay; - 5. kzw;Nfzp
w
; = fpsu; + j;(e;) + j; + m
fpsu;ej jzpe;jJ = jzp + j;(e;) + j; + m + J
fpsu; - gFjp jzp - gFjp
j; - re;jp> ‘e;’ MdJ tpfhuk; j; - re;jp> ‘e’; MdJ tpfhuk;
j; - ,we;jfhy ,ilepiy
j; - ,we;jfhy ,ilepiy
m - rhupia
m - nganur;r tpFjp J - glu;fi; f tpidKw;W tpFjp
,ay; - 6. epyh Kw;wk; ,ay; - 7. tpijney;
gjpe;J = gjp + j;(e;) + j; + c kaq;fpa = kaq;F + ,(d;) + a; +m
m [SEP-21]
gjp - gFjp kaq;F - gFjp
j; - re;jp> ‘e;’ MdJ tpfhuk; ,(d;) - ,we;jfhy ,ilepiy@ ‘d;’ Gzu;e;J nfl;lJ
j; - ,we;jfhy ,ilepiy a; - clk;gLnka;
c - tpidnar;r tpFjp m - nganur;r tpFjp
,ay; - 9. md;gd
p ; nkhop
tpdhj;jhs;
tpdhj;jhs;
njhFg;G
njhFg;G
mwpNad; = mwp + a; + M + Vd
d; [PTA-5] xypj;J = xyp + j; + j; + c
mwp - gFjp@ a; - re;jp xyp - gFjp@ j; - re;jp [AUG-2022, PTA-6]
M - vjpu;kiw ,ilepiy Gzu;e;J nfl;lJ j; - ,we;jfhy ,ilepiy
Vd; - jd;ik xUik tpidKw;W tpFjp c - tpidnar;r tpFjp

QNKRSJJDSZUSJJ)MS
1. fiyr;nrhy; jUf.
Å Vowel - capnuOj;J [AUG - 2022, PTA – 1] Å Thesis - Ma;NtL

Å Homograph - xg;ngOj;J [PTA –1] Å Intellectual - mwpthsu;
Å Discussion - fye;Jiuahly; [AUG - 2022] Å Irrigation - ghrdk;
Å Tornado - R+whtsp [PTA – 6] Å Territory - epyg;gFjp
Å Tempest - ngUq;fhw;W [PTA – 6] Å Symbolism - FwpaPl;bay;
Å Epic literature - fhg;gpa ,yf;fpak; [PTA – 5] Å Patent - fhg;Gupik
Å Folk literature - ehl;Lg;Gw ,yf;fpak;[PTA - 5, SEP - 2021] Å Storm - Gay;
Å Modern literature - etPd ,yf;fpak; [MDL – 19] Å Sea Breeze - flw;fhw;W
Å Ultraviolet rays - Gw Cjhf; fjpu;fs; [PTA – 2] Å Guild - tzpff;FO
Å Space Technology - tpz;ntspj; njhopy;El;gk; [PTA – 2] Å Land Breeze - epyf;fhw;W
Å Aesthetics - mofpay;> KUfpay; [PTA – 4] Å Monolingual- xU nkhop
Å Artifacts - fiyg;gilg;Gfs; [SEP- 2020] Å Conversation - ciuahly;
n
Å Myth - njhd;kk; [PTA – 4, SEP – 2020] Å Emblem - rpd;dk;
l.i
Å Consulate - Jizj;J}jufk; [SEP - 2021] Å Terminology - fiyr;nrhy;
Å Belief - ek;gpf;if [PTA - 3, MAY - 2022] Å Document - Mtzk;
Å Renaissance - kWkyu;r ; r
; p [PTA – 3]
da Å Cabinet - mikr;ruit
Å Philosopher - nka;apayhsu; [MAY - 2022] Å Consonant - nka;naOj;J
ka
Å Whirlwind - Roy;fhw;W Å Classical literature - nrt;tpyf;fpak;
Å Devotional literature - gf;jp ,yf;fpak; Å Ancient literature - gz;ila ,yf;fpak;
vi
Å Regional literature - tl;lhu ,yf;fpak; Å Nanotechnology - kPEz;njhopy;El;gk;

al
Å Biotechnology - capupj; njhopy;El;gk; Å Cosmic rays - tpz;ntspf; fjpu;fs;

Å Å Revivalism
.k
Infrared rays - mfr;rptg;Gf; fjpu;fs; - kPl;LUthf;fk;

Å Humanism - kdpjNeak; Å Cultural Boundaries - gz;ghl;L vy;iy
w
Å Cultural values - gz;ghl;LtpOkpaq;fs;

w
2. mfuhjpapy; fhz;f.
w
Å mltpp - fhL Å mty; - Fsk; Å Rty;; - NkL

Å nrW - Nfhgk; Å godk;; - ngha;if Å moy; - neUg;G
Å fq;Fy; - ,uT Å fdyp - neUg;G Å kd;wy; - jpUkzk;
Å jhy; - ehf;F Å mfTjy; - xypj;jy; Å mzpik - mz;ik
Å kpupay; - kpsF Å mjrp - rzy; Å efy; - gpujp
Å Mu;fyp - Muthuk; Å nrt;it - Neu;ik Å kJuftp - nrhy;tsk;
Å cOit - kPdt; if Å J}ty; - kio J}wy; Å mtpu;jy; - xspu;jy;
Å kUs; - kaf;fk; Å tUj;jid - ngUFjy; Å cth - gUtfhyk;
Å JupQ;rpy; - crpykuk; Å mbr;RtL - fhybr;RtL Å G+l;if - nfhs;if
Å GwT - Ky;iy epyk; Å nfhLtha; - tise;j tha;
Å mfd;Rlu; - gue;J tpupe;j Rlu; Å jpUtpy; - rpwg;ghd tpy;
Å fl;Gs; - tpopj;jpUf;Fk; gwit Å Ve;njopy; - kpFe;j moF
tpdhj;jhs;
tpdhj;jhs;
Å Fzjud; - ew;FzKilatd; Å mfuhjp - mfutupirr; nrhw;nghUs; E}y;

njhFg;G
njhFg;G
Å MRftp - nfhLj;j nghUis mLj;j fzj;jpy; ghLk; ftp.

Å rpj;jpuftp - rpj;jpuj;jpw;F Vw;wthW midj;J eaq;fSk; mikag; ghlg;gLk; ghl;L.
Å tpj;jhuftp - tpupj;Jg; ghlg;ngWk; ghl;Lg; ghLk;Gytd;.
3. epWj;jw;FwpaPL
nghJthd Fwpg;Gfs;
tiffs; v.fh
fhw;Gs;sp (,)
nghUs;fis vz;Zk; epiy> tpsp> tpidnar;rk;> epyk;, ePu;, jP, fhw;W> thd; vd;gd
Nkw;Nfhs; FwpfSf;FKd;> vdNt> vdpDk;> MapDk;> Ik;G+jq;fs;.
Mjypd;> Mjyhy;> MfNt> Kjypa ,izg;Gr;
kfNd, ehd; nrhy;tijf; Nfs;.
nrhw;fspd;gpd;> Kftupapy; ,Wjptup jtpu;jJ; g; gpw
,lq;fspy; fhw;Gs;sp ,lNtz;Lk;.
miug;Gs;sp (;) rpyg;gjpfhuk;> nre;jkpo;f; fhg;gpak; ;
xNu vOthapy; gy njhlu;fs; njhlu;e;J tUfpd;w Kj;jkpo;f; fhg;gpak; ; %Nte;jiuAk;
,lq;fspYk;> xNu vOtha;f;Fupa cld;ghl;Lf; fUj;Jk;> ghLk; fhg;gpak;.
vjpu;kiwf; fUj;Jk; njhlu;eJ
; tUfpd;w ,lq;fspYk; ,sKUF vd;ghdplk; epiwa
miug;Gs;sp ,l Ntz;Lk;.
mwpTz;L; nghWik ,y;iy.
Kf;fhw; Gs;sp (:) kj;NjA> 8 : 6
n
xUtu; $w;iw tpsf;Fjy;> rpW jiyg;G> E}w;gFjp vz; ngau; : fdpnkhop
l.i
Kjypad tptuq;fisg; gl;bay; Kiwapy; xd;wd;gpd;
Kf;fdp vd;gd tUkhW : kh, gyh,
xd;whfj; jUk;NghJ Kf;fhw;Gs;sp ,lNtz;Lk;.
Kw;Wg; Gs;sp (.)

thio da
fe;jd; filf;Fr; nrd;whd;.
ka
nrhw;nwhlu; ,Wjp> Kftup ,Wjp> ehs; ,Wjp> nrhw; 29.10.2019
FWf;fk;> ifnaOj;J Kjypa ,lq;fspy; Kw;Wg;Gs;sp
mz;zh efu;> ghyf;fiu> jpUr;rp-20.
,lg;gLk;.
vi
tpdhf;Fwp (?) ,q;Nf ,Ug;gtu; ahu;?

al
xU tpdhj;njhlu; Kw;Wj;njhluhfTk; Neu;f;$w;Wj; eP jUthah?

njhluhfTk; ,Ug;gpd;> ,Wjpapy; tpdhf;Fwp ,lNtz;Lk;.
.k
czu;r;rpf; Fwp (!) ntw;wp! ntw;wp!

w
kfpo;r;rp> mr;rk;> tpag;G> mtyk;> tho;j;Jjy;> tuNtw;wy;> ghk;G! ghk;G!

itjy; Mfpa czu;r;rpfis ntspg;gLj;Jk; njhlu;fspd;
tho;f! tho;f!
w
gpd;(!) ,f;Fwp ,ly;Ntz;Lk;.

xw;iw Nkw;Nfhs;Fwp (‘ ’)
w
,f;Fwp jw;Rl;bd;fz;Zk; (Xu; vOj;NjDk; nrhy;NyDk; ‘V’ vd;W nrhd;dhd;.

nrhw;nwhlNuDk; jd;idNa Fwpj;jy;)> gpwu; $w;whf tUk; jpUts;Stu;> ‘jpUf;Fws;’ vd;Dk;
,lj;Jk;> fl;Liug; ngaUk;> E}w;ngau; tUkplj;Jk; xw;iw E}iy ,aw;wpdhu;.
Nkw;Nfhs;Fwp tUk;.
,ul;il Nkw;Nfhs;Fwp (“ ”) ,uhkd;> “ehis tUfpNwd;” vd;W
nghd;nkhopfisf; Fwpg;gpLk; ,lj;Jk;> Neu;f;$w;Wj; $wpr; nrd;whd;.
njhlupYk; ,ul;il Nkw;Nfhs;Fwp ,lNtz;Lk;. “mwk; nra tpUk;G” vd;whu; xsitahu;.
Njitahd ,lq;fspy; epWj;jw;Fwp ,Lf.

1. jpUts;Stu; mwpTilahu; vy;yhk; cilahu; vd;W mWjpapl;Lf; $Wfpwhu;. [QR]
,j;njhlUf;Fg; nghUj;jkhd epWj;jw;Fwpapl;l njhliuj; Nju;f. [PTA -3, SEP - 2020]
m) jpUts;Stu;> ‘mwpTilahu; vy;yhk; cilahu;’ vd;W ‘mWjpapl;Lf;’ $Wfpwhu;!
M) jpUts;Stu;> ‘mwpTilahu; vy;yhk; cilahu;’ vd;W mWjpapl;Lf; $Wfpwhu;.
tpdhj;jhs;
tpdhj;jhs;
,) jpUts;Stu;> “mwpTilahu; vy;yhk; cilahu;” vd;W mWjpapl;Lf; $Wfpwhu;!

njhFg;G
njhFg;G
<) ‘jpUts;Stu;’> ‘mwpTilahu; vy;yhk; cilahu;’ vd;W mWjpapl;Lf; $Wfpwhu;.

* *Gj;jf tpdhf;fSf;F gf;f vz; : 93(,ay;- 7)> 133(,ay;- 9) fhz;f* *
4. jkpnoz;fs;
Fwppg;G :vz;;ZUf;fisf; nfhLj;J mjw;F ,izahd jkpnoz;fis vOJjy;.
epidtpy; nfhs;s…
1 ௧ fliy
2 ௨ cUz;ilia
3 ௩ EZf;fp
4 ௪ rikj;J
5 ௫ Urpj;J
6 ௬ rhg;gpl
7 ௭ vd;id
8 ௮ mk;kh
9 ௯ $g;gpl;lhs;.
n
l.i
1. ehs; fhl;bapy; Qhapw;Wf;fpoik ,Ugjhk; ehs; vdpy; me;j thuj;jpy; Gjd;fpoikAk;
Qhapw;Wf;fpoik - 20 - c0 Gjd;fpoik - 23 - ௨௩
da
rdpf;fpoikAk; ve;j ehs;fspy; tUk; vd;gijj; jkpnoz;fspy; vOJf.
rdpf;fpoik - 26 - ௨௬
[PTA - 1]
ka
2. MYk; NtYk; gy;Yf;FWjp> [QR] [PTA – 2, SEP - 2020]
ehYk; ,uz;Lk; nrhy;Yf;FWjp - ,j;njhlu;fs; czu;j;Jk; kuq;fspd; ngau;fisAk;;
vi
jkpnoz;fisAk; Fwpg;gpLf.
m) Mykuk;> Ntg;gkuk; - ௫, ௧ M) Mykuk;> Ntykuk; - ௪> ௨ (4, 2)
al
,) murkuk;> Ntq;ifkuk; - ௧, ௨ <) Ntg;gkuk;> Mykuk; - ௪, ௬

.k
* *Gj;jf tpdhf;fSf;F gf;f vz; : 13(,ay;- 1)> 101(,ay;- 7)> 136(,ay;- 9) fhz;f* *
w
gFjp – III : gpupT – 1

tp.vz; : 29 - 31 2 ൈ 3 ൌ 6
w
ciueil nghUSzu; jpwd;;

w
Fwpg;G : Å ,g;gFjpapy; ciueilg; gFjpapypUe;J %d;W kjpg;ngz;; tpdhf;fs; 3 tpdhf;fs; nfhLj;J

2 vOJkhW Nfl;fg;gLk;.
Å xU tpdh ‘ciug;gj;jpiag; gbj;J tpil vOJf’ vd;w Nfs;tp Nfl;fg;gLk;.
ciug;gj;jpiag; gbj;J tpdhf;fSf;F tpil jUf.
Fwpg;G : Å ciug;;gj;jpia XupU Kiw ed;F gbj;Jtpl;L tpdhtpw;Nfw;w tpiliar; nrhe;j eilapy;
vOj Ntz;Lk;. ciug;gj;jpia mg;gbNa vOJtijj; jtpHf;f Ntz;Lk;.
Å 42-tJ Nfs;tpapy; nrtpkhw;Wj; jpwd; khztu;fSf;F nfhLf;fg;gLk; Nfs;tpAk;
,t;tbtpNyNa mikAk;. mq;F 5 Nfs;tpfs; Nfl;fg;gLk;.
1. mwk; $Wk; kd;wq;fs; murdpd; (i) murdpd; mwnewp Ml;rpf;Fj; JizGupe;jit vit?
mwnewp Ml;rpf;Fj; JizGupe;jd. mwk; $Wk; kd;wq;fs; murdpd; mwnewp Ml;rpf;Fj;
mwk; $W mitak; gw;wp ‘mwk; JizGupe;jd.
mwf;fz;l newpkhd; mitak;| (ii) mitak; gw;wp GwehD}W $WtJ ahJ?
vd;fpwJ GwehD}W. ciwA+upypUe;j mwk; $Wk; mitak; gw;wp ‘mwk; mwf;fz;l newpkhd;
mwmitak; jdpr;rpwg;Gg; ngw;wJ mitak;’ vd;fpwJ GwehD}W.
tpdhj;jhs;
tpdhj;jhs;
vd;W ,yf;fpaq;fs; Fwpg;gpLfpd;wd.

kJiuapy; ,Ue;j mitak; gw;wp (iii) kJiuapy; ,Ue;j mitak; vg;gb ,Ue;jjhf
njhFg;G
njhFg;G
kJiuf;fhQ;rp Fwpg;gpLfpwJ@ mq;Fs;s kJiuf;fhQ;rp Fwpg;gpLfpwJ?

mitak; Jyhf;Nfhy; Nghy eLepiy kJiuapy; ,Ue;j mitak; Jyhf;Nfhy; Nghy eLepiy
kpf;fJ vd;fpwJ. [MAY–2022] kpf;fjhf ,Ue;jJ vd;W kJiuf;fhQ;rp Fwpg;gpLfpwJ.

2. kdpjd; jdpahdtd; my;yd;. mtd; (i) kdpjd; vg;gbg;gl;ltd;?
r%ff; flypd; xU Jsp. kdpjd; jdpahdtd; my;yd;. kdpjd; r%ff;
mtDf;Fs;Ns r%fk; - flypd; xU Jsp.
r%fj;Jf;Fs;Ns mtd;. kdpjd; (ii) kdpjDf;F vg;NghJ kfpo;r;rp ngUFfpwJ?
vy;yhNuhLk; vy;yhtw;NwhLk; kdpjd; vy;yhNuhLk; vy;yhtw;NwhLk; jd;id
vt;tsTf;nft;tsT jd;id ,izj;Jf; nfhs;Sk;NghJ mtDila kfpo;r;rp
,izj;Jf; nfhs;fpwhNdh ngUFfpwJ.
mt;tsTf;ft;tsT mtDila
(iii) kfpo;r;rpg; ngUf;fpy; jpisf;f kdpjd; vd;d nra;a
kfpo;r;rp ngUFfpwJ. ,e;j kfpo;r;rpg; Ntz;Lk;?
ngUf;fpy; jpisf;f Ntz;Lk; vd;why;
midj;ijAk; CLUtpr; nry;Yk; kdpjd; kfpo;r;rpg; ngUf;fpy; jpisf;f Ntz;Lk;
nghJ tpjpahd mwj;ij kdpjd; vd;why; midj;ijAk; CLUtpr; nry;Yk; nghJ
Vw;f Ntz;Lk;. rq;f fhyj;jpw;Fg; tpjpahd mwj;ij kdpjd; Vw;f Ntz;Lk;.
gpe;ija mw ,yf;fpaq;fspd; (iv) mwnewpf;fhyk; vdg;gLtJ vJ?
fhyj;ij mwnewpf;fhyk; vd;gu;. rq;f fhyj;jpw;Fg; gpe;ija mw ,yf;fpaq;fspd;
mwnewpf;fhy mwq;fs; rkak; fhyj;ij mwnewpf;fhyk; vd;gu;.
rhu;e;jit. Mdhy; rq;ffhy (v) rq;ffhy mwq;fs; vg;gbg;gl;lit?
mwq;fs; ,ay;ghdit. [MAY–2022] rq;ffhy mwq;fs; ,ay;ghdit.
3. jkpo;ehL vj;Jizg; nghUs; (i) jkpo;ehl;L nghUs; tsKilaJ vd;gJ
tsKilanjd;gJ mjd; tpisnghUs; vjdhy; tpsq;Fk;?
n
tiffis Nehf;fpdhNy tpsq;Fk;. gpw jkpo;ehL vj;Jizg; nghUs;
l.i
ehLfspYs;s $yq;fnsy;yhk; rpythfTk; tsKilanjd;gJ mjd; tpisnghUs;
rpy;tifg;gl;ltdthfTkpUf;f> tiffis Nehf;fpdhNy tpsq;Fk;.
tifg;gl;ldthfTk; ,Uf;fpd;wd.
da
jkpo;ehl;bYs;sitNah gythfTk; fopgy (ii) NfhJikapd; tiffisf; Fwpg;gpLf.
NfhJikapd; tiffs; : rk;ghf; NfhJik>
ka
vLj;Jf;fhl;lhf NfhJikia vLj;Jf; Fz;Lf; NfhJik> thw;NfhJik
nfhs;spd; mjpy; rk;ghf; NfhJik> Fz;Lf; (iii)) jkpo;ehl;L ney;ypd; tiffis vOJf.
NfhJik> thw;NfhJik Kjypa rpy
vi
jkpo;ehl;by; nre;ney;> ntz;nzy;>

tiffNsAz;L. Mdhy;> jkpo;ehl;L ney;ypNyh> fhu;ney; Nghd;w tiffs; cz;L.
al
nre;ney;> ntz;nzy;> fhu;ney; vd;Wk;> gy mtw;Ws; rk;ghtpy; kl;Lk;

tiffs; ,Ug;gJld; mtw;Ws; rk;ghtpy; Mtpuk;g+r;rk;gh> Midf;nfhk;gd; rk;gh>
.k
kl;Lk; Mtpuk;g+r;rk;gh> Midf;nfhk;gd; rk;gh> Fz;Lr; rk;gh> Fjpiuthypr; rk;gh>

Fz;Lr; rk;gh> Fjpiuthypr; rk;gh> rpWkzpr;
w
rk;gh> rPufr; rk;gh Kjypa mWgJ rpWkzpr; rk; gh> rP ufr; rk; gh Kjypa
mWgJ cs;tiffs; cs;sd.
[SEP – 2021]
w
cs;tiffs; cs;sd.
4. fUj;jhoKk; thrfr; Ritg;Gk; fye;J i)) n[afhe;jd; ngw;w tpUJfs; ahit?
w
,yf;fpaq;fs; gilj;jth; n[afhe;jd;. r%f n[afhe;jd; FbauRj; jiyth; tpUJ>

mikg;gpd; r%f Kuz;ghLfis vOj;jpNy rhfpj;jpa mfhnjkp tpUJ> Nrhtpaj; ehl;L
mg;gl;lkhff; fhl;bath; n[afhe;jd;. Neh;Kf> tpUJ> QhdgPl tpUJ kw;Wk; jhkiuj;jpU
vjph;Kf tpisTfisg; ngw;wth;. cs;slf;f tpUJ Mfpa tpUJfisg; ngw;Ws;shh;.
tphpthy; kdpjhgp - khdj;ij thrfh; ii) kdpjhgpkhdj;ij thrfh; neQ;rpy;
neQ;rq;fspy; tpijj;jth;. ,tUila tpijj;jth; ahh;?
gilg;GfSf;Ff; FbauRj; jiyth; tpUJ> n[afhe;jd;
rhfpj;jpa mfhnjkp tpUJ> Nrhtpaj; ehl;L
iii) thrfh; kdjpy; n[afhe;jd; vj;jifa
tpUJ kw;Wk; QhdgPl tpUJ> jhkiuj;jpU
tpisTfis Vw;gLj;jpdhh;?
tpUJfSk; fpilj;Js;sd. “ehd; vOJtjw;F
kdpjhgpkhdk; kw;Wk; r%f mf;fiw Nghd;w
xU J}z;LjYk; mjw;Fhpa fhuzKk; cz;L.
vz;zq;fis thrfu; kdjpy; Vw;gLj;jpdhu;.
vd; vOj;Jf;F xU ,yl;rpaKk; cz;L. ehd;
vOJtJ> KOf;f KOf;f tho;f;ifapypUe;J iv)) vJ gilg;gpd; tbtj;ij tskhf;FfpwJ?
ehd; ngWk; fy;tpapd; tpisTk;> vdJ jdp ‘mh;j;jNk gilg;gpd; tbtj;ij
tpdhj;jhs;
tpdhj;jhs;
Kaw;rpapd; gaDkhFk;” vd;W $Wfpwhh; tskhf;FfpwJ’ vd;gJ n[afhe;jd;

njhFg;G
njhFg;G
nIafhe;jd;. ‘mh;j;jNk gilg;gpd; tbtj;ij mtu; f spd; mirf; f Kbahj ek; gpf;if.
tskhf;FfpwJ’ vd;gJ md;dhhpd; mirf;f v) ciug;gj;jpf;Fg; nghUj;jkhd jiyg;G vOJf.
Kbahj ek;gpf;if. [SEP – 2021] n[afhe;jdpd; rpwg;Gfs;

5. jw; N ghJ ntsptUfpw rpy i) jpwd;Ngrpiaj; jpwf;Fk; gioa Kiwfs; vit?
cau; t ifj; jpwd; N grpapd; xspg; g lf; flTr;nrhy;Yk; ifNuifAk; nfhz;L
fUtp> nraw; i f Ez; z wpTj; jpwd;Ngrpiaj; jpwg;gJ goikahdJ.
njhopy; E l; g j;i jf; nfhz; b Uf; f pwJ. ii)jjpwd;Ngrpapy; glk; vLf;Fk; fhl;rpia milahsk;
flTr; n rhy; Y k; ifNuifAk; nfhz;L fz;L nraw;if Ez;zwpT vt;thW
nray;gLj;JfpwJ?
jpwd; N grpiaj; jpwg; g J goikahdJ. nraw;if Ez;zwpT> glk; vLf;Fk; fhl;rpia
cupikahsupd; Kfj; i j milahsk; milahsk; fz;L mjw;F Vw;gj; jd;idj;
fz; L jpwg; g J> ,d; i wa jftikj;J nfhs;fpwJ.
njhopy; E l; g k; . nraw; i f Ez; z wpT> iii) cau;tifj; jpwd;Ngrpfspy; gad;gLj;jg;gLk;
glk; vLf; F k; fhl; r pia milahsk; njhopy;El;gk; vJ?
fz; L mjw; F Vw; g j; jd; i dj; cau;tifj; jpwd;Ngrpapd; xspg;glf; fUtp> nraw;if
jftikj; J nfhs; f pwJ. [PTA - 1] Ez;zwpTj; njhopy;El;gj;ijf; nfhz;bUf;fpwJ.
6. nkhopngau;g;gpdhy; Gjpa nrhw;fs; i) nkhopngau;g;gpdhy; nkhoptsk; vt;thW gad;ngWfpwJ?
cUthfp nkhoptsk; Vw;gLfpwJ. gpw nkhopngau;gg ; pdhy; Gjpa nrhw;fs; cUthfp
,dj;jtupd; gz;ghL> ehfupfk;> nkhoptsk; Vw;gLfpwJ.
gof;ftof;fk; Nghd;wtw;iw ii) nkhopngau;g;igg; gad;fiy vd;W Fwpg;gpLtjd;
mwpaKbfpwJ. mjpypUe;J ey;ydtw;iw fhuzk; ahJ?
fUj;Jg; gfpu;itj; jUtjhy; nkhopngau;gi ; gg;
ehk; ngw;Wf;nfhs;s KbfpwJ. gpwnkhop
n
gad;fiy vd;W Fwpg;gpLthu;fs;.
,yf;fpa mwpT fpilf;fpwJ. mjd;%yk; iii) nkhopngau;g;G Vw;gLj;Jk; Kf;fpaj; jhf;fk; vd;d?
l.i
ek; ,yf;fpaj;ij tsg;gLj;j KbfpwJ. nkhopngau;g;G %yk; xU ehl;bd; tuyhw;wpYk;>
cyfg;Gfo; ngw;w mwptpay;
fz;Lgpbg;GfisAk;
gilg;GfisAk; mwptjw;F
,yf;fpag;
tha;g;G
da
,yf;fpaj;jpYk;> gz;ghl;bYk;
jhf;fj;ij Vw;gLj;j KbAk;.
iv) gpwnkhop ,yf;fpa mwpT %yk; vtw;iw
typikahd
ka
Vw;gLfpwJ. fUj;Jg; gfpu;itj; jUtjhy; tsg;gLj;jyhk;?
nkhopngau;g;igg; gad;fiy vd;W gpwnkhop ,yf;fpamwpT%yk; ek; ,yf;fpaj;ij
vi
Fwpg;gpLthu;fs;. nkhopngau;g;G %yk; xU tsg;gLj;j KbfpwJ.

v) gpw ,dj;jtupd; gz;ghL> ehfuPfk;> gof;ftof;fk;
al
ehl;bd; tuyhw;wpYk; ,yf;fpaj;jpYk;

Nghd;tw;iw vjd;%yk; mwpayhk;?
gz;ghl;bYk; typikahd jhf;fj;ij gpw ,dj;jtupd; gz;ghL> ehfupfk;> gof;ftof;fk;
.k
Vw;gLj;j KbAk;. [PTA - 1] Nghd;wtw;iw nkhopngau;g;gpd; %yk; mwpaKbfpwJ.

w
7. mk;khidg; ghly;fs;> rpj;ju; ghly;fs;> i) k.ngh.rp mtu;fs; Nfs;tp Qhdj;ij mjpfkhf ahuplk;
nrhw;nghopTfs; Nghd;wtw;wpd; %ykhf ngw;wjhff; Fwpg;gpLfpwhu;?
w
ehd; ,yf;fpa mwpT ngw;Nwd;. mg;NghJ k.ngh.rp mtu;fs; Nfs;tp Qhdj;ij mjpfkhf
mtu;fs; ntspapLk; rpwe;j fUj;Jfis jpUg;ghjpupg;GypA+u; Qhdpahubfsplk; ngw;wjhff;
w
VLfspy; Fwpj;J itj;Jf;nfhs;Ntd;. Fwpg;gpLfpwhu;.

ahd; Kiwahf Vl;Lf;fy;tp ngw ii) k.ngh.rp mtu;fs; ,yf;fpa mwptpid vt;thW
,ayhky; Nghdjhy; Vw;gl;l ,og;ig <L ngw;whu;?
nra;af; Nfs;tp Qhdj;ijg; mk;khidg; ghly;fs;> rpj;ju; ghly;fs;>
ngWtjpNyNa kpFe;j Mu;tk; fhl;bNdd;. nrhw;nghopTfs; Nghd;wtw;wpd; %ykhf k.ngh.rp
vdJ Nfs;tp Qhdj;ijg; ngUf;fpa mtu;fs; ,yf;fpa mwptpidg; ngw;whu;.
ngUik jpUg;ghjpupg;GypA+u; iii) Vl;Lf;fy;tp ngw ,ayhj k.ngh.rp> mjid vt;thW
QhdpahubfSf;Nf mjpfk; cz;L <L nra;jhu;?
Vl;Lf;fy;tp ngw ,ayhky; Nghdjhy; Vw;gl;l ,og;ig
vd;nwy;yhk; jkJ nrtpr;nry;tk; gw;wp
<L nra;af; Nfs;tp Qhdj;ijg; ngw;whu;.
k.ngh.rptQhdk; Fwpg;gpl;Ls;shu;. [PTA- 2]
8. jk; tPl;bw;F tUk; i)) tpUe;jpdu; vd;Nghu; ahtu;?
tpUe;jpdiu
Kfkyh;r;rpNahL tuNtw;W cz;z czTk; tPlb; w;F tUk; Kd;gpd; mwpahj Gjpatu;fNs
,Uf;f ,lKk; nfhLj;J md;G ghuhl;LtNj tpUe;jpdu; vdg;gLth;.
tpUe;Njhk;gy;. tpUe;jpdu; vd;why; cwtpdu; ii) tpUe;J Fwpj;Jj; njhy;fhg;gpau; $wpaJ ahJ?
tpdhj;jhs;
tpdhj;jhs;
vd;W ,f;fhyj;jpdu; fUJfpd;wdu;. cwtpdu;

‘tpUe;Nj GJik’ vd;W njhy;fhg;gpau; tpUe;J
njhFg;G
njhFg;G
NtW> tpUe;jpdu; NtW. Kd;gpd; mwpahj

Gjpatu;fSf;Nf tpUe;jpdu; vd;W ngau;. Fwpj;Jf; $Wfpwhh;.
mjdhy;jhd; ‘tpUe;Nj GJik’ vd;W iii),t;Tiug;gj;jpf;Fg; nghUj;jkhd jiyg;G xd;W jUf.
njhy;fhg;gpau; md;Nw $wpAs;shu;. [MDL-19] tpUe;Njhk;gy;

9. nkhopngau;g;igf; fy;tpahf Mf;Ftjd; i) midj;Jyf mwpit ehk; vt;thW ngwyhk;?
%yk; midj;Jyf mwpitAk; ehk; nkhopngau;g;igf; fy;tpahf Mf;Ftjd; %yk;
vspjhfg; ngwKbAk;: gy midj;Jyf mwpitAk; ehk; vspjhfg; ngwKbAk;.
mwpTj;JiwfSf;Fk; njhopy; ii) gyehl;Lj; Jjufq;fs; nkhopngau;g;G %yk;
JiwfSf;Fk; ntspehl;liu vt;nttw;iwf; fw;Wj; jUfpd;wd?
vjpu;ghu;ff
; hky; ehNk ekf;F Ntz;ba ,yf;fpak;> gz;ghL> njhopy;tsu;r;rp> fiy
midj;ijAk; cUthf;fpf;nfhs;s
KbAk;: kdpj tsj;ij KOikahfg; Nghd;wtw;iwf; fw;Wj; jUfpwJ.
gad;gLj;jKbAk;: Ntiytha;g;Gj; iii) nkhopngau;g;igf; fy;tpahff; fw;gjd; gad;fs;
jsj;ij tpupthf;f KbAk;: ehL ,uz;bid vOJf.
tpLjiy ngw;w gpwF> gy ehl;Lj; x kdpj tsj;ij KOikahfg; gad;gLj;jKbAk;:
J}jufq;fs; ek;ehl;by; epWtg;gl;ld. x Ntiytha;g;Gj; jsj;ij tpupthf;f KbAk;:
mit jq;fSila ,yf;fpak;> gz;ghL> iv) gpwnkhopfisf; fw;Fk; tha;g;Gfs; Fwpj;J vOJf.
njhopy;tsu;r;rp> fiy Nghd;wtw;iw x gpw nkhopfisf; fw;Wj;jUk; jdpahu; epWtdq;fSk;
mwpKfg;gLj;Jk; Nehf;fpy; jj;jk; cUthfpAs;sd.
nkhopfisf; fw;Wf;nfhLf;fpd;w x gs;spfspYk;> fy;Y}upfspYk;> gy;fiyf;
Kaw;rpia Nkw;nfhz;L tUfpd;wd. foq;fspYk; gpwnkhopfisf; fw;Fk; tha;g;Gfs;
,jidr; rhu;e;J gpw nkhopfisf; cUthf;fg;gl;Ls;sd.
fw;Wj;jUk; jdpahu; epWtdq;fSk;
cUthfpAs;sd. gs;spfspYk; v) nkhopngau;g;Gf;fy;tp ,d;iwa fhyfl;lj;jpw;Fj; Njitah?
n
fy;Y}upfspYk; gy;fiyf;foq;fspYk; nkhopngau;g;Gf;; fy;tp ,d;iwa fhyfl;lj;jpw;Fj; Njit.
vi) ,g;gj;jpf;Fg; nghUj;jkhd jiyg;G ,Lf.
l.i
gpwnkhopfisf; fw;Fk; tha;g;Gfs;
cUthf;fg;gl;Ls;sd. [PTA-2, SEP-2020] nkhopngah;g;G
10. jkpou;> NghupYk; mwnewpfisg;
gpd;gw;wpdu;. Nghu; mwk; vd;g J
da
i) Nghu; mwk; vd;gJ vtw;iwf; Fwpf;fpwJ?
Nghu; mwk; vd;gJ tPukw;Nwhh;> GwKJfpl;Nlhu;> rpwhu;> KjpNahu;
ka
tPukw;Nwhh;> GwKJfpl;Nlhu;> rpwhu;> MfpNahiu vjpu;j;Jg;Nghu; nra;ahikiaf; Fwpf;fpwJ.
KjpNahu; MfpNahiu vjpu;j;Jg; Nghu; ii) Mt+u; %yq;fpohu; Nghu; mwk; Fwpj;Jf; Fwpg;gpLtJ
nra;ahikiaf; Fwpf;fpwJ. Nghupd; ahJ? (m) ahNuhL Nghh; nra;tJ $lhJ vd;W MT+h;
vi
nfhLikapypUe;J gR> ghu;g;gdu;> %yq;fpohh; Fwpg;gpLfpwhh;?

al
ngz;fs;> Nehahsu;> Gjy;tiug; jk;iktpl typik Fiwe;jhNuhL Nghu; nra;tJ $lhJ

ngwhjtu; MfpNahUf;Fj; jPq;F tuhky; vd;gij Mt+u; %yq;fpohu; Fwpg;gpl;bUf;fpwhu;.
.k
Nghu; Gupa Ntz;Lk; vd;W xU ghly; iii) Nghupy; ahUf;nfhy;yhk; jPq;F tuhky; Nghu; Gupa
$WfpwJ. jk;iktpl typik Ntz;Lk; vd;W ,yf;fpaq;fs; Fwpg;gpLfpd;wd? (m)
w
Fiwe;jhNuhL Nghu; nra;tJ $lhJ vt;thW Nghh; Ghpa Ntz;Lk;?

vd;gij Mt+u; %yq;fpohu; Nghupd;NghJ gR> ghu;g;gdu;> ngz;fs;> Nehahsu;> Gjy;tiug;
w
Fwpg;gpl;bUf;f pwhu;. ngwhjtu; MfpNahUf;Fj; jPq;F tuhky; Nghu; Gupa

[PTA – 3, 6, SEP – 2020]
w
Ntz;Lk; vd;W ,yf;fpaq;fs; Fwpg;gpLfpd;wd.

11. tha;ikiar; rpwe;j mwkhfr; rq;f i) tha a;ikia ew;wpiz vt;thW Fwpg;gpLfpd;wJ?
,yf;fpaq;fs; NgRfpd;wd. tha;ik ‘gpioah ed;nkhop| vd;W tha;ikia ew;wpiz
NgRk; ehNt cz;ikahd eh vd;w Fwpg;gpLfpd;wJ.
fUj;ij> 'ngha;ahr; nre;eh" ii) tha;ik NgRk; ehNt cz;ikahd eh vd;w
'ngha;gLgwpah taq;F nre;eh" vd;W
fUj;ij ,yf;fpaq;fs; vt;tpjk; $Wfpd;wd?
,yf;fpaq;fs; $Wfpd;wd. ehf;F Xu;
mjpraj; jpwTNfhy; vd;ghu;fs;. tha;ik NgRk; ehNt cz;ikahd eh vd;w
,d;gj;jpd; fjitj; jpwg;gJTk; fUj;ij> 'ngha;ahr; nre;eh" 'ngha;gLgwpah taq;F
mJjhd;. kdpjid Jd;gj;jpd; nre;eh" vd;W ,yf;fpaq;fs; $Wfpd;wd.
fjTfisj; jpwg;gJk; mJjhd;. nka; iii) kdpjidj; jho;j;JtJ vJ?
NgRk; eh kdpjid cau;jJ ; fpwJ. ngha;NgRk; eh kdpjidj; jho;j;JfpwJ.
ngha;NgRk; eh kdpjidj; jho;j;JfpwJ. iv) epyk; Gilngau;e;jhYk; nra;af;$lhjJ vJ?
‘gpioah ed;nkhop| vd;W tha;ikia epyk; Gilngau;e;jhYk; ngha; nrhy;yf;$lhJ.
ew;wpiz Fwpg;gpLfpd;wJ. ,jw;F
v) ehf;F vjdhy; mjpraj; jpwTNfhyhfpwJ?
khwhfg; ‘ngha; nkhopf; nfhLQ;nrhy;
tpdhj;jhs;
tpdhj;jhs;
njhFg;G
njhFg;G
vd;W ngha;iaf; Fwpg;gpLfpd;wJ. epyk; ,d;gj;jpd; fjitj; jpwg;gJTk;> Jd;gj;jpd;

Gilngau;e;jhYk; ngha; nrhy;yf;$lhJ fjitj; jpwg;gJTk; kdpjd; ehf;fpdhy; NgRk;
vd;gJ gy ,yf;fpaq;fspy; cz;ikahy; jhd;. vdNt ehf;F ‘Xh; mjpraj;
tw;GWj;jg;gl;Ls;sJ. [PTA-3] jpwTNfhy;’ MFk;.

12. gUg;nghUs;fs; rpjWk;gbahfg; gy i) Gtp Vd; nts;sj;jpy; %o;fpaJ?
Copfhyq;fs; fle;J nrd;wd. Gtp G+kp FspUk;gbahfj; njhlh;e;J kio nga;jJ.
cUthdNghJ neUg;Gg; ge;JNghy; tpsq;fpa mjdhy; G+kp nts;sj;jpy; %o;fpaJ.
Copfhyk; Kjypy; Njhd;wpaJ. gpd;du;g; Gtp ii) nga;j kio - ,j;njhliu tpidj;njhifahf
FspUk;gbahfj; njhlu;e;J kio nghope;j khw;Wf.
Copf;fhyk; fle;jJ. mt;thW nga;j kioahy; tpidj;njhif – nga;kio
Gtp nts;sj;jpy; %o;fpaJ. fhykhw;wj;jhy; iii) capu;fs; tho;tjw;F Vw;w #oyhf ePtpu;
capu;fs; tho;tjw;F Vw;w #oyhfpa cs;sPL fUJtd ahit?
Njhd;wpa capu;fs; Njhd;wp epiyngWk;gbahf tw;whj J}aePh;> J}afhw;Wila ,aw;if
,g;ngupa Gtpapy; Copf;fhyk; fle;jJ. [PTA- 4] #oy;> caph;fSf;fhd czT MfpadthFk;.
13. gpwUf;F cjTjy; vd;gijr; rpwe;j i) md;G vd;Dk; RlUf;F vz;nzahf ,Ug;gJ vJ?
mwkhff; rq;f ,yf;fpaq;fs; fhl;Lfpd;wd. md;G vd;Dk; RlUf;F vz;nzahf ,Ug;gJ jpahfk; MFk;.
cjtp nra;jiy <oj;Jg; g+jd; Njtdhu; ii) rpwe;j mwkhf rq;f ,yf;fpaq;fs; vijf; fhl;Lfpd;wd?
‘cjtpahz;ik| vd;W Fwpg;gpLfpwhu;. gpwUf;F cjTjy; vd;gijr; rpwe;j mwkhfr; rq;f
jd;idj; jhz;bg; gpwiug; gw;wpr; ,yf;fpaq;fs; fhl;Lfpd;wd.
rpe;jpf;Fk;NghJ> ,Uf;Fk; epiyia iii) cz;ikahd nry;tk; vd;W ey;Ntl;ldhu;
xJf;fp> jhd; ,Uf;f Ntz;ba epiy vJ Fwpg; gpLtJ vjid?
vd;gij kdpjd; czu;fpwhd; vdyhk;. cz;ikahd nry;tk; vd;gJ gpwu; Jd;gk;
md;G vd;w RlUf;Fj; jpahfk; jhNd jPu g
; g
; Jjhd; | vd;
f pwhu; ey; Ntl;l dhu;
.
n
vz;nzahf ,Uf;f KbAk;? gpwu; iv) cjtp nra;jiy ‘cjtpahz;ik| vd;W Fwpg;gpLgtu; ahu;?
l.i
Jd;gj;ijj; jk; Jd;gkhff; fUjp> cjtp nra;jiy <oj;Jg; g+jd; Njtdhu;
cjTjy; rhd;Nwhu;fF ; f; fld; vd;fpwhu; ‘cjtpahz;ik| vd;W Fwpg;gpLfpwhu;.
nry;tk; vd;gJ gpwu; Jd;gk; jPu;g;gJjhd;|

da
ey;ye;Jtdhu;. mt;thNw> cz;ikahd v) rhd;Nwhu;f; fldhf ey;ye;Jtdhu; Fwpg;gpLtJ ahJ?
gpwu; Jd;gj;ij jk; Jd;gkhff; fUjp> cjTjy;
ka
vd;fpwhu; ey;Ntl;ldhu;. [PTA - 4] rhd;Nwhu;f;Ff; fldhf ey;ye;Jtdhu; Fwpg;gpLfpwhu;.
14. rpw;W}u; kf;fspd; tho;tpay; epfo;Tfspy; i) goe;jkpo; kf;fspd; ve;nje;j vr;rq;fis mwptjw;F
vi
gpupj;Jg; ghu;ff ; ,ayhf; $Wfshfj; epfo;fiyfs; Jiznra;fpd;wd?

jpfo;git epfo;fiyfs;. ,it kf;fSf;F
al
fiy> mofpay;> GJik Mfpa vr;rq;fis

kfpo;rr; pnaDk; fdp nfhLj;Jf; mwptjw;F epfo;fiyfs; Jiznra;fpd;wd.
.k
ftiyiag; Nghf;Ffpd;wd: rKjha ii) epfo;fiyfspd; gad;fs; ,uz;bid vOJf.

epfo;Tfspd; Mtzq;fshfTk;
x kf;fspd; ftiyiag; Nghf;Ffpd;wd.
w
nra;jpfisj; jUk; Clfq;fshfTk;

jpfo;fpd;wd. goe;jkpo; kf;fspd; fiy> x nra;jpfisj; jUk; Clfq;fshf ,Uf;fpd;wd.
w
mofpay;> GJik Mfpatw;wpd; vr;rq;fis iii) epfo;fiyfs; vg;gFjp kf;fspd; tho;tpay; $Wfspy;
w
mwptjw;F jw;fhyj;jpy; epfo;jj ; g;gLk; xd;whfj; jpfo;fpd;wd?

fiyfs; Jiznra;fpd;wd. [PTA - 5] rpw;W}u; kf;fspd; tho;tpay; $Wfspy; xd;whfj; jpfo;fpd;wd.
15. xU nkhop nghJkf;fshYk; mjd; i) xU nkhopAk;> mjd; ,yf;fpaKk; vt;thW mikAk;?
,yf;fpak;> Gy kf;fshYk; mikag;ngWk;. xU nkhop nghJkf;fshYk; mjd; ,yf;fpak;>
jkpo;g; nghJkf;fs; cau;ej ; Gy kf;fshYk; mikag;ngWk;.
gFj;jwpTilah;. vj;JizNah Muha;r;rp
ele;JtUk; ,f;fhyj;jpYk; vj;JizNah ii) jkpo;kf;fs; ,iyfis vt;thW ghFghL nra;jdu;?
nkhopfspdpd;W fld;nfhz;l Mq;fpy jkpo;kf;fs; ,iyfis jhs;> ,iy> Njhif>
nkhopapYk; E}ypYk; ,iyiaf; Fwpf;f Xiy vdg;ghFghL nra;jdu;.
Leaf (yP/g;) vd;Dk; xNunrhy; cs;sJ. iii) jkpo;ehl;bd; nghUs;tsj;jpid vt;tpjk;
Mq;fpy E}y;fspYk; NtW gy tiffspy;
tpsq;fpf;nfhs;syhk;?
,iyfisg; ghFghL nra;jdNuad;wp>
jkpo;gn ; ghJkf;fisg; Nghy td;ik jkpo;ehL vj;Jizg; nghUs;tsKilanjd;gJ>
nkd;ik gw;wpj; jhs;>,iy> Njhif> Xiy mjd; tpisnghUs; tiffis Nehf;fpdhNy
vdg; ghFghL nra;jhupy;iy. ,j;jifa tpsq;Fk;.
tpdhj;jhs;
tpdhj;jhs;
ghFghL Vida cWg;GfSf;Fs;Sk; iv) nkhop Muha;r;rpf;F Xu; vLj;Jf;fhl;L jUf.

njhFg;G
njhFg;G
nra;ag;gl;lJ.
jkpo;ehL vj;Jizg; nghUs; v.fh: Leaf - ,iy
tsKilanjd;gJ> mjd; tpisnghUs; v) ,g; gj;jpf;Fg; nghUj;jkhd jiyg;G xd;W jUf.
tiffis Nehf;fpdhNy tpsq;Fk;.[PTA - 5] jkpo;nkhoptsk;

16. Kd;gpd; mwpahj Gjpatu;fSf;Nf i)) tpUe;J Fwpj;J njhy;fhg;gpak; Fwpg;gpLtJ ahJ?
tpUe;jpdu; vdg; ngau;. ‘tpUe;Nj GJik| ‘tpUe;Nj GJik| vd;W njhy;fhg;gpau; Fwpg;gpLfpwhu;.
vd;W njhy;fhg;gpau; Fwpg;gpLfpwhu;. jdpj;J ii)) tpUe;Njhk;gy; Fwpj;J rpWghzhw;Wg;gil $WtJ ahJ?
cz;zhik vd;gJ jkpoupd; tpUe;Njhk;gy; nea;jy; epyj;jtu; ghzu;fis tuNtw;Wf; Foy;
gz;gpd; mbg;gil. mkpo;jNk fpilj;jhYk; kPd;fwpAk; gpwTk; nfhLj;jdu; vd;fpwJ
jhNk cz;zhJ gpwUf;Fk; nfhLg;gu; rpWghzhw;Wg;gil.
ey;Nyhu;@; mj;jifNahuhy;jhd; cyfk; iii) ek;Kd;Ndhu;fspd; kfpo;r;rp vjpy; ,Uf;fpwJ?
epiyj;jpUf;fpwJ. tpUe;;Njhk;gy; vd;gJ tPl;bw;F te;jtUf;F> twpa epiyapYk;
ngz;fspd; rpwe;j gz;Gfspy; xd;whff; vt;topapNyDk; Kad;W tpUe;jspg;gjpy;jhd;
fUjg;gLfpwJ. tPl;bw;F te;jtUf;F> twpa ek;Kd;Ndhu;fspd; kfpo;r;rp ,Ue;jpUf;fpwJ.
epiyapYk; vt;topapNyNaDk; Kad;W
iv)) ngupaGuhzj;jpy; Fwpg;gplg;gLk; tpUe;Njhk;gy;
tpUe;jspj;J kfpo;e;jdu; ek; Kd;Ndhu;.
Fwpj;j nra;jpia vOJf.
nea;jy; epyj;jtu; ghzu;fis tuNtw;Wf;
tpijj;Jtpl;L te;j ney;iy mupe;Jte;J> gpd;
Foy; kPd; fwpAk; gpwTk; nfhLj;jdu;
rikj;J tpUe;J gilj;j jpwk; ngupaGuhzj;jpy;
vd;fpwJ rpWghzhw;Wg;gil.
Fwpg;gplg;gLfpwJ.
tpijj;Jtpl;L te;j ney;iy mupe;Jte;J>
gpd; rikj;J tpUe;J gilj;j jpwk; v) ngz;fspd; rpwg;G gz;Gfspy; xd;W vJ?
ngz;fspd; rpwe;j gz;Gfspy; xd;W tpUe;Njhk;gy;.
ngupaGuhzj;jpy; fhl;lg;gLfpwJ. [PTA -6]
n
l.i
tp.vz; : 32 - 34 2ൈ 3 ൌ 6
nra;As; tpdhf;fs;
zu; jpwd;
da
ka
Fwpg;G : ,g;gFjpapy; nra;As; gFjpapypUe;J %d;W kjpg;ngz; tpdhf;fs; 3 tpdhf;fs; nfhLj;J
2 vOJkhW Nfl;fg;gLk;.
Å 34 MtJ tpdh - fl;lha tpdh - jpUf;Fws; jtpu Vida kdg;ghlr; nra;As;fspypUe;J ,U
vi
ghly;fs; nfhLj;J xd;W vOJkhW Nfl;fg;gLk;. ,jw;F gf;f vz; 3 kw;Wk; 4 fhz;f.
al

2ൈ 3 ൌ 6
.k
tp.vz; : 35 - 37
,yf;fz tpdhf;fs;
w
Fwpg;G : ,g;gFjpapy; ,yf;fzg; gFjpapypUe;J %d;W kjpg;ngz; tpdhf;fs;> 3 tpdhf;fs; nfhLj;J

w
2 vOJkhW Nfl;fg;gLk;. mzp kw;Wk; myfpLjy; gFjpfis ed;F gapw;rp nra;J nfhs;sTk;.
w
gFjp – IV
tp.vz; : 38 - 42 5ൈ 5 ൌ 25
Ie;J kjpg;ngz; tpdhf;fs;
tp.vz; : 38 - nra;As; gFjpapypUe;J neLtpdh Nfl;fg;gLk;
Fwpg;G : ,e;jg; gFjpapy; 2 nra;As; neLtpdhf;fisf; nfhLj;J 1 vOJkhW Nfl;fg;gLk;.
nra;As; gFjpapy; cs;s midj;J neLtpdhf;fisAk; gbj;Jf; nfhs;sTk;.
tp.vz; : 39 - ,uz;L fbjk; nfhLj;J xd;W vOJkhW Nfl;fg;gLk;
Fwpg;G : ,e;jg; gFjpapy; 2 fbjk; nfhLj;J 1 vOJkhW Nfl;fg;gLk;.
kjpg;ngz;fs; xJf;fL
P
1. jiyg;G Φ
tpdhj;jhs;
tpdhj;jhs;
2. cs; Kftup Φ
njhFg;G
njhFg;G
3. tzf;fk; Φ
4. fbjj;jpd; ikaf; fUj;J 3
5. ifnaOj;J Φ

1. khepy mstpy; eilngw;w “kuk; ,aw;ifapd; tuk;” vDk; jiyg;gpyhd fl;Liug; Nghl;bapy; ntw;wp
ngw;W Kjy; gupR ngw;w Njhoid tho;j;jp kly; vOJf. (TB) (,ay;- 2) [PTA - 4, MDL-19]
5> fk;gu; njU
jpUr;rp - 5
20.06.2019
md;Gj;Njhod; [Pth>
tzf;fk;.
ehd; eyk;. eP eykh? cd; ngw;Nwhu; eykh? cd; ,y;yj;jpYs;s midtupd; eyKk;
mwpa Mtyhf cs;Nsd;. cd; Ngr;rhw;wyhy; eP gy Nghl;bfspy; gq;F nfhz;L tUfpwha;.
cd; jpwikahy; gy gupRfisf; Ftpj;J itj;jpUf;fpwha;. mjid vz;Zk;NghJ vdf;Fg;
ngUikahf ,Uf;fpwJ.
cd; jpwikf;F kFlk; R+l;baijg;Nghy mz;ikapy; khepy mstpy; eilngw;w “kuk;
,aw;ifapd; tuk;” vd;w jiyg;gpy; khepy mstpy; eilngw;w fl;Liug; Nghl;bapy; Kjy; guprpidg;
ngw;wpUg;gJ ‘cd; mwpTj;jpwDf;Ff; fpilj;j gupR’ vd;W vz;zp kfpo;r;rp milfpNwd;.
njhlu;e;J eP Nghl;bfspy; fye;Jnfhs;s Ntz;Lk;. ntw;wp cdf;Ff; fpl;Lk;! cd;
Kaw;rpfs; midj;Jk; ntw;wp ngw tho;j;JfpNwd;. ,f;fbjj;Jld; cdf;F xU E}iyg; guprhf
mDg;gpAs;Nsd;. tUk; tpLKiwapy; re;jpg;Nghk;.
ed;wp!
n
,g;gbf;F
l.i
md;Gj;Njhop>
f. tsu;kjp.
ciwNky; Kftup
e. [Pth>
da
ka
j/ng. eyq;fps;sp>
20> ghujpahu; efu;>
vi
Nryk; - 10.
2. czTtpLjpnahd;wpy; toq;fg;gl;l czT jukw;wjhfTk; tpiy $LjyhfTk; ,Ue;jJ Fwpj;J cupa
al
rhd;WfSld; czTg; ghJfhg;G MizaUf;Ff; fbjk; vOJf. (TB) (,ay; - 3)

.k
mDg;Geh; [AUG -2022, PTA – 1, SEP – 2021]

m.khwd;>
w
12> fhe;jp NuhL> gPkefu;> jpUr;rpuhg;gs;sp.

ngWeh;
w
czTg; ghJfhg;G Mizau; mtu;fs;>

w
czTg; ghJfhg;G Mizak;>

jpUr;rpuhg;gs;sp.
Iah>
nghUs;: czT tpLjpapy; czT jukw;wjhfTk; tpiy $LjyhfTk; ,Ug;gJ njhlh;ghf
ehd; jpUr;rp gPkefu; gFjpapy; trpj;J tUfpNwd;. 25.03.2022 jpq;fs;fpoik ez;gfy; xU
irt czT tpLjpapy; czT cz;Nld;. cztpy; fy;Yk;> Fok;gpy; G+r;rpAk; fple;jd. NkYk;>
me;j czT tpLjpapd; Nkyhsu; jukw;w czTf;F ruhrup njhifiatpl mjpfkhff; Nfl;lhh;.
vdNt jukw;wjhfTk;> NghJkhd Rfhjhukw;wjhfTk; cs;s me;j czT tpLjp kPJ eltbf;if
vLf;FkhW Nfl;Lf;nfhs;fpNwd;. NkYk; ,g;GfhUf;fhd jf;f rhd;Wfs; ,jDld;
,izf;fg;gl;Ls;sd.
,lk; : jpUr;rpuhg;gs;sp ,q;qdk;>
ehs; : 01.07.2022 m.khwd;
,izg;G : 1. czT tpLjpapy; ngw;w urPJ. 2. miyNgrpapy; vLf;fg;gl;l glq;fs;.
ciwNky; Kfthp
tpdhj;jhs;
tpdhj;jhs;
ngWeh;
njhFg;G
njhFg;G
czTg;ghJfhg;G Mizau; mtu;fs;>

czTg;ghJfhg;G Mizak;>
jpUr;rpuhg;gs;sp

3. ehspjo; xd;wpy; nghq;fy; kyupy; ‘coTj; njhopYf;F te;jid nra;Nthk;’ vd;w cq;fs; fl;Liuia
ntspapl Ntz;b> me;ehspjo; MrpupaUf;Ff; fbjk; vOJf. (TB) (,ay; - 7) [PTA - 3]
mDg;Geu;
k.fdpnkhop>
24> ghujpahu; njU> FkNurGuk;>
jpUr;rpuhg;gs;sp.
ngWeu;
Mrpupau; mtu;fs;>
jpdkzp ehspjo;>
jpUr;rpuhg;gs;sp.
kjpg;gpw;Fupa Iah>
nghUs; : nghq;fy; kyupy; ‘coTj; njhopYf;F te;jid nra;Nthk;’ vd;w fl;Liuia ntspapl
Ntz;Ljy; njhlu;ghf.
tzf;fk;. jq;fs; ehspjopy; nghq;fy; kyUf;F ‘coTj; njhopYf;F te;jid nra;Nthk;’ vd;w
jiyg;gpy; fl;Liu vOjp mDg;GkhW nfhLj;jpUe;j tpsk;guj;ij ghu;j;Njd;. mj;jiyg;gpy; xU
fl;Liuia vOjp ,f;fbjj;Jld; ,izj;Js;Nsd;.
‘coTf;Fk; njhopYf;Fk; te;jid nra;Nthk’; vd;whu; ghujp. coitj;jhd; Kjypy; itj;J
Nghw;Wtu; jkpo; kf;fs;. cotu; jpUehshd nghq;fy; md;W ePq;fs; ntspapLk; kyupy; coTj;
njhopypd; ngUik kw;Wk; cotu;fspd; Kf;fpaj;Jtj;ijf; $Wk; vdJ fl;Liuia ntspapLkhW
Ntz;b tpUk;gpf; Nfl;Lf; nfhs;fpNwd;.
ed;wp
,g;gbf;F>
n
fdpnkhop
l.i
,lk; : jpUr;rpuhg;gs;sp
ehs; : 01.07.2021
,izg;G : “coTj; njhopYf;F te;jid nra;Nthk;” fl;Liu efy;
ciwNky; Kfthp
da
ka
ngWeu;
Mrpupau; mtu;fs;>
jpdkzp ehspjo;>
vi
jpUr;rpuhg;gs;sp.
4. gs;spj;jplypy; fpilj;j gzg;igia cupatuplk; xg;gilj;jijAk; mjw;Fg; ghuhl;Lg; ngw;wijAk; gw;wp
al
ntspA+upy; ,Uf;Fk; cwtpdu; xUtUf;Ff; fbjk; vOJf. (TB) (,ay; - 8) [AUG -2022, PTA – 6]
.k
11.04.19>
jpUr;rp.
w
ghrkpf;f khkh mtu;fSf;F>

jq;fspd; md;Gs;s Mde;jd; vOjpf;nfhs;Sk; kly;. ,q;Nf midtUk; eyk;. jhq;fs;
w
midtUk; ey;y cly; eyj;NjhL ,Uf;f ,iwtid Ntz;LfpNwd;. vd; gs;spj;jplypy; fpilj;j
gzg;igia cupatuplk; xg;gilj;J ehd; ghuhl;Lg; ngw;wijg; gw;wp cq;fSf;F tpsf;fkhf ,f;fbjk;
w
%yk; njuptpf;f tpUk;GfpNwd;.

nrd;wthuk; Gjd;fpoik khiy gs;sp Kbe;J tPl;bw;Fj; jpUk;Gifapy; gs;spj;jplypy; ig xd;W
fple;jJ. mJ ahNuh xUtu; jtw tpl;l igjhd; vd;gij czu;e;Njd;. mij jpwe;J ghu;f;ifapy; mjpy;
epiwa gzk; ,Ue;jJ.
igia cupatuplk; Nru;j;J tplNtz;Lk; vd KbT nra;J jiyikahrpupauplk;
nfhLj;Jtpl;Nld;. mt;Ntisapy; xUtu; jiyikahrpupauplk; te;J> “ma;ah! vq;fs; FLk;gr;
nrytpw;nfd itj;jpUe;j gzg;igia ,e;jg; gs;spj; jplypy; tpl;Lr;nrd;W tpl;Nld;” vd;whu;.
mjw;F jiyikahrpupau; xU igiaf; fhz;gpj;J “,e;jg;igah?” vd;W Nfl;lhu;. “vk;gs;sp
vl;lhk; tFg;G khztd; ,Njh ,e;j Mde;jd;jhd; me;jg; igia vd;dplk; nfhLj;jhd; ” vd;whu;.
igapd; cupikahsu; gzg;igiag; ngw;Wf;nfhz;L vd;id md;NghL ghuhl;bdhu;.
jiyikahrpupaNuhL kw;w Mrpupau;fSk; vd;id ntFthfg; ghuhl;;b kfpo;e;jdu;. ehDk; kdepiwNthL
tPlb
; w;F te;Njd;. cq;fsplk; ,e;j epfo;itg; gfph;tjpy; vdf;F kpf;f kfpo;r;rp. mLj;j thuk; cq;fs;
tPl;by; re;jpg;Nghk;.
ed;wp!
,g;gbf;F>
cq;fs; md;Gs;s
k. Mde;jd;.
tpdhj;jhs;
tpdhj;jhs;
njhFg;G
njhFg;G
ciwNky; Kftup
jpU.M. mUikehjd;>
95 - Kjy; FWf;Fj; njU>
mz;zhefu; njw;F>
nrd;id - 600 024.

5. 'gs;spiaj; J}a;ikahf itj;jpUj;jy;" - Fwpj;j nray;jpl;l tiuT xd;iw cUthf;fp> mjidr;
nray;gLj;jj; jiyik Mrpupaupd; xg;Gjy; Ntz;b> jiyik MrpupaUf;Ff; fbjk; vOJf.
mDg;Geh; [SEP – 2020, PTA - 4, 5]
f. rptrq;fh; (khztj;jiytd;)
10Mk; tFg;G> M gphpT
muR cah;epiyg;gs;sp> jpUr;rp – 8
ngWeh;
jiyik MrpupaH mtHfs;>
muR caHepiyg;gs;sp>
jpUr;rp – 8
Iah>
nghUs;: 'gs;spiaj; J}a;ikahf itj;jpUj;jy;” nray;jpl;lj;ij nray;gLj;j xg;Gjy; Ntz;Ljy;
ehd;> jw;NghJ jq;fs; gs;spapy;> gj;jhk; tFg;G; gbj;J tUfpNwd;. vq;fs; tFg;G rhh;ghf
ek; gs;spiaj; J}a;ikahf itj;jpUf;fNtz;Lk; vd;w Nehf;fj;Jld; fPo;f;fz;l eltbf;iffisg;
gpd;gw;wp tUfpNwhk;.
gs;spiaj; J}a;ikahf itj;jpUf;f Nkw;nfhs;Sk; eltbf;iffs;
Ò gs;spapd; midj;Jg; gFjpfspYk; Fg;igj; njhl;bfis epWTjy;
Ò tFg;giwapy; czTf; fopTfisg; NghlhJ ,Uj;jy;
Ò nefpopg;nghUl;fspd; gad;ghl;ilf; Fiwj;jy;
Ò fopg;giwiaj; J}a;ikahf itj;jpUj;jy;
gs;spj;J}a;ik fhf;fg; gpd;tUk; nray;jpl;l tiutpid cUthf;fpAs;Nshk;.
n
gs;spiaj; J}a;ikahf itj;jpUj;jy; - nray; jpl;l tiuT
1. gs;sp tshfj; J}a;ik – jpq;fs;
l.i
2. tFg;giwj; J}a;ik – nrt;tha;
3. tpisahl;L ikjhdj; J}a;ik – Gjd; da
4. Ma;Tf;$lj; J}a;ik – tpahod;
5. fhiy topghl;L ,lj;J}a;ik – nts;sp
ka
gs;spiaj; J}a;ikahf itj;Jf;nfhs;s> khztu;fs; nray;jpl;l tiuitr; nray;gLj;j
jiyik Mrphpauhfpa jhq;fs; xg;Gjy; jUkhW jho;ikAld; Nfl;Lf;nfhs;fpNwhk;.
vi
ed;wp!
,g;gbf;F>
al
jq;fs; fPog
; g
; be;Js;s khztd;>
f. rptrq;fh;
.k
(khztj;jiytd;)
,lk; : jpUr;rp
w
ehs; : 01.07.2021
ciwNky; Kfthp
w
jiyik MrpupaH mtHfs;>

muR caHepiyg;gs;sp>
w
jpUr;rp – 8
6. ngUe;njhw;W Vw;gLtijj; jLf;fj; Njitahd Kd;ndr;rupf;iffis tptupj;Jr; rpw;W}upy; cs;s cq;fsJ
jhj;jh ghl;bf;Ff; fbjk; xd;iw vOJf. [MAY – 2022]
jpUr;rp
06.05.22
md;Gila jhj;jh ghl;bf;F!
cq;fs; Ngud; ,uhK vOJtJ. ,q;F ehq;fs; midtUk; eyk;. cq;fs; eykwpa Mty;.
,e;j ngUe;njhw;W fhyj;jpy; mj;jpahtrpaj; Njitapd;wp ntspapy; nry;yhjPuf ; s;. jtpu;ff
; Kbahj
R+oypy; ntspapy; nrd;why; r%f ,ilntspia filg;gpbf;fj; jtwhjPu;fs;. tPl;bw;F te;jJk; if>
fhy;fis rupahd Kiwapy; Rj;jk; nra;a kwthjPuf ; s;. Fbg;gjw;F nte;ei P ug; gad;gLj;Jq;fs;. rpwpJ
cly;eyk; ghjpf;fg;gl;lhy; clNd kUj;Jtiu mZfp> mtupd; MNyhridia Vw;W mjd;gb ele;J
nfhs;Sq;fs;. ,e;j ngUe;njhw;W fhyj;jpy; Nkw;Fwpg;gpl;l Kd;ndr;rupf;if eltbf;iffis gpd;gw;wp
eyKld; ,Ug;gPuf ; s; vd;W ek;GfpNwd;.
,g;gbf;F>
cq;fspd; md;G Ngud;>
,uhK.
tpdhj;jhs;
tpdhj;jhs;
njhFg;G
njhFg;G
ciwNky; Kfthp :
k. rpd;drhkp
vz; 22> ,uhk%u;j;jp efu;>
Nky rpe;jhkzp>
jpUr;rp - 1
7. cq;fs; njUtpy; kpd;tpsf;Ffs; gOjile;Js;sd mjdhy; ,utpy; rhiyapy; ele;Jnry;NthUf;F Vw;gLk;

,ilA+Wfis vOjp Mtd nra;Ak;gb kpd;thupa mYtyUf;Ff; fbjk; vOJf. (TB) (,ay; - 8)
mDg;Geu; [PTA -2, MDL – 19, MAY - 2022]
jpU.f.nry;tj;Jiu>
25> ey;yhz;lhd; njU>
jpz;Lf;fy; - 3.
ngWeu;
kpd;nghwpahsu;>
jkpo;ehL kpd;rhu thupak;>
njw;F kz;ly kpd;gfpu;T mYtyfk;>
jpz;Lf;fy;.
kjpg;gpw;Fupa Iah!
nghUs; : vq;fs; njUtpy; gOjile;Js;s njU kpd;tpsf;Ffisr; rupnra;a Ntz;Ljy; rhHG.
vq;fs; njUtpy; Rkhu; ,UE}W FLk;gq;fs; cs;sd. njUtpy; cs;s kpd;tpsf;Ffs; ePz;l
ehl;fshfg; gOjile;Js;sjhy;> ,uT Ntisapy; rhiyapy; ele;Jnrd;Wtu Kbatpy;iy.
rhiyapy; NkLgs;sq;fs; mjpfk; ,Ug;gjhy; thfdq;fspy; nry;Nthu; ,Uspy; rpukg;gLfpd;wdu;.
vdNt> mUs;$u;e;J vq;fs; njUtpy; cs;s kpd;tpsf;Ffspd; gOjpid mfw;wp> vq;fs;
tho;tpy; xspA+l;LkhW gzpTld; Ntz;Lfpd;Nwd;.
n
ed;wp>
l.i
njUkf;fs; rhu;ghf>
f.nry;tj;Jiu.
,lk;; : jpUr;rpuhg;gs;sp
ehs; : 01.07.2021
da
ka
ciwNky; Kfthp
kpd;nghwpahsu;>
vi
jkpo;ehL kpd;rhu thupak;>

njw;F kz;ly kpd;gfpu;T mYtyfk;>
al
jpz;Lf;fy;.
.k
8. nfhNuhdh ngUe;njhw;W Culq;Ff; fhyj;jpy; cq;fs; Neuj;ij vt;thW gaDwf; fopj;jPu;fs; vd;gij
w
ez;gDf;F tptupj;Jf; fbjk; vOJf. [SEP – 2021]

w
jpUr;rp
17-11-21
w
md;Gila fay;tpopf;F!
cd; Njhop mwpTkjp vOJtJ. ehd; ,q;F eyk;. mk;kh> mg;gh kw;Wk; cd; eykwpa
Mty;. ,e;j nfhNuhdh ngUe;njhw;W Culq;F fhyj;jpy;; ehd; nghOij kpfTk; gaDwf;
fopj;Njd;. ngupatu;fSld; epiwa Ngrp mtu;fSld; mjpf Neuj;ij nrytpl;Nld;. jpdKk;
Ie;J jpUf;Fws; fw;Nwd;. tPl;by; Njhl;lk; mikj;J gy nrbfisAk;> kuq;fisAk; el;L
tsu;j;Njd;. tPl;bYs;s Njitaw;w nghUl;fis itj;J iftpidf; fiyfs; rpytw;iw
fw;Wf; nfhz;Nld;. jpwd; Ngrpapd; %yk; Md;iyd; tFg;ig gaDwf; fw;W> md;iwa tPl;Lg;
ghlj;ij md;Nw Kbj;J itj;Jtpl;Nld;. mk;khTld; Nru;e;J rikg;gJ> mtu;fSf;F cjtp
nra;tJ Nghd;wtw;iw nra;Njd;. jhj;jhtpw;F Neuj;jpw;F czT nfhLj;Jtpl;L> gpwF kUe;J>
khj;jpiu vLj;Jf; nfhLj;J cjtp nra;Njd;. vdJ jpwikfis NkYk; tsu;j;Jf; nfhs;s
gytpj Kaw;rpfis nfhNuhdh ngUe;njhw;W Culq;Ff; fhyj;jpy; Nkw;nfhz;Nld;.
,g;gbf;F>
cd; md;Gj; Njhop>
mwpTkjp
tpdhj;jhs;
tpdhj;jhs;
ciwNky; Kfthp :
njhFg;G
njhFg;G
r. fay;tpop
ciwA+u;
jpUr;rp - 3.

9. ePq;fs; tpUk;gpg; gbj;j E}y; xd;wpd; rpwg;Gfisf; $wp> cq;fs; ez;giuAk; me;E}ypidg; gbf;FkhW
gupe;Jiuj;J ez;gUf;Ff; fbjk; vOJf. [PTA – 3, SEP – 2020]
112> Nejh[p njU>
Ky;iy efh;>
nrd;id
md;gpw;fpdpa kyh;tpop>
cd; caph;j; Njhop ftpjh vOJk; kly;. vd; tPl;by; midtUk; eyk;. mJNghy; cd; tPl;bdh;
eyj;ijAk; mwpa MtYld; ,Uf;fpNwd;. NjhopNa> eP fbjk; vOjhj fhuzj;jhy; tpLKiw
ehl;fspy; ehd; E}yfk; nrd;W gy Gj;jfq;fisg; gbj;J kfpo;r;rpAw;Nwd;. mg;gb ehd; gbj;j
Gj;jq;fspy; vdf;F kpfTk; gpbj;j Mq;fpyg; Gj;jfk; xd;iwg; gw;wp cd;Dld; gfph;e;J nfhs;s
tpUk;GfpNwd;.
Seven Habits of Highly Effective People vd;gJjhd; me;jg; Gj;jfj;jpd; ngah;. ,jid vOjpath;
mnkhpf;f vOj;jhsh; ];Bgd;. Mh;. nfhNt. ,g;Gj;jfk; 32 nkhopfspy; nkhopg;ngah;f;fg;gl;Ls;sJ.
,e;j Gj;jfk; Vd; gyiu fth;e;jJ vd;gij ehd; ,e;jg; Gj;jfj;ij thrpj;jNghJ jhd; czh;e;J
nfhz;Nld;.
ek; md;whl tho;f;ifapy; ehk; vjph;nfhs;Sk; gy rpf;fy;fSf;Fj; jPh;T fhz ,g;Gj;jfk;
cjtp GhpfpwJ. cz;ikapy; ,g;Gj;jfk; cstpay; rhh;e;j Gj;jfk; MFk;. vd;idf; fth;e;j>
tpaf;fitj;j epiwa fUj;Jfs; ,g;Gj;jfj;jpy; cz;L.
vdNt> eP ,e;E}iy thrpj;J czh;e;jhy; jhd; ,e;E}ypd; rpwg;gk;rq;fs; cdf;Fg; GhpAk;.
n
,g;Gj;jfj;jpd; gpujpfs; midj;J E}yfq;fspYk; fpilf;Fk;. vdNt> ,g;Gj;jfj;ij E}yfj;jpw;Fr;
l.i
nrd;W gbj;Jr; Ritj;Jg; gad;ngWtha; vd ek;GfpNwd;.
ed;wp!
da ,g;gbf;F>
cd; MUaph;j; Njhop>
ka
ftpjh.
ciwNky; Kfthp
nr. kyh;tpop
vi
25> fk;gd; njU>

kJiu – 12.
al
10. Gjpjhfj; jpwd;Ngrp thq;fpapUf;Fk; jq;iff;F> jpwd;Ngrpg; gad;ghL Fwpj;J mwpTiufisf; $wpf;
.k
fbjk; xd;W vOJf. [PTA -2]

w
jpz;Lf;fy;>
18.07.2020
w
md;Gs;s jq;if Rgj;uhtpw;F!

w
cd; md;G mz;zd; uh[h vOJk; fbjk;. ehd; ,q;F eyk;. mk;kh> mg;gh kw;Wk; cd; eykwpa
Mty;. ,aq;fiy tFg;GfSf;fhf cdf;F Gjpajhfj; jpwd;Ngrp thq;fpf; nfhLj;jpUg;gjhf mg;gh
$wpdhu;. ek; tho;tpy; jpwd;Ngrp te;jTld; cyfNk ekJ iff;Fs; te;jjhf ehk; czu;fpNwhk;.
ehk; jpwd;Ngrpia tFg;GfSf;fhfg; gad;gLj;JfpNwhk;. Mdhy; jpwd;Ngrpapy; NkYk; gy
gad;ghLfs; cs;sd. Mk;! ,Ue;j ,lj;jpypUe;Nj tq;fpr; Nritfisg; ngwyhk;. nghUl;fis
Md;iydpNyNa thq;fpf;nfhs;syhk;. ,uapy;> NgUe;Jfspy; gazr;rPl;Lfis ngw;wplyhk;. ,d;Dk;
gyg;gy gad;ghLfs; cs;sd. jpwd;Ngrpapy; vt;tsT trjpfs; vspikahf;fpj; jug;gl;Ls;sNjh
mNj Nghy; Mgj;Jk; mjpfk; cs;sJ. jpwd;Ngrpiag; ghJfhg;ghf ehk; gad;g Lj;jpdhy; ve;jg;
ghjpg;Gk; Vw;glhJ. vdNt> jpwd;Ngrpia mtrpag; gad;ghl;bw;fhf kl;Lk; gad;gLj;jp tho;tpy;
ntw;wpngw;wpl vdJ tho;j;Jfs;.
ed;wp!
md;Gld;>
fp. uh[h
ciwNky; Kftup>
tpdhj;jhs;
tpdhj;jhs;
m. Rgj;uh>
njhFg;G
njhFg;G
19> re;ij njU>

cotd;fhL>
ehkf;fy;.

11. cq;fs; gs;spapy; eilngWk; tpLjiyehs; tpohtpw;F> epfo;fiy ty;Yeu; xUtiur; rpwg;G tpUe;jpduhf
mioj;Jf; fbjk; vOJf. [PTA -1]
mDg;Geu;
j. utp>
khztj;jiytd;>
jpUr;rp - 3.
ngWeu;
jpUkjp. Rjh utpr;re;jpud;>
guj ehl;ba fiyQu;>
Nfhlk;ghf;fk;> nrd;id.
kjpg;gpw;Fupa Rjh utpr;re;jpud; mtu;fSf;F!
tzf;fk;. vd; ngau; utp. jpUr;rpuhg;gs;sp murpdh; Mz;fs; Nkdpiyg;gs;spapy;
10 Mk; tFg;Gg; gbj;J tUfpNwd;. vkJ gs;spapy; tUk; Mf];l; - 15 tpLjiyj; jpUehs;
tpoh eilngw cs;sJ. mt;tpohtpy; jhq;fs; rpwg;G tpUe;jpduhff; fye;J nfhz;L
vk;gs;spf;F rpwg;Gr; Nru;j;jpLkhW gzptd;Gld; Nfl;Lf;nfhs;fpNwd;. rhiy tpgj;jpy; fhiy
,oe;Jk; eldj;Jiwapy; cr;rj;ijj; njhl;ltu; ePq;fs;. cq;fsJ jd;dk;gpf;ifAk;> kd
cWjpAk; vk;gs;sp khztu;fSf;F xU vLj;Jf;fhl;lhf ,Uf;Fk; vd;gjpy; Iakpy;iy.
cq;fs; tUifia MtYld; vjpu;Nehf;fp cs;Nshk;.
ed;wp!
cq;fs; cz;ikAs;s
n
j. utp
l.i
khztj;jiytd;>
m.M.Nk.ep.gs;sp> jpUr;rp
,lk; : jpUr;rpuhg;gs;sp
ehs; : 01.07.2021
da
ciwNky; Kftup>
ka
jpUkjp. Rjh utpr;re;jpud;>
guj ehl;ba fiyQu;>
vi
Nfhlk;ghf;fk;> nrd;id.
al
12. cq;fs; gFjpapy; Vw;gl;l fLk;Gaypy; rha;e;Jtpl;l kuq;fis mfw;wpAk;> gOJgl;l rhiyfisr; rPuikj;Jk;>
gOjile;j kpd;fk;gq;fisf; rupnra;Jk; jUkhW khefuhl;rp MizaUf;Ff; fbjk; xd;W vOJf.[PTA-5]
.k
mDg;Geh;
Ch;g; nghJkf;fs;>
w
mdfh GJ}h;>
tpUJefh; khtl;lk;.
w
ngWeh;
w
khefuhl;rp MizaH mtHfs;>

khefuhl;rp MizaH mYtyfk;>
tpUJefH khtl;lk;.
Iah>
nghUs;: Gayhy; Nrjkile;j rhiy kw;Wk; kpd;fk;gq;fisr; rhpnra;jy; rhh;G
vq;fs; Ch; mdfhGJ}h;. ,q;F Vwj;jho 500f;Fk; Nkw;gl;l FLk;gq;fspy; trpj;J tUfpNwhk;.
jw;NghJ Vw;gl;l fLk; Gaypd; jhf;fj;jpdhy; FbapUg;gpd; mUfpy; cs;s kuq;fs; tPLfspd;kPJk;
rhiyfs; kw;Wk; kpd;fk;gq;fs;kPJk; tpOe;Jtpl;ljhy;> vq;fshy; ,ay;ghd tho;f;if tho
Kbatp;y;iy. vdNt kuq;fis mg;Gwg;gLj;jpAk;> rhiyiar; nrg;gdpl;Lk;> kpd;fk;gq;fisr;
rhpnra;Jk; vq;fs; JaH fisAk;gb kpfTk; jho;ikAld; Nfl;Lf;nfhs;fpNwhk;.
ed;wp!
,g;gbf;F>
Chg;; nghJkf;fs;>
mdfhGJ}h;.
,lk; : tpUJefh;>
tpdhj;jhs;
tpdhj;jhs;
ehs; : 01.07.2021.
njhFg;G
njhFg;G
ciwNky; Kfthp
khefuhl;rp MizaH mtHfs;>
khefuhl;rp MizaH mYtyfk;>
tpUJefH khtl;lk;.

13. Xl;Leu; cupkk; ngw;Ws;s cwtpdUf;F> Kf;fpar; rhiy tpjpfis tpsf;fp mtw;iwf; filg;gpbf;f
typAWj;jpf; fbjk; xd;W vOJf. [PTA -6]
25> FwpQ;rpj; njU>
jpUney;Ntyp – 8
24-9-2020
md;Gk; ghrKk; epiwe;j jk;gpf;F>
cd; mz;zd; ,sQ;nropad; vOJtJ. ,q;F ehd;> mg;gh> mk;kh> jq;if ahtUk; eykhf cs;Nshk;.
mq;F ePq;fs; eykh? ehd; Nghd tUlk; tpLKiwf;F CUf;F te;jNghJ eP gzpf;Fr; nry;tjw;fhf
,Urf;fu thfdk; Xl;lg; gapw;rp nra;Jf;nfhz;bUe;jha;. jw;NghJ eP xl;Leh; chpkk; ngw;Wtpl;lha;
vd;w nra;jpawpe;J ehd; kpFe;j kfpo;r;rp milfpNwd;. thfdj;ij Xl;Lk;NghJ filg;gpbf;f Ntz;ba
rpy Kf;fpa rhiy tpjpfisg; gw;wp cd;Dld; gfph;e;J nfhs;s tpUk;GfpNwd;.
nry;Nghd; Ngrpf;nfhz;L thfdk; xl;LtJ> n`y;nkl; mzpahky; thfdk; xl;LtJ Nghd;w
nray;fspy; <Lglhky; tpjpfis fz;bg;ghf gpd;gw;w Ntz;Lk;. NkYk; Nghf;Ftuj;Jf; fhtyh;
fhl;Lk; iriffis mwpe;J mjw;Ff; fPo;g;gba Ntz;Lk;. ehd; gfph;e;Jnfhz;l rhiy tpjpfisg;
gw;wpa topKiwfisg; gpd;gw;wp elg;gha; vd ek;GfpNwd;.
ed;wp!
,g;gbf;F>
cd; md;Gs;s mz;zd;>
,sQ;nropad;
n
ciwNky; Kfthp
l.i
f. kzpkhwd;
j.ng. k. fz;zd;>
19> Ky;iy efh;>
kJiu - 8
da
ka
tp.vz; : 40 - glk; czh;j;Jk; fUj;J - Ie;J njhlu;fs;> gj;jp> ftpij vOJjy;.
vi
Fwpg;G : ,f;Nfs;tp glk; nfhLj;J fUj;J my;yJ ftpij 5 tupfspy; vOJkhW mikAk;.
al
nkhopNahL tpisahL gFjp : gf;f vz; : 13> 26> 39> 55> 68> 82> 102> 121> 136
.k
glk; czu;j;Jk; fUj;ij eaKw Ie;J njhlu;fspy; vOJf.

1. [MAY – 2022]
w
czit Urpg;gtu; ahuhapDk;>

mij fz;L urpg;gtu; jhNa!
w
czit gfpu;tJ jhahdhYk;>

mij Kjypy; cz;gtu; ehNk!
w
jhapd; gupkhWk; md;G!

mtspd; rpwe;j gz;G!
jd; grp mlf;fp ek; grp Mw;Wk; - jhapd;
md;gpw;F epfu; NtnwJTk; cz;Nlh…?
2. kdpjUs; ,y;iy NtWghL [SEP - 2021]
gfpu;e;J nfhLg;gjpy; ,y;iy ghFghL
cotpd; gfpu;T cotdpd; ifapy;
nfhLj;jtd; epiwT cz;ltd; tapw;wpy;
kdk; kfpo;e;J nfhL
kd epiwT ngW.
3. ve;jpu kdpjDld; rJuq;fk; tpisahLk; rpWtd;
vjpu;fhyj;jpy; tpisahl ve;jpu kdpjNd ,Ug;ghd;
gpw;fhyj;jpy; ve;jpuq;fNs ek; cwtpdh;fshf khWk;
tpdhj;jhs;
tpdhj;jhs;
njhFg;G
njhFg;G
kdpj ,dj;jpd; tsu;r;rpf;F cjTtJ ve;jpuq;fs;

kdpju;fSld; goFk; epiy khwp> [SEP- 2020]
,ae;jpuq;fSld;; goFk; epiy te;Jtpl;lJ.
4. te;Njhiu md;Gld; mioj;Jg; Gd;difAld;

tpUe;jpdUf;F [PTA -2]
thioapiyapy; cztpl;L fisg;gpd;wp cgrhpj;J
kfpo;NthL ghpkhWk; md;G!
jkpo;ehl;bd; jiyaha gz;G!
5. thdk; tPo;e;J NghdhYk; [MDL -19]
fly; xUehs; nghq;fpdhYk;
R+upad; ek;ikr; Rl;L vupj;jhYk;
epyk; gpse;J mfd;whYk;
#iw Rod;W mbj;jhYk;
mwk; vd;Wk; tPohJ...
6. jkpoupd; ghuk;gupa milahsk; [PTA -6]

tsHj;J te;j fiy
gy fUtpfspd; Kd;Ndhbaha;
jpfo;e;j fiy
,d;W jpf;Fj; njupahj
fhl;by; jdpkukha; vOe;J
n
epw;fNt cuk; Njb miyfpwJ...
l.i
tp.vz; : 41 – gbtj;jpid epug;Gjy;
da
Fwpg;G : ,f;Nfs;tp gbtj;jpid epug;GkhW mikAk;. tpdhj;jhspy; gbtk; nfhLf;fg;gl;L ,Uf;Fk;.
khztu;fs; nfhLf;fg;gl;Ls;s gbtj;ij tpilAld; tpdhj;jhspy; cs;s gbtj;jpd;
ka
mikg;gpNyNa tpilj;jhspy; vOj Ntz;Lk;.
1. gbtj;ij epug;Gf. (TB) (,ay; - 5)
vi
E}yf cWg;gpdH gbtk; [PTA – 3, 4]

al
jpUr;rpuhg;gs;sp khtl;l E}yf Mizf;FO

ika / fpis / CHg;Gw E}yfk; ika E}yfk; - jpUr;rp khtl;lk;
.k
cWg;gpdH NrHf;if ml;il

w
ml;il vz; cWg;gpdH vz; 578980

k. fdpnkhop
w
1. ngaH :
2. je;ij ngaH : g. kzptz;zd;
w
3. gpwe;j ehs; : 27.12.2002

4. taJ : 17
5. gbg;G : gj;jhk; tFg;G
6. njhiyNgrp vz; : 9777765000
7. Kftup : f.vz; 28/590> fhe;jp efH>
(mQ;ry; FwpaPl;L vz;Zld;) : ghyf;fiu> jpUr;rp – 630 002.
ehd; jpUr;rp ika E}yfj;jpy; cWg;gpduhfg; gjpTnra;a ,j;Jld; fhg;Gj;njhif & 20 /- re;jh
njhif & 10 /- Mf nkhj;jk; & 30 /- nuhf;fkhfr; nrYj;JfpNwd;. E}yf eilKiw kw;Wk;
tpjpfSf;Ff; fl;Lg;gLfpNwd; vd cWjpaspf;fpNwd;.
,lk; : jpUr;rp jq;fs; cz;ikAs;s>
ehs; : 15.05.2020 k. fdpnkhop.
jpU / jpUkjp / nry;tp / nry;td; k. fdpnkhop mtHfis> vdf;Fj; njupAk; vdr; rhd;W mspf;fpNwd;.
gpizg;ghsH ifnahg;gk;
tpdhj;jhs;
tpdhj;jhs;
njhFg;G
njhFg;G
(gjtp kw;Wk; mYtyfk;)

mYtyf Kj;jpiu (khepy / ika muR mjpfhupfs;> fy;Y}up Kjy;tHfs;> NguhrpupaHfs;>
caH / Nky;epiyg;gs;sp jiyik MrpupaHfs;> rl;lkd;w / ehlhSkd;w
cWg;gpdHfs;> efuhl;rp / khefuhl;rp / xd;wpa / Ng&uhl;rp cWg;gpdHfs;)

2. nfhLf;fg;gl;l Nky;epiy tFg;Gr; Nru;fi ; f tpz;zg;gg;gbtj;jpid epug;Gf. (m) tPl;L vz; : 21> t.c.
rpjk;gudhu; njU> f&u; khtl;lj;jpy; muR Nky;epiyg; gs;spapy; gj;jhk; tFg;gpid epiwT nra;j
ntw;wpr;nry;tdpd; kfd; FzNrfud; Nky;epiy tFg;gpy; Nru tpUk;Gfpwhu;. Nju;tu; jd;id FzNrfudhff;
fUjp nfhLf;fg;gl;l Nky;epiy tFg;Gr; Nru;fi
; f tpz;zg;gg;gbtj;jpid epug;Gf. (TB) (,ay; - 9)
Nky;epiy tFg;G – Nru;f;if tpz;zg;gk; [PTA – 2, 6, MAY-2022]
Nru;f;if vz; : 101 Njjp : 06 / 05 / 2022 tFg;Gk; gpupTk; : 11 - m
1. khzthpd; ngau; : nt. FzNrfud;;
2. gpwe;j Njjp : 14.04.2006
3. Njrpa ,dk; : ,e;jpad;
4. ngw;Nwhu; / ghJfhtyu; ngau; : ntw;wpr;nry;td;
5. tPl;L Kftup : tPl;L vz; -21> t.c. rpjk;gudhu; njU> f&u;.
6. ,Wjpahfg; gbj;J Kbj;j tFg;G : gj;jhk; tFg;G
7. gapd;w nkhop : jkpo;
8. ,Wjpahfg; gbj;j gs;spapd; Kftup : muR Nky;epiyg; gs;sp> f&u;.
9. gj;jhk; tFg;gpy; ngw;w kjpg;ngz;fs;: 464 / 500
Nju;tpd; ngau; gjpTvz; - Mz;L ghlk; kjpg;ngz;fs;(100)
jkpo; 94
Mq;fpyk; 79
n
,ilepiyg; gs;sp fzpjk; 96
l.i
145772 - 2019
tpLg;Gr; rhd;wpjo; Nju;T mwptpay; 98
nkhj;jk;
da
r%fmwptpay; 97
464
ka
10. khw;Wr; rhd;wpjo; ,izf;fg;gl;Ls;sjh? : Mk;
11. jha;nkhop : jkpo;
: capupay; - fzpjtpay; - jkpo; top
vi
12. Nru tpUk;Gk; ghlg;gpupTk; gapw;W nkhopAk;

,lk; : jpUr;rp khzthpd;; ifnaOj;J>
al
ehs; : 01.05.2022 nt. FzNrfud;.

.k
3. flY}u; khtl;lk;> ghujpahu; efu;> fk;gu; njUtpYs;s 112-Mk; ,yf;f tPl;by; FbapUf;Fk; epytdpd; kfs;
G+q;Foyp> efuhl;rp Nky;epiyg; gs;spapy; gbf;fpwhu;. mtu; tpisahl;L Nkk;ghL Mizaj;jpy; cWg;gpduhfr;
w
Nru;e;J fhy;ge;J tpisahl;by; gapw;rp ngw tpUk;Gfpwhu;. Nju;tu;> jk;ik G+q;Foypahff; fUjp> nfhLf;fg;gl;Ls;s
cWg;gpdu; Nru;f;ifg; gbtj;ij epug;Gf. (m) jkpoe; hL tpisahl;L Nkk;ghl;L Mizaj;jpd; cWg;gpdH
w
NrHf;if tpz;zg;gj;ijg; G+h;j;jp nra;f. [PTA – 1, SEP - 2021]

w
jkpo;ehL tpisahl;L Nkk;ghl;L Mizaj;jpd; cWg;gd

p H NrHf;if tpzz
; g;g g; gbtk;
1. khztupd; ngaH : ep. G+q;Foyp
2. ghypdk; : ngz;
3. gpwe;j ehs; : 01-03-2001
5. ,uj;j tif : ‘O’ positive
6. cauk; kw;Wk; vil : 170 nr.kP> 68 fp.fp
7. ngw;NwhH / ghJfhtyH ngaH : epytd;
8. tPl;L Kftup : 112> fk;gu; njU> ghujpahu; efu;> flY}u;.
9. njhiyNgrp / miyNgrp vz; : 9867364583
10. ,Wjpahfg; gbj;J Kbj;j tFg;G : gd;dpnuz;lhk; tFg;G
11. gs;sapd; Kftup : J}a rNtupahH Nky;epiyg; gs;sp> flY}u;.
12. NrutpUk;Gk; tpisahl;L : fhy;ge;J
NrHf;if vz; : 152
tpdhj;jhs;
tpdhj;jhs;
njhFg;G
njhFg;G
khztupd; ifnaOj;J : ep. G+q;Foyp

,lk; : jpUr;rp
ehs; : 11.07.2021
ngw;NwhH / ghJfhtyupd; ifnaOj;J: epytd;

4. jl;lr;ru; gzp tha;g;G Ntz;b jd;tptug; gl;bay; (m) vOj;jh; gzpNtz;b> Ntiytha;g;gpw;fhff;
nfhLf;fg;gl;l jd;tptug; gl;baiyg; G+h;j;jp nra;f. [MDL – 19, PTA – 5] (m) vz;-6> ghujpahh; njU> ePyfphp
khtl;lj;jyp ; trpf;Fk; jkpouRtpd; kfs; G+q;nfhb> fzpdgp ; gapw;Weh; gzp Ntz;b jd;tptug; gl;baiy epug;Gfpwhh;.
Njh;th;> jd;id G+qn ; fhbahfg; ghtpjJ
; gzp tha;g;G Ntz;b jd;tt p ug; gl;baiy epug;Gf.[SEP- 2020] (m) gzp
tha;g;G Ntz;b jd; tptug; gl;bay; nfhLf;fg;gl;Ls;s tptuq;fisf; nfhz;L gbtj;ij epug;Gf. ngau; : mUsd;>
je;ij : nry;tk;> Kftup : fjT vz;. 25> jpyfu; njU> kJiu tlf;F - 2. [AUG – 2022]
gzp tha;g;G Ntz;b jd;tptug; gl;bay; epug;Gjy;
1. ngaH : j. G+q;nfhb / nr. mUsd;
2. ghypdk; : ngz; / Mz;
3. gpwe;j ehs; kw;Wk; taJ : 23.10.1996> 26
5. ngw;NwhH / ghJfhtyH ngaH : jkpouR / nry;tk;
6. tPl;L Kftup : 6> ghujpahu; njU> ePyfpup. / 25> jpyfu; njU> kJiu tlf;F-2.
7. njhiyNgrp / miyNgrp vz; : 8999632584
8. gj;jhk; tFg;gpy; ngw;w kjpg;ngz; : 426 / 500
9. fy;tpj; jFjp : BCA
10. jha;nkhop : jkpo;
11. gapd;w nkhopfs; : jkpo;> Mq;fpyk;
n
12. jl;lr;R : jkpo;> Mq;fpyk; - rPdpaH fpNuL
l.i
13. fzpdp : PGDCA and Tally
Nkw;fz;l tpguq;fs; midj;Jk; cz;iknad cWjp $WfpNwd;. jq;fs; epWtdj;jpy;
da
jl;lr;Rg; / fzpdpg; gapw;Weu; gzpapidj;je;jhy;> vd; gzpiar; rpwg;ghfTk; cz;ikahfTk;
nra;Ntd; vd cWjpaspf;fpNwd;.
ka
ed;wp
,g;gbf;F
vi
jq;fs; cz;ikAs;s>
j. G+q;nfhb / nr. mUsd;
al
,lk; : ePyfpup / kJiu

.k
ehs; : 23.09.2022
tp.vz; : 42 - nkhopngau;g;G
w
Fwpg;G : ,g;gFjpapy; nkhopngau;g;Gf; Nfs;tp my;yJ nkhopNahL tpisahL gFjpapy; ,Ue;J VNjDk;
w
Nfs;tp Nfl;fg;gLk;.
nkhopngau;gG; f; Nfs;tp – 10 (,ay; - 1)> 24 (,ay; - 2)> 36 (,ay; - 3)> 53 (,ay; - 4)> 66 (,ay; - 5)>
w
80 (,ay; - 6)> 100 (,ay; - 7)> 117 (,ay; - 8)> 133 (,ay; - 9)
nrtpkhw;Wj; jpwdhsu;fSf;fhd khw;W tpdh : ciug;gj;jpia gbj;J tpdhf;fSf;F tpil jUf.
gf;f vz; : (gFjp -3> gpupT – 1) 148 - 153
tp.vz; : 43 - 45 gFjp – V : vl;L kjpg;ngz; tpdhf;fs; 3 ൈ 8 ൌ 24

tp.vz; : 43 - ciueil neLtpdh
Fwpg;G : ,e;jg; gFjpapy; 2 ciueil neLtpdhf;fs; nfhLj;J 1 vOJkhW Nfl;fg;gLk;.
ciueil gFjpapy; cs;s midj;J neLtpdhf;fisAk; gbj;Jf; nfhs;sTk;.
tp.vz; : 44 - Jizg;ghlk; neLtpdh
Fwpg;G : ,e;jg; gFjpapy; 2 Jizg;ghl neLtpdhf;fs; nfhLj;J 1 vOJkhW Nfl;fg;gLk;.
Jizg;ghlg; gFjpapy; cs;s midj;J neLtpdhf;fisAk; gbj;Jf; nfhs;sTk;.
tp.vz; : 45 - nghJf;fl;Liu
tpdhj;jhs;
tpdhj;jhs;
njhFg;G
njhFg;G
Fwpg;G : ,e;jg; gFjpapy; 2 nghJf;fl;Liufs; nfhLj;J 1 vOJkhW Nfl;fg;gLk;. ,Jtiu Nju;tpy;

Nfl;fg;gl;l nghJf;fl;Liufs; ,g;gFjpapy; nfhLf;fg;gl;Ls;sd.
Å ,ij jtpu neLtpdhfs;> fw;git fw;wgpd; Nghd;w gFjpfspy; cs;s nghJj;jiyg;Gfs;
fl;Liuahf Nfl;fg;glyhk;. mtw;iw ed;F gbj;Jf; nfhs;sTk;.

1. Fkupf; fly;KidiaAk;> Ntq;fl kiyKfl;ilAk; vy;iyahff; nfhz;l njd;dtu;
jpUehl;bw;Fg; Gfo; Njbj;je;j ngUik> jifrhy; jkpod;idiar; rhUk;. vopy;Nru; fd;dpaha;
vd;Wk; jpfOk; mt;td;idf;F> gps;isj;jkpo; Ngrp> rjfk; rikj;J> guzp ghb> fyk;gfk; fz;L>
cyhte;J> me;jhjp $wp> Nfhit ahj;J> mzpahfg; G+l;b mo$l;b mfk;kpf kfpo;e;jdu; nre;ehg;
Gytu;fs;. (,ay; - 1)) [PTA – 1, MDL - 19]
,f;fUj;ijf; fUthff; nfhz;L ‘rhd;Nwhu; tsu;j;j jkpo;’ vd;Dk; jiyg;gpy; fl;Liu vOJf.
jiyg;G – rhd;Nwhu; tsu;j;j jkpo;
Fwpg;Gr;rl;lfk;
Å Kd;Diu
Å ige;jkpo;r; rpwg;G
Å gps;isj;jkpOf;Ff; FkuFUguh;
Å rjfj;jpw;F Kd;Ndhb khzpf;fthrfh;
Å guzpf;Nfhh; nraq;nfhz;lhh;
Å fyk;gfj;jpw;F ,ul;ilah;fs;
Å Nfhit> cyh> me;jhjpf;F xl;lf;$j;jh;
Å KbTiu
Å Kd;Diu :
ek; vz;zq;fisg; gpwUf;Fj; njhptpf;fTk;> gpwUila czh;Tfis ehk;
Ghpe;Jnfhs;sTk; cjTtJ nkhopNa MFk;. ehfhpfk; tsu tsu> Ngr;R tof;F nkhopnay;yhk;
n
vOj;J tbtk; ngw;wd. nkhop tsh;r;rpapd; njhlf;fj;jpy; mUk;gzp Ghpe;j rhd;Nwhh;fspd;
l.i
jkpo;g;gzp Fwpj;J gpd;tUkhW fhzyhk;.
Å ige;jkpo; rpwg;G :
da
gz;ila fhyj;jpy; tlf;Nf Ntq;flkiy Kjy; njw;Nf FkhpKid tiu jkpo; gutpapUe;jJ.
fhyq;fs; gy khwpdhYk;> fz;lq;fs; gy mope;jhYk;> mopahj rpwg;Gila nkhopahfj; jkpo;nkhop
ka
jpfo;fpwJ. nre;jkpoha;> tz;lkpoha;> ige;jkpoha; tyk; tUk; xNu nkhop jkpo; nkhopahFk;.
Å gps;isj;jkpOf;Ff; FkuFUguh; :
vi
flTsiuNah kf;fSs; rpwe;jtiuNah Foe;ijahf vz;zp> Foe;ijg; gUt epfo;r;rpfs;

mikag;ghLtJ gps;isj;jkpo; MFk;. gps;isj;jkpo; E}y;fspy; rpwe;j E}yhff; fUjg;gLtJ
al
FkuFUguh; KUff; flTisf; Foe;ijahfg; ghtpj;Jg; ghba Kj;Jf;Fkhu Rthkp

.k
gps;isj;jkpo; MFk;.
Å rjfj;jpw;F Kd;Ndhb khzpf;fthrfh; :
w
mfg;nghUs; gw;wpNah> Gwg;nghUs; gw;wpNah E}W nra;As;fspy; ciug;gJ rjfk;

vdg;gLk;. jkpopy; Njhd;wpa Kjy; rjfk; khzpf;fthrfhpd; jpUr;rjfk; MFk;.
w
Å guzpf;Nfhh; nraq;nfhz;lhh; :
w
NghhpNy Mapuk; ahidfisf; nfhd;W ntw;wpngWk; tPuh;fs;Nky; ghlg;gLtJ guzp

,yf;fpakhFk;. nraq;nfhz;lhh; vOjpa fypq;fj;Jg;guzp> guzp ,yf;fpaq;fspy; rpwg;ghdJ MFk;.
Å fyk;gfj;jpw;F ,ul;ilah;fs; :
,iwtidNah> muridNah> jiytdhff; nfhz;L gy tif nra;As;fisf; fye;J
ghlg;gLk; rpw;wpyf;fpak; fyk;gfk; MFk;. ,it> gytifg; ghf;fshYk;> ghtiffshYk;
ghlg;gLfpwJ. KJR+hpah;> ,sQ;R+hpah; vd;w ,ul;ilah;fshy; ghlg;ngw;w jpy;iyf;fyk;gfk;
kpfr;rpwg;ghdJ MFk;.
Å Nfhit> cyh> me;jhjpf;F xl;lf;$j;jh; :
Nfhit vd;why; tupir@ tupirahff; Nfhf;fg;gl;lJ vd;W nghUs;. ,yf;fpaq;fspy;
mfg;nghUs; epfo;r;rpfisNah> Gwg;nghUs; epfo;r;rpfisNah tupirahfg; ghLtjhy; Nfhit
vdg;gl;lJ. cyh vd;gJ> ghl;Lilj;jiytd; cyh tUjYk; mtidf;fz;L VO gUt kfsph;
kdk; kfpo;jYk; cyh ,yf;fpak; MFk;. xU nra;Aspd; ,Wjpapy; cs;s vOj;Njh> mirNah>
rPNuh> mbNah mLj;J tUk; nra;Aspd; Kjyhf mikAk;gb ghLtJ me;jhjp MFk;. ,k;%d;W
rpw;wpyf;fpa tiffisg; ghLtjpy; xl;lf;$j;jh; kpfTk; jpwikahdth; Mthh;.
Å KbTiu :
jkpo; jdpj;jpaq;Fk; ,ay;GilaJ. fhyj;jhy; mopahj fd;dpj; jkpoha; ,sikAld;
tpdhj;jhs;
tpdhj;jhs;
njhFg;G
njhFg;G
jpfof;$baJ. jkpopd; njhd;ikAk; J}a;ikAk; tz;ikAk; tdg;Gk; cyf mstpy; cs;s

midtiuAk; <u;j;Js;sJ. jkpo; tsu;r;rpngw ,isa jiyKiwapduhd ehk; ehSk; rhd;Nwhu;
top njhz;lhw;WNthk;!
NjkJuj; jkpNohir cyfnkyhk; guTk; tif nra;jy; Ntz;Lk;!

2.‘tpz;ntspAk; fy;gdh rht;yhTk;’ (my;yJ) Fwpg;Gfisf; nfhz;L fl;Liu vOjp>jiyg;G xd;W jUf.
Fwpg;Gfs;: Kd;Diu - jkpod; mwptpaypd; Kd;Ndhb - tpz;ntspAk; fy;gdhr; rht;yhTk; -
tpz;zpay; mwptpy; ekJ flik - KbTiu. (,ay;-4)) [AUG – 22, PTA – 4, MDL – 19, SEP – 20]
Fwpg;Gr;rl;lfk;
Å Kd;Diu
Å jkpod; mwptpay; Kd;Ndhb
Å tpz;ntspAk; fy;gdhrht;yhTk;
Å nfhyk;gpah tpz;fy epfo;T
Å tpUJfSk; mq;fPfhuq;fSk;
Å tpz;zpay; mwptpy; ekJ flik
Å KbTiu
Kd;Diu
“MZf;Fg; ngz; epfu;" vd;w ghujpapd; thf;fpw;F Vw;g> cyfpy; Kjd;Kiwahf xU
ngz; tpz;ntspapy; gazpg;gJ ghuhl;lg;gl Ntz;ba rhjidNa. ,j;jF mUk;ngUk;
rhjidGhpe;j ngz;Fyj;jpd; nghd;tpsf;F ‘fy;gdh rht;yh’ mth;fspd; tpz;ntsp rhjid
gw;wpg; gpd;tUkhW tphpthff; fhzyhk;.
jkpod; mwptpay; Kd;Ndhb :
jkpodpd; mwptpay; vd;gJ goe;jkpo; ,yf;fpaq;fs; fhl;Lk; cz;ikahFk;. jkpou;fs;
gue;Jgl;l mwptpay; rpe;jid cilatu;fs;. tpz;zpay;> kz;zpay;> tpyq;fpay;> ePupay;>
n
thdpay;> kUj;Jtk; Kjypa mwptpay; $WfisAk; ed;F czu;e;jtu;fs;. ‘jkpod; mwptpay;
l.i
Kd;Ndhb’ vd;w $w;W cyfk; mwpe;j xd;whf khWk;.
tpz;ntspAk; fy;gdhrht;yhTk; :
da
Å gpwg;G: fy;gdh rht;yh 01.07.1961,y; ùpahdh khepyj;jpy; fu;dy; vd;w Cupy; gpwe;jhu;.
,tUila ngw;Nwhu; gdhu];yhy; rht;yh-rd;Nahfpjh.
Å fy;gdh rht;yh 1995,y; ehrh tpz;ntsptPuH gapw;rpf;FOtpy; NrHe;jhH. mLj;j ,uz;L
ka
Mz;Lfspy; “nfhyk;gpah tpz;ntsp CHjpahd v];.b.v];-87",y; (STS-87) gazk;
nra;tjw;Fj; NjHT nra;ag;gl;lhH.
vi
Å 1997 Mk; Mz;L Nkw;nfhz;l ,e;jg; gazj;jpy;> RkhH 372 kzp Neuk; tpz;ntspapy;
al
,Ue;J rhjid Gupe;J ntw;wpfukhfg; g+kp jpUk;gpdhH. ,jd; %yk; tpz;ntspf;Fr; nrd;w
Kjy; ,e;jpag;ngz; vd;w ngUikAk; ngw;whH.
.k
nfhyk;gpah tpz;fy epfo;T :

Å 2003-k; Mz;L [dtup 16-e; Njjp tpz;ntsp Muha;r;rpf;fhf> mnkupf;fhtpd; nfd;db
w
epiyaj;jpypUe;J nfhyk;gpah tpz;fyk; v];.b.v];-107 mDg;gp itf;fg;gl;lJ.

Å ,e;jpa tk;rhtsp ngz;zhfpa fy;gdh rht;yh cs;spl;l 7 NgH mjpy; gazpj;jdH.
w
Å 16 ehs; Ma;it Kbj;J ntw;wpfukhf g+kpf;Fj; jpUk;gpa mtHfs; nrd;w me;j tpz;fyk;>
w
mnkupf;fhtpd; nlf;]h]; thd;gug;gpy; ntbj;Jr; rpjwpaJ.

Å fy;gdh rht;yh cs;gl VO tpiykjpg;gw;w tpz;ntsp tPuHfSk; gypahfpdH.
tpUJfSk; mq;fPfhuq;fSk; :
Å mnkupf;ff; fhq;fpurpd; tpz;ntspg; gjf;fk;> ehrhtpd; tpz;Nzhl;ug; gjf;fk;> ehrhtpd;
rpwg;GkpF Nritf;fhd gjf;fk; Nghd;wit toq;fg;gl;ld.
Å [_iy 19> 2001-y; fz;Lgpbf;fg;gl;l 51826 vDk; vz;izf; nfhz;l rpWNfhs; xd;wpw;Ff;
fy;gdh rht;yhtpd; ngaH itf;fg;gl;Ls;sJ.
tpz;zpay; mwptpy; ekJ flik :
Å etPd fhyj;jpy; tpz;ntspf;fy;tp vd;gJ midtUf;Fk; mtrpakhdjhFk;.
Å rpWtajpypUe;Nj Gjpatw;iwf; fz;Lgpbf;Fk; Mh;tj;ijf; Foe;ijfsplk; tsh;f;f Ntz;Lk;.
Å NkYk;> gs;spg;gUtj;jpy; tpQ;Qhdpfs; Ghpe;j rhjidfisAk; mth;fspd; jpahfq;fisAk;
gw;wpf; $w Ntz;Lk;.
Å Nky;;epiyf;fy;tpapy;> ‘tpz;ntspf;fy;tp’ vd;w jdpg;ghlg;gphpitNa khzth;fs; gbj;jhy;
ek; Foe;ijfSk; ,sk; tpQ;Qhdpfshf tsuf;$Lk;.
KbTiu
tpdhj;jhs;
tpdhj;jhs;
~fdTfisf; fz;L me;jf; fdTfis edthf;Ftjw;F tplhKaw;rpNahLk;>

njhFg;G
njhFg;G
KOkdNjhLk; nray;gl;lhy; ntw;wp epr;rak;| vd;w cz;ikia cyfpw;F czHj;jpr;nrd;w

tPug;ngz;iz ehKk; Nghw;WNthk;.
jd;dk;gpf;ifAk; tplhKaw;rpAk; ,yl;rpak; vDk;
tpz;iz vl;Lk; VTfizfs; vd;W czu itj;jth; rht;yh!

3. cq;fs; gFjpapy; eilngw;w muRg; nghUl;fhl;rpf;Fr; nrd;W te;j epfo;itf; fl;Liuahf;Ff. (m)
Fwpg;Gfisf; nfhz;L nghUl;fhl;rpf;Fr; nrd;w epfo;itf; fl;Liuahf vOJf. (m) ePq;fs; nrd;W te;j
muRg;nghUl;fhl;rpapy; mwptpg;G> mikg;G> rpW mq;fhbfs;> epfo;j;jg;gl;l fiyfs;> Ngr;ruq;fk;> murpd;
eyj;jpl;lq;fs; Fwpj;j tpsf;f muq;Ffs; Nghd;wtw;iwf; Fwpg;Gfshff; nfhz;L fl;Liu xd;iw vOJf.
(m) Kd;Diu - nghUl;fhl;rp tiffs; - nrd;idapy; muR nghUl;fhl;rp - Jiw muq;Ffs; - nghOJNghf;F
tpw;gid - nghUl;fhl;rpahy; tpisAk; ed;ikfs; - KbTiu. (,ay; - 6)) [PTA –2, 5, AUG –22]
Fwpg;Gr;rl;lfk;
Å Kd;Diu
Å EioTr;rl P ;L
Å gy;Jiw muq;Ffs;
Å mq;fhbfs;
Å nghOJNghf;F mk;rq;fs;
Å KbTiu
Kd;Diu
cyfpy; fz;L tpaf;fj;jf;f nghUl;fs; ehs;NjhWk; Njhd;wpf;nfhz;Nl ,Uf;fpd;wd.
mt;thW Njhd;Wk; Gjpa nghUl;fisf; fhzTk; thq;fTk; Ntz;Lnkd;W kf;fs;
tpUk;Gfpd;wdh;. muRg; nghUl;fhl;rp vd;gJ murpd; jpl;lq;fisAk;> rhjidfisAk;
tpsf;Ftjhf mikf;fg;gLtjhFk;. mt;thNw vq;fs; Chpy; muRg;nghUl;fhl;rp
n
elj;jg;gLtjhf mwptpg;G nra;ag;gl;lJ. vdNt ehDk; vq;fs; Chpy; NeU jplypy; eilngw;w
l.i
muR nghUl;fhl;rpf;Ff; FLk;gj;Jld; nrd;Wte;Njhk;. mq;Nf> ehd; fz;L kfpo;e;j epfo;Tfis
cq;fSld; gfph;e;J nfhs;s tpUk;GfpNwd;.
EioTr;rl P ;L da
nghUl;fhl;rpiaf; fz;Lfspf;f EioTf; fl;lzkhfg; gj;J tajpw;F cl;gl;lth;fSf;F
20 &ghAk;> gj;J tajpw;F Nkw;gl;lth;fSf;F 50 &ghAk; tR+ypj;jhh;fs;. EioTr;rPl;ilg;
ka
ngw;Wf; nfhz;L Mh;tkhf cs;Ns nrd;Nwhk;.
gy;Jiw muq;Ffs;
vi
muRg; nghUl;fhl;rpapd; ntspg;Gw mikg;G kpfTk; tpaf;fj;jf;f tifapy;

al
mike;jpUe;jJ. muq;f thapypd; Kfg;gpy; tuNtw;G tisT moFw mikf;fg;gl;bUe;jJ.

khiyNeukhjyhy; gy;NtW tz;z tpsf;Ffspd; xspapy; muq;fk; xsph;e;jJ. “tsu;r;rp
.k
Nehf;fpj; jkpo;ehL” vd;w Kfg;G mwptpg;G vy;NyhiuAk; tuNtw;Wf; nfhz;bUe;jJ. murpd;

xt;nthU JiwAk; jj;jk; murpd; eyj;jpl;lq;fs; kw;Wk; rhjidfis tpsf;Fk; tpjj;jpy;
w
fhl;rpg;gLj;jg;gl;L ,Ue;jJ.
w
Kjypy; ehd; Eioe;jJ Ntshz;JiwNa! tptrhaj;jpy; Vw;gLk; khw;wq;fSk;

Kd;Ndw;wq;fSkhd nra;jpfs; ,Ue;jd. ,aw;if cuk; gad;gLj;Jjy;> nrhl;LePu;g;ghrd Kiw>
w
gapu;g;ghJfhg;G> cw;gj;jpiag; ngUf;Fk; topfs; Nghd;w nray;ghLfs; glq;fs; topahf>

jpiuapy; tpsf;fg;gl;ld. NkYk; kf;fs; ey;tho;Tj;Jiw> Cuf tsu;r;rpj;Jiw> gl;Lg;GOf;fs;
tsu;g;Gj;Jiw> FbePu; tbfhy; thupak;> nghJg; gzpj;Jiw Nghd;w gy;NtWgl;l tpsf;f
muq;Ffspd; njhopy;El;g Kiwfs; ed;F gad;gLkhW mike;jd.
mq;fhbfs;
nghUl;fhl;rpapy; Mq;fhq;Nf rpW rpW mq;fhbfs; mikf;fg;gl;bUe;jd. mtw;wpy;
tPl;Lg;gad;ghl;L nghUl;fs;> E}y;fs;> czTg;nghUl;fs; Mfpait tpw;gid nra;ag;gl;ld.
vq;fisg;Nghy; VuhskhNdhh; FLk;gj;Jld; te;jpUe;jdh;. ehq;fs; tPl;L xg;gidg; nghUl;fs;>
tpUg;gkhd E}y;fs; thq;fpNdhk; kw;Wk; czTg;nghUl;fshd nly;yp mg;gsk;> kpsfha; g[;[p>
gdpf;$o; Mfpatw;iw cz;L kfpo;e;Njhk;.
nghOJNghf;F mk;rq;fs;
epfo;fiyfshd ngha;f;fhy; Fjpiuahl;lk;> Gypahl;lk;> xapyhl;lk; Nghd;wit
fz;fSf;F tpUe;jhf mike;jd. khiyNeuj;jpy; elj;jg;gl;l Ngr;ruq;fk; jw;fhy
gpur;ridfis eifr;Ritaha; $Wtjhf mike;jpUe;;jJ. kdjpw;Fg; Gj;Jzh;r;rp jUk;
tpdhj;jhs;
tpdhj;jhs;
,uhl;bdq;fs;> Nga; tPL> gdp tPL> Kg;ghpkhz jpiuauq;fk;> kPd; fhl;rpafk; Nghd;w gy;NtW
njhFg;G
njhFg;G
nghOJNghf;F mk;rq;fs; ,Ue;jd.

KbTiu
nghUl;fhl;rpf;F vd; FLk;gj;jhUld; nrd;W te;jJ kdjpw;F kpfTk; kfpo;r;rpahf
,Ue;jJ. ,g;nghUl;fhl;rp epfo;Tfis vd;dhy; xU NghJk; kwf;f KbahJ.

4. Kd;Diu - coTj;njhopy; - coth; - coTj;njhopypd; ,d;wpaikahik - coth;fis kjpj;jy; -
cztpid tPzhf;fhky; cz;Zjy; - KbTiu (my;yJ) Kd;Diu - coNt jkpou; gz;ghl;bd;
kFlk; - coTj;njhopYf;F te;jid nra;Nthk; - Rod;Wk; Vu;g;gpd;dJ cyfk; - KbTiu.
,f;Fwpg;Gfisg; gad;gLj;jpf; fl;Liu xd;W vOjp> nghUj;jkhd jiyg;gpLf. [SEP – 2021, PTA – 4]
jiyg;G - coTj;njhopYf;F te;jid nra;Nthk;
Fwpg;Gr;rl;lfk;
Å Kd;Diu
Å coNt jkpou; gz;ghl;bd; kFlk;
Å coTj; njhopypd; rpwg;Gfs;
Å cotu; mr;rhzp Nghd;wtu;
Å cupikNahL tho;tu;
Å cotu;fis kjpj;jy;
Å cztpid tPzhf;fhky; cz;Zjy;
Å KbTiu
Kd;Diu
kdpj tho;f;iff;F mtrpakhfTk;> MjhukhfTk; tpsq;FtJ czT> cil> ePu; MfpadthFk;.
kdpj ciog;gpd; Kf;fpaj;Jtk; vd;gJ czit mbg;gilahf nfhz;Nl mikfpwJ. me;j czitAk;>
mij tpistpf;Fk; cotidAk; gw;wp gy ghly;fspy; $wg;gl;Ls;sJ. vdNt mg;gbg;gl;l coitAk;>
cotu; gz;ghl;ilAk; gw;wp ,f;fl;Liuapy; fhz;Nghk;.
coNt jkpou; gz;ghl;bd; kFlk; :
n
jpUf;Fwspy; coT vd;w mjpfhuk; 104-tJ mjpfhukhf mike;Js;sJ. vUtpLthd;>
fyg;igahy; epyj;ij cOJ gz;gLj;Jthd; (rpWgQ;r%yk;.52) cotDf;F vUJfs; ,y;yhik
l.i
,d;dh. epyj;jpd; <uk; ,y;yhik ,d;dh (,d;dhehw;gJ.4). epyj;ij cOJ tpijj;J new;gapH
tpis (Mj;jp#b.82) xUtiu tzq;fp tho;jiytpl cOJ tpisj;J tho;jy; ,dpJ. gz;zpa
da
gapupy; Gz;zpak; njupAk;. coT top tUk; nry;tk; Fd;whJ (nfhd;iw Nte;jd;.77) coTg;
gzpNa rpwe;jJ. gpw gzp vy;yhk; gOJilait (ey;top.12) cotHf;F moF jhNd cioj;J
tpisj;j czit cz;Zjy;> cOnjhopiyr; nra;J czT cz;zhJ twpNj Vioahf
ka
,Ug;NghH gjuhtH.
coTj; njhopypd; rpwg;Gfs; : cyfk; gy njhopy; nra;J Rod;whYk; VHj;njhopiyg; gpd;gw;wpNa
vi
epw;Fk;. mjdhy; vt;tsT Jd;gkhdhYk; coNt rpwe;j njhopyhFk; vd;W ts;StH

Fwpg;gpl;Ls;shH. ,jid>
al
Rod;Wk;VHg; gpd;dJ cyfk; mjdhy;

coe;Jk; coNt jiy - vd;w Fwspd; top njspTgLj;jpAs;shH.
.k
cotH mr;rhzp Nghd;wtH : coTj;njhopy; nra;gtu; typik ,y;yhJ> gpw njhopy; nra;fpd;wtiuAk;
jhq;Ftjhy;> cyfj;jhHf;F mr;rhzp Nghd;wtH mtH ,jid>
w
cOthH cyfj;jhHf;F Mzpm/J Mw;whJ

vOthiu vy;yhk; nghWj;J - vd;w Fws; ntspg;gLj;JfpwJ.
w
cupikNahL tho;tH : coTnra;J tho;gtNu cupikNahL tho;thu;. tpis epyq;fs; tPL Mjy;
kw;wtH gpwiuj; njhOJ mtH gpd; nrd;W tho;tH. ,jid>
w
cOJz;L tho;thNu tho;thH kw;nwy;yhk;

njhOJz;L gpd;nry; gtH - vd;w Fws; ntspg;gLj;JfpwJ.
cotu;fis kjpj;jy; : czT ,y;iynad;why; kdpjdhy; capHtho KbahJ. cotd; ~Nrw;wpy; fhy;
itj;jhy;jhd;> ehk; Nrhw;wpy; ifitf;f KbAk;|.
,uthu; ,ug;ghu;f;nfhd;W <tu; futhJ
ifnra;J}z; khiy atu;
jk;kplk; Nfl;L te;jtu;f;F ,y;iy vd;W nrhy;yhky; nfhLf;Fk; cotiu ehk; kjpf;f
Ntz;Lk;. cotu;fs; ciog;ig epWj;jp tpl;lhy; ek;khy; cz;z KbahJ vd;gij kdjpy;
epWj;JNthk;. cotu;f;fhd kjpg;G vd;gJ ehk; cz;Zk; czit tPzhf;fhkYk;> cztpd;wp
jtpg;NghUf;F cjtp GuptjpYk; cs;sJ. vy;yhj; njhopiyAk; tpl rpwe;j njhopy; coTj; njhopNy
vd ma;ad; ts;Std; md;Nw ciuj;Js;shu;. mg;gbg;gl;l cotu;fis kjpj;J fhf;f Ntz;baJ
ek; xt;nthUtupd; flikahFk;.
cztpid tPzhf;fhky; cz;Zjy; :
cyfpy; Nfhbf;fzf;fhd kf;fs; Cl;lr;rj;J fpilf;fhkYk;> gl;bdpahYk; ghjpf;fg;gLfpd;wdu;.
cyfpy; vijf; nfhLj;jhYk;> ‘,J NghjhJ... ,d;Dk; mjpfkhff; nfhLj;jpUf;fyhk;’ vd;W kdk;
rpe;jpf;Fk;. Mdhy;> czT kl;Lk;jhd; ‘NghJk;’ vd;W nrhy;y itf;Fk;. me;j czit tPzhf;f
$lhJ. czTg; nghUl;fis tptrhapfs; cw;gj;jp nra;J Kbg;gjw;Fs; gy Jd;gq;fis
tpdhj;jhs;
tpdhj;jhs;
njhFg;G
njhFg;G
mDgtpf;fpd;wdu;. vdNt czit tPzhf;fhky; Njitf;Nfw;g gad;gLj;jyhk;.

KbTiu
jkpofj;jpy; ,d;wsTk; coTj;njhopy; rpwe;jjhff; fhzg;gLfpwJ. coTj; njhopypd; %yk;
tpisAk; nghUl;fis ,d;wsTk; cl;nfhz;L kf;fs; capH tho;fpd;wdH. cotu;fs; ciog;ig
epWj;jp tpl;lhy; ek;khy; cz;z KbahJ vd;gij kdjpy; epWj;JNthk;.

5. Fwpg;Gfisf;; nfhz;L fl;Liu xd;W vOjpj; jiyg;gpLf. [PTA - 3, SEP – 2021, MAY - 2022]
Fwpg;Gfs;: Kd;Diu - rhiyg; ghJfhg;G capu;g; ghJfhg;G - rhiy tpjpfs; - Cu;jp Xl;LeUf;fhd
newpfs; - tpgj;Jfisj; jtpu;g;Nghk;> tpopg;Gzu;T jUNthk; - KbTiu.
jiyg;G : rhiy ghJfhg;G
Fwpg;Gr;rl;lfk;
Å Kd;Diu
Å rhiyg;ghJfhg;G
Å rhiytpjpfs;
Å Ch;jp Xl;LeUf;fhd newpfs;
Å rhiy tpopg;Gzh;T
Å KbTiu
Kd;Diu
kdpj tho;tpd;; md;whlj; NjitfSs; Kf;fpakhdJ Nghf;Ftuj;J. rhiyfspy; nry;Yk;
thfdq;fspd; vz;zpf;if ehSf;Fehs; ngUfpf; nfhz;Nl tUfpd;wd. Mdhy; me;j msTf;Fr;
rhiyfs; ngUftpy;iy. rpf;fyw;w ghJfhg;ghd gazj;jpw;F cjTk; rhiytpjpfisg; gw;wp
,f;fl;Liuapy; fhzyhk;.
rhiyg;ghJfhg;G
n
‘jiyf;ftrk; capHf;ftrk;’ vd;w nghd;nkhopf;Nfw;g> ,Urf;fu thfdq;fspy; nry;NthH
l.i
fl;lhak; jiyf;ftrk; mzpe;J nry;yNtz;Lk;. ehd;F rf;fu thfdq;fspy; nry;NthH
,Uf;ifg; gl;ilfisg; nghUj;jpf; nfhs;s Ntz;Lk;.
rhiytpjpfs;
da
rhiyg; ghJfhg;G> caph;g; ghJfhg;G!
ka
rhiyg;Nghf;Ftuj;jpid Kiwg;gLj;jTk; tpgj;Jfs; ,d;wpg; ghJfhg;ghd gazk;
Nkw;nfhs;sTk; cUthditjhd; rhiytpjpfs;. xt;nthU ehl;bYk; rhiytpjpfs;>
vi
gpd;gw;wg;gLfpd;wd. rhiyapy; ele;J nry;NthUk; thfdq;fspy; nry;NthUk; rhiytpjpfisg;

gpd;gw;w Ntz;Lk;. thfdq;fspy; nry;NthH Nghf;Ftuj;J tpsf;Ffis kjpj;Jr; nry;y
al
Ntz;Lk;. rptg;G tpsf;F vupe;jhy; clNd tz;bia epWj;j Ntz;Lk;. kQ;rs; tpsf;F vupAk;
.k
NghJ Gwg;glj; jahuhf Ntz;Lk;. gr;irtpsf;F vupAk;NghJ Gwg;gl;Lr; nry;y Ntz;Lk;.

Nghf;Ftuj;Jf; fhtyH fhl;Lk; iriffis mwpe;J mjw;Ff; fPo;g;gba Ntz;Lk;.
w
Ch;jp Xl;LeUf;fhd newpfs;

w
thfd Xl;bfs; rl;lg;gb jq;fs; thfdq;fis Kiwahfg; gjpT nra;aNtz;Lk;. NkYk;>

thfdg;gjpTr; rhd;W> Xl;LeH cupkk;> fhg;gPL Nghd;w Mtzq;fis jd;Dld; itj;jpUf;f
w
Ntz;Lk;. thfdq;fspy; Fwpg;gpl;l Ntfj;jpy;jhd; nry;yNtz;Lk;. rpy ,lq;fspy; rhiyapd;

jd;ik> Nghf;Ftuj;J Mfpatw;wpd; mbg;gilapy; Ntfk; tiuaWf;fg;gl;bUf;Fk;. mij kPwp
tz;bfis Xl;lf;$lhJ. ngUk;ghYk; tpgj;Jfs; mjpf Ntfj;jhNy Vw;gLfpd;wd. thfdk;
Xl;Lk;nghOJ ifg;Ngrpiag; gad;gLj;jf;$lhJ. kJ mUe;jptpl;L thfdq;fis Xl;lf;$lhJ.
Ntfk; tpNtfkd;W@ kpjNtfk; kpf ed;W!
rhiy tpopg;Gzh;T
NgUe;jpy; “gbf;fl;by; gazk; nehbg;nghOjpy; kuzk;” vd;gij ,isQHfs; czu
Ntz;Lk;. Mk;Gyd;];> jPaizg;G thfdq;fSf;F toptpl Ntz;Lk;. jilnra;ag;gl;l
gFjpfSf;Fs; thfdq;fspy; nry;yf;$lhJ. cupa ,lq;fspy;jhd; thfdq;fis epWj;j Ntz;Lk;.
thfdq;fSf;F kl;Lkd;W rhiyfspy; ele;J nry;NthUf;Fk; rhiytpjpfs; nghUe;Jk;.
rhiyfspy; ,lg;Gwk; cs;s eilNkilfspy;jhd; ele;J nry;y Ntz;Lk;. rhiyiaf;
flg;gjw;fhd nts;isf; NfhLfs; Nghl;l ,lq;fspy;jhd; fle;J nry;y Ntz;Lk;.
tpgj;Jfisj; jtpu;g;Nghk;> tpopg;Gzu;T jUNthk;!
tpdhj;jhs;
tpdhj;jhs;
KbTiu
njhFg;G
njhFg;G
rhiytpjpfisAk; Nghf;Ftuj;Jr; rl;lq;fisAk; kjpg;Nghk;. tpgj;Jfisj; jtpHg;Nghk;.

rl;lq;fs; ekJ ghJfhg;gpw;fhfNt Vw;gLj;jg;gl;Ls;sd. rhiyfspy; ghJfhg;ghf gazk; nra;Nthk;.
rhiyg; ghJfhg;G! r%fj;jpd; $l;Lg;nghWg;G!

6. kdpj Neakpf;f MSik xUtUf;F Fwpg;Gfisg; gad;gLj;jp epidtpjo; xd;W cUthf;Ff.
Kd;Diu – vd; ,sikg;gUtk; - tpLjiyg; Nghuhl;lj;jpy; ehd; - nghJ eyNk jd;dyk; - vspikNa
mwk; - ehl;bd; Kd;Ndw;wNk Nehf;fk; - vspNahhpd; md;Ng nrhj;J – KbTiu. [SEP – 2020]
Fwpg;Gr;rl;lfk;
Å Kd;Diu
Å fhkuhrhpd; ,sikg; gUtk;
Å tpLjiyg;Nghuhl;lj;jpy; fhkuh[hpd; gq;F
Å nghJeyNk jd;dyk;
Å vspikNa mwk;
Å ehl;bd; Kd;Ndw;wNk Nehf;fk;
Å vspNahhpd; md;Ng nrhj;J
Å KbTiu
Kd;Diu
jha; ehl;Lf;fhfTk;> ehl;L kf;fSf;fhfTk; jk; cly;> nghUs;> Mtp midj;ijAk;
<e;J ehl;L kf;fspd; ed;kdq;fspy; tho;NthH Vuhsk;. mj;jF jpahf rPyHfSs;> vspa
kf;fisf; ftUk; tifapy;> vspa fUj;Jfisf; $wp kdpjNeakpf;f jiytuhfj; jpfo;e;j
fhkuhrh; gw;wp ,f;fl;Liuapy; fhz;Nghk;.
fhkuhrhpd; ,sikg; gUtk; :
F. fhkuhrh; mth;fs; 1903Mk; Mz;L [_iy khjk; 15Mk; ehs; jkpo;ehL
khepyj;jpYs;s tpUJefhpy; Fkhurhkp> rptfhkp mk;ikahUf;F kfdhfg; gpwe;jhh;. fhkuhrh;
n
mth;fs; cah;epiyg;gs;spapy; gbj;jNghJ> je;ij ,we;jjhy;> gs;spg;gbg;igj; njhlu
l.i
Kbahjepiy Vw;gl;lJ. vdNt jd;Dila khkhtpd; Jzpf;filapy; Ntiyf;F Nrh;e;jhh;.
tpLjiyg;Nghuhl;lj;jpy; fhkuh[hpd; gq;F :
da
lhf;lh; tujuh[_Y ehAL> [hh;[; N[hrg; Nghd;w Njrj;jiyth;fspd; Ngr;Rfshy;
ftug;gl;l fhkuhrh; Rje;jpug; Nghuhl;lj;jpy; jd;id <LgLj;jpf; nfhz;lhh;. cg;Gr;
rj;jpahfpufj;jpd; xU gFjpahf> 1930 Mk; Mz;L rp.uh[Nfhghyr;rhhp jiyikapy;
ka
Ntjhuz;aj;ij Nehf;fp ele;j jpuszpapy; gq;Nfw;W ifJ nra;ag;gl;L rpiwapy;
milf;fg;gl;lhh;. NkYk; Mq;fpNya Ml;rpf;F vjpuhf ele;j midj;Jg; Nghuhl;lq;fs; kw;Wk;
vi
Mh;g;ghl;lq;fspy; gq;Nfw;wjhy;> rpiwapy; milf;fg;gl;lhu;.

nghJeyNk jd;dyk; :
al
fhkuhrh; mth;fs; gs;spf;Foe;ijfs; gad;ngWk; tifapy; ,ytr kjpa

czTj;jpl;lj;jpidf; nfhz;L te;jhh;. ,jd; tpisthf Vio vspa kf;fspd; fy;tpapy;
.k
Kd;Ndw;wj;jpid Vw;gLj;jpdhh;. jdpg;gl;l jd; eyidg; ngUf;fpf; nfhs;shky;> nghJ eyidg;

w
Ngzpf;fhg;gjpy; Kide;J epd;wth; ngUe;jiyth; fhkuhrh;;.

vspikNa mwk; :
w
fhkuhrh; vspikf;Fk; Neh;ikf;Fk; ngah; ngw;wth;. xU khepyj;jpd; Kjyikr;ruhf

,Ue;jnghOJk; ,Wjptiu thlif tPl;bNyNa tho;e;jhh;. mtUf;fhf mth; Nrh;j;J itj;j
w
nrhj;J rpy fjh; Ntl;bfs;> rl;ilfs;> Gj;jfq;fs; kw;Wk; 150 &gha; kl;LNk. vspikiaNa
mwkhff; nfhz;L tho;e;J te;jth; ngUe;jiyth; fhkuhrh;.
ehl;bd; Kd;Ndw;wNk Nehf;fk; :
fhkuhrh; fy;tpj;Jiw kl;Lky;yhky;> njhopy;Jiw> ePh;g;ghrdj;jpl;lq;fs;> kpd; jpl;lq;fs;
Nghd;wtw;wpYk; Kd;Ndw;wj;ij Vw;gLj;jpdhh;. nea;Ntyp epyf;fhpj; jpl;lk;> nguk;G+h; uapy; ngl;bj;
njhopw;rhiy> jpUr;rp ghuj; n`tp vyf;l;hpf;fy;];> fy;ghf;fk; mZ kpd; epiyak; vd NkYk;
gy njhopw;rhiyfs; fhkuh[uhy; cUthf;fg;gl;ld. fhkuhrh; Ml;rpapd; ,Wjpapy; jkpofk;
njhopy; tsj;jpy; tlehl;L khepyq;fisg; gpd;Df;Fj; js;sp> ,uz;lhk; ,lj;ijg; gpbj;jJ.
vspNahhpd; md;Ng nrhj;J :
fhkuhrh; Vio vspa kf;fspd; md;igNa nrhj;jha; kjpj;J tho;e;jth;. mth;
,we;jNghJ igapy; ,Ue;j rpwpjsT gzj;ijj;jtpu NtW tq;fpf; fzf;Nfh> nrhe;j tPNlh>
NtW ve;jtpjr; nrhj;Njh jdf;nfd Nrh;j;J itf;fhky; ‘vspNahhpd; md;Ng nrhj;J’ vd;w
nfhs;ifapd;gb tho;e;jhh;;.
KbTiu
jd;Dila tho;ehs; KOtijAk; r%fj;njhz;L nra;tjpNyNa mh;g;gzpj;Jf;nfhz;l
fhkuhrh; mth;fs;> 1975Mk; Mz;L mf;Nlhgh; 2Mk; Njjp jd;Dila 72Mk; tajpy; fhykhdhh;.
tpdhj;jhs;
tpdhj;jhs;
njhFg;G
njhFg;G
murpaypy; Neh;ik> tha;ik> J}a;ik> ehzak; vd midj;ijAk; fw;gpj;j khkdpjuhf

kl;Lky;yhky; xl;Lnkhj;j ,e;jpahtpw;Nf topfhl;Lk; jiytuhff; fhkuhrh; tpsq;fpdhh;.
tWikapd; gpbapy; tYtpy;yh twpath; tho;f;if fy;tpf;F>
tpj;jpl;l tpisepyj;jpd; tpj;jfh; fhkuhrh;!

7. Fwpg;Gfisf; nfhz;L fl;Liu vOjp> jiyg;G xd;W jUf.
Kd;Diu – jkpofk; je;j jtg;Gjy;tu; - ehl;Lg; gw;W – nkhopg;gw;W – nghJtho;tpy; J}a;ik –
vspik – kf;fs; gzpNa kfj;jhd gzp – KbTiu. [PTA – 1, MAY – 2022]
jiyg;G : fhkuhru; - kf;fs; gzpNa kfj;jhd gzp
Fwpg;Gr;rl;lfk;
Å Kd;Diu Å nghJtho;tpy; J}a;ik
Å jkpofk; je;j jtg;Gjy;tu; Å vspik
Å ehl;Lg;gw;W Å kf;fs; gzpNa kfj;jhd gzp
Å nkhopg;gw;W Å KbTiu
Kd;Diu
ekJ gpwg;G xU rk;gtkhf ,Uf;fyhk;. Mdhy; ,wg;G xU rupj;jpukhf ,Uf;f Ntz;Lk;
vd;gJ mg;Jy;fyhk; mtu;fspd; nghd;nkhop. ,g;nghd;nkhopf;Nfw;g rhjhuzf; FLk;gj;jpy;
gpwe;J kf;fs; gzpia kfj;jhd gzpahff; fUjp> rupj;jpukhf tho;e;J kiwe;jtu; jkpofj;jpd;
jtg;Gjy;tu; ngUe;jiytu; fhkuhru; mtu;fs;. mtiug; gw;wp ,f;fl;Liuapy; fhz;Nghk;.
jkpofk; je;j jtg;Gjy;tu; :
jd;dykw;w jiytu;; fu;ktPuu;; fy;tpf;fz; jpwe;j Kjy;tu;; Viog;gq;fhsu; vd;Dk;
GfOiufSf;nfy;yhk; cupatu; fhkuhru;. ,tu;> tpUJefupy; Fkhurhkp - rptfhkp ,izau;f;F
kfdha; 1903Mk; Mz;L #iyj; jpq;fs; gjpide;jhk; ehsd;W Njhd;wpdhu;. fhkuhru;>
jpz;izg; gs;spapy; jkpo; vOj;Jfisf; fw;W> mjd;gpwF Xu; Mz;L jkpo;g;ghlk; fw;whu;.
gpd;du; fy;tpNahL cztspf;fg;gl;l cau;epiyg;gs;spf;Fr; nrd;W fhkuhru; fy;tp fw;whu;.
mtUf;Fg; gd;dpuz;L tajpNyNa gs;spf;Fr; nry;y ,ayhj epiy Vw;gl;lJ.
n
ehl;Lg;gw;W :
l.i
fhkuhru;> jkJ VO tajpy; te;Nj khjuk; vd;W Rtnuhl;bapy; vOjg;gl;bUe;j nrhy;> mtuJ
kdj;jpy; Mokhfg; gjpe;Jtpl;lJ. fhkuhru; gs;sp nry;y ,ayhjNghJk; ehs;NjhWk;
da
nra;jpj;jhs;fisg; gbj;Jk;> murpay; $l;lq;fspy; jiytu;fspd; nrhw;nghopTfisf; Nfl;Lk;>
jk;Kila murpay; mwpit tsu;j;Jf; nfhz;lhu;. mtu;> ,sikapy; Njrpa ,af;fkhd fhq;fpurpy;
Nru;e;J> mjd; njhz;luhfj; jk; murpay; tho;tpidj; njhlq;fpdhu;; fl;rpf; $l;lq;fis elj;jpdhu;;
ka
Cu;tyq;fspy; fye;Jnfhz;lhu;; nfhb gpbj;jhu;; irkd; FO vjpu;g;G> cg;Gr; rj;jpahfpufk;>
nts;isaNd ntspNaW ,af;fk; Kjypa Nghuhl;lq;fspy; fye;J nfhz;lhu;> rpiw nrd;whu;.
vi
nkhopg;gw;W :
fhkuhru; jd; jha;nkhopahd jkpo; kPJ gw;Wf; nfhz;ltuhf tpsq;fpdhu;. jkpofj;jpd;
al
Kjy;tuhf gjtpNaw;Wf; nfhz;l gpd;du;> jkpopy; epjpepiy mwpf;ifiar; rku;g;gpj;jtu; fhkuhru;.

mtuJ Ml;rpf;fhyj;jpy;jhd; fiyr;nrhy; mfuhjp ntspaplg;gl;lJ. jkpo; Ml;rp nkhopr; rl;lk;> jkpo;
.k
tsu;r;rp Muha;r;rp kd;wk;> jkpo;g; ghlE}y; ntspaPl;Lf; fofk; Kjypatw;iwf; nfhz;L te;jhu;.
w
nghJtho;tpy; J}a;ik :
fhkuhru;> jkpo;ehl;bd; Kjy;tuhf xd;gJ Mz;Lfs; gjtp tfpj;jhu;. MapDk; nghJtho;tpy;
w
J}a;ikahdtuhfNt tho;e;jhu;. mtuJ Ml;rp ifa+l;L> Coy; vd;w nrhw;fSf;F ,lkspf;fhj

tifapy; nray;gl;lJ. ngw;w jhiaj; jd;Dila tPl;by; itj;Jf; nfhz;lhy;> mjd; fhuzkhf
w
cwtpdu;fs; tPl;by; Eioe;J Ml;rp mjpfhuj;ijj; jtwhd topapy; gad;gLj;jp tpLthu;fNsh vd;W
vz;zp ,Wjp tiu jd; jhia tpUJefupNyNa trpf;fr; nra;jhu;.
vspik :
vspik vd;w nrhy;Yf;F vLj;Jf;fhl;lha; tpsq;fpatu; fhkuhru;. fju; Mil kl;LNk
mzpe;J tho;e;jtu;. caupa Mil> mzpfyd;fis tpUk;ghjtu;. Njitapy;yhj ,lq;fspy;
kfpo;Te;jpidg; gad;gLj;j khl;lhu;. ele;Nj nry;thu;.
kf;fs; gzpNa kfj;jhd gzp :
jpUkzk; nra;J nfhs;shky;> jdf;nfd;W xU FLk;gj;ij cUthf;fpf; nfhs;shky;
jkpo;ehl;L kf;fisNa jd; FLk;gkhf vz;zp tho;e;jtu; fhkuhru;. ,tuJ Ml;rpf;fhyj;jpy;
jkpofj;jpy; ,uz;lhtJ> %d;whtJ Ie;jhz;Lj; jpl;lq;fs; epiwNtw;wg;gl;ld. mg;NghJ>
jkpofj;jpy; nghUspay; njhopy;Jiwj; jpl;lq;fs; gy njhlq;fg;gl;ld> rhiyfs; Nghlg;gl;ld.
Ntshz;ikf;nfd;W ghrd trjpfs; nra;ag;gl;ld> mizfs; fl;lg;gl;ld. ,tu; fhyj;jpy;;
$l;LwT ,af;fk; Nt&d;wpaJ. nea;Ntyp epyf;fupr; Ruq;fj; njhopw;rhiy> rpnkz;l;
njhopw;rhiy cs;spl;l gy njhopw;rhiyfs; njhlq;fg;gl;ld.
midj;Jf;Fk; Nkyhf jkpo;ehl;by; fy;tpg;Gul;rpia cUthf;fpatu; fhkuhru;. ,tUila
fhyj;jpy; fl;lhaf; fy;tp eilKiwg;gLj;jg;gl;lJ. 6000f;F Nkw;gl;l njhlf;fg; gs;spfisj;
tpdhj;jhs;
tpdhj;jhs;
jpwe;jhu;. njhlf;fg;gs;spfspy; kjpa czTj; jpl;lj;ij cUthf;fpdhu;.

njhFg;G
njhFg;G
KbTiu
gbf;fhj Nkijaha; tpsq;fp> fy;tpf; fz; jpwe;jtu; fhkuhru;. kf;fspd; Copadha;
tho;e;jtu; mtu;. jkpofk; je;j jtg;Gjy;td;> kf;fs; gzpNa kfj;jhd gzp vd;W tho;e;J
kiwe;jtu; fhkuhru;. mtu; kiwe;jhYk; mtupd; jpahfk; vd;Wk; ek; epidtpy; epiyj;jpUf;Fk;.
8. ‘tpRk;gpd; JspAk; gRk;Gy; jiyAk;| vd;Dk; fUj;ij mbg;gilahff; nfhz;L> Fwpg;Gfisg;

gad;gLj;jpf; fl;Liu xd;W vOJf. [PTA – 3, 6]
Fwpg;;Gfs;: Kd;Diu - ,aw;ifNahL ,iae;J tho;Nthk; - thdj;J kioePiug; g+kpapy; fhg;Nghk; -
kiof;F Mjhukhd kuq;fis tsu;g;Nghk; - KbTiu.
Fwpg;Gr;rl;lfk;
Å Kd;Diu
Å ,aw;ifNahL ,iae;J tho;Nthk;
Å kioePiu Nrkpg;Nghk;
Å ghJfhg;ghd FbePu;
Å kuk; tsu;g;Nghk;
Å KbTiu
Kd;Diu
Rw;Wr;#oy; vd;gJ XH capupdj;ijr; Rw;wpAs;s ,aw;ifr; #oiyf; Fwpf;fpwJ. khwpAk;
khwhky; epiyj;Jk; ,Uf;fpd;w gytifj; Njhw;wq;fisf; nfhz;Ls;s ,aw;if> kdpj
tho;f;ifapypUe;J jtpHf;f KbahjJ.
,aw;ifNahL ,iae;J tho;Nthk; :
Å ek; Kd;NdhHfs; ,aw;ifNahL xd;wpg; gpize;J tho;e;J cs;sdH> ,aw;if tsq;fSf;Fk;
n
kw;w capupdq;fSf;Fk; CW tpistpf;fhkYk; mtw;iwg; ghJfhf;Fk; nray;fisAk; nra;J
l.i
te;Js;sdH. tPl;L Kw;wq;fspy; khl;Lr;rhzp my;yJ kQ;rs; fiuj;Jj; njspj;J muprp
khtpdhy; Nfhykpl;L vWk;GfSf;F czT mspj;jdH. da
Å Foe;ijfs; tpisahl Eq;F tz;b> fspkz; nghk;ikfis mtHfNs cUthf;fpdH. ,d;W
ka
ngUk;ghyhd tpisahl;Lg; nghUl;fs; Rw;Wr;#oYf;F CW tpistpf;Fk; ghypjPdhy;
Mdit. Kd;G kpl;lha;fSk;> fUg;gl;bfSk; gid Xiyg; ngl;bapy; nghjpe;J jug;gl;ld.
Å Mdhy;> ,d;W etPdkakhf;fyhYk;> njhopy;Jiw tsHr;rpahYk; ,aw;ifia kwe;J ,aw;if
vi
toq;Fk; NritfisAk; fUj;jpy; nfhs;shky; ,aw;iff;F vjpuhd eltbf;iffspy;

al
kdpjFyk; <LgLfpwJ.
.k
kioePiur; Nrkpg;Nghk; :
'ePH,d;W mikahJ cynfdpd; ahHahHf;Fk;
w
thd;,d;W mikahJ xOf;F."

ek; Kd;NdhHfs; ekf;F ntl;b itj;j Vup> Fsk;> fz;kha;fisg; ghJfhj;jhNy
w
kioePiu vspjhfr; Nrkpf;f KbAk;. tPLfs;NjhWk; kioePH Nrkpg;Gj; njhl;b mikg;gijf;

w
fl;lhakhf;f Ntz;Lk;. kioePiur; Nrkpf;f VJthf ePHepiyfisg; nghJ kf;fNs muir

vjpHghHf;fhky; rPuikf;f Ntz;Lk;.
ghJfhg;ghd FbePH :
jw;NghJ cyfpy; %tupy; xUtUf;Fg; ghJfhg;ghd FbePH cWjp nra;ag;gltpy;iy vd
Ma;T xd;W Fwpg;gpLfpwJ. epyj;jb ePupd; msTk; Mz;Lf;F Mz;L Fiwe;J tUtjhfj;
jty;fs; ntspahfp tUfpd;wd. NkYk; 2050Mk; Mz;L cyfk; kpfg;ngUk; rthiy
vjpHnfhs;s NeupLk; mJTk; ePUf;fhf vd tpQ;Qhdpfs; vr;rupf;fpd;wdH.
kuk; tsu;g;Nghk; :
kuk; tsu;g;Nghk;! kio ngWNthk;! vd;gjw;fpzq;f kuq;fs; ekf;F kioiaj; jUfpwJ. Gtp
ntg;gkhjYf;F Kjd;ikahd fhuzk;> gRikf;Fby; thAf;fspd; ntspNaw;wk;> mtw;wpy;
Kf;fpakhf fhHgd;-il-Mf;irbd; tpfpjhr;rhu msT mjpfupg;gJ. xspr;NrHf;if nra;Ak;
capHfisj;jtpu kw;w midj;Jk; fhHgd;-il-Mf;iril ntspNaw;WgitahfNt cs;sd>
mj;NjhL kdpjHfspd; cUthf;fq;fSk; fhHgid ntspNaw;Wfpd;wd. g+kpapy; ,it midj;jpw;Fk;
vjpuhf fhHgd;> Mf;rp[d; tpfpjhr;rhuj;ijr; rkd; nra;ag;NghuhLtJ kuq;fs; kl;LNk!
tpdhj;jhs;
tpdhj;jhs;
njhFg;G
njhFg;G
KbTiu
,g;g+kpapy; kdpj ,dk; tho KbAk;. 'fhf;if FUtp vq;fs; [hjp@ ePH kiyAk; flYk;
vq;fs; $l;lk;" vd;w ghujpapd; ghlYf;Nfw;g ,aw;ifAld; ,ize;j tho;it> kdpjd; thof;
fw;Wf; nfhs;sNtz;Lk;.

9. Fwpg;Gfisf; nfhz;L fl;Liu vOjpj; jiyg;G xd;W jUf. [PTA – 2, 6]
Fwpg;Gfs; : Kd;Diu – kdpj tho;T mwk; rhu;e;jJ - ,yf;fpak; fhl;Lk; mwk; - mwj;jhd; tUtNj
,d;gk; - KbTiu.
jiyg;G : tho;tpaypy; mwk;
Fwpg;Gr;rl;lfk;
Å Kd;Diu
Å mwk; vd;gNj kdpjk;
Å ,yf;fpak; fhl;Lk; mwk;
Å mwj;jhd; tUtNj ,d;gk;
Å KbTiu
Kd;Diu
rq;ffhyj;jpypUe;J ,d;W tiuapyhd jkpopyf;fpaq;fs; mwj;jpd; khl;rpikfis
kpfr;rpwg;ghf tpsf;Ffpd;wd. jkpoh; jd; tho;tpd; midj;J epiyfspYk; mwj;ij
ikakhff; nfhz;Nl tho;e;J te;jdh;. kdpj tho;tpy; ePf;fkw epiwe;Js;s mwj;jpidg;
gw;wpg; gpd;tUkhW tphpthff; fhzyhk;.
mwk; vd;gNj kdpjk;
kdpjd; jd; gpwg;Gj; njhlq;fp tho;f;if KbAk;tiu mwj;njhL ,aq;Ftjhf mikfpwJ.
caphpuf;fk; vd;gNj mwj;jpd; ikaf;fUthFk;. mwk; vd;gJ kdj;jhYk;> nrhy;yhYk;>
n
nrayhYk; nra;ag;gLtNj MFk;. ‘gpwUf;Fj; jPq;F nra;jy; $lhJ’ ‘ vdg;gy mwnewpfis
l.i
md;W Kjy; ,d;W tiu ek; rhd;Nwhh; Fwpg;gpl;L tUfpd;wdh;. gpwUf;F cjTjy;> cz;ikNa
NgRjy; Nghd;w mwq;fs; kdpj tho;f;ifapy; ,d;wpaikahj gq;F tfpf;fpd;wd.
,yf;fpak; fhl;Lk; mwk; da
‘fy; Njhd;wp kz; Njhd;whf; fhyj;Nj Kd;Njhd;wpa %j;jf; Fbahff;’ fUjg;gLk;
ka
jkpohpd; tho;f;ifiag; NgRtjhf mw ,yf;fpaq;fs; mike;Js;sd.
Ò jpUf;Fws; czh;j;Jk; mwk;
vi
'mwj;jpD}cq;F Mf;fKk; ,y;iy mjid

kwj;jypd; Cq;fpy;iy NfL"
al
tpsf;fk; : ,t;Tyfpy; xUtDf;F mwk; nra;tijf; fhl;bYk; kpFe;j nry;tk; ,y;iy.

.k
me;j mwk; nra;jiyNa mtd; kwe;J Nghapd; mjdhy; mtDf;Fg; gy

Jd;gq;fs; te;J NrUk;.
w
Ò ehybahh; czh;j;Jk; mwk;

'kw;wwpthk; ey;tpid ahk;,isak; vd;dhJ
w
ifj;Jz;lhk; Ngho;Nj futhJ mwk; nra;k;kpd;..."

w
tpsf;fk; : nry;tk; cs;s NghJ ,sikapNyNa mwk; nra;J gad;nfhs;s

Ntz;Lk; vd;W ehybahh; $WfpwJ.
Ò Mj;jpR+b czh;j;Jk; mwk;
'mwk; nra tpUk;G"
tpsf;fk; : xsitahh; jk; E}ypy; ‘mwk; nra;tjw;F Mirg;gL’ vd;W $Wfpwhh;.
mwj;jhd; tUtNj ,d;gk; :
mwtopahy; xUth;f;F tUk; ,d;gNk cz;ikahd ,d;gkhFk;. jPatopahy; tUtd
vy;yhk; ,d;gk; Nghy; Njhd;wpDk; Jd;gj;jpd; ghw;gLgtdNt MFk;. mwnewpapy; tho;tjd;
gadhf tUtNj ,d;gkhFk;. ‘mwj;NjhL nghUe;jhky; tUtd vy;yhk;’ ,d;gKk;> GfOk;
,y;yhjitNa MFk;.
'mwj;jhd; tUtNj ,d;gk; kw;nwy;yhk;
Gwj;j GfOk; ,y."
KbTiu
rq;ffhy kf;fs; jq;fSf;nfd mwq;fisg; Ngzpf; fhj;J te;Js;sdh;. md;gpy;
tpdhj;jhs;
tpdhj;jhs;
njhFg;G
njhFg;G
rpwe;jtdhfTk;> xOf;fk; epiwe;jtdhfTk; GfOf;FhpatdhfTk; ,d;nrhy;NyhL

ed;wpAs;stdhfTk; ,Uf;fNtz;Lk; vd mwE}y;fs; gy;NtW mwq;fis typAWj;Jfpd;wd.
*********
muR khjpup tpdhj;jhs; – 2019 173

muR khjpup tpdhj;jhs; - 2019
Neuk; : 15 epkplk; + 3 kzp nkhj;j kjpg;ngz;fs; : 100
gFjp – I (kjpg;ngz;fs;: 15)
midj;J tpdhf;fSf;Fk; tpilaspf;fTk;. 15 x 1 = 15
1. gupghly; mbapy; ‘tpRk;Gk; ,irAk;’ vd;Dk; njhlH vjidf; Fwpf;fpwJ?
m) thdj;ijAk; ghl;ilAk; M) thdj;ijAk; GfioAk;
,) thdj;ijAk; G+kpiaAk; <) thdj;ijAk; NgnuhypiaAk;
2. “kUe;Nj MapDk; tpUe;njhL cz;” vd;Dk; njhlH ,lk;ngw;w E}y; -
m) nfhd;iw Nte;jd; M) FWe;njhif ,) jpUf;Fws; <) ew;wpiz
3. “,q;F efug; NgUe;J epw;Fkh?” vd;W topg;Nghf;fu; Nfl;gJ _________ tpdh.
“mNjh> mq;Nf epw;Fk;” vd;W kw;nwhUtH $wpaJ _________ tpil.
m) Iatpdh> tpdh vjpHtpdhjy; M) mwptpdh> kiwtpil
,) mwpahtpdh> Rl;Ltpil <) nfhsy; tpdh> ,dnkhop tpil
4. njhy;fhg;gpak; Fwpg;gpLk; ,irf;fUtp -
m) [hy;uh M) giw ,) cWkp <) ehfRuk;
5. ‘tPl;ilj; Jilj;Jr; rhak; mbj;jy;’ - ,t;tb Fwpg;gpLtJ ________.
m) fhyk; khWtij M) tPl;ilj; Jilg;gij
,) ,ilawhJ mwg;gzp nra;jiy <) tz;zk; G+Rtij
n
6. fhw;wpd; nky;ypa ________ G+f;fisj; jiyahl;litf;fpwJ. iffspd; NeHj;jpahd _________
l.i
G+f;fis khiyahf;FfpwJ.
njhopw;ngaHfisg; nghUj;jpj; njhlHfis KOik nra;f.
m) njhLj;jy;> vLj;jy;
,) vLj;jy;> njhLjy;
da
M) njhLjy;> njhLj;jy;
<) njhLj;jy;> njhLjy;
ka
7. tha;ikNa kioePuhfp - ,j;njhlupy; ntspg;gLk; mzp
m) ctik M) jw;Fwpg;Ngw;wk; ,) cUtfk; <) jPtfk;
8. “rq;f
vi
,yf;fpaq;fs;> Ie;jpizfSf;Fkhd xOf;fq;fis ,UjpizfSk; gad;ngw

vLj;jpak;Gfpd;wd” - ,j;njhlupy; mike;Js;s njhifr; nrhw;fspd; nghUj;jkhd tupiaf; fz;lwpf.
al
m) FwpQ;rp> Ky;iy> nea;jy;> kUjk;> ghiy - ey;tpid> jPtpid

M) FwpQ;rp> Ky;iy> kUjk;> nea;jy;> ghiy - caHjpiz> m/wpiz
.k
,) FwpQ;rp> Ky;iy> nea;jy;> ghiy> kUjk; - mwk;> nghUs;> ,d;gk;

w
<) FwpQ;rp> kiy> Ky;iy> fhL> kUjk;> tay;> nea;jy;> fly; - gid> jpiz
9. ‘Nfs;tpapdhd;’ vd;Dk; nrhy;ypd; ,yf;fzf; Fwpg;G -
w
m) tpidahyizAk; ngaH M) njhopw;ngaH

w
,) tpidj;njhif <) gz;Gj;njhif

10. fiyauq;fj;jpy; vdf;fhff; fhj;jpUf;fpwtiu mioj;J thUq;fs; - ,j;njhlu;
m) tpdhj;njhlH M) jdpj;njhlH ,) nra;jpj;njhlH <) fyitj;njhlH
11. “fha;e;j ,iyAk; fha;e;j NjhifAk;” epyj;Jf;F ey;y cuq;fs; - ,j;njhlupy; mbf;Nfhbl;l
gFjp Fwpg;gpLtJ.
m) ,iyAk; rUFk; M) NjhifAk; XiyAk; ,) jhSk; XiyAk; <) rUFk; rz;Lk;
ghliyg; gbj;Jg; gpd;tUk; tpdhf;fSf;F (12> 13> 14> 15) tpil jUf.
“ede;jiy cyfk; tis, NekpnahL
tyk;Gup nghwpj;j khjhq;F jlf;if
ePH nry> epkpHe;j khmy; Nghy>
ghL,kpo; gdpf;fly; gUfp> tyd; VHG>
NfhL nfhz;L vOe;j nfhLQ; nryT vopyp
ngUk;ngay; nghope;j rpWGd; khiy”
12. ,g;ghlypd; MrphpaH -
m) xsitahH M) eg;G+jdhH ,) ey;Ntl;ldhH <) ngUq;nfsrpfdhH
13. ,g;ghly; ,lk; ngw;Ws;s E}y; -
M) kiygLflhk; M) gupghly; ,) Ky;iyg;ghl;L <) ew;wpiz
14. ‘ede;jiy cyfk;’ - ,j;njhlupd; nghUs;?
M) rpwpa cyfk; M) eide;j cyfk; ,) Rw;Wk; cyfk; <) mfd;w cyfk;

15. ghlypy; ,lk;ngw;Ws;s mbvJifr; nrhw;fisf; Fwpg;gpLf.
m) ghL,kpo;> NfhLnfhz;L M) NfhLnfhz;L> ngUk;ngay;
,) ede;jiy> tyk;Gup <) nghwpj;j> nghope;j
gFjp – II (kjpg;ngz;fs;: 18)
gpupT – 1
vitNaDk; ehd;F tpdhf;fSf;F kl;Lk; FWfpa tpilaspf;f. 4x 2 = 8
21-MtJ tpdhtpw;Ff; fl;lhakhf tpilaspf;f Ntz;Lk;.
16. tpilfSf;Nfw;w tpdhf;fs; mikf;f.
m) xU ehl;bd; tsj;jpw;Fj; jf;fgbNa> me;ehl;L kf;fspd; mwpnthOf;fq;fSk; mike;jpUf;Fk;.
M) 1956 Mk; Mz;L etk;gH 1Mk; ehs; fd;dpahFkup khtl;lk; jkpo;ehl;Lld; ,ize;jJ.
17. ahUf;F ,t;TyfNk cupik cilajhFk; vdj; jpUf;Fws; Fwpg;gpLfpwJ?
18. ‘ekf;F capH fhw;W> fhw;Wf;F tuk; kuk; - kuq;fis ntl;b vwpahky; el;L tsHg;Nghk;’ - ,J
Nghd;w cyf fhw;W ehs; tpopg;GzHTf;fhd ,uz;L Kof;fj; njhlHfis vOJf.
19. “kd;Dk; rpyk;Ng! kzpNk fiytbNt!
Kd;Dk; epidthy; Kbjho tho;j;JtNk!” - Ik;ngUq;fhg;gpaq;fSs; ,t;tbfspy; ,lk;ngw;Ws;s
,Ufhg;gpaq;fisj; jtpu vQ;rpAs;s fhg;gpaq;fspd; ngaHfis vOJf.
20. nkhopngaHg;Gf; Fwpj;J kzit K];jgh Fwpg;gpLtJ ahJ?
21. ‘fz;’ vd KbAk; jpUf;Fwis vOJf.
gpupT – 2
n
5x 2 = 10
l.i
vitNaDk; Ie;J tpdhf;fSf;F kl;Lk; FWfpa tpilaspf;f.
22. mz;zd; New;W tPl;bw;F te;jJ. mz;zd; Gwg;gLk;NghJ mk;kh topaDg;gpaJ.
(tOit tohepiyahf khw;Wf)
23. nghUj;jkhdtw;iwr; nrhw;ngl;bapy; fz;L vOJf.
da
ka
Njhw;ghit> tpUJ> Njhw;git> tpUe;J
m) tho;f;ifapy; ________ kPz;Lk; nty;Yk; - ,ijj; jj;Jtkha;j; ______ f; $j;J nrhy;Yk;.
vi
M) njUf;$j;jpy; ebfUf;Fj; ifj;jl;lNy____ mjpy; tUk; fhR Fiwe;jhYk; mJNtatu;____.

24. nfhLf;fg;gl;Ls;s ,U nrhw;fisg; gad;gLj;jp xU njhlH mikf;f. rpW - rPW
al
25. fiyr;nrhw;fs; jUf. m) Modern Literature M) Epic Literature

.k
Fwpg;G: nrtpkhw;Wj; jpwdhsHfSf;fhd khw;W tpdh

fy;> gok; - ,r;nrhw;fSf;fhd $l;lg; ngau;fis vOJf.
w
26. njhopw;ngaUf;Fk; tpidahyizAk; ngaUf;Fk; cs;s NtWghLfs; ,uz;bid vOJf.

27. nghUj;jkhd epWj;jf; Fwpfis ,Lf.
w
NruHfspd; gl;lg; ngaHfspy; nfhy;yp ntw;gd; kiyakhd; Nghd;wit Fwpg;gplj;jf;fit nfhy;yp

w
kiyia ntd;wtHfs; nfhy;yp ntw;gd; vdTk; gpw kiyg;gFjpfis ntd;wtHfs; kiyakhd;

vdTk; ngaH R+l;bf;nfhz;ldH ,jw;Fr; rq;f ,yf;fpaj;jpy; rhd;Wfs; cs;sd
28. mwpNad; - gFgj cWg;gpyf;fzk; jUf.
gFjp – III (kjpg;ngz;fs;: 18)
gpupT – 1
vitNaDk; ,uz;L tpdhf;fSf;F kl;Lk; RUf;fkhf tpilaspf;f. 2x 3 = 6
29. ePtpu; mwpe;j nraw;if Ez;zwpTg; gad;ghL %d;wpid vOJf.
30. n[afhe;jd; jk; fijkhe;ju;fspd; rpwe;j $Wfisf; Fwpg;gplj; jtWtjpy;iy vd;W
mNrhfkpj;jpud; $Wfpwhu;. ,f;$w;iw nka;g;gpf;Fk; $W xd;iwj; ‘ju;f;fj;jpw;F mg;ghy;’ fij
khe;ju; thapyhff; Fwpg;gpLf.
31. ciug;gj;jpiag; gbj;J tpdhf;fSf;F tpil jUf.
jk; tPl;bw;F tUk; tpUe;jpdiu Kfkyu;r;rpNahL tuNtw;W cz;z czTk; ,Uf;f ,lKk;
nfhLj;J md;G ghuhl;LtNj tpUe;Njhk;gy;. tpUe;jpdu; vd;why; cwtpdu; vd;W ,f;fhyj;jpdu;
fUJfpd;wdu;. cwtpdu; NtW> tpUe;jpdu; NtW. Kd;gpd; mwpahj Gjpatu;fSf;Nf tpUe;jpdu;
vd;W ngau;. mjdhy;jhd; ‘tpUe;Nj GJik’ vd;W njhy;fhg;gpau; md;Nw $wpAs;shu;.
m) tpUe;jpdu; vd;Nghu; ahtu;?
M) tpUe;J Fwpj;Jj; njhy;fhg;gpau; $wpaJ ahJ?
,) ,t;Tiug;gj;jpf;Fg; nghUj;jkhd jiyg;G xd;W jUf.
muR khjpup tpdhj;jhs; – 2019 175

gpupT – 2
vitNaDk; ,uz;L tpdhf;fSf;F kl;Lk; RUf;fkhf tpilaspf;f. 2x 3 = 6
34-MtJ tpdhtpw;Ff; fl;lhakhf tpilaspf;f Ntz;Lk;.
32. “cs;tha; thu;j;ij clk;G njhlhJ” - ,lQ;Rl;bg; nghUs; tpsf;Ff.
33. itj;jpaehjGup KUfd;> mzpe;jpUf;Fk; mzpfyd;fSld; Foe;ijahfr; nrq;fPiu Mba
eaj;jpid tpsf;Ff.
34. mbgpwohky; vOJf.
“etkzp tlf;f apy;Nghy;” vdj; njhlq;Fk; Njk;ghtzpg; ghly;. (my;yJ)
“thshy; mWj;Jr; RbDk;” vdj; njhlq;Fk; ngUkhs; jpUnkhopg; ghly;.
gpupT – 3
vitNaDk; ,uz;L tpdhf;fSf;F kl;Lk; RUf;fkhf tpilaspf;fTk; 2x 3 = 6
35. “fz;Nz fz;Zwq;F!
fhiyapy; ePnaOk;G!
khkio nga;ifapNy!
khk;G+Nt fz;Zwq;F!
ghbNdd; jhyhl;L!
Mb Mb Xa;e;Jwq;F!” - ,j;jhyhl;Lg; ghlypy; mike;Js;s njhfhepiyj; njhlu; tiffis vOJf.
36. nghUsy; ytiug; nghUshfr; nra;Ak;
n
nghUsy;y jpy;iy nghUs; - ,f;Fwl;ghtpid myfpl;L tha;ghL jUf.
l.i
37. jd;ik mzp Fwpj;J vOJf.
gFjp – IV (kjpg;ngz;fs;: 25)
midj;J tpdhf;fSf;Fk; tpilaspf;f.
da 5x 5 = 25
38. m) rpyg;gjpfhu kUT+u;g;ghf;f tzpftPjpfis ,f;fhy tzpf tshfq;fNshLk; mq;fhbfNshLk;
ka
xg;gpl;L vOJf. (my;yJ)
M) Mw;Wg;gLj;Jjy; vd;gJ md;iwf;Fg; Gytu;fisAk; fiyQu;fisAk; ts;sy;fis Nehf;fp
vi
newpg;gLj;Jtjhf ,Ue;jJ. ,d;iwa epiyapy; Mw;Wg;gLj;Jjy; xU topfhl;Ljyhf

khwpapUg;gij tpsf;Ff.
al
39. m) cq;fs; njUtpy; kpd;tpsf;Ffs; gOjile;Js;sd. ,utpy; rhiyapy; ele;J nry;NthUf;Fk;

.k
thfd Xl;bfSf;Fk; Vw;gLk; ,ilA+Wfisf; Fwpg;gpl;L> Gjpa kpd;tpsf;Ffisg; nghUj;Jk;gb

kpd;thupa mYtyUf;Ff; fbjk; vOJf. (my;yJ)
w
M) 'kuk; ,aw;ifapd; tuk;” vDk; jiyg;gpy;> khepy mstpy; elj;jg;ngw;w fl;Liug; Nghl;bapy;
w
Kjy; gupR ngw;w Njhoid tho;j;jp kly; vOJf.

40. glk; czu;j;Jk; fUj;ij eaKw Ie;J njhlu;fspy; vOJf.
w
41. jl;lr;ru; gzptha;g;G Ntz;bj; jd;tptug; gl;bay; xd;iw epug;Gf.

42. m) jkpofg; ghuk;gupa fiyfisg; ghJfhf;fTk; tsu;f;fTk; NkYk; gutyhf;fTk; ePq;fs;
nra;atpUg;gdtw;iw tupirg;gLj;jp vOJf.
gpwe;jehs; tpohf;fspy; kapyhl;lk; Kjyhd fiyfis epfo;j;j KidNtd;.
vq;fs; FLk;g tpohf;fspy; nghk;kyhl;lk; epfo;j;j Vw;ghL nra;Ntd;.
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
(my;yJ)

M) nkhopngau;f;f.
The Golden sun gets up early in the morning and starts its bright rays to fade away the dark. The
milky clouds start their wandering. The colourful birds start twitting their morning melodies in
percussion. The cute butterflies dance around the flowers. The flowers’ fragrance fills the breeze. The
breeze gently blows everywhere and makes everything pleasant.
Fwpg;G: nrtpkhw;Wj; jpwdhsu;fSf;fhd khw;W tpdh.
ciug;gj;jpiag; gbj;J tpdhf;fSf;F tpil jUf.
xU nkhop> nghJkf;fshYk; mjd; ,yf;fpak;> Gy kf;fshYk; mikag;ngWk;. jkpo;g;
nghJkf;fs; cau;e;j gFj;jwpTilau;. vj;JizNah Muha;r;rp ele;JtUk; ,f;fhyj;jpYk;
vj;JizNah nkhopfspdpd;W fld;nfhz;l Mq;fpy nkhopapYk; E}ypYk; ,iyiaf; Fwpf;f
Leaf(yP/g;) vd xNunrhy; cs;sJ. Mq;fpy E}y;fspYk; NtW gy tiffspy; ,iyfisg; ghFghL
nra;jdNuad;wp> jkpo;gn ; ghJkf;fisg; Nghy td;ik nkd;ik gw;wpj; jhs;> ,iy> Njhif> Xiy
vdg; ghFghL nra;jhupy;iy. ,j;jifa ghFghL Vida cWg;GfSf;Fs;Sk; nra;ag;gl;lJ
vd;gij mwpfpNwhk;.
jkpo;ehL vj;Jizg; nghUs;tsKilanjd;gJ> mjd; tpisnghUs; tiffis Nehf;fpdhNy
tpsq;Fk;. gpw ehLfspYs;s $yq;fnsy;yhk; rpythfTk; rpy;tifg;gl;ldthfTkpUf;f>
jkpo;ehl;bYs;sitNah> gythfTk; fopgy tifg;gl;ldthfTk; ,Uf;fpd;wd.
m) xU nkhopapd; ,yf;fpak; ahuhy; mikag;ngWk;?
M) jkpopy; ,iyiaf; Fwpf;Fk; gy nrhw;fs; ahit?
n
,) jkpo;ehl;bd; nghUs; tsj;jpid vt;thW mwptPu;fs;?
<) jkpo;ehl;by; $yq;fs; vj;jid tifg;gl;ldthf tpsq;Ffpd;wd?
l.i
c) Mq;fpy nkhopapy; ,iyiaf; Fwpf;Fk; nrhy; vJ?
gFjp – V (kjpg;ngz;fs;: 24) da
midj;J tpdhf;fSf;Fk; tpupthf tpilaspf;f. 8x 3 = 24
ka
43. m) rq;f ,yf;fpaq;fspy; Nghw;wg;gl;l mwq;fspy; ck;ikf; ftu;e;j ,uz;L mwq;fisf;
Fwpg;gpl;L> mit eilKiw tho;tpy; nghUe;Jtij tpsf;Ff.
vi
(my;yJ)
M) kyu;e;Jk; kyuhj ghjpkyu; Nghy
al
tsUk; tpop tz;zNk – te;J

tpbe;Jk; tpbahj fhiyg; nghOjhf
.k
tpise;j fiy md;dNk

w
ejpapy; tpisahb nfhbapy; jiyrPtp

ele;j ,se; njd;wNy – tsu;
w
nghjpif kiyNjhd;wp kJiu efu; fz;L

nghype;j jkpo; kd;wNk
w
- ftpQu; fz;zjhrdpd; ,g;ghlypy; jtOk; fhw;iwAk; ftpij eaj;ijAk; ghuhl;b ciu nra;f.
44. m) ‘fw;if ed;Nw fw;if ed;Nw
gpr;ir GfpDk; fw;if ed;Nw’ vd;fpwJ ntw;wpNtw;if. NkupaplkpUe;J gwpf;fg;gl;l Gj;jfk;>
mr;rpWkpapd; tho;f;ifapy; fy;tpr; Rliu Vw;wpa fijiag; gw;wpa cq;fspd; fUj;Jfisf; Fwpg;gpLf.
(my;yJ)
M) F.mofpuprhkpapd; ‘xUtd; ,Uf;fpwhd;’ rpWfijapy; kdpjj;ij ntspg;gLj;Jk; fij khe;ju;
Fwpj;J tptupj;J vOJf.
45. m) Fkupf; fly;KidiaAk; Ntq;fl kiyKfl;ilAk; vy;iyahff; nfhz;l njd;dtu;
jpUehl;bw;Fg; Gfo; Njbj;je;j ngUik> jifrhy; jkpod;idiar; rhUk;. vopy;Nru; fd;dpaha;
jpfOk; mt;td;idf;F> gps;isj; jkpo; Ngrp> rjfk; rikj;J> guzp ghb> fyk;gfk; fz;L>
cyh je;J> me;jhjp $wp> Nfhit ahj;J ,tw;iwnay;yhk; mzpahfg; g+l;b> mofpidf;
$l;b mfk;kpf kfpo;e;jdu; nre;ehg; Gytu;fs;. - ,f;fUj;Jfisf; fUthff; nfhz;L ‘rhd;Nwhu;
tsu;j;j jopo;’ vd;Dk; jiyg;gpy; fl;Liu xd;W vOJf.
(my;yJ)
M) Fwpg;Gfisg; gad;gLj;jpf; fl;Liu xd;W jUf.
Kd;Diu – tpz;ntspapy; jkpoupd; mwpT – fy;gdh rht;yh – tpz;zpay; mwptpy;
tUq;;fhyj;jpy; Nkw;nfhs;s Ntz;bait – KbTiu.
*******
For Orders Please Contact Our District Co-ordinators

Ariyalur: 7094441952, 9843427724 Ramanathapuram: 7094441959, 9150854043
Chennai: 7094441953, 7868911969 Ranipet: 7094441964, 9994311090
Chengalpet: 7397774505, 9600526295 Salem: 7397774511, 9952499928
Coimbatore: 7397774501, 8973711777 Sivaganga: 7397774512, 7708672601
Cuddalore: 7397774502, 9003557799 Tenkasi: 7397774515, 9500806359
Dharmapuri: 7397774503, 9787144519 Thanjavur: 7094441960, 9940333073
Dindigul: 7094441954, 9150078022 Theni: 7397774513, 9092794793
Erode: 7397774504, 9788831237 Thirupathur:7094441961, 9786315453
Kallakuruchi: 7094441965, 9943153202 Thiruvallur: 7397774514, 8667604216
Kanchipuram: 7397774505, 9600526295 Thiruvarur:7094441962, 7598868760
Kanniyakumari:7397774506, 9486679747 Thoothukudi:7397774507, 7598011962
Karur: 7094441955, 9842964646 Tiruchirappalli: 9626053030, 9787609090
Krishnagiri:7094441956, 9543811011 Thuraiyur: 9994595695, 9965894470
Madurai: 7094441957, 9843349892 Tirunelveli: 7397774515, 9500806359
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Mayiladuthurai: 7598868760, 8667558457 Tiruppur: 7397774524 9788776767
l.i
Nagapattinam: 7094441966, 7598868760 Tiruvannamalai: 7094441963, 9952782495
Namakkal: 7094441958, 7094807585
Perambalur: 7397774509, 9003557799
da
Vellore: 7094441964, 9994311090
Villuppuram: 7094441965, 9943153202
ka
Pudukottai: 7397774510, 9787609090 Virudhunagar: 7397774516, 8189844465
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(OR) Please call 9787609090 or 9787201010 or 0431 2703031

al
You can buy our products from our Retailers (Book Shops)
.k
Ariyalur: Tamilkalam Books (Sendhurai Road), Chennai: MK Stores, Kings, MSK, Limra books, FA Stores, MR
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books, Arraba Books, Noor Book Stall (All in Paris-Bunder Street), Coimbatore: Majestic book House, Cheran Book
House, Radhamani books, Murugan Book Depot, Cuddalore: Bell book house, Emborium book shop,
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Chidambaram-Vetri Book Centre, Jayam Book Centre, Dharmapuri: Sri Krishna School needs, Dindigul: Ayyanar
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Books (bus stand), Jai Books (28, Solai Hall Road), KV Narayana Iyyar, JK Books, Palani- New Elumalayan Books,
Erode: Dhana, Senthil, Palaniyappa, Selvam Books, Amirthalingam Book House, Pallipalayam-Amman Sanjeevi,
Kallakurichi-Sri Kirubha Stationary, Kanchipuram: VBC Books Kanniyakumari: New India Book House (Nagarkoil)
Karur: Karur book centre & Dharana Traders, Krishna Traders, Krishnagiri: Sri Ramana Book House,
Madurai: Mano, Jayam, Vetri, Meenakshi (Pudumandapam), Nagapattinam: Vinayaga papers, Mayiladuthurai-Balaji,
Seerkazhi-Semmalar, Vedharanyam-Nandhini books, Namakkal: Saravana Books (Bus stand), Rasipuram-Sakthi,
Babu Books, Tiruchengode-Chola Books, Nilgiris: Kothagiri-Bharani traders, Perambalur: Chandra Stores, Garuda
Books, Pudukottai: Sivanadian & Co, Aranthangi-Balu Enterprises, Ramanathapuram: Aruna Note Books,
Ramanathaswamy books, Salem: AKC, Vignesh, Saraswathi, S.V.S, Pattu, Palaniappa, Attur-Saraswathi,
Sivaganga: New Ayyanar Books (thondi road), Tenkasi: Maheswari Books, Thanjavur: LKR, Murugan,
Pattukottai-Arasu, Arasi, Kumbakonam-Balaji, Markandeya Books, Theni: Maya books, Thoothukudi: Eagle Books,
Sri Durga Stores, Tiruchirappalli: Rasi, Sumathi, Chathiram-Murugan Books, P.R.Sons, Kumaran, Teppakulam-
Viswas, Market-Raghavendra, Subhiksha Books, Gayathri books, Manapparai-Jothies, Tirunelveli: Eagle Books, Sri
Shyamala Books, Tiruppur: Chola book house, Thiruvallur: Gumidipoondi-Jaya books, Tiruvannamalai: APM
Stores, Saraswathi Book Stall, Thiruvarur: Enbajothy Vilas, Manonmani Books, Mannargudi-Balaji, Bharathi Books,
Thiruthuraipoondi-Jolly, Nannilam-Mullai, Thirupattur: Sri Sai Book Shop, S.K.V. Books, Vellore: Vellore Books
Villuppuram: Sabarinathan Books, Book Park, Virudhunagar: Sethu Books, Pondicherry: Balaji Books
For updated version of this list Visit us: www.waytosuccess.org Mail us: way2s100@gmail.com
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nrhw;fspd;gpd; ty;ypdk; kpfhJ. ,J Gj;jfk; mj;jid GJikah ,t;tsT jq;fk;

2. tpidj;njhifapy; kpfhJ. gha;Gyp> RLNrhW

4. xd;W Kjy; MWtiuAs;s vz;Zg;ngau;fspd;gpd; kpfhJ. xd;W nra;> ,uz;L Gj;jfq;fs;

6. nganur;rj;jpd; gpd; kpfhJ. ey;y ghk;G> Xba Fjpiu

7. tpaq;Nfhs; tpidKw;wpd;gpd; kpfhJ. thopa nre;jkpo;!> mopf jPnahOf;fk;

10Mk; tFg;G jkpo; rpwg;Gf;ifNal;bd; rpwg;gk;rq;fs; :

ntw;wpf;F top FOkk;

Way to Success Gj;jfq;fis nkhj;jkhfg; ngw Ntz;LNthu; ,g;Gj;jfj;jpd; filrpg;gf;fj;jpy;

All Rights are reserved to Way to Success Publications

1. mKjCw;W nr - M: ,ul;Lw nkhopjy; re;jf;ftpkzp jkpoofdhu;

tp: ciueilapd; mzpeyd;fs; vopy;Kjy;td;

2. capupd; Xir nr - M: Ky;iyg;ghl;L eg;G+jdhu;

nr - m: fhrpf;fhz;lk; mjptPuuhk ghz;bau;

3. $l;lhQ;NrhW tp: Nfhgy;yGuj;J kf;fs; fp. uh[ehuhazd;

th: jpUf;Fws; jpUts;Stu;

4. m)ngUkhs; jpUnkhop [MDL - 19]

Nghnkdpy; gpd; nry;tjhjy; mUisg; ngUf;fp mwpitj; jpUj;jp

kUis mfw;wp kjpf;Fk; njUis

- mjptPuuhk ghz;bau; nghUj;JtJk; fy;tpnad;Nw Nghw;W.

Gz;zpag; GytPu; ahd; ,g;Ngho;J ,ilf; fhldhu;f;Fg;

ehNd njhlf;fk;@ ehNd KbT@ - ,sq;;Nfhtbfs;

ehDiug; gJjhd; ehl;bd; rl;lk;!

3. jpUf;Fws; nraw;if mwpe;jf; filj;Jk; cyfj;

vg;nghUs; vj;jd;ikj; jhapDk; mg;nghUs;

m) Fiy tif M) kzp tif *c [PTA – 4, MAY–2022]

6. ‘rhFk; NghJk; jkpo; gbj;Jr; rhf Ntz;Lk; vd;wd;

*nr-1 [AUG – 2022]

7. ‘nkhopQhapW’ vd;wiof;fg;gLgtu; ahu;? *c [AUG – 2022]

m) jkpoofdhu; M) fk;gu; ,) NjtNeag; ghthzu; <) ituKj;J

6 " ntw;wpf;F top - 10Mk; tFg;G jkpo;

2. “kd;Dk; rpyk;Ng! kzpNk fiytbNt !

xU rPg;gpy; gy jhW thiog;goq;fs; cs;sd.

xU rPg;gpy; gy thiog;goq;fs; cs;sd.

1. xU jhw;wpy; gy rPg;G thiog;goq;fs; cs;sd.

gpioahd njhlu; : xU rPg;gpy; gy jhW thiog;goq;fs; cs;sd.

Å jpUf;Fwspd; ngUk; ngUikf;FhpaJ> jkpo;.

vl;Lj;njhifahfTk;> gjpndz;fPo;f;fzf;F E}y;fshfTk;>

Å vdNt> jkpod;idiaj; jiygzpe;J tho;j;Jtjhfg; ghtyNuW Rl;bf;fhl;Lfpwhh;.

njhlu;fspy; mikf;f . *c [PTA – 3, MAY-2022]

- Gspaq;fd;W Mokhf elg;gl;Ls;sJ.

8 " ntw;wpf;F top - 10Mk; tFg;G jkpo;

1. kNdhd;kzPak; Re;judhupd; jkpo;j;jha; tho;j;Jg; ghliyAk;> ngUQ;rpj;jpudhupd; jkpo;

tho;j;ijAk; xg;gpl;L Nkilg;Ngr;R xd;iw cUthf;Ff. *nr-1 [PTA–5, AUG–2022]

jkpo;j;jha; tho;j;J kw;Wk; jkpo; tho;j;J xg;gPL

Å jkpopd; gpwg;G – Fkhpf;fz;lk;

cynfq;Fk; epiwe;j nkhop – jkpo; :

Å nrhy;ypy;jhd; czu;Tk; nghUSk;; nghjpe;J fplf;fpd;wd.

xU nrhy;yha; tUjYk; ek; jkpo;nkhopapy; cz;L.

Å jkpopy; kl;Lk; gad;gLj;jg;gLk; nrhw;fs; kl;Lkpd;wp gpw jpuhtpl nkhopfSf;F cupajhff;

fUjg;gLk; nrhw;fSk; jkpopy; cs;sd.

Å nrhy;yhf;fj;jpw;fhd Njit vd;gJ mjd; gad;ghl;L Kiwiaf; nfhz;Nl mikfpwJ.

10 " ntw;wpf;F top - 10Mk; tFg;G jkpo;

godp : x Kuz;gLtJ Nghy ,Uf;Fk;@ cz;ikapy; Kuz;glhj nrhw;fs; ‘Kuz;gL nka;k;ik’.

x Kuz;gl;l nrhw;fisr; Nru;j;J vOJtJ nrhy; Kuz;. v.fh. ‘fyg;gpy;yhj ngha;… ; ’

x nrhy;Yk; Kiwapy; mOj;jk; nfhLg;gjw;fhf vjpUk; GjpUkhd Kuz;gLk;

fUj;Jfis mikj;J vOJtij vjpupiz ,irT vd;fpNwhk;.

,ay; - 2. caphpd; Xir 17

,ay; - 2. capupd; Xir 19

,ay; - 2. capupd; Xir 21